2201
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de Zubicaray GI, Zelaya FO, Andrew C, Williams SC, Bullmore ET. Cerebral regions associated with verbal response initiation, suppression and strategy use. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38:1292-304. [PMID: 10865105 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral activation associated with performance on a novel task involving two conditions was investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the response initiation condition, subjects nominated the general superordinate category to which each of a series of exemplars (concrete nouns) belonged. In the response suppression condition, subjects were required to nominate a general superordinate category to which each exemplar did not belong, with the instruction that they were not to nominate the same category response twice in a row. Both conditions produced distinct patterns of activation relative to an articulation control condition employing identical stimuli. When initiation and suppression conditions were directly compared, response suppression produced activation in the right frontal pole, orbital frontal cortex and anterior cingulate, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate, and bilaterally in the precuneus, visual association cortex and cerebellum. Response latencies were significantly longer in the suppression condition. Two broadly-defined strategies associated with the correct production of words during the suppression condition were a self-ordered selection from among the superordinate categories identified during the first section of the task and the generation of novel category responses. The neuroanatomical correlates of response initiation, suppression and strategy use are discussed, as are the respective roles of response suppression and strategy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I de Zubicaray
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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2202
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Seger CA, Poldrack RA, Prabhakaran V, Zhao M, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD. Hemispheric asymmetries and individual differences in visual concept learning as measured by functional MRI. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38:1316-24. [PMID: 10865107 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in brain regions active while learning novel visual concepts were examined in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants learned to distinguish between exemplars of two categories, formed as distortions of different unseen prototype stimuli. Regions of the right hemisphere (dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal areas) were active early in learning and throughout task performance, whereas homologous portions of the left hemisphere were active only in later stages of learning. Left dorsolateral prefrontal activation was found only in participants who showed superior conceptual learning. Such a progression from initial right-hemisphere processing of specific instances to bilateral activity as left-hemisphere conceptual processes are recruited may underlie the development of many forms of visual knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Seger
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 80523, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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2203
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Abstract
Associative learning enables animals to anticipate the occurrence of important outcomes. Learning occurs when the actual outcome differs from the predicted outcome, resulting in a prediction error. Neurons in several brain structures appear to code prediction errors in relation to rewards, punishments, external stimuli, and behavioral reactions. In one form, dopamine neurons, norepinephrine neurons, and nucleus basalis neurons broadcast prediction errors as global reinforcement or teaching signals to large postsynaptic structures. In other cases, error signals are coded by selected neurons in the cerebellum, superior colliculus, frontal eye fields, parietal cortex, striatum, and visual system, where they influence specific subgroups of neurons. Prediction errors can be used in postsynaptic structures for the immediate selection of behavior or for synaptic changes underlying behavioral learning. The coding of prediction errors may represent a basic mode of brain function that may also contribute to the processing of sensory information and the short-term control of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schultz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
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2204
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Abstract
The field of neuroscience has, after a long period of looking the other way, again embraced emotion as an important research area. Much of the progress has come from studies of fear, and especially fear conditioning. This work has pinpointed the amygdala as an important component of the system involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of fear memory and has elucidated in detail how stimuli enter, travel through, and exit the amygdala. Some progress has also been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie fear conditioning, and recent studies have also shown that the findings from experimental animals apply to the human brain. It is important to remember why this work on emotion succeeded where past efforts failed. It focused on a psychologically well-defined aspect of emotion, avoided vague and poorly defined concepts such as "affect," "hedonic tone," or "emotional feelings," and used a simple and straightforward experimental approach. With so much research being done in this area today, it is important that the mistakes of the past not be made again. It is also time to expand from this foundation into broader aspects of mind and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York 10003, USA.
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2205
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Olivera-Souza RD, Moll J, Passman LJ, Cunha FC, Paes F, Adriano MV, Ignácio FA, Marrocos RP. Trail making and cognitive set-shifting. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2000; 58:826-9. [PMID: 11018818 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2000000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that Part B of the Trail Making Test (TMT) is a measure of cognitive set-shifting ability in 55 normal subjects with the conventional (written) TMT and a verbal adaptation, the "verbal TMT" (vTMT). The finding of a significant association between Parts B of TMT and vTMT (r = 0,59, p < 0,001), after correcting for age and education, supports the view that Part B of TMT is a valid measure of the ability to alternate between cognitive categories.
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2206
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Castelli F, Happé F, Frith U, Frith C. Movement and mind: a functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage 2000; 12:314-25. [PMID: 10944414 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a functional neuroimaging study with positron emission tomography (PET) in which six healthy adult volunteers were scanned while watching silent computer-presented animations. The characters in the animations were simple geometrical shapes whose movement patterns selectively evoked mental state attribution or simple action description. Results showed increased activation in association with mental state attribution in four main regions: medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction (superior temporal sulcus), basal temporal regions (fusiform gyrus and temporal poles adjacent to the amygdala), and extrastriate cortex (occipital gyrus). Previous imaging studies have implicated these regions in self-monitoring, in the perception of biological motion, and in the attribution of mental states using verbal stimuli or visual depictions of the human form. We suggest that these regions form a network for processing information about intentions, and speculate that the ability to make inferences about other people's mental states evolved from the ability to make inferences about other creatures' actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castelli
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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2207
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Banich MT, Milham MP, Atchley RA, Cohen NJ, Webb A, Wszalek T, Kramer AF, Liang Z, Barad V, Gullett D, Shah C, Brown C. Prefrontal regions play a predominant role in imposing an attentional 'set': evidence from fMRI. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 10:1-9. [PMID: 10978687 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
fMRI was used to determine whether prefrontal regions play a predominant role in imposing an attentional 'set' that drives selection of task-relevant information. While monitoring for an atypical item, individuals viewed Stroop stimuli that were either colored words or colored objects. Attentional demands were varied, being greater when the stimuli contained two distinct and incongruent sources of information about the task-relevant attribute (e.g., when attending to color, seeing the word 'blue' in red ink) as compared to only one source (e.g., seeing the word 'late' in red ink). Prefrontal but not anterior cingulate regions exhibited greater activation on incongruent than neutral trials, suggesting that prefrontal cortex has a major role in imposing an attentional 'set'. In addition, we found that prefrontal activation is most likely to occur when that attentional set is difficult to impose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Banich
- The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
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2208
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Kiehl KA, Smith AM, Hare RD, Liddle PF. An event-related potential investigation of response inhibition in schizophrenia and psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:210-21. [PMID: 10924664 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and psychopathy are both characterized by impulsive, poorly planned behavior. This behavior may originate from a weak or poorly coordinated response inhibition system. We tested the hypothesis that schizophrenia and psychopathy are associated with abnormal neural processing during the suppression of inappropriate responses. METHODS The participants were schizophrenic patients, nonpsychotic psychopaths, and nonpsychotic, nonpsychopathic control subjects (defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised), all incarcerated in a maximum security psychiatric facility. We recorded behavioral responses and event-related potentials (ERPs) during a Go/No Go task. RESULTS Schizophrenic patients made more errors of commission than did the nonpsychopathic offenders. As expected, the nonpsychopathic nonpsychotic participants showed greater frontal ERP negativity (N275) to the No Go stimuli than to the Go stimuli. This effect was small in the schizophrenic patients and absent in the psychopaths. For the nonpsychopaths, the P375 ERP component was larger on Go than on No Go trials, a difference that was absent in schizophrenic patients and in the opposite direction in psychopaths. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the hypothesis that the neural processes involved in response inhibition are abnormal in both schizophrenia and psychopathy; however, the nature of these processes appears to be different in the two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Kiehl
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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2209
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Casey BJ, Thomas KM, Welsh TF, Badgaiyan RD, Eccard CH, Jennings JR, Crone EA. Dissociation of response conflict, attentional selection, and expectancy with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8728-33. [PMID: 10900023 PMCID: PMC27016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.15.8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2000] [Accepted: 05/03/2000] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two different attentional networks have been associated with visuospatial attention and conflict resolution. In most situations either one of the two networks is active or both are increased in activity together. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a flanker task, we show conditions in which one network (anterior attention system) is increased in activity whereas the other (visuospatial attention system) is reduced, showing that attentional conflict and selection are separate aspects of attention. Further, we distinguish between neural systems involved in different forms of conflict. Specifically, we dissociate patterns of activity in the basal ganglia and insula cortex during simple violations in expectancies (i.e., sudden changes in the frequency of an event) from patterns of activity in the anterior attention system specifically correlated with response conflict as evidenced by longer response latencies and more errors. These data provide a systems-level approach in understanding integrated attentional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Casey
- Sackler Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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2210
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Poldrack RA. Imaging brain plasticity: conceptual and methodological issues--a theoretical review. Neuroimage 2000; 12:1-13. [PMID: 10875897 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural plasticity associated with learning and development is increasingly being studied using functional neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this paper I outline a set of conceptual and methodological issues that are particularly relevant for the study of neural plasticity. A number of confounds, related to changes in performance and the inherently temporal nature of learning and development, must be addressed when imaging plasticity. The interpretation of changes in imaging signals is greatly underdetermined, suggesting that hypothesis-driven research approaches may be most fruitful. Finally, I argue that the imaging of learning-related and developmental plasticity can enhance the ability of functional neuroimaging to identify and characterize the underlying neural basis of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Poldrack
- MGH-NMR Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
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2211
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Burton MW, Small SL, Blumstein SE. The role of segmentation in phonological processing: an fMRI investigation. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12:679-90. [PMID: 10936919 DOI: 10.1162/089892900562309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Phonological processes map sound information onto higher levels of language processing and provide the mechanisms by which verbal information can be temporarily stored in working memory. Despite a strong convergence of data suggesting both left lateralization and distributed encoding in the anterior and posterior perisylvian language areas, the nature and brain encoding of phonological subprocesses remain ambiguous. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the conditions under which anterior (lateral frontal) areas are activated during speech-discrimination tasks that differ in segmental processing demands. In two experiments, subjects performed "same/ different" judgments on the first sound of pairs of words. In the first experiment, the speech stimuli did not require overt segmentation of the initial consonant from the rest of the word, since the "different" pairs only varied in the phonetic voicing of the initial consonant (e.g., dip-tip). In the second experiment, the speech stimuli required segmentation since "different" pairs both varied in initial consonant voicing and contained different vowels and final consonants (e.g., dip-ten). These speech conditions were compared to a tone-discrimination control condition. Behavioral data showed that subjects were highly accurate in both experiments, but revealed different patterns of reaction-time latencies between the two experiments. The imaging data indicated that whereas both speech conditions showed superior temporal activation when compared to tone discrimination, only the second experiment showed consistent evidence of frontal activity. Taken together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that phonological processing per se does not necessarily recruit frontal areas. We postulate that frontal activation is a product of segmentation processes in speech perception, or alternatively, working memory demands required for such processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Burton
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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2212
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Rees G, Friston K, Koch C. A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of human and macaque V5. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:716-23. [PMID: 10862705 DOI: 10.1038/76673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the quantitative relationship between single-neuron recordings in monkeys and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements in humans is crucial to understanding how experiments in these different species are related, yet it remains undetermined. We measured brain activity in humans attending to moving visual stimuli, using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI. Responses in V5 showed a strong and highly linear dependence on increasing strength of motion signal (coherence). These population responses in human V5 had a remarkably simple mathematical relationship to previously observed single-cell responses in macaque V5. We provided an explicit quantitative estimate for the interspecies comparison of single-neuron activity and BOLD population responses. Our data show previously unknown dissociations between the functional properties of human V5 and other human motion-sensitive areas, thus predicting similar dissociations for the properties of single neurons in homologous areas of macaque cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rees
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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2213
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MacDonald AW, Cohen JD, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science 2000; 288:1835-8. [PMID: 10846167 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5472.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2569] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Theories of the regulation of cognition suggest a system with two necessary components: one to implement control and another to monitor performance and signal when adjustments in control are needed. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task-switching version of the Stroop task were used to examine whether these components of cognitive control have distinct neural bases in the human brain. A double dissociation was found. During task preparation, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) was more active for color naming than for word reading, consistent with a role in the implementation of control. In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's areas 24 and 32) was more active when responding to incongruent stimuli, consistent with a role in performance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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2214
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Davis KD, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM, Tasker RR, Dostrovsky JO. Human anterior cingulate cortex neurons modulated by attention-demanding tasks. J Neurophysiol 2000; 83:3575-7. [PMID: 10848573 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.6.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent imaging studies have implicated the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in various cognitive functions, including attention. However, until now, there was no evidence for changes in neuronal activity of individual ACC neurons during performance of tasks that require attention and effortful thought. We hypothesized these neurons must exist in the human ACC. In this study, we present electrophysiological data from microelectrode single neuron recordings in the human ACC of neuronal modulation during attention-demanding tasks in 19% of 36 neurons tested. These findings provide the first direct evidence of an influence of a cognitive state on the spontaneous neuronal activity of human ACC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Davis
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto and The Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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2215
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Abstract
Metacognition refers to any knowledge or cognitive process that monitors or controls cognition. We highlight similarities between metacognitive and executive control functions, and ask how these processes might be implemented in the human brain. A review of brain imaging studies reveals a circuitry of attentional networks involved in these control processes, with its source located in midfrontal areas. These areas are active during conflict resolution, error correction, and emotional regulation. A developmental approach to the organization of the anatomy involved in executive control provides an added perspective on how these mechanisms are influenced by maturation and learning, and how they relate to metacognitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernandez-Duque
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 1E6, Canada.
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2216
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Ragland JD, Gur RC, Lazarev MG, Smith RJ, Schroeder L, Raz J, Turetsky BI, Alavi A, Gur RE. Hemispheric activation of anterior and inferior prefrontal cortex during verbal encoding and recognition: a PET study of healthy volunteers. Neuroimage 2000; 11:624-33. [PMID: 10860791 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of bilateral prefrontal activation during memory encoding and retrieval has increased attention given to anatomical subdivisions within the prefrontal cortex. The current study examined anterior and inferior aspects of the prefrontal cortex to determine their degree of functional and hemispheric overlap during encoding and recognition. Cerebral blood flow of 25 healthy volunteers was measured using PET (15)O-water methods during four conditions: resting baseline, sequential finger movement, word encoding, and word recognition. Resting and motor images were averaged to provide a single reference that was subtracted from encoding and recognition using statistical parametric mapping (SPM96). Memory conditions were also subtracted from each other to identify differences in regional activity. Subjects performed well (86% correct) and had a slightly conservative response bias. Baseline subtraction from encoding revealed focal activation of left inferior prefrontal cortex (area 45) without significant contralateral activation. Recognition minus baseline subtraction produced a focal right anterior prefrontal activation (areas 9 and 10) that was not present in the left hemisphere. Bilateral effects were seen in area 45 during recognition. Subtraction of memory tasks from each other did not reveal any areas of greater activity during encoding. However, the recognition task produced greater activation in right area 9 extending into the anterior cingulate. Greater activity during recognition was also observed in left insula and bilateral visual integration areas. These results are discussed in relation to the prevailing model of prefrontal hemispheric asymmetry during episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Health Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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2217
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Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a part of the brain's limbic system. Classically, this region has been related to affect, on the basis of lesion studies in humans and in animals. In the late 1980s, neuroimaging research indicated that ACC was active in many studies of cognition. The findings from EEG studies of a focal area of negativity in scalp electrodes following an error response led to the idea that ACC might be the brain's error detection and correction device. In this article, these various findings are reviewed in relation to the idea that ACC is a part of a circuit involved in a form of attention that serves to regulate both cognitive and emotional processing. Neuroimaging studies showing that separate areas of ACC are involved in cognition and emotion are discussed and related to results showing that the error negativity is influenced by affect and motivation. In addition, the development of the emotional and cognitive roles of ACC are discussed, and how the success of this regulation in controlling responses might be correlated with cingulate size. Finally, some theories are considered about how the different subdivisions of ACC might interact with other cortical structures as a part of the circuits involved in the regulation of mental and emotional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bush
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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2218
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Abstract
We found that medial frontal cortex activity associated with action monitoring (detecting errors and behavioral conflict) depended on activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex. We recorded the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related brain potential proposed to reflect anterior cingulate action monitoring, from individuals with lateral prefrontal damage or age-matched or young control participants. In controls, error trials generated greater ERN activity than correct trials. In individuals with lateral prefrontal damage, however, correct-trial ERN activity was equal to error-trial ERN activity. Lateral prefrontal damage also affected corrective behavior. Thus the lateral prefrontal cortex seemed to interact with the anterior cingulate cortex in monitoring behavior and in guiding compensatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Gehring
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525 East University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1109, USA.
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2219
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Nakamura N, Yamamoto T, Saito T, Fujita H. Analysis of activation in anterior cingulate cortex during cognitive process of selection following somatosensory stimuli: fMRI study with elaborate task paradigms. Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 18:397-404. [PMID: 10788716 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(00)00129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been pointed out to play an important role in the cognitive process of selection underlying "early selection" of perceptually (visually or auditorily) and "late selection" of behaviorally relevant information. However, it is still unclear in cognitive process of selection that the ACC can be activated by somatosensory stimuli as perceptually relevant information. To determine whether the ACC is activated by "early selection" of somatosensory stimuli surely without effects of motor acts as behavior, eighteen normal subjects performed elaborately designed tasks of selection while receiving somatosensory stimuli on their toes of the right and left feet under three different conditions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 1.5 T. ACC activation was observed to be 2.1+/-0.3% (mean +/- SE) in selection and finger movement as motor acts, and 1.3+/-0.3% in selection and counting (without motor acts), whereas there was no activation in non-selection. The present fMRI study demonstrates that the ACC is activated by "early selection" following somatosensory stimuli surely without subsequent motor acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakamura
- Laboratory of Environmental Biology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Kita 15 Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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2220
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Cohen JD, Botvinick M, Carter CS. Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: who's in control? Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:421-3. [PMID: 10769376 DOI: 10.1038/74783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2221
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Procyk E, Tanaka YL, Joseph JP. Anterior cingulate activity during routine and non-routine sequential behaviors in macaques. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:502-8. [PMID: 10769392 DOI: 10.1038/74880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex is important in monitoring action for new challenges. We recorded neuron activity in the anterior cingulate sulcus of macaques while they performed a sequential problem-solving task. By trial and error, animals determined the correct sequence for touching three fixed spatial targets. After the sequence was repeated three times, we then changed the correct solution order, requiring a new search. Irrespective of component movements or their kinematics, task-related neurons encoded the serial order of the sequence. Neurons activated with sequence components (68%) differed in activity between search and repetition. Search-related activity occurred when behavioral flexibility was required and ended as soon as the animal accumulated enough information to infer the solution, but had not yet tested it. Repetition-related activity occurred in a regime of memory-based motor performance in which attention to action is less necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Procyk
- INSERM, Unité 94: Espace et Action, 16 av Lépine, Case 13, 69676 Bron, France.
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2222
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Petersson KM, Reis A, Askelöf S, Castro-Caldas A, Ingvar M. Language processing modulated by literacy: a network analysis of verbal repetition in literate and illiterate subjects. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12:364-82. [PMID: 10931764 DOI: 10.1162/089892900562147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous behavioral and functional neuroimaging data indicate that certain aspects of phonological processing may not be acquired spontaneously, but are modulated by learning an alphabetic written language, that is, learning to read and write. It appears that learning an alphabetic written language modifies the auditory-verbal (spoken) language processing competence in a nontrivial way. We have previously suggested, based on behavioral and functional neuroimaging data, that auditory-verbal and written language interact not only during certain language tasks, but that learning and developing alphabetic written language capacities significantly modulates the spoken language system. Specifically, the acquisition of alphabetic orthographic knowledge has a modulatory influence on sublexical phonological processing and the awareness of sublexical phonological structure. We have suggested that developing an orthographic representation system for an alphabetic written language, and integrating a phoneme-grapheme correspondence with an existing infrastructure for auditory-verbal language processing, will result in a modified language network. Specifically, we suggest that the parallel interactive processing characteristics of the underlying language-processing brain network differ in literate and illiterate subjects. Therefore, the pattern of interactions between the regions of a suitably defined large-scale functional-anatomical network for language processing will differ between literate and illiterate subjects during certain language tasks. In order to investigate this hypothesis further, we analyzed the observed covariance structure in a PET data set from a simple auditory-verbal repetition paradigm in literate and illiterate subjects, with a network approach based on structural equation modeling (SEM). Based on a simple network model for language processing, the results of the present network analysis indicate that the network interactions during word and pseudoword repetition in the illiterate group differ, while there were no significant differences in the literate group. The differences between the two tasks in the illiterate group may reflect differences in attentional modulation of the language network, executive aspects of verbal working memory and the articulatory organization of verbal output. There were no significant differences between the literate and illiterate group during word repetition. In contrast, the network interactions differed between the literate and illiterate group during pseudoword repetition. In addition to differences similar to those observed in the illiterate group between word and pseudoword repetition, there were differences related to the interactions of the phonological loop between the groups. In particular, these differences related to the interaction between Broca's area and the inferior parietal cortex as well as the posterior-midinsula bridge between Wernicke's and Broca's area. In conclusion, the results of this network analysis are consistent with our previously presented results and support the hypothesis that learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional architecture of the adult human brain. In particular, the basic auditory-verbal language network in the human brain is modified as a consequence of acquiring orthographic language skills.
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2223
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Kindermann SS, Kalayam B, Brown GG, Burdick KE, Alexopoulos GS. Executive functions and P300 latency in elderly depressed patients and control subjects. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 8:57-65. [PMID: 10648296 DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200002000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors asked whether impaired executive functioning and long P300 latency are related dysfunctions and whether they are associated with geriatric depression. A group of 25 elderly depressed patients without dementia and 20 control subjects were assessed on tasks of fluency, initiation and perseveration, the Stroop task, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) perseverative error score, and P300 latency. The groups' performance differed significantly on these tasks and in P300 latency. Longer latency was associated with poorer performance in both groups on all measures except WCST perseverative errors. Regardless of patients' depression status, increased P300 latency predicts poorer performance on executive function tasks requiring speeded performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kindermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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2224
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Barch DM, Braver TS, Sabb FW, Noll DC. Anterior cingulate and the monitoriing of response conflict: evidence from an fMRI study of overt verb generation. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12:298-309. [PMID: 10771413 DOI: 10.1162/089892900562110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Studies of a range of higher cognitive functions consistently activate a region of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), typically posterior to the genu and superior to the corpus collosum. In particular, this ACC region appears to be active in task situations where there is a need to override a prepotent response tendency, when responding is underdetermined, and when errors are made. We have hypothesized that the function of this ACC region is to monitor for the presence of "crosstalk" or competition between incompatible responses. In prior work, we provided initial support for this hypothesis, demonstrating ACC activity in the same region both during error trials and during correct trials in task conditions designed to elicit greater response competition. In the present study, we extend our testing of this hypothesis to task situations involving underdetermined responding. Specifically, 14 healthy control subjects performed a verb-generation task during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with the on-line acquisition of overt verbal responses. The results demonstrated that the ACC, and only the ACC, was more active in a series of task conditions that elicited competition among alternative responses. These conditions included a greater ACC response to: (1) Nouns categorized as low vs. high constraint (i.e., during a norming study, multiple verbs were produced with equal frequency vs. a single verb that produced much more frequently than any other); (2) the production of verbs that were weak associates, rather than, strong associates of particular nouns; and (3) the production of verbs that were weak associates for nouns categorized as high constraint. We discuss the implication of these results for understanding the role that the ACC plays in human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Barch
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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2225
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Gonzalo D, Shallice T, Dolan R. Time-dependent changes in learning audiovisual associations: a single-trial fMRI study. Neuroimage 2000; 11:243-55. [PMID: 10694466 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional imaging studies of learning and memory have primarily focused on stimulus material presented within a single modality (see review by Gabrieli, 1998, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 49: 87-115). In the present study we investigated mechanisms for learning material presented in visual and auditory modalities, using single-trial functional magnetic resonance imaging. We evaluated time-dependent learning effects under two conditions involving presentation of consistent (repeatedly paired in the same combination) or inconsistent (items presented randomly paired) pairs. We also evaluated time-dependent changes for bimodal (auditory and visual) presentations relative to a condition in which auditory stimuli were repeatedly presented alone. Using a time by condition analysis to compare neural responses to consistent versus inconsistent audiovisual pairs, we found significant time-dependent learning effects in medial parietal and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. In contrast, time-dependent effects were seen in left angular gyrus, bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, and occipital areas bilaterally. A comparison of paired (bimodal) versus unpaired (unimodal) conditions was associated with time-dependent changes in posterior hippocampal and superior frontal regions for both consistent and inconsistent pairs. The results provide evidence that associative learning for stimuli presented in different sensory modalities is supported by neural mechanisms similar to those described for other kinds of memory processes. The involvement of posterior hippocampus and superior frontal gyrus in bimodal learning for both consistent and inconsistent pairs supports a putative function for these regions in associative learning independent of sensory modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gonzalo
- The Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom.
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2226
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Carter CS, Macdonald AM, Botvinick M, Ross LL, Stenger VA, Noll D, Cohen JD. Parsing executive processes: strategic vs. evaluative functions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:1944-8. [PMID: 10677559 PMCID: PMC26541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1999] [Accepted: 12/20/1999] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-related functional MRI and a version of the Stroop color naming task were used to test two conflicting theories of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) function during executive processes of cognition. A response-related increase in ACC activity was present when strategic processes were less engaged, and conflict high, but not when strategic processes were engaged and conflict reduced. This is inconsistent with the widely held view that the ACC implements strategic processes to reduce cognitive conflicts, such as response competition. Instead, it suggests that the ACC serves an evaluative function, detecting cognitive states such as response competition, which may lead to poor performance, and representing the knowledge that strategic processes need to be engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinics, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cscarter+@pitt.edu
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2227
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Abstract
Effective behavior requires continuous action monitoring. Electrophysiological studies in both monkeys and humans have shown activity in the medial frontal cortex that reflects dynamic control and monitoring of behavioral acts. In humans, the centromedial frontal cortex shows an electrical response within 100 msec of an error, the error-related negativity (ERN). The ERN occurs only when subjects are aware of making an error, suggesting that a critical factor may be self-monitoring of the action process. In the present study, we examined late responses in a deadline reaction time task, in which the subject becomes increasingly aware of making an error as the response becomes increasingly late. We found evidence of response conflict before errors defined by late responses but not before errors defined by incorrect responses. The results also show a linear increase in the amplitude of the ERN with increasingly late responses. These data suggest that frontal networks provide dynamic representations that monitor and evaluate the unfolding action plan.
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2228
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Gehring WJ, Himle J, Nisenson LG. Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Sci 2000; 11:1-6. [PMID: 11228836 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that a hyperactive frontal-striatal-thalamic-frontal circuit is associated with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but there is little agreement about the function of the exaggerated activity. We report electrophysiological evidence suggesting that part of this system monitors events and generates error signals when the events conflict with an individual's internal standards or goals. Nine individuals with OCD and 9 age-, sex-, and education-matched control participants performed a speeded reaction time task. The error-related negativity, an event-related brain potential component that reflects action-monitoring processes, was enhanced in the individuals with OCD. The magnitude of this enhancement correlated with symptom severity. Dipole modeling suggested that the locus of the enhancement corresponded to medial frontal regions, possibly the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Gehring
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525 East University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA.
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2229
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Jonides J, Marshuetz C, Smith EE, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Koeppe RA, Hartley A. Age differences in behavior and PET activation reveal differences in interference resolution in verbal working memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2000; 12:188-96. [PMID: 10769315 DOI: 10.1162/089892900561823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Older adults were tested on a verbal working memory task that used the item-recognition paradigm. On some trials of this task, response-conflict was created by presenting test-items that were familiar but were not members of a current set of items stored in memory. These items required a negative response, but their familiarity biased subjects toward a positive response. Younger subjects show an interference effect on such trials, and this interference is accompanied by activation of a region of left lateral prefrontal cortex. However, there has been no evidence that the activation in this region is causally related to the interference that the subjects exhibit. In the present study, we demonstrate that older adults show more behavioral interference than younger subjects on this task, and they also show no reliable activation at the same lateral prefrontal site. This leads to the conclusion that this prefrontal site is functionally involved in mediating resolution among conflicting responses or among conflicting representations in working memory.
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2230
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Falkenstein M, Hoormann J, Christ S, Hohnsbein J. ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial. Biol Psychol 2000; 51:87-107. [PMID: 10686361 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0511(99)00031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 992] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some years ago we described a negative (Ne) and a later positive (Pe) deflection in the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) of incorrect choice reactions [Falkenstein, M., Hohnsbein, J., Hoormann, J., Blanke, L., 1990. In: Brunia, C.H.M., Gaillard, A.W.K., Kok, A. (Eds.), Psychophysiological Brain Research. Tilburg Univesity Press, Tilburg, pp. 192-195. Falkenstein, M., Hohnsbein, J., Hoormann, J., 1991. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 78, 447-455]. Originally we assumed the Ne to represent a correlate of error detection in the sense of a mismatch signal when representations of the actual response and the required response are compared. This hypothesis was supported by the results of a variety of experiments from our own laboratory and that of Coles [Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M.G.H., Meyer, D.E., Donchin, E., 1993. Psychological Science 4, 385-390. Bernstein, P.S., Scheffers, M.K., Coles, M.G.H., 1995. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21, 1312-1322. Scheffers, M.K., Coles, M. G.H., Bernstein, P., Gehring, W.J., Donchin, E., 1996. Psychophysiology 33, 42-54]. However, new data from our laboratory and that of Vidal et al. [Vidal, F., Hasbroucq, T., Bonnet, M., 1999. Biological Psychology, 2000] revealed a small negativity similar to the Ne also after correct responses. Since the above mentioned comparison process is also required after correct responses it is conceivable that the Ne reflects this comparison process itself rather than its outcome. As to the Pe, our results suggest that this is a further error-specific component, which is independent of the Ne, and hence associated with a later aspect of error processing or post-error processing. Our new results with different age groups argue against the hypotheses that the Pe reflects conscious error processing or the post-error adjustment of response strategies. Further research is necessary to specify the functional significance of the Pe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Falkenstein
- Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund (IfADo), Abt. für Sinnes- und Neurophysiologie, Ardeystr. 67, D-44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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2231
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Abstract
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/ motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/ no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (verbal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, nonverbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial-temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial-temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration.
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2232
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Nelson CA, Monk CS, Lin J, Carver LJ, Thomas KM, Truwit CL. Functional neuroanatomy of spatial working memory in children. Dev Psychol 2000; 36:109-16. [PMID: 10645748 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine spatial working memory in 8- to 11-year-old children tested under three conditions. In the visual condition, children were asked to examine the location of a dot on a screen. In the motor condition, children were instructed to push a button that corresponded to the location of a dot presented on a screen. In the memory condition, children were asked to remember the location of a dot presented 1 or 2 trials previously. Subtracting the activation of the motor condition from the memory condition revealed activity in the dorsal aspects of the prefrontal cortex and in the posterior parietal and anterior cingulate cortex. These findings were also obtained in the analysis of the memory minus visual conditions except that motor cortex activation was also observed. These findings parallel those reported in comparable studies of adults and suggest that fMRI may be a useful means of examining function-structure relations in developmental populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Nelson
- Institute of Child Development and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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2233
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Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (verbal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, nonverbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cabeza
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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2234
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2235
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Abstract
A mental-rotation task was presented to young (18-28 years) and old (60-76 years) adults to simultaneously assess age-related changes in performance, response monitoring and adaptive behavior. Relative to young participants, older adults were less inclined to adjust their speed at the expense of accuracy. They displayed a larger number of slow errors, smaller error potentials (Ne and Pe), more immediate corrections of errors when detected, and a larger speed reduction on trials following an error. The data suggest that for older adults an increase of task complexity sometimes caused a radical failure in determining the correct response, rather than a gradual reduction of efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Band
- Psychonomics, Faculty of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2236
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elton
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2237
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Weisbrod M, Kiefer M, Marzinzik F, Spitzer M. Executive control is disturbed in schizophrenia: evidence from event-related potentials in a Go/NoGo task. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:51-60. [PMID: 10650449 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenic patients suffer from cognitive and attentional deficits, particularly from failure of executive control functions. METHODS This study investigated the cortical organization of executive control in schizophrenic patients and healthy control subjects using event-related potentials (ERPs). Event-related potentials were collected while subjects performed an auditory Go/NoGo task that required response inhibition. To exclude stimulus discriminability and early stimulus processing to confound results, stimuli were adjusted to the subject's individual discrimination ability and were presented in a simple and a difficult version. RESULTS Schizophrenic patients performed similar to control subjects in the Go condition but worse than control subjects in the NoGo condition that required response inhibition. Event-related potentials revealed the neurophysiological substrate of this dysfunction. In the Go conditions, both healthy control subjects and schizophrenic patients showed the same voltage pattern. In the NoGo condition, control subjects and patients showed similar cortical activation only during early processing (N2 time window). However, in later stages of processing (P3 time window), healthy subjects showed left lateralization of ERPs over frontal areas while schizophrenic patients did not. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that schizophrenic patients exhibit deficient processing in a neuronal network, including left frontal areas, that is involved in later stages of executive control function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weisbrod
- Psychiatric Department, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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2238
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Abstract
The ability to "mentalize," that is to understand and manipulate other people's behavior in terms of their mental states, is a major ingredient in successful social interactions. A rudimentary form of this ability may be seen in great apes, but in humans it is developed to a high level. Specific impairments of mentalizing in both developmental and acquired disorders suggest that this ability depends on a dedicated and circumscribed brain system. Functional imaging studies implicate medial prefrontal cortex and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) as components of this system. Clues to the specific function of these components in mentalizing come from single cell recording studies: STS is concerned with representing the actions of others through the detection of biological motion; medial prefrontal regions are concerned with explicit representation of states of the self. These observations suggest that the ability to mentalize has evolved from a system for representing actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Frith
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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2239
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Botvinick M, Nystrom LE, Fissell K, Carter CS, Cohen JD. Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature 1999; 402:179-81. [PMID: 10647008 DOI: 10.1038/46035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1437] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobes of the brain, is widely believed to be involved in the regulation of attention. Beyond this, however, its specific contribution to cognition remains uncertain. One influential theory has interpreted activation within the ACC as reflecting 'selection-for-action', a set of processes that guide the selection of environmental objects as triggers of or targets for action. We have proposed an alternative hypothesis, in which the ACC serves not to exert top-down attentional control but instead to detect and signal the occurrence of conflicts in information processing. Here, to test this theory against the selection-for-action theory, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activation during performance of a task where, for a particular subset of trials, the strength of selection-for-action is inversely related to the degree of response conflict. Activity within the ACC was greater during trials featuring high levels of conflict (and weak selection-for-action) than during trials with low levels of conflict (and strong selection-for-action), providing evidence in favour of the conflict-monitoring account of ACC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Botvinick
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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2240
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Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in decisions between conflicting response tendencies. This executive function seems to involve separate pathways for manual and verbal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Awh
- Edward Awh is in the Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.
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2241
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Dagher A, Owen AM, Boecker H, Brooks DJ. Mapping the network for planning: a correlational PET activation study with the Tower of London task. Brain 1999; 122 ( Pt 10):1973-87. [PMID: 10506098 DOI: 10.1093/brain/122.10.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the Tower of London task (TOL) and H(2)(15)O-PET to map the network of brain structures involved in planning. Six healthy right-handed subjects had 12 measurements of relative regional cerebral blood flow (rrCBF) during six conditions, each performed twice. There was one rest condition, and five sets of TOL problems at different complexity levels, performed on a touch-sensitive computer monitor with the right arm. Complexity was defined as the number of moves required to solve each problem. Activation was analysed in two ways: a category analysis comparing levels of rrCBF during rest and task was done to identify all structures involved in performance of the TOL; and a correlation analysis was carried out to delineate a subset of structures where the levels of rrCBF correlated with task complexity. Activated brain areas in which rrCBF increases did not correlate with complexity could be grouped into: (i) regions belonging to the dorsal stream of visual input processing, namely visual cortical areas 17, 18 and 19, and posterior parietal cortical areas 7 and 40; and (ii) regions involved in the execution and sequencing of arm movements (right cerebellum, left primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area). Brain regions where levels of rrCBF correlated with task complexity included lateral premotor cortex (area 6), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (areas 32 and 24), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 46) bilaterally, and right dorsal caudate nucleus. We propose that dorsolateral prefrontal, lateral premotor, anterior cingulate and caudate areas form a network for the planning of movement that interacts with brain areas primarily involved in visual processing and movement execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dagher
- Medical Research Council Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
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2242
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Thomas KM, King SW, Franzen PL, Welsh TF, Berkowitz AL, Noll DC, Birmaher V, Casey BJ. A developmental functional MRI study of spatial working memory. Neuroimage 1999; 10:327-38. [PMID: 10458945 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine patterns of cortical activity in children during performance of a spatial working memory task. Six children (8-10 years) and six adults (19-26 years) searched a linear array of four boxes for the appearance of a dot. In the visual blocks, participants made no response. In the motor blocks, participants were instructed to indicate the location of the dot on each trial using a button-press response. In the working memory blocks, participants were instructed to indicate at which location the dot had appeared 1 or 2 trials previously. Both children and adults showed activity in the left precentral and postcentral gyri, as well as the right cerebellum for the motor condition as compared to the visual condition. Comparison of the memory and motor conditions revealed reliable activity in the right superior frontal gyrus (BA 8), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 10/46), right superior parietal cortex, and bilateral inferior parietal cortex for both adults and children. These results suggest that spatial working memory tasks activate very similar cortical regions for school-age children and adults. The findings differ from previous imaging studies of nonspatial working memory tasks in that the prefrontal activations observed in the current work tend to be more dorsal. Results are discussed in light of the significant behavioral performance differences observed between child and adult participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Thomas
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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2243
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West R, Alain C. Event-related neural activity associated with the Stroop task. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 8:157-64. [PMID: 10407204 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The time course of neural activity supporting performance during the Stroop task was investigated using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Four spatially and temporally distinct modulations were observed differentiating the ERPs elicited by incongruent trials from the ERPs elicited by congruent, neutral, or word identification trials. Two of these modulations reflected increased negativity over the fronto-central region and positivity over the fronto-polar region for incongruent trials and may reflect conflict detection and resolution processes. The other modulations, distributed over the left parietal and temporo-parietal regions, may reflect the activity of a meaning-based conceptual level system active during congruent, neutral, and word identification trials; and the activity of a perceptual level system supporting task performance when only color information can guide an efficient response on incongruent trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R West
- Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, North York, ON, Canada.
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2244
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Bush G, Frazier JA, Rauch SL, Seidman LJ, Whalen PJ, Jenike MA, Rosen BR, Biederman J. Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the Counting Stroop. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:1542-52. [PMID: 10376114 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior cingulate cognitive division (ACcd) plays a central role in attentional processing by: 1) modulating stimulus selection (i.e., focusing attention) and/or 2) mediating response selection. We hypothesized that ACcd dysfunction might therefore contribute to producing core features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely inattention and impulsivity. ADHD subjects have indeed shown performance deficits on the Color Stroop, an attentional/cognitive interference task known to recruit the ACcd. Recently, the Counting Stroop, a Stroop-variant specialized for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), produced ACcd activation in healthy adults. In the present fMRI study, the Counting Stroop was used to examine the functional integrity of the ACcd in ADHD. METHODS Sixteen unmedicated adults from two groups (8 with ADHD and 8 matched control subjects) performed the Counting Stroop during fMRI. RESULTS While both groups showed an interference effect, the ADHD group, in contrast to control subjects, failed to activate the ACcd during the Counting Stroop. Direct comparisons showed ACcd activity was significantly higher in the control group. ADHD subjects did activate a frontostriatal-insular network, indicating ACcd hypoactivity was not caused by globally poor neuronal responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS The data support a hypothesized dysfunction of the ACcd in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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2245
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Carter CS, Botvinick MM, Cohen JD. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition. Rev Neurosci 1999; 10:49-57. [PMID: 10356991 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.1999.10.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobes, has frequently been hypothesized to make critical contributions to the function of neural systems involved in the executive control of cognition. Three principal theories have been developed to account for this role. The first, 'motivated attention', emphasizes the limbic identity of the ACC and the effects of lesions to this area of the brain. The second, 'attention allocation', emphasizes the fact that during functional neuroimaging studies activation of the ACC is seen during tasks that elicit incompatible response tendencies that must be resolved for correct performance. The third theory, 'error detection', reflects the observation of a negative scalp potential occurring during incorrect responses which appears to have a medial frontal generator. The first and last theories suggest evaluative functions by the ACC in the service of control, while attention allocation suggests a strategic function. We have proposed that the data supporting all three theories can be reconciled if the ACC were detecting conflicting processes during task performance that might be associated with errors. In support of this hypothesis we describe results using event-related fMRI which confirm that the ACC does show error related activity but that the same region of the brain also shows increased response related activity during correct responses associated with response competition. This suggests a re-conceptualization of the contribution of the ACC to executive processes that support an evaluative role, specifically the on-line detection of processing conflicts that may be associated with deteriorating performance. Unresolved questions related to the contribution of this region to executive processes and potential future directions for research on the function of this region of the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Carter
- Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15208, USA
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2246
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Northoff G, Nagel D, Danos P, Leschinger A, Lerche J, Bogerts B. Impairment in visual-spatial function in catatonia: a neuropsychological investigation. Schizophr Res 1999; 37:133-47. [PMID: 10374649 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome with motor and behavioral abnormalities which may be due to alterations in fronto-parietal cortical function. We therefore investigated neuropsychological tasks (attention, executive, visual-spatial, working memory) associated with frontal and parietal cortical function. Thirteen catatonic patients, diagnosed as catatonic according to criteria by Rosebush and Bush, were compared with 13 psychiatric non-catatonic controls (matched with regard to underlying psychiatric diagnosis, age, sex, and medication), and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Catatonics showed significantly poorer performances and different neuropsychological intercorrelation patterns in visual spatial object perception (VOSPobject) than psychiatric and healthy controls. In addition, we found significant correlations between catatonic symptoms, visual-spatial abilities, and attentional measures (i.e., d2, CWI). Catatonia was characterized by specific visual-spatial deficits which are related to attentional abilities and right parietal cortical function. The data suggest attentional-motor and fronto-parietal dysfunction in catatonia, a conclusion which should be considered as preliminary, however, due to the small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Northoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany.
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2247
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Mummery CJ, Shallice T, Price CJ. Dual-process model in semantic priming: A functional imaging perspective. Neuroimage 1999; 9:516-25. [PMID: 10329291 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this positron emission tomography study, we investigated the neural correlates of semantic priming, where response to a word is facilitated when preceded by a semantically related word. Nine normal subjects were scanned while performing a lexical decision task. Within this condition, the proportion of related prime-target word pairs was varied across scans from 0 to 100%. The control task involved letter decision on consonant letter strings, controlling orthographic processing and response selection. First, lexical decision (relative to letter decision) activated regions previously observed in lexicosemantic tasks, i.e., the left anterior and inferior temporal lobe and left inferior frontal gyrus. Behavioral analysis confirmed significant facilitation of lexical decision to related targets (mean priming effect 68 ms). It also suggested the contribution of both automatic and strategic processes, consistent with theoretical accounts of priming. Automatic priming was indicated by consistent RTs to related targets irrespective of the proportion of related word pairs per scan. Strategic processing was indicated by decreases in RTs to nonwords as the proportion of related targets increased. Nonlinear correlational analysis of cerebral activity during lexical decision revealed a neurophysiological correlate of these behavioral effects in (i) the left anterior temporal lobe (BA 38), a region involved in lexicosemantic processing; (ii) the anterior cingulate cortex, right premotor region (BA 6), and right superior parietal lobe (BA 7), regions associated with attentional processes. We conclude that in this experimental context, semantic priming involves both automatic and strategic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Mummery
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, 12 Queen Square, University College London, United Kingdom
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2248
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Petersson KM, Elfgren C, Ingvar M. Dynamic changes in the functional anatomy of the human brain during recall of abstract designs related to practice. Neuropsychologia 1999; 37:567-87. [PMID: 10340316 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present PET study we explore some functional aspects of the interaction between attentional/control processes and learning/memory processes. The network of brain regions supporting recall of abstract designs were studied in a less practiced and in a well practiced state. The results indicate that automaticity, i.e., a decreased dependence on attentional and working memory resources, develops as a consequence of practice. This corresponds to the practice related decreases of activity in the prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and posterior parietal regions. In addition, the activity of the medial temporal regions decreased as a function of practice. This indicates an inverse relation between the strength of encoding and the activation of the MTL during retrieval. Furthermore, the pattern of practice related increases in the auditory, posterior insular-opercular extending into perisylvian supramarginal region, and the right mid occipito-temporal region, may reflect a lower degree of inhibitory attentional modulation of task irrelevant processing and more fully developed representations of the abstract designs, respectively. We also suggest that free recall is dependent on bilateral prefrontal processing, in particular non-automatic free recall. The present results confirm previous functional neuroimaging studies of memory retrieval indicating that recall is subserved by a network of interacting brain regions. Furthermore, the results indicate that some components of the neural network subserving free recall may have a dynamic role and that there is a functional restructuring of the information processing networks during the learning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Petersson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2249
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Fletcher P, McKenna PJ, Friston KJ, Frith CD, Dolan RJ. Abnormal cingulate modulation of fronto-temporal connectivity in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 1999; 9:337-42. [PMID: 10075903 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1998.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging provides a novel means of exploring neurophysiological function in schizophrenia. However, most of the studies that have been carried out report their findings in terms of regionally localized abnormalities. In this paper we propose an alternative method of data analysis that emphasizes global integration rather than isolated regional changes in response to psychological tasks. In doing so, we suggest that brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are best characterized as a disturbance in the integration of activity across a number of brain regions. Using a hypothesis-led analysis, we show that the condition is associated with a disruption of the normal anterior cingulate modulation of prefronto-temporal integration. This analytical technique, we suggest, provides a conceptually powerful approach to the imaging of abnormal brain function in psychopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fletcher
- The Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG
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2250
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The Cognitive Neuroscience Approach. Cogn Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012601730-4/50009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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