Targeting Adipokines: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Epilepsy

Epilepsy affects 65 million people globally and causes neurobehavioral, cognitive, and psychological defects. Although research on the disease is progressing and a wide range of treatments are available, approximately 30% of people have refractory epilepsy that cannot be managed with conventional medications. This underlines the importance of further understanding the condition and exploring cutting-edge targets for treatment. Adipokines are peptides secreted by adipocyte's white adipose tissue, involved in controlling food intake and metabolism. Their regulatory functions in the central nervous system (CNS) are multifaceted and identified in several physiology and pathologies. Adipokines play a role in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which are associated with brain degeneration and connected neurological diseases. This review aims to highlight the potential impacts of leptin, adiponectin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, and chimerin in the pathogenesis of epilepsy.

Supragel-mediated efficient generation of pancreatic progenitor clusters and functional glucose-responsive islet-like clusters

Although several synthetic hydrogels with defined stiffness have been developed to facilitate the proliferation and maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), the influence of biochemical cues in lineage-specific differentiation and functional cluster formation has been rarely reported. Here, we present the application of Supragel, a supramolecular hydrogel formed by synthesized biotinylated peptides, for islet-like cluster differentiation. We observed that Supragel, with a peptide concentration of 5 mg/mL promoted spontaneous hPSCs formation into uniform clusters, which is mainly attributable to a supporting stiffness of ∼1.5 kPa as provided by the Supragel matrix. Supragel was also found to interact with the hPSCs and facilitate endodermal and subsequent insulin-secreting cell differentiation, partially through its components: the sequences of RGD and YIGSR that interacts with cell membrane molecules of integrin receptor. Compared to Matrigel and suspension culturing conditions, more efficient differentiation of the hPSCs was also observed at the stages 3 and 4, as well as the final stage toward generation of insulin-secreting cells. This could be explained by 1) suitable average size of the hPSCs clusters cultured on Supragel; 2) appropriate level of cell adhesive sites provided by Supragel during differentiation. It is worth noting that the Supragel culture system was more tolerance in terms of the initial seeding densities and less demanding, since a standard static cell culture condition was sufficient for the entire differentiation process. Our observations demonstrate a positive role of Supragel for hPSCs differentiation into islet-like cells, with additional potential in facilitating germ layer differentiation.

Mechanisms of mitochondrial resilience in teleostean radial glia under hypoxic stress

Radial glial cells (RGCs) are remarkable cells, essential for normal development of the vertebrate central nervous system. In teleost fishes, RGCs play a pivotal role in neurogenesis and regeneration of injured neurons and glia. RGCs also exhibit resilience to environmental stressors like hypoxia via metabolic adaptations. In this study, we assessed the physiology of RGCs following varying degrees of hypoxia, with an emphasis on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitophagy, and energy metabolism. Our findings demonstrated that hypoxia significantly elevated ROS production and induced MMP depolarization in RGCs. The mitochondrial disturbances were closely associated with increased mitophagy, based on the co-localization of mitochondria and lysosomes. Key mitophagy-related genes were also up-regulated, including those of the BNIP3/NIX mediated pathway as well as the FUNDC1 mediated pathway. Such responses suggest robust cellular mechanisms are initiated to counteract mitochondrial damage due to increasing hypoxia. A significant metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis was also observed in RGCs, which may underlie an adaptive response to sustain cellular function and viability following a reduction in oxygen availability. Furthermore, hypoxia inhibited the synthesis of mitochondrial complexes subunits in RGCs, potentially related to elevated HIF-2α expression with 3 % O2. Taken together, RGCs appear to exhibit complex adaptive responses to hypoxic stress, characterized by metabolic reprogramming and the activation of mitophagy pathways to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction.

Antifreeze protein type I in the vitrification solution improves the cryopreservation of immature cat oocytes

Oocyte cryopreservation is not yet considered a reliable technique since it can reduce the quality and survival of oocytes in several species. This study determined the effect of different concentrations of antifreeze protein I (AFP I) on the vitrification solution of immature cat oocytes. For this, oocytes were randomly distributed in three groups and vitrified with 0 μg/mL (G0, 0 μM); 0.5 μg/mL (G0.5, 0.15 μM), or 1 μg/mL (G1, 0.3 μM) of AFP I. After thawing, oocytes were evaluated for morphological quality, and compared to a fresh group (FG) regarding actin integrity, mitochondrial activity and mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels, nuclear maturation, expression of GDF9, BMP15, ZAR-1, PRDX1, SIRT1, and SIRT3 genes (normalized by ACTB and YWHAZ genes), and ultrastructure. G0.5 and G1 presented a higher proportion of COCs graded as I and while G0 had a significantly lower quality. G1 had a higher percentage of intact actin in COCs than G0 and G0.5 (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the mitochondrial activity between FG and G1 and they were both higher (P < 0.05) than G0 and G0.5. G1 had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) mitochondrial mass than FG and G0, and there was no difference among FG, G0, and G0.5. G1 had higher ROS than all groups (P < 0.05), and there was no difference in GSH levels among the vitrified groups (P > 0.05). For nuclear maturation, there was no difference between G1 and G0.5 (P > 0.05), but these were both higher (P < 0.05) than G0 and lower (P < 0.05) compared to FG. Regarding gene expression, in G0 and G0.5, most genes were downregulated compared to FG, except for SIRT1 and SIRT3 in G0 and SIRT3 in G0.5. In addition, G1 kept the expression more similar to FG. Regardless of concentration, AFP I supplementation in vitrification solution of immature cat oocytes improved maturation rates, morphological quality, and actin integrity and did not impact GSH levels. In the highest concentration tested (1 μg/mL), AFP maintained the mitochondrial activity, reduced mitochondrial mass, increased ROS levels, and had the gene expression more similar to FG. Altogether these data show that AFP supplementation during vitrification seems to mitigate some of the negative impact of cryopreservation improving the integrity and cryosurvival of cat oocytes.

Identification of transcriptional signature change and critical transcription factors involved during the differentiation of mouse trophoblast stem cell into maternal blood vessel associated trophoblast giant cell

The placenta is essential organ for oxygen and nutrient exchange between the mother and the developing fetus. Trophoblast lineage differentiation is closely related to the normal function of the placenta. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) can differentiate into all placental trophoblast subtypes and are widely used as in vitro stem cell models to study placental development and trophoblast lineage differentiation. Although extensive research has been conducted on the differentiation of TSCs, the possible parallels between trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) that are differentiated from TSCs in vitro and the various subtypes of TGC lineages in vivo are still poorly understood. In this study, mouse TSCs (mTSCs) were induced to differentiate into TGCs, and our mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data revealed that mTSCs and TGCs have distinct transcriptional signatures. We conducted a comparison of mTSCs and TGCs transcriptomes with the published transcriptomes of TGC lineages in murine placenta detected by single-cell RNA-seq and found that mTSCs tend to differentiate into maternal blood vessel-associated TGCs in vitro. Moreover, we identified the transcription factor (TF) ZMAT1, which may be responsible for the differentiation of mTSCs into sinusoid TGCs, and the TFs EGR1 and MITF, which are likely involved in the differentiation of mTSCs into spiral artery-associated TGCs. Thus, our findings provide a valuable resource for the mechanisms of trophoblast lineage differentiation and placental deficiency-associated diseases development.

Overexpression of TIAM2S, a Critical Regulator for the Hippocampal-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Network, Progresses Age-Related Spatial Memory Impairment

TIAM Rac1-associated GEF 2 short-form protein (TIAM2S) is abundant in specific brain tissues, especially in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for processing and consolidation of spatial memory. However, how TIAM2S plasticizes the microstructure and circuits of the hippocampus to shape spatial memory as a neuroplastic regulator during aging remains to be determined. In this study, transgenic mice overexpressing human TIAM2S protein (TIAM2S-TG mice) were included, and interdisciplinary approaches, such as spatial memory tests and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging sequences, were conducted to determine the role and the mechanism of TIAM2S in age-related spatial memory deficits. Despite no changes in their neural and glial markers and neuropathological hallmark expression of the hippocampus, behavioral tests showed that the TIAM2S-TG mice, and not wild-type (WT) mice, developed spatial memory impairment at 18 months old. The T2-weighted and diffusion tensor image analyses were performed to further study the possible role of TIAM2S overexpression in altering the hippocampal structure or neuronal circlets of the mice, increasing their vulnerability to developing spatial memory deficits during aging. The results revealed that the 12-month-old TIAM2S-TG mice had hippocampal dysplasticity, with larger volume, increased fiber numbers, and changed mean fractional anisotropy compared to those in the age-matched WT mice. The fiber tractography analysis exhibited significantly attenuated structural connectivity between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in the TIAM2S-TG mice. In conclusion, overexpression of TIAM2S, a detrimental factor affecting hippocampus plasticity, causes attenuation of the connectivity within hippocampus-mPFC circuits, leading to age-related spatial memory impairment.

Direct actions of growth hormone in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, skeletal muscle cells in vitro

The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) system regulates skeletal muscle growth and function. GH has a major function of targeting the liver to regulate IGF-1 production and release, and IGF-1 mediates the primary anabolic action of GH on growth. However, skeletal muscle is a target tissue of GH as evidenced by dynamic GH receptor expression, but it is unclear if GH elicits any direct actions on extrahepatic tissues as it is difficult to distinguish the effects of IGF-1 from GH. Fish growth regulation is complex compared to mammals, as genome duplication events have resulted in multiple isoforms of GHs, GHRs, IGFs, and IGFRs expressed in most fish tissues. This study investigated the potential for GH direct actions on fish skeletal muscle using an in vitro system, where rainbow trout myogenic precursor cells (MPCs) were cultured in normal and serum-deprived media, to mimic in vivo fasting conditions. Fasting reduces IGF-1 signaling in the muscle, which is critical for disentangling the roles of GH from IGF-1. The direct effects of GH were analyzed by measuring changes in myogenic proliferation and differentiation genes, as well as genes regulating muscle growth and proteolysis. This study provides the first in-depth analysis of the direct actions of GH on serum-deprived fish muscle cells in vitro. Data suggest that GH induces the expression of markers for proliferation and muscle growth in the presence of serum, but all observed GH action was blocked in serum-deprived conditions. Additionally, serum deprivation alone reduced the expression of several proliferation and differentiation markers, while increasing growth and proteolysis markers. Results also demonstrate dynamic gene expression response in the presence of GH and a JAK inhibitor in serum-provided but not serum-deprived conditions. These data provide a better understanding of GH signaling in relation to serum in trout muscle cells in vitro.

Eight hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases play essential roles in female reproductive development

In angiosperms, ovules give rise to seeds upon fertilization. Thus, seed formation is dependent on both successful ovule development and tightly controlled communication between female and male gametophytes. During establishment of these interactions, cell walls play a pivotal role, especially arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). AGPs are highly glycosylated proteins decorated by arabinogalactan side chains, representing 90 % of the AGP molecule. AGP glycosylation is initiated by a reaction catalysed by hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs), specifically eight of them (GALT2-9), which add the first galactose to Hyp residues. Five Hyp-GALTs (GALT2, 5, 7, 8 and 9) were previously described as essential for AGP functions in pollen and ovule development, pollen-pistil interactions, and seed morphology. In the present work, a higher order Hyp-GALT mutant (23456789) was studied, with a high degree of under-glycosylated AGPs, to gain deeper insight into the crucial roles of these eight enzymes in female reproductive tissues. Notably, the 23456789 mutant demonstrated a high quantity of unfertilized ovules, displaying abnormal callose accumulation both at the micropylar region and, sometimes, throughout the entire embryo sac. Additionally, this mutant displayed ovules with abnormal embryo sacs, had a disrupted spatiotemporal distribution of AGPs in female reproductive tissues, and showed abnormal seed and embryo development, concomitant with a reduction in AGP-GlcA levels. This study revealed that at least three more enzymes exhibit Hyp-O-GALT activity in Arabidopsis (GALT3, 4 and 6), and reinforces the crucial importance of AGP carbohydrates in carrying out the biological functions of AGPs during plant reproduction.

The putative role of the habenula in animal migration

BACKGROUND

When an addicted animal seeks a specific substance, it is based on the perception of internal and external cues that strongly motivate to pursue the acquisition of that compound. In essence, a similar process acts out when an animal leaves its present area to begin its circannual migration. This review article examines the existence of scientific evidence for possible relatedness of migration and addiction by influencing Dorsal Diencephalic Conduction System (DDCS) including the habenula.

METHODS

For this review especially the databases of Pubmed and Embase were frequently and non-systematically searched.

RESULTS

The mechanisms of bird migration have been thoroughly investigated. Especially the mechanism of the circannual biorhythm and its associated endocrine regulation has been well elucidated. A typical behavior called "Zugunruhe" marks the moment of leaving in migratory birds. The role of magnetoreception in navigation has also been clarified in recent years. However, how bird migration is regulated at the neuronal level in the forebrain is not well understood. Among mammals, marine mammals are most similar to birds. They use terrestrial magnetic field when navigating and often bridge long distances between breeding and foraging areas. Population migration is further often seen among the large hoofed mammals in different parts of the world. Importantly, learning processes and social interactions with conspecifics play a major role in these ungulates. Considering the evolutionary development of the forebrain in vertebrates, it can be postulated that the DDCS plays a central role in regulating the readiness and intensity of essential (emotional) behaviors. There is manifold evidence that this DDCS plays an important role in relapse to abuse after prolonged periods of abstinence from addictive behavior. It is also possible that the DDCS plays a role in navigation.

CONCLUSIONS

The role of the DDCS in the neurobiological regulation of bird migration has hardly been investigated. The involvement of this system in relapse to addiction in mammals might suggest to change this. It is recommended that particularly during "Zugunruhe" the role of neuronal regulation via the DDCS will be further investigated.

Tlx3 mediates neuronal differentiation and proper condensation of the developing trigeminal ganglion

The trigeminal ganglion, the largest of the vertebrate cranial ganglia, is comprised of sensory neurons that relay sensations of pain, touch, and temperature to the brain. These neurons are derived from two embryonic cell types, the neural crest and ectodermal placodes, whose interactions are critical for proper ganglion formation. While the T-cell leukemia homeobox 3 (Tlx3) gene is known to be expressed in placodally-derived sensory neurons and necessary for their differentiation, little was known about Tlx3 expression and/or function in the neural crest-derived component of the developing trigeminal ganglion. By combining lineage labeling with in situ hybridization in the chick embryo, we show that neural crest-derived cells that contribute to the cranial trigeminal ganglion express Tlx3 at a time point that coincides with the onset of ganglion condensation. Importantly, loss of Tlx3 function in vivo diminishes the overall size and abundance of neurons within the trigeminal ganglion. Conversely, ectopic expression of Tlx3 in migrating cranial neural crest results in their premature neuronal differentiation. Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role for Tlx3 in neural crest-derived cells during chick trigeminal gangliogenesis.

Exogenous PD-L1 binds to PD-1 to alleviate and prevent autism-like behaviors in maternal immune activation-induced male offspring mice

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the interaction of multiple pathogenic factors. Epidemiological studies and animal experiments indicate that maternal immune activation (MIA) is closely related to the development of ASD in offspring. A large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines are transferred from the placenta to the fetal brain during MIA, which impedes fetal neurodevelopment and is accompanied by activation of immune cells and microglia. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) can be highly expressed on the surface of various activated immune cells, when combined with programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), it can activate the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and exert powerful immunosuppressive effects, suggesting that this immune checkpoint may have the potential to treat MIA-induced ASD. This study combined bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation to explore the efficacy of Fc-fused PD-L1 (PD-L1-Fc) in treating MIA-induced ASD. Bioinformatics analysis results showed that in human placental inflammation, IL-6 was upregulated, T cells proliferated significantly, and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was significantly enriched. The experimental results showed that intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C) induced MIA in pregnant mice resulted in significant expression of IL-6 in their serum, placenta, and fetal brain. At the same time, the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the placenta and fetal brain increased, CD4+ T cells in the spleen were significantly activated, and PD-1 expression increased. Their offspring mice exhibited typical ASD-like behaviors. In vitro experiments on primary microglia of offspring mice have confirmed that the expression of IL-6, PD-1, and PD-L1 is significantly increased, and PD-L1-Fc effectively reduced their expression levels. In the prefrontal cortex of MIA offspring mice, there was an increase in the expression of IL-6, PD-1, and PD-L1; activation of microglial cells, and colocalization with PD-1. Then we administered brain stereotaxic injections of PD-L1-Fc to MIA offspring mice and intraperitoneal injections to MIA pregnant mice. The results indicated that PD-L1-Fc effectively suppressed neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex of offspring mice and partially ameliorated ASD-like behaviors; MIA in pregnant mice was significantly alleviated, and the offspring mice they produced did not exhibit neuroinflammation or ASD-like behaviors. In summary, we have demonstrated the therapeutic ability of PD-L1-Fc for MIA-induced ASD, aiming to provide new strategies and insights for the treatment of ASD.

Microplastics exposure disrupts nephrogenesis and induces renal toxicity in human iPSC-derived kidney organoids

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a pervasive environmental pollutant of global concern. Their detection within the human placenta and fetal organs has prompted apprehension regarding the potential hazards of MPs during early organogenesis. The kidney, a vital multifunctional organ, is susceptible to damage from MPs in adulthood. However, the precise adverse effects of MP exposure on human nephrogenesis remain ambiguous due to the absence of a suitable model. Here, we explore the potential impact of MPs on early kidney development utilizing human kidney organoids in vitro. Human kidney organoids were subjected to polystyrene-MPs (PS-MPs, 1 μm) during the nephron progenitor cell (NPC) stage, a critical phase in early kidney development and patterning. We delineate the effects of PS-MPs on various stages of nephrogenesis, including NPC, renal vesicle, and comma-shaped body, through sequential examination of kidney organoids. PS-MPs were observed to adhere to the surface of cells during the NPC stage and accumulate within glomerulus-like structures within kidney organoids. Moreover, both short- and long-term exposure to PS-MPs resulted in diminished organoid size and aberrant nephron structure. PS-MP exposure heightened reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to NPC apoptosis during early kidney development. Increased apoptosis, diminished cell viability, and NPC reduction likely contribute to the observed organoid size reduction under PS-MP treatment. Transcriptomic analysis at both NPC and endpoint stages revealed downregulation of Notch signaling, resulting in compromised proximal and distal tubular structures, thereby disrupting normal nephron patterning following PS-MP exposure. Our findings highlight the significant disruptive impact of PS-MPs on human kidney development, offering new insights into the mechanisms underlying PS-MP-induced nephron toxicity.

Characterization of urethra closure in female neonatal mice at histological and molecular levels

In brief

Female hypospadias is a little-known and poorly studied birth defect. This research establishes an anatomical and molecular foundation for future research to investigate the origins of this defect.

Abstract

Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly of the external genitalia where the urethra does not properly close. In humans, hypospadias is mostly reported in male newborns, whereas in females hypospadias is rare, although it is generally considered to be under-reported. Improper urethra closure in the female genitalia can cause recurrent genitourinary tract infections and infertility. In mice, female hypospadias was induced by exposure to exogenous estrogenic compounds. Aside from the link between estrogen exposure and female hypospadias, the process of female urethra closure is largely unstudied, with the precise timing of urethra closure and associated molecular mechanisms remaining poorly understood. To address this gap, we determined when urethra closure occurs and identified gene expression patterns during the process of urethra closure in female neonatal mice from postnatal day (PND) 5 to 10. Using whole mount imaging and histology, we discovered that the initiation of urethra closure begins at PND7, and urethra closure is fully completed by PND10. To identify the genes associated with urethra closure, we conducted bulk RNA sequencing on female external genitalia prior to and after urethra closure. Gene ontology analyses revealed an increase in steroidogenic gene expression (Star, Hsd3b6, and Cyp17a1) during urethra closure, suggesting that the female genitalia locally produce steroids which could facilitate steroid signaling within the genitalia. With this study, we establish an anatomical timeline of female urethra closure and hypothesize a paracrine steroid signaling mechanism of urethra closure. These observations provide entry points to aid in further understanding external genital abnormalities, like hypospadias, in females.

Isoforms of terminal selector Mamo control axon guidance during adult Drosophila memory center construction via Semaphorin-1a

In animals undergoing metamorphosis, the appearance of the nervous system is coincidently transformed by the morphogenesis of neurons. Such morphogenic alterations are exemplified in three types of intrinsic neurons in the Drosophila memory center. In contrast to the well-characterized remodeling of γ neurons, the morphogenesis of α/β and α'/β' neurons has not been adequately explored. Here, we show that mamo, a BTB-zinc finger transcription factor that acts as a terminal selector for α'/β' neurons, controls the formation of the correct axonal pattern of α'/β' neurons. Intriguingly, specific Mamo isoforms are preferentially expressed in α'/β' neurons to regulate the expression of axon guidance molecule Semaphorin-1a. This action directs proper axon guidance in α'/β' neurons, which is also crucial for wiring of α'/β' neurons with downstream neurons. Taken together, our results provide molecular insights into how neurons establish correct axonal patterns in circuitry assembly during adult memory center construction.

Whole-genome resequencing reveals new mutations in candidate genes for Beichuan-white goat prolificacya

In this study, we evaluated the copy number variation in the genomes of two groups of Beichuan-white goat populations with large differences in litter size by FST method, and identified 1739 genes and 485 missense mutations in the genes subject to positive selection. Through functional enrichment, ITGAV, LRP4, CDH23, TPRN, RYR2 and CELSR1 genes, involved in embryonic morphogenesis, were essential for litter size trait, which received intensive attention. In addition, some mutation sites of these genes have been proposed (ITGAV: c.38C > T; TPRN: c.133A > T, c.1192A > G, c.1250A > C; CELSR1: c.7640T > C), whose allele frequencies were significantly changed in the high fecundity goat group. Besides, we found that new mutations at these sites altered the hydrophilicity and 3D structure of the protein. Candidate genes related to litter size in this study and their missense mutation sites were identified. These candidate genes are helpful to understand the genetic mechanism of fecundity in Beichuan white goat, and have important significance for future goat breeding.

Elucidating hydroxysafflor yellow A's multi-target mechanisms against alcoholic liver disease through integrative pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) significantly contributes to global liver-related morbidity and mortality. Natural products play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of ALD. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), a unique and primary component of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius l.), exhibits diverse pharmacological activities. However, the impact and mechanism of HSYA on ALD have not been fully elucidated.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to employ an integrative pharmacology approach to assess the multi-targeted mechanism of HSYA against ALD.

METHODS

Network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were used to analyze the potential therapeutic signaling pathways and targets of HSYA against ALD. An ALD model in zebrafish larvae was established. Larvae were pretreated with HSYA and then exposed to ethanol. Liver injury was measured by fluorescence expression analysis in the liver-specific transgenic zebrafish line Tg (fabp10a:DsRed) and liver tissue H&E staining. Liver steatosis was determined by whole-mount oil red O staining and TG level. Additionally, an ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury model was established in vitro to observe hepatocyte damage (cell viability, ALT level), lipid accumulation (oil red O staining, TC and TG), and oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, GPx and SOD) in HepG2 cells treated with or without HSYA. Finally, qRT-PCR combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking was employed to validate the effects of HSYA on targets.

RESULTS

HSYA exhibited a significant, dose-dependent improvement in ethanol-induced liver injury in zebrafish larvae and HepG2 cells. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that HSYA may exert pharmacological effects against ALD through 341 potential targets. These targets are involved in various signaling pathways, including lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and ALD itself. Molecular docking studies displayed that HSYA had a strong binding affinity toward the domains of IL1B, IL6, TNF, PPARA, PPARG, HMGCR and ADH5. qRT-PCR assays demonstrated that HSYA effectively reversed the ethanol-induced aberrant gene expression of SREBF1, FASN, ACACA, CPT1A, PPARA, IL1B, IL6, TNFα, ADH5, and ALDH2 in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSION

This study offers a comprehensive investigation into the anti-ALD mechanisms of HSYA using an integrative pharmacology approach. The potential targets of HSYA may be implicated in enhancing ethanol catabolism, reducing lipid accumulation, mitigating oxidative stress, and inhibiting inflammatory response.

Role of Agrin in tissue repair and regeneration: From mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities (Review)

Tissue regeneration is a complex process that involves the recruitment of various types of cells for healing after injury; it is mediated by numerous precise interactions. However, the identification of effective targets for improving tissue regeneration remains a challenge. As an extracellular matrix protein, Agrin plays a critical role in neuromuscular junction formation. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed the role of Agrin in regulating tissue proliferation and regeneration, which contributes to the repair process of injured tissues. An in‑depth understanding of the role of Agrin will therefore be of value. Given that repair and regeneration processes occur in various parts of the human body, the present systematic review focuses on the role of Agrin in typical tissue and highlights the potential signaling pathways that are involved in Agrin‑induced repair and regeneration. This review offers important insight into novel strategies for the future clinical applications of Agrin‑based therapies, which may represent a feasible treatment option for patients who require organ replacement or repair.

A microfluidic chip for immobilization and imaging of Ciona intestinalis larvae

Sea squirts (Tunicata) are chordates and develop a swimming larva with a small and defined number of individually identifiable cells. This offers the prospect of connecting specific stimuli to behavioral output and characterizing the neural activity that links these together. Here, we describe the development of a microfluidic chip that allows live larvae of the sea squirt Ciona intestinalis to be immobilized and recorded. By generating transgenic larvae expressing GCaAMP6m in defined cells, we show that calcium ion levels can be recorded from immobilized larvae, while microfluidic control allows larvae to be exposed to specific waterborne stimuli. We trial this on sea water carrying increased levels of carbon dioxide, providing evidence that larvae can sense this gas.

The diverse functions of DYRK2 in response to cellular stress

To maintain microenvironmental and cellular homeostasis, cells respond to multiple stresses by activating characteristic cellular mechanisms consisting of receptors, signal transducers, and effectors. Dysfunction of these mechanisms can trigger multiple human diseases as well as cancers. Dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinases (DYRKs) are members of the CMGC group and are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. Previous studies revealed that DYRK2 has important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle and survival in cancer cells. On the other hand, recent studies show that DYRK2 also exhibits significant functions in multiple cellular stress responses and in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Hence, the further elucidation of mechanisms underlying DYRK2's diverse responses to various stresses helps to promote the advancement of innovative clinical therapies and pharmacological drugs. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of DYRK2, particularly focusing on cellular stress responses.

Candidate circRNAs related to skeletal muscle development in Dazu black goats

Circular RNA (CircRNA), as a classical noncoding RNA, has been proven to regulate skeletal muscle development (SMD). However, the molecular genetic basis of circRNA regulation in muscle cells remains unclear. In this study, the expression patterns of circRNAs in the longissimus dorsi muscle at embryonic day 75 and postnatal day 1 in DBGs were investigated to identify the key circRNAs that play an important role in SMD in goats. A total of 140 significantly and differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) were identified among the groups at different developmental stages. Among the 116 host genes (HGs) of DEcircRNAs, 76 were significantly and differentially expressed, which was confirmed by previous RNA_seq data. Furthermore, the expression pattern of 10 DEcircRNAs with RT-qPCR was verified, which showed 80% concordance rate with that of RNA_seq datasets. Moreover, the authenticity of seven randomly selected DEcircRNAs was verified by PCR Sanger sequencing. Based on the functional annotation results, among the 76 significantly and differentially expressed HGs, 74 were enriched in 845 GO terms, whereas 35 were annotated to 85 KEGG pathways. The results of this study could provide a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of circRNAs involved in SMD and muscle growth.

Effects of nanoselenium supplementation on lactation performance, nutrient digestion and mammary gland development in dairy cows

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of nanoselenium (NANO-Se) addition on milk production, milk fatty acid synthesis, the development and metabolism regulation of mammary gland in dairy cows. Forty-eight Holstein dairy cows averaging 720 ± 16.8 kg of body weight, 66.9 ± 3.84 d in milk (dry matter intake [DIM]) and 35.2 ± 1.66 kg/d of milk production were divided into four treatments blocked by DIM and milk yields. Treatments were control group, low-Se (LSe), medium-Se (MSe) and high-Se (HSe) with 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg Se, respectively, from NANO-Se per kg dietary dry matter (DM). Production of energy- and fat-corrected milk (FCM) and milk fat quadratically increased (p < 0.05), while milk lactose yields linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing NANO-Se addition. The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) linearly decreased (p < 0.05), while proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) linearly increased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) quadratically increased. The digestibility of dietary DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) quadratically increased (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH quadratically decreased (p < 0.01), while total VFA linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing NANO-Se addition. The acetic to propionic ratio decreased (p < 0.05) linearly due to the unaltered acetic molar percentage and a quadratical increase in propionic molar percentage. The activity of CMCase, xylanase, cellobiase and pectinase increased linearly (p < 0.05) following NANO-Se addition. The activity of α-amylase increased linearly (p < 0.01) with an increase in NANO-Se dosage. Blood glucose, total protein, estradiol, prolactin, IGF-1 and Se linearly increased (p < 0.05), while urea nitrogen concentration quadratically decreased (p = 0.04). Moreover, the addition of Se at 0.3 mg/kg from NANO-Se promoted (p < 0.05) mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, SREBP1, ACACA, FASN, SCD, CCNA2, CCND1, PCNA, Bcl-2 and the ratios of p-ACACA/ACACA and BCL2/BAX4, but decreased (p < 0.05) mRNA and protein expressions of Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. The results suggest that milk production and milk fat synthesis increased by NANO-Se addition by stimulating rumen fermentation, nutrients digestion, gene and protein expressions concerned with milk fat synthesis and mammary gland development.

Reversion induced LIM domain protein (RIL) is a Daam1-interacting protein and regulator of the actin cytoskeleton during non-canonical Wnt signaling

The Daam1 protein regulates Wnt-induced cytoskeletal changes during vertebrate gastrulation though its full mode of action and binding partners remain unresolved. Here we identify Reversion Induced LIM domain protein (RIL) as a new interacting protein of Daam1. Interaction studies uncover binding of RIL to the C-terminal actin-nucleating portion of Daam1 in a Wnt-responsive manner. Immunofluorescence studies showed subcellular localization of RIL to actin fibers and co-localization with Daam1 at the plasma membrane. RIL gain- and loss-of-function approaches in Xenopus produced severe gastrulation defects in injected embryos. Additionally, a simultaneous loss of Daam1 and RIL synergized to produce severe gastrulation defects indicating RIL and Daam1 may function in the same signaling pathway. RIL further synergizes with another novel Daam1-interacting protein, Formin Binding Protein 1 (FNBP1), to regulate gastrulation. Our studies altogether show RIL mediates Daam1-regulated non-canonical Wnt signaling that is required for vertebrate gastrulation.

Emergence and properties of adult mammalian epidermal stem cells

In this review we discuss how the mammalian interfollicular epidermis forms during development, maintains homeostasis, and is repaired following wounding. Recent studies have provided new insights into the relationship between the stem cell compartment and the differentiating cell layers; the ability of differentiated cells to dedifferentiate into stem cells; and the epigenetic memory of epidermal cells following wounding.

Complete persistence of the primary somatosensory system in zebrafish

The somatosensory system detects peripheral stimuli that are translated into behaviors necessary for survival. Fishes and amphibians possess two somatosensory systems in the trunk: the primary somatosensory system, formed by the Rohon-Beard neurons, and the secondary somatosensory system, formed by the neural crest cell-derived neurons of the Dorsal Root Ganglia. Rohon-Beard neurons have been characterized as a transient population that mostly disappears during the first days of life and is functionally replaced by the Dorsal Root Ganglia. Here, I follow Rohon-Beard neurons in vivo and show that the entire repertoire remains present in zebrafish from 1-day post-fertilization until the juvenile stage, 15-days post-fertilization. These data indicate that zebrafish retain two complete somatosensory systems until at least a developmental stage when the animals display complex behavioral repertoires.

Progressive modifications during evolution involving epigenetic changes have determined loss of regeneration mainly in terrestrial animals: A hypothesis

In order to address a biological explanation for the different regenerative abilities present among animals, a new evolutionary speculation is presented. It is hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms have lowered or erased regeneration during the evolution of terrestrial invertebrates and vertebrates. The hypothesis indicates that a broad regeneration can only occur in marine or freshwater conditions, and that life on land does not allow for high regeneration. This is due to the physical, chemical and microbial conditions present in the terrestrial environment with respect to those of the aquatic environment. The present speculation provides examples of hypothetic evolutionary animal lineages that colonized the land, such as parasitic annelids, terrestrial mollusks, arthropods and amniotes. These are the animals where regeneration is limited or absent and their injuries are only repaired through limited healing or scarring. It is submitted that this loss derived from changes in the developmental gene pathways sustaining regeneration in the aquatic environment but that cannot be expressed on land. Once regeneration was erased in terrestrial species, re-adaptation to freshwater niches could not reactivate the previously altered gene pathways that determined regeneration. Therefore a broad regeneration was no longer possible or became limited and heteromorphic in the derived, extant animals. Only in few cases extensive healing abilities or regengrow, a healing process where regeneration overlaps with somatic growth, have evolved among arthropods and amniotes. The present paper is an extension of previous speculations trying to explain in biological terms the different regenerative abilities present among metazoans.

Interstitial cell of Cajal-like cells (ICC-LC) exhibit dynamic spontaneous activity but are not functionally innervated in mouse urethra

Urethral smooth muscle cells (USMC) contract to occlude the internal urethral sphincter during bladder filling. Interstitial cells also exist in urethral smooth muscles and are hypothesized to influence USMC behaviours and neural responses. These cells are similar to Kit+ interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which are gastrointestinal pacemakers and neuroeffectors. Isolated urethral ICC-like cells (ICC-LC) exhibit spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ signalling behaviours that suggest these cells may serve as pacemakers or neuromodulators similar to ICC in the gut, although observation and direct stimulation of ICC-LC within intact urethral tissues is lacking. We used mice with cell-specific expression of the Ca2+ indicator, GCaMP6f, driven off the endogenous promoter for Kit (Kit-GCaMP6f mice) to identify ICC-LC in situ within urethra muscles and to characterize spontaneous and nerve-evoked Ca2+ signalling. ICC-LC generated Ca2+ waves spontaneously that propagated on average 40.1 ± 0.7 μm, with varying amplitudes, durations, and spatial spread. These events originated from multiple firing sites in cells and the activity between sites was not coordinated. ICC-LC in urethra formed clusters but not interconnected networks. No evidence for entrainment of Ca2+ signalling between ICC-LC was obtained. Ca2+ events in ICC-LC were unaffected by nifedipine but were abolished by cyclopiazonic acid and decreased by an antagonist of Orai Ca2+ channels (GSK-7975A). Phenylephrine increased Ca2+ event frequency but a nitric oxide donor (DEA-NONOate) had no effect. Electrical field stimulation (EFS, 10 Hz) of intrinsic nerves, which evoked contractions of urethral rings and increased Ca2+ event firing in USMC, failed to evoke responses in ICC-LC. Our data suggest that urethral ICC-LC are spontaneously active but are not regulated by autonomic neurons.

PP2A phosphatase regulatory subunit PPP2R3C is a new positive regulator of the hedgehog signaling pathway

Cellular signaling pathways rely on posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to finely regulate protein functions, particularly transcription factors. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade, crucial for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, is susceptible to aberrations that lead to developmental anomalies and various cancers. At the core of Hh signaling are Gli proteins, whose dynamic balance between activator (GliA) and repressor (GliR) states shapes cellular outcomes. Phosphorylation, orchestrated by multiple kinases, is pivotal in regulating Gli activity. While kinases in this context have been extensively studied, the role of protein phosphatases, particularly Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A), remains less explored. This study unveils a novel role for the B″gamma subunit of PP2A, PPP2R3C, in Hh signaling regulation. PPP2R3C interacts with Gli proteins, and its disruption reduces Hedgehog pathway activity as measured by reduced expression of Gli1/2 and Hh target genes upon Hh signaling activation, and reduced growth of a Hh signaling-dependent medulloblastoma cell line. Moreover, we establish an antagonistic connection between PPP2R3C and MEKK1 kinase in Gli protein phosphorylation, underscoring the intricate interplay between kinases and phosphatases in Hh signaling pathway. This study sheds light on the previously understudied role of protein phosphatases in Hh signaling and provides insights into their significance in cellular regulation.

The Spectrum of Renal "TFEopathies": Flipping the mTOR Switch in Renal Tumorigenesis

The mammalian target of Rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a serine/threonine kinase that couples nutrient and growth factor signaling to the cellular control of metabolism and plays a fundamental role in aberrant proliferation in cancer. mTORC1 has previously been considered an "on/off" switch, capable of phosphorylating the entire pool of its substrates when activated. However, recent studies have indicated that mTORC1 may be active toward its canonical substrates, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and S6 kinase (S6K), involved in mRNA translation and protein synthesis, and inactive toward TFEB and TFE3, transcription factors involved in the regulation of lysosome biogenesis, in several pathological contexts. Among these conditions are Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) and, recently, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Furthermore, increased TFEB and TFE3 nuclear localization in these syndromes, and in translocation renal cell carcinomas (tRCC), drives mTORC1 activity toward the canonical substrates, through the transcriptional activation of the Rag GTPases, thereby positioning TFEB and TFE3 upstream of mTORC1 activity toward 4EBP1 and S6K. The expanding importance of TFEB and TFE3 in the pathogenesis of these renal diseases warrants a novel clinical grouping that we term "TFEopathies." Currently, there are no therapeutic options directly targeting TFEB and TFE3, which represents a challenging and critically required avenue for cancer research.

Spatiotemporal transcriptome atlas reveals gene regulatory patterns during the organogenesis of the rapid growing bamboo shoots

Bamboo with its remarkable growth rate and economic significance, offers an ideal system to investigate the molecular basis of organogenesis in rapidly growing plants, particular in monocots, where gene regulatory networks governing the maintenance and differentiation of shoot apical and intercalary meristems remain a subject of controversy. We employed both spatial and single-nucleus transcriptome sequencing on 10× platform to precisely dissect the gene functions in various tissues and early developmental stages of bamboo shoots. Our comprehensive analysis reveals distinct cell trajectories during shoot development, uncovering critical genes and pathways involved in procambium differentiation, intercalary meristem formation, and vascular tissue development. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of key regulatory genes, particularly those related to hormone signaling and lipid metabolism, strongly support the hypothesis that intercalary meristem origin from surrounded parenchyma cells. Specific gene expressions in intercalary meristem exhibit regular and dispersed distribution pattern, offering clues for understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms that drive the rapid growth of bamboo shoots. The single-nucleus and spatial transcriptome analysis reveal a comprehensive landscape of gene activity, enhancing the understanding of the molecular architecture of organogenesis and providing valuable resources for future genomic and genetic studies relying on identities of specific cell types.

Targeting lysosomal quality control as a therapeutic strategy against aging and diseases

Previously, lysosomes were primarily referred to as the digestive organelles and recycling centers within cells. Recent discoveries have expanded the lysosomal functional scope and revealed their critical roles in nutrient sensing, epigenetic regulation, plasma membrane repair, lipid transport, ion homeostasis, and cellular stress response. Lysosomal dysfunction is also found to be associated with aging and several diseases. Therefore, function of macroautophagy, a lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation system, has been identified as one of the updated twelve hallmarks of aging. In this review, we begin by introducing the concept of lysosomal quality control (LQC), which is a cellular machinery that maintains the number, morphology, and function of lysosomes through different processes such as lysosomal biogenesis, reformation, fission, fusion, turnover, lysophagy, exocytosis, and membrane permeabilization and repair. Next, we summarize the results from studies reporting the association between LQC dysregulation and aging/various disorders. Subsequently, we explore the emerging therapeutic strategies that target distinct aspects of LQC for treating diseases and combatting aging. Lastly, we underscore the existing knowledge gap and propose potential avenues for future research.

Function and dysfunction of GEMIN5: understanding a novel neurodevelopmental disorder

The recent identification of a neurodevelopmental disorder with cerebellar atrophy and motor dysfunction (NEDCAM) has resulted in an increased interest in GEMIN5, a multifunction RNA-binding protein. As the largest member of the survival motor neuron complex, GEMIN5 plays a key role in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins while also exhibiting translational regulatory functions as an independent protein. Although many questions remain regarding both the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of this new disorder, considerable progress has been made in the brief time since its discovery. In this review, we examine GEMIN5 within the context of NEDCAM, focusing on the structure, function, and expression of the protein specifically in regard to the disorder itself. Additionally, we explore the current animal models of NEDCAM, as well as potential molecular pathways for treatment and future directions of study. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in our understanding of this unique member of the survival motor neuron complex.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP/ACP5) promotes bone length, regulates cortical and trabecular bone mass, and maintains growth plate architecture and width in a sex- and site-specific manner in mice

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) serum levels reflect osteoclast number, bone remodeling activity, and fracture risk. Deletion or loss of function of TRAP results in short stature in mice and man. Yet, the impact and mechanisms of TRAP for the site- and sex-specific development of bone and cartilage is not well understood. Here, we use a global TRAP knockout (TRAPKO) and wildtype littermate control (WT) mice of both sexes to investigate TRAP as a possible sex- and site-specific regulator of bone and growth plate development. TRAPKO mice of both sexes weighed less and had shorter tibial length than their WT, features that were more accentuated in male than female TRAPKO mice. These changes were not associated with a general reduction in growth as not all organs displayed a proportionally lower mass, and serum IGF-1 was unchanged. Using μCT and site-specificity analysis of the cortical bone revealed wider proximal tibia, a higher trabecular thickness, and lower trabecular separation in male TRAPKO compared to WT mice, an effect not seen in female mice. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the growth plate height as well as height of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes were markedly increased, and the number of columns was decreased in TRAPKO mice of both sexes. These effects were more accentuated in female mice. Proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow derived macrophages into osteoclasts, as well as C-terminal cross links were normal in TRAPKO mice of both sexes. Collectively, our results show that TRAP regulates bone and cartilage development in a sex-and site-specific manner in mice.

Knock down to level up: Reframing RNAi for invertebrate ecophysiology

Comparative ecophysiologists strive to understand physiological problems in non-model organisms, but molecular tools such as RNA interference (RNAi) are under-used in our field. Here, we provide a framework for invertebrate ecophysiologists to use RNAi to answer questions focused on physiological processes, rather than as a tool to investigate gene function. We specifically focus on non-model invertebrates, in which the use of other genetic tools (e.g., genetic knockout lines) is less likely. We argue that because RNAi elicits a temporary manipulation of gene expression, and resources to carry out RNAi are technically and financially accessible, it is an effective tool for invertebrate ecophysiologists. We cover the terminology and basic mechanisms of RNA interference as an accessible introduction for "non-molecular" physiologists, include a suggested workflow for identifying RNAi gene targets and validating biologically relevant gene knockdowns, and present a hypothesis-testing framework for using RNAi to answer common questions in the realm of invertebrate ecophysiology. This review encourages invertebrate ecophysiologists to use these tools and workflows to explore physiological processes and bridge genotypes to phenotypes in their animal(s) of interest.

The poetry of nitrogen and carbon metabolic shifts: The role of C/N in pitaya phase change

Pitaya, a desert plant, has an underexplored flowering mechanism due to a lack of functional validation assays. This study reveals that the transition from vegetative to generative growth in pitaya is regulated by significant metabolic shift, underscoring the importance of understanding and address the challenging issue pitaya's phase change. Lateral buds from 6-years-old 'Guanhuahong' pitaya (Hylocereus monacanthus) plants were collected on April 8th, 18th, and 28th 2023, representing early, middle, and late stages of phase transition, respectively. Results showed diminished nitrogen levels concurrent with increased carbon levels and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios during pitaya phase transition. Transcriptomic analysis identified batches of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in downregulating nitrogen metabolism and upregulating carbon metabolism. These batches of genes play a central role in the metabolic shifts that predominantly regulate the transition to the generative phase in pitaya. This study unveils the intricate regulatory network involving 6 sugar synthesis and transport, 11 photoperiod (e.g., PHY, CRY, PIF) and 6 vernalization (e.g., VIN3) pathways, alongside 11 structural flowering genes (FCA, FLK, LFY, AGL) out of a vast array of potential candidates in pitaya phase change. These findings provide insights into the metabolic pathways involved in pitaya's phase transition, offering a theoretical framework for managing flowering, guiding breeding strategies to optimize flowering timing and improve crop yields under varied nitrogen conditions.

Enteroendocrine cells regulate intestinal homeostasis and epithelial function

Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are well-known for their systemic hormonal effects, especially in the regulation of appetite and glycemia. Much less is known about how the products made by EECs regulate their local environment within the intestine. Here, we focus on paracrine interactions between EECs and other intestinal cells as they regulate three essential aspects of intestinal homeostasis and physiology: 1) intestinal stem cell function and proliferation; 2) nutrient absorption; and 3) mucosal barrier function. We also discuss the ability of EECs to express multiple hormones, describe in vitro and in vivo models to study EECs, and consider how EECs are altered in GI disease.

RACK1 links phyB and BES1 to coordinate brassinosteroid-dependent root meristem development

Light and brassinosteroids (BR) are indispensable for plant growth and control cell division in the apical meristem. However, how external light signals cooperate with internal brassinosteroids to program root meristem development remains elusive. We reveal that the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) guides the scaffold protein RACK1 to coordinate BR signaling for maintaining root meristematic activity. phyB and RACK1 promote early root meristem development. Mechanistically, RACK1 could reinforce the phyB-SPA1 association by interacting with both phyB and SPA1, which indirectly affects COP1-dependent RACK1 degradation, resulting in the accumulation of RACK1 in roots. Subsequently, RACK1 interacts with BES1 to repress its DNA-binding activity toward the target gene CYCD3;1, leading to the release of BES1-mediated inhibition of CYCD3;1 transcription, and hence the promotion of root meristem development. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the regulation of root meristem development by combination of light and phytohormones signals through the photoreceptors and scaffold proteins.

Examining the liver-pancreas crosstalk reveals a role for the molybdenum cofactor in β-cell regeneration

Regeneration of insulin-producing β-cells is an alternative avenue to manage diabetes, and it is crucial to unravel this process in vivo during physiological responses to the lack of β-cells. Here, we aimed to characterize how hepatocytes can contribute to β-cell regeneration, either directly or indirectly via secreted proteins or metabolites, in a zebrafish model of β-cell loss. Using lineage tracing, we show that hepatocytes do not directly convert into β-cells even under extreme β-cell ablation conditions. A transcriptomic analysis of isolated hepatocytes after β-cell ablation displayed altered lipid- and glucose-related processes. Based on the transcriptomics, we performed a genetic screen that uncovers a potential role of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthetic pathway in β-cell regeneration and glucose metabolism in zebrafish. Consistently, molybdenum cofactor synthesis 2 (Mocs2) haploinsufficiency in mice indicated dysregulated glucose metabolism and liver function. Together, our study sheds light on the liver-pancreas crosstalk and suggests that the molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis pathway should be further studied in relation to glucose metabolism and diabetes.

Testing the patterning cascade model of cusp development in Macaca fascicularis mandibular molars

OBJECTIVE

Molar crown configuration plays an important role in systematics, and functional and comparative morphology. In particular, the number of cusps on primate molars is often used to identify fossil species and infer their phylogenetic relationships. However, this variability deserves renewed consideration as a number of studies now highlight important developmental mechanisms that may be responsible for the presence of molar cusps in some mammalian taxa. Experimental studies of rodent molars suggest that cusps form under a morphodynamic, patterning cascade model of development (PCM) that involve the iterative formation of enamel knots. This model posits that the size, shape and location of the first-forming cusps determines the presence and positioning of later-forming cusps.

DESIGN

Here we test whether variation in accessory cusp presence in 13 Macaca fascicularis mandibular second molars (M2s) is consistent with predictions of the PCM. Using micro-CT, we imaged these M2s and employed geometric morphometrics to examine whether shape variation in the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) correlates with accessory cusp presence.

RESULTS

We find that accessory cusp patterning in macaque M2s is broadly consistent with the PCM. Molars with accessory cusps were larger in size and possessed shorter relative cusp heights compared to molars without accessory cusps. Peripheral cusp formation was also associated with more centrally positioned primary cusps, as predicted by the PCM.

CONCLUSIONS

While these results demonstrate that a patterning cascade model is broadly appropriate for interpreting cusp variation in Macaca fascicularis molars, it does not explain all manifestations of accessory cusp expression in this sample.

Strigolactone signalling inhibits trehalose 6-phosphate signalling independently of BRC1 to suppress shoot branching

The phytohormone strigolactone (SL) inhibits shoot branching, whereas the signalling metabolite trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) promotes branching. How Tre6P and SL signalling may interact and which molecular mechanisms might be involved remains largely unknown. Transcript profiling of Arabidopsis SL mutants revealed a cluster of differentially expressed genes highly enriched in the Tre6P pathway compared with wild-type (WT) plants or brc1 mutants. Tre6P-related genes were also differentially expressed in axillary buds of garden pea (Pisum sativum) SL mutants. Tre6P levels were elevated in the SL signalling mutant more axillary (max) growth 2 compared with other SL mutants or WT plants indicating a role of MAX2-dependent SL signalling in regulating Tre6P levels. A transgenic approach to increase Tre6P levels demonstrated that all SL mutant lines and brc1 flowered earlier, showing all of these mutants were responsive to Tre6P. Elevated Tre6P led to increased branching in WT plants but not in max2 and max4 mutants, indicating some dependency between the SL pathway and Tre6P regulation of shoot branching. By contrast, elevated Tre6P led to an enhanced branching phenotype in brc1 mutants indicating independence between BRC1 and Tre6P. A model is proposed whereby SL signalling represses branching via Tre6P and independently of the BRC1 pathway.

A staging table of Balkan crested newt embryonic development to serve as a baseline in evolutionary developmental studies

There is an increased interest in the evolution and development of newts from the genus Triturus because: (1) morphological differentiation among the nine constituent species largely corresponds to different ecological preferences, (2) hybridization between different species pairs has various evolutionary outcomes in terms of life history traits and morphology, and (3) the genus expresses a balanced lethal system that causes arrested growth and death of half of the embryos. These features provide natural experimental settings for molecular, morphological, and life-history studies. Therefore, we produce a staging table for the Balkan crested newt (T. ivanbureschi). We provide detailed descriptions of 34 embryonic stages based on easily observable and interpretable external morphological characters, to ensure reproducibility. Compared with previous staging tables for Triturus, we include a vastly increased sample size and provide high-resolution photographs in lateral, ventral, and dorsal view, complemented by videos of specific developmental periods, and accompanied by detailed explanations on how to delineate the specific stages. Our staging table will serve as a baseline in comparative studies on Triturus newts: an emerging model system in evolutionary and developmental studies.

Amphicarpic development in Cardamine chenopodiifolia

Amphicarpy is an unusual trait where two fruit types develop on the same plant: one above and the other belowground. This trait is not found in conventional model species. Therefore, its development and molecular genetics remain under-studied. Here, we establish the allooctoploid Cardamine chenopodiifolia as an emerging experimental system to study amphicarpy. We characterized C. chenopodiifolia development, focusing on differences in morphology and cell wall histochemistry between above- and belowground fruit. We generated a reference transcriptome with PacBio full-length transcript sequencing and analysed differential gene expression between above- and belowground fruit valves. Cardamine chenopodiifolia has two contrasting modes of seed dispersal. The main shoot fails to bolt and initiates floral primordia that grow underground where they self-pollinate and set seed. By contrast, axillary shoots bolt and develop exploding seed pods aboveground. Morphological differences between aerial explosive fruit and subterranean nonexplosive fruit were reflected in a large number of differentially regulated genes involved in photosynthesis, secondary cell wall formation and defence responses. Tools established in C. chenopodiifolia, such as a reference transcriptome, draft genome assembly and stable plant transformation, pave the way to study amphicarpy and trait evolution via allopolyploidy.

"When does human life begin?" teaching human embryology in the context of the American abortion debate

The Dobbs decision of the United States Supreme Court and the actions of several state legislatures have made it risky, if not outright dangerous, to teach factual material concerning human embryology. At some state universities, for instance, if a professor's lecture is felt to teach or discuss abortion (as it might when teaching about tubal pregnancies, hydatidiform moles, or eneuploidy), that instructor risks imprisonment for up to 14 years (Gyori, 2023). Some states' new censorship rules have thus caused professors to drop modules on abortion from numerous science and humanities courses. In most states, instructors can still teach about human embryonic development and not risk putting their careers or livelihoods in jeopardy. However, even in many of these institutions, students can bring a professor to a disciplinary hearing by claiming that the instructor failed to provide ample trigger warnings on such issues. This essay attempts to provide some strategies wherein human embryology and the ethical issues surrounding it might be taught and students may be given resources to counter unscientific falsehoods about fertilization and human development. This essay provides evidence for teaching the following propositions. Mis-information about human biology and medicine is rampant on the internet, and there are skills that can be taught to students that will help them determine which sites should trusted. This is a skill that needs to be taught as part of science courses.

Placental homogeneity: Characterizing transcriptional variation among equine chorioallantoic locations

The proper function of the placenta is essential for the health and growth of the fetus and the mother. The placenta relies on dynamic gene expression for its correct and timely development and function. Although numerous studies have identified genes vital for placental functions, equine placental molecular research has primarily focused on single placental locations, in sharp contrast with the broader approach in human studies. Here, we hypothesized that the molecular differences across different regions of the equine placenta are negligible because of its diffuse placental type with a macroscopic homogenous distribution of villi across the placental surface. We compared the transcriptome and stereological findings of the body, pregnant horn, and non-pregnant horn within the equine chorioallantois. Our transcriptomic analysis indicates that the variation between regions of the placenta within individuals is less than the variation observed between individuals. A low number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (n = 8) was identified when comparing pregnant and non-pregnant horns within the same placenta, suggesting a remarkable molecular uniformity. A higher number of DEGs was identified when comparing each horn to the body (193 DEGs comparing pregnant horn with body and 207 DEGs comparing non-pregnant horn with body). Genes with a higher expression in the body were associated with processes such as extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling, which is relevant for placental maturation and placenta-endometrial separation at term and implies asynchrony of these processes across locations. The stereological analysis showed no differences in microcotyledonary density, and width between the locations. However, we observed a greater chorioallantoic thickness in the body and pregnant horn compared to the non-pregnant horn. Overall, our findings reveal a uniform transcriptomic profile across the placental horns, alongside a more distinct gene expression pattern between the uterine body and horns. These regional differences in gene expression suggest a different pace in the placental maturation and detachment among the placental locations.

Cell-Int: a cell-cell interaction assay to identify native membrane protein interactions

Intercellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have pivotal roles in biological functions and diseases. Membrane proteins are therefore a major class of drug targets. However, studying such intercellular PPIs is challenging because of the properties of membrane proteins. Current methods commonly use purified or modified proteins that are not physiologically relevant and hence might mischaracterize interactions occurring in vivo. Here, we describe Cell-Int: a cell interaction assay for studying plasma membrane PPIs. The interaction signal is measured through conjugate formation between two populations of cells each expressing either a ligand or a receptor. In these settings, membrane proteins are in their native environment thus being physiologically relevant. Cell-Int has been applied to the study of diverse protein partners, and enables to investigate the inhibitory potential of blocking antibodies, as well as the retargeting of fusion proteins for therapeutic development. The assay was also validated for screening applications and could serve as a platform for identifying new protein interactors.

Maintenance of germline stem cell homeostasis despite severe nuclear distortion

Stem cell loss in aging and disease is associated with nuclear deformation. Yet, how nuclear shape influences stem cell homeostasis is poorly understood. We investigated this connection using Drosophila germline stem cells, as survival of these stem cells is compromised by dysfunction of the nuclear lamina, the extensive protein network that lines the inner nuclear membrane and gives shape to the nucleus. To induce nuclear distortion in germline stem cells, we used the GAL4-UAS system to increase expression of the permanently farnesylated nuclear lamina protein, Kugelkern, a rate limiting factor for nuclear growth. We show that elevated Kugelkern levels cause severe nuclear distortion in germline stem cells, including extensive thickening and lobulation of the nuclear envelope and nuclear lamina, as well as alteration of internal nuclear compartments. Despite these changes, germline stem cell number, proliferation, and female fertility are preserved, even as females age. Collectively, these data demonstrate that disruption of nuclear architecture does not cause a failure of germline stem cell survival or homeostasis, revealing that nuclear deformation does not invariably promote stem cell loss.

Loss of 3-O-sulfotransferase enzymes, Hs3st3a1 and Hs3st3b1, reduces kidney and glomerular size and disrupts glomerular architecture

Heparan sulfate (HS) is an important component of the kidney anionic filtration barrier, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). HS chains attached to proteoglycan protein cores are modified by sulfotransferases in a highly ordered series of biosynthetic steps resulting in immense structural diversity due to negatively charged sulfate modifications. 3-O-sulfation is the least abundant modification generated by a family of seven isoforms but creates the most highly sulfated HS domains. We analyzed the kidney phenotypes in the Hs3st3a1, Hs3st3b1 and Hs3st6 -knockout (KO) mice, the isoforms enriched in kidney podocytes. Individual KO mice show no overt kidney phenotype, although Hs3st3b1 kidneys were smaller than wildtype (WT). Furthermore, Hs3st3a1-/-; Hs3st3b1-/- double knockout (DKO) kidneys were smaller but also had a reduction in glomerular size relative to wildtype (WT). Mass spectrometry analysis of kidney HS showed reduced 3-O-sulfation in Hs3st3a1-/- and Hs3st3b1-/-, but not in Hs3st6-/- kidneys. Glomerular HS showed reduced HS staining and reduced ligand-and-carbohydrate engagement (LACE) assay, a tool that detects changes in binding of growth factor receptor-ligand complexes to HS. Interestingly, DKO mice have increased levels of blood urea nitrogen, although no differences were detected in urinary levels of albumin, creatinine and nephrin. Finally, transmission electron microscopy showed irregular and thickened GBM and podocyte foot process effacement in the DKO compared to WT. Together, our data suggest that loss of 3-O-HS domains disrupts the kidney glomerular architecture without affecting the glomerular filtration barrier and overall kidney function.

Therapeutic effect of Momordica charantia on cardiomyopathy in a diabetic maternal rat model

Myocardial structural and functional abnormalities are hallmarks of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a chronic consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Maternal DM affects and increases the risk of heart defects in diabetic mothers compared with nondiabetic mothers. Momordica charantia exhibits antidiabetic effects due to various bioactive compounds that are phytochemicals, a broad group that includes phenolic compounds, alkaloids, proteins, steroids, inorganic compounds, and lipids. Pregnant maternal rats were split into four groups: control (C), M. charantia-treated (MC), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (DM), and diabetic (MC + DM) groups. Diabetes mothers had increased serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase were increased. Hormone levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estrogen decreased significantly. Inflammatory markers such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were elevated in diabetic mothers. Oxidative stress markers indicated increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, while antioxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were decreased in maternal heart tissue. The levels of apoptotic markers such as tumor suppressor 53 (P53) and cysteine aspartic protease-3 (caspase-3) were significantly greater in diabetic maternal heart tissue. Histopathological analysis revealed heart tissue abnormalities in diabetic maternal rats. M. charantia extract improved maternal diabetes-induced changes in inflammation, antioxidant levels, and heart tissue structure.

Role of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway involved in self-renewing and maintaining biological properties of chicken primordial germ cells

Avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) are important culture cells for the production of transgenic chickens and preservation of the genetic resources of endangered species; however, culturing these cells in vitro proves challenging. Although the proliferation of chicken PGCs is dependent on insulin, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the expression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in PGCs, investigated its effects on PGC self-renewal and biological properties, and identified the underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicated that although supplementation with the PI3K/AKT activator IGF-1 failed to promote proliferation under the assessed culture conditions, the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 resulted in retarded cell proliferation and reduced expression of germ cell-related markers. We further demonstrated that inhibition of PI3K/AKT regulates the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis in PGCs by activating the expression of BAX and inhibiting that of Bcl-2. These findings indicated that the PI3K/AKT pathway is required for cell renewal, apoptosis, and maintenance of the reproductive potential in chicken PGCs. This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the optimization and improvement of a culture system for chicken PGCs and provide insights into the self-renewal of vertebrate PGCs as well as potential evolutionary changes in this unique cell population.