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van der Kraan PM, van de Loo FAJ, van den Berg WB. Role of gene therapy in tissue engineering procedures in rheumatology: the use of animal models. Biomaterials 2004; 25:1497-504. [PMID: 14697852 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is not only the application of cells and scaffolds to generate a new tissue but should also bring into play biological principles to guide cellular behavior. A way to modify cellular behavior is genetic modification of the cells used for tissue engineering (gene therapy). In the field of rheumatic diseases, cellular modification by overexpressing anabolic factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-I or transforming growth factor beta, or inhibitors of catabolic cytokines or proteolytic enzymes can protect tissues form further destruction and stimulate tissue repair. To test the effect of transgenes on tissue engineering adequate test systems have to be available. Initial testing can be done in simple in vitro systems. However, animal models are unavoidable to study the interaction between the environment and tissue engineering. Optimal models to study gene therapy in combination with tissue engineering in the field of rheumatology are not available at this moment. Arthritis models are mainly developed in small animals while high-quality tissue engineering experiments ask for a large animal model. Development of animal models that can be used for tissue engineering experiments and mimic end stage arthritic diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology and Advanced Therapeutics, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, GA 6525, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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202
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van Holten J, Reedquist K, Sattonet-Roche P, Smeets TJM, Plater-Zyberk C, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Tak PP. Treatment with recombinant interferon-beta reduces inflammation and slows cartilage destruction in the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2004; 6:R239-49. [PMID: 15142270 PMCID: PMC416442 DOI: 10.1186/ar1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of IFN-beta protein for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Collagen-induced arthritis was induced in DBA/1 mice. At the first clinical sign of disease, mice were given daily injections of recombinant mouse IFN-beta or saline for 7 days. Disease progression was monitored by visual clinical scoring and measurement of paw swelling. Inflammation and joint destruction were assessed histologically 8 days after the onset of arthritis. Proteoglycan depletion was determined by safranin O staining. Expression of cytokines, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand, and c-Fos was evaluated immunohistochemically. The IL-1-induced expression of IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was studied by ELISA in supernatant of RA and osteoarthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes incubated with IFN-beta. We also examined the effect of IFN-beta on NF-kappaB activity. IFN-beta, at 0.25 microg/injection and higher, significantly reduced disease severity in two experiments, each using 8-10 mice per treatment group. IFN-beta-treated animals displayed significantly less cartilage and bone destruction than controls, paralleled by a decreased number of positive cells of two gene products required for osteoclastogenesis, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand and c-Fos. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 expression were significantly reduced, while IL-10 production was increased after IFN-beta treatment. IFN-beta reduced expression of IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF in RA and osteoarthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes, correlating with reduced NF-kappaB activity. The data support the view that IFN-beta is a potential therapy for RA that might help to diminish both joint inflammation and destruction by cytokine modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith van Holten
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kris Reedquist
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom JM Smeets
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Margriet J Vervoordeldonk
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P Tak
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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203
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Lubberts E, Koenders MI, Oppers-Walgreen B, van den Bersselaar L, Coenen-de Roo CJJ, Joosten LAB, van den Berg WB. Treatment with a neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17 antibody after the onset of collagen-induced arthritis reduces joint inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:650-9. [PMID: 14872510 DOI: 10.1002/art.20001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is expressed in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. This T cell cytokine is implicated in the initiation phase of arthritis. However, the role of IL-17 during the effector phase of arthritis has still not been identified; this was the objective of the present study. METHODS Mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were treated with polyclonal rabbit anti-murine IL-17 (anti-IL-17) antibody-positive serum or normal rabbit serum after the first signs of arthritis. In addition, during a later stage of CIA mice were selected and treated with anti-IL-17 antibody or control serum. Arthritis was monitored visually, and joint pathology was examined radiologically and histologically. Systemic IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and local synovial IL-1 and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression was analyzed using specific immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with a neutralizing anti-IL-17 antibody after the onset of CIA significantly reduced the severity of CIA. Radiographic analysis revealed marked suppression of joint damage in the knee and ankle joints. Histologic analysis confirmed the suppression of joint inflammation and showed prevention of cartilage and bone destruction after anti-IL-17 antibody therapy. Systemic IL-6 levels were significantly reduced after anti-IL-17 antibody treatment. Moreover, fewer IL-1beta-positive and RANKL-positive cells were detected in the synovium after treatment with neutralizing IL-17. Interestingly, initiation of anti-IL-17 antibody therapy during a later stage of CIA, using mice with higher clinical arthritis scores, still significantly slowed the progression of the disease. CONCLUSION IL-17 plays a role in early stages of arthritis, but also later during disease progression. Systemic IL-6 was reduced and fewer synovial IL-1-positive and RANKL-positive cells were detected after neutralizing endogenous IL-17 treatment, suggesting both IL-1-dependent and IL-1-independent mechanisms of action. Our data strongly indicate that IL-17 neutralization could provide an additional therapeutic strategy for RA, particularly in situations in which elevated IL-17 may attenuate the response to anti-tumor necrosis factor/anti-IL-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lubberts
- University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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204
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Clements KM, Price JS, Chambers MG, Visco DM, Poole AR, Mason RM. Gene deletion of either interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase, or stromelysin 1 accelerates the development of knee osteoarthritis in mice after surgical transection of the medial collateral ligament and partial medial meniscectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 48:3452-63. [PMID: 14673996 DOI: 10.1002/art.11355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the development of osteoarthritis (OA) after transection of the medial collateral ligament and partial medial meniscectomy in mice in which genes encoding either interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE), stromelysin 1, or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were deleted. METHODS Sectioning of the medial collateral ligament and partial medial meniscectomy were performed on right knee joints of wild-type and knockout mice. Left joints served as unoperated controls. Serial histologic sections were obtained from throughout the whole joint of both knees 4 days or 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after surgery. Sections were graded for OA lesions on a scale of 0-6 and were assessed for breakdown of tibial cartilage matrix proteoglycan (aggrecan) and type II collagen by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases with immunohistochemistry studies using anti-VDIPEN, anti-NITEGE, and Col2-3/4C(short) neoepitope antibodies. Proteoglycan depletion was assessed by Alcian blue staining and chondrocyte cell death, with the TUNEL technique. RESULTS All knockout mice showed accelerated development of OA lesions in the medial tibial cartilage after surgery, compared with wild-type mice. ICE-, iNOS-, and particularly IL-1beta-knockout mice developed OA lesions in the lateral cartilage of unoperated limbs. Development of focal histopathologic lesions was accompanied by increased levels of MMP-, aggrecanase-, and collagenase-generated cleavage neoepitopes in areas around lesions, while nonlesional areas showed no change in immunostaining. Extensive cell death was also detected by TUNEL staining in focal areas around lesions. CONCLUSION We postulate that deletion of each of these genes, which encode molecules capable of producing degenerative changes in cartilage, leads to changes in the homeostatic controls regulating the balance between anabolism and catabolism, favoring accelerated cartilage degeneration. These observations suggest that these genes may play important regulatory roles in maintaining normal homeostasis in articular cartilage matrix turnover.
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205
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Monach PA, Benoist C, Mathis D. The Role of Antibodies in Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Relevance to Human Disease. Adv Immunol 2004; 82:217-48. [PMID: 14975258 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)82005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Monach
- Section of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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206
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Jeong JG, Kim JM, Ho SH, Hahn W, Yu SS, Kim S. Electrotransfer of human IL-1Ra into skeletal muscles reduces the incidence of murine collagen-induced arthritis. J Gene Med 2004; 6:1125-33. [PMID: 15452879 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has previously been demonstrated that high levels of gene expression in skeletal muscles can be achieved after direct in vivo electrotransfer of naked plasmid DNA. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of in vivo electroporation of plasmid DNA encoding human IL-1Ra for the prevention of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS DBA/1 mice were injected in gastrocnemius muscles with plasmid DNA followed by in vivo electroporation. To uncover the optimum conditions of gene transfer, various electric field strengths and different amounts of plasmid DNA were applied. Calf muscles around the injected areas were investigated with histological methods for damage to muscle tissue. The levels of human IL-1Ra expression in the injected area and also in the serum were determined with ELISA for human IL-1Ra. Based on these data, the effects of electrotransfer of plasmid DNA were tested using the murine CIA model. DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine collagen type II at the base of the tail. On day 21, mice were given a booster injection with the same antigen. Mice were divided into two groups on day 26. One group of mice received plasmid containing the IL-1Ra cDNA sequence, while control mice were given plasmid lacking the IL-1Ra coding sequence. The incidence of arthritis was evaluated by macroscopic analysis, histological analysis, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS IL-1Ra expression increased as a function of the electrical field strength and the amount of DNA. 200 V/cm (eight pulses; 20 ms per pulse; 1 Hz) and 15 microg of plasmid DNA per mouse were found to be optimum for gene transfer. After in vivo electroporation, gene expression in both muscle and serum increased gradually, reaching a peak value on day 10. Significant levels of human IL-1Ra expression were maintained for 20 days. Macroscopic analysis showed that the onset of CIA was significantly inhibited by direct electrotransfer of plasmid DNA encoding human IL-1Ra. Histological analysis of knee joints showed that the incidence of arthritis in knee joints was also prevented. The levels of mouse IL-1beta and IL-12 in paws were significantly lower in the group treated with IL-1Ra than those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that direct electrotransfer of plasmid containing the human IL-1Ra cDNA sequence to skeletal muscle can reduce the incidence of CIA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gyun Jeong
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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207
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Gould DJ, Bright C, Chernajovsky Y. Inhibition of established collagen-induced arthritis with a tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor expressed from a self-contained doxycycline regulated plasmid. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 6:R103-13. [PMID: 15059273 PMCID: PMC400428 DOI: 10.1186/ar1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is produced by cells of the immune system and is a key mediator in immune and inflammatory reactions. Through interaction with widely expressed receptors (TNF receptor 1 and TNF receptor 2), TNF-alpha is able to orchestrate the expression of a range of downstream proinflammatory molecules. Over the past decade novel biologics that inhibit TNF-alpha have been developed as extremely effective treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Structurally, these biologics are antibodies, or TNF receptors on an antibody backbone that bind TNF-alpha directly and are delivered to patients by repeated injection. Gene therapy offers an improved approach to delivering biologics as a single administration of their encoding genetic material. In the present study we demonstrate the therapeutic effect of a small molecular weight dimeric TNF receptor 2 (dTNFR) constitutively expressed from plasmid DNA, delivered intramuscularly with electroporation, after disease onset in a collagen-induced arthritis model. Regulated promoters that enable the production of a transgene to be controlled are more suited to the application of gene therapy in the clinic. Regulated expression of dTNFR from the plasmid pGTRTT was also therapeutic in the mouse collagen-induced arthritis model when the inducer doxycycline was also administered, whereas no therapeutic effect was observed in the absence of doxycycline. The therapeutic effect of dTNFR expressed from a constitutive or regulated plasmid was dependent on the degree of disease activity at the time of DNA injection. The observations of this study are considered with regard to the disease model, the magnitude of gene regulation, and the path to clinical application.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/blood
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- COS Cells/chemistry
- COS Cells/metabolism
- Cattle
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Collagen Type II/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxycycline/metabolism
- Electroporation/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Luciferases/genetics
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/therapeutic use
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/drug effects
- Plasmids/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/therapeutic use
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gould
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK
| | - Carly Bright
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK
| | - Yuti Chernajovsky
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK
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208
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Latham KA, Zamora A, Drought H, Subramanian S, Matejuk A, Offner H, Rosloniec EF. Estradiol Treatment Redirects the Isotype of the Autoantibody Response and Prevents the Development of Autoimmune Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 171:5820-7. [PMID: 14634091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of clinical and experimental observations have been made relating elevated estrogen levels with the amelioration of autoimmune diseases, yet questions remain about the levels required for efficacy as well as the mechanism of disease inhibition. Using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, we have studied the effects of physiological, sustained levels of 17beta-estradiol in preventing the development of autoimmune arthritis and analyzed the changes in the autoimmune response. Using time-release pellets of 17beta-estradiol, arthritis development was significantly inhibited in three different strains of CIA-susceptible mice compared with the effect of placebo treatment, and serum estradiol levels similar to those of mice in estrus were found to be equally effective as higher estradiol concentrations. Analysis of the autoimmune response in the estradiol-treated mice indicated that T cell production of IFN-gamma was markedly decreased, and significant decreases were also observed in levels of IL-10 and GM-CSF produced by lymph nodes cells from estradiol-treated mice. Although the total IgG anti-CII response was only minimally affected by estrogen treatment, a significant reduction in the levels of IgG2a anti-CII Abs and an increase in the levels of IgG1 anti-CII Abs were observed in estradiol-treated mice. These data indicate that estradiol treatment altered the Th profile of the autoimmune T cell response, which, in turn, altered the production of IgG Abs to an isotype that is poor at fixing complement, an important component in the immunopathogenesis of CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kary A Latham
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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209
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Smeets RL, van de Loo FAJ, Joosten LAB, Arntz OJ, Bennink MB, Loesberg WA, Dmitriev IP, Curiel DT, Martin MU, van den Berg WB. Effectiveness of the soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein as an inhibitor of interleukin-1 in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 48:2949-58. [PMID: 14558102 DOI: 10.1002/art.11234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the soluble form of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor accessory protein (sIL-1RAcP), whose physiologic function remains to be established, can serve as a specific inhibitor of IL-1 signaling in vitro, and to evaluate its applicability in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Soluble IL-1RAcP was cloned from murine liver complementary DNA and expressed by the use of either an adenoviral vector (AdRGD) for sIL-1RAcP or a stable-transfected NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line. The ability of affinity-purified sIL-1RAcP to inhibit IL-1 signaling was tested on NF-kappaB luciferase reporter fibroblasts and quantified by luminometer. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, sIL-1RAcP was both locally (knee joint) and systemically overexpressed in collagen-immunized male DBA/1 mice. Severity of arthritis was monitored visually, and the pathologic process in the joint was examined histologically. Serum was obtained from mice to quantify IL-6 and anti-bovine type II collagen (BCII) antibody levels. RESULTS Incubation of the NF-kappaB reporter fibroblast with purified sIL-1RAcP protein showed a marked reduction of IL-1-induced, but not tumor necrosis factor-induced, NF-kappaB activation. This showed a novel role for sIL-1RAcP as a specific inhibitor of IL-1 signaling. Local transplantation of sIL-1RAcP-producing NIH3T3 fibroblasts into the knee before onset of CIA had little or no effect on general disease severity in these mice. Histologic evaluation of the knee joints receiving sIL-1RAcP cell transplantation showed a marked reduction in both joint inflammation and bone and cartilage erosion. Local treatment with sIL-1RAcP had no profound effect on serum levels of IL-6 and anti-BCII antibodies, which is indicative of the ongoing presence of arthritis in distal joints. In contrast to local treatment, systemic treatment with the AdRGD for sIL-1RAcP markedly ameliorated CIA in all joints. CONCLUSION In this study we demonstrated that sIL-1RAcP is a biologically active and innovative inhibitor of IL-1, and treatment of mice with sIL-1RAcP had a profound prophylactic effect on collagen-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Smeets
- University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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210
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Chadjichristos C, Ghayor C, Kypriotou M, Martin G, Renard E, Ala-Kokko L, Suske G, de Crombrugghe B, Pujol JP, Galéra P. Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors mediate interleukin-1 beta down-regulation of human type II collagen gene expression in articular chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:39762-72. [PMID: 12888570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303541200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine that was shown to inhibit the biosynthesis of articular cartilage components. Here we demonstrate that IL-1 beta inhibits the production of newly synthesized collagens in proliferating rabbit articular chondrocytes and that this effect is accompanied by a decrease in the steady-state levels of type II collagen mRNA. IL-1 beta down-regulates COL2A1 gene transcription through a -41/-33 bp sequence that binds a multimeric complex including Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors. Specificity of IL-1 beta effects on COL2A1 promoter activity was demonstrated in experiments in which transfection of a wild type -50/+1 sequence of COL2A1 promoter as a decoy oligonucleotide abolished the IL-1 beta inhibition of a -63/+47 COL2A1-mediated transcription. By contrast, transfection of the related oligonucleotide harboring a targeted mutation in the -41/-33 sequence did not modify the negative effect the cytokine. Because we demonstrated previously that Sp1 was a strong activator of COL2A1 gene expression via the -63/+1 promoter region, whereas Sp3 overexpression blocked Sp1-induced promoter activity and inhibited COL2A1 gene transcription, we conclude that IL-1 beta down-regulation of that gene, as we found previously for transforming growth factor-beta 1, is mediated by an increase in the Sp3/Sp1 ratio. Moreover, IL-1 beta increased steady-state levels of Sp1 and Sp3 mRNAs, whereas it enhanced Sp3 protein expression and inhibited Sp1 protein biosynthesis. Nevertheless, IL-1 beta decreased the binding activity of both Sp1 and Sp3 to the 63-bp short COL2A1 promoter, suggesting that the cytokine exerts a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism on Sp1 and Sp3 gene expressions. Altogether, these data indicate that modulation of Sp3/Sp1 ratio in cartilage could be a potential target to prevent or limit the tissue degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Chadjichristos
- Laboratoire de Biochimie du Tissu Conjonctif, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Niveau 3, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, Caen Cedex 14032, France
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211
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Campbell IK, Roberts LJ, Wicks IP. Molecular targets in immune-mediated diseases: the case of tumour necrosis factor and rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81:354-66. [PMID: 12969323 DOI: 10.1046/j.0818-9641.2003.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a common autoimmune condition in which, for unknown reasons, synovial joints become the target of a sustained immune response. For many years, rheumatoid arthritis was in the 'too hard basket' in terms of understanding disease mechanisms and providing rational therapy. This has changed dramatically over the last 10 years and rheumatoid arthritis is now at the forefront of biotechnology. In this review, we outline one of the most exciting recent developments, namely antagonists of the cytokine TNF. The preclinical evaluation of TNF in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis, and subsequent clinical trials of TNF inhibitors in patients, provides insight into the 'bench to bedside' paradigm. We therefore briefly review rheumatoid arthritis, animal models of rheumatoid arthritis, the biology of TNF, the pivotal clinical trials of TNF antagonists and the emerging data on side-effects. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis represent the first attempt to achieve sustained blockade of a single cytokine in a human disease. Whilst this approach has been even more successful than might have been predicted, we suggest it is only the beginning of what has become a new therapeutic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Campbell
- Reid Rheumatology Laboratory, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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212
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Kim JM, Jeong JG, Ho SH, Hahn W, Park EJ, Kim S, Yu SS, Lee YW, Kim S. Protection against collagen-induced arthritis by intramuscular gene therapy with an expression plasmid for the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1543-50. [PMID: 12907945 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an endogenous protein that can prevent the binding of IL-1 to its cell-surface receptors. Among a number of techniques for gene transfer in vivo, the direct injection of naked DNA into muscle is simple, inexpensive and safe. In this study, we evaluated the potential of intramuscular gene therapy with plasmid DNA containing the cDNA for IL-1Ra in the prevention of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen. At 4 weeks after the initial immunization, expression plasmid for IL-1Ra was injected into four selected sites in the thigh and calf muscles of DBA/1 mice. Control mice received the same plasmid, but lacking the IL-1Ra coding sequence. Macroscopic analysis of paws for redness, swelling and deformities showed that the onset of moderate to severe CIA in the paws of mice injected with IL-1Ra DNA was significantly prevented (P<0.05). In addition, both the synovitis and the cartilage erosion in knee joints were dramatically reduced in mice treated with IL-1Ra DNA (P<0.05). The expression of IL-1beta was significantly decreased in the ankle joints of mice treated with IL-1Ra (P<0.01). Interestingly, the levels of IL-1Ra in sera and joints after intramuscular injection of IL-1Ra DNA were significantly lower than when protein had been used in previous reports, suggesting that the therapeutic effect may be achieved by an alternative mechanism(s) rather than by systemic elevation of IL-1Ra. These observations provide the first evidence that direct intramuscular injection of expression plasmid for IL-1Ra may effectively suppress the inflammatory pathology in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Kim
- ViroMed Co. Ltd., 1510-8 BongCheon-dong, KwanAk-gu, Seoul 151-818, Korea
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213
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Vossenaar ER, Nijenhuis S, Helsen MMA, van der Heijden A, Senshu T, van den Berg WB, van Venrooij WJ, Joosten LAB. Citrullination of synovial proteins in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2489-500. [PMID: 13130468 DOI: 10.1002/art.11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibodies directed to citrulline-containing proteins are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and can be detected in up to 80% of patients with RA. Citrulline is a nonstandard amino acid that can be incorporated into proteins only by posttranslational modification of arginine by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of anticitrulline antibodies, PAD enzymes, and citrullinated antigens in mouse models of both acute and chronic destructive arthritis: streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), respectively. METHODS Synovial tissue biopsy specimens were obtained from naive mice, mice with CIA, and mice with SCW-induced arthritis. The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for PAD enzymes was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; the presence of PAD proteins and their products (citrullinated proteins) was analyzed by Western blotting and by immunolocalization. The presence of anticitrullinated protein antibodies was investigated by an anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an ELISA using in vitro citrullinated fibrinogen. RESULTS In both mouse models, PAD type 2 (PAD2) mRNA was present in the synovium but was not translated into PAD2 protein. In contrast, PAD4 mRNA, although absent from healthy synovium, was readily transcribed and translated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltrating the synovial tissue during inflammation. As a consequence, several synovial proteins were subjected to citrullination. One of these proteins was identified as fibrin, which has been reported to be citrullinated also in synovium of patients with RA. Although generation of citrullinated antigens during synovial inflammation in the mice was eminent, no anti-CCP antibodies could be detected. CONCLUSION Citrullination of synovial antigens is an active process during joint inflammation in both mice and humans, but the induction of autoantibodies directed to these proteins is a more specific phenomenon, detectable only in human RA patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Biopsy
- Citrulline/immunology
- Citrulline/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Hydrolases/genetics
- Hydrolases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 2
- Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 3
- Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4
- Protein-Arginine Deiminases
- Proteins/immunology
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/enzymology
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Vossenaar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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214
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Nishikawa M, Myoui A, Tomita T, Takahi K, Nampei A, Yoshikawa H. Prevention of the onset and progression of collagen-induced arthritis in rats by the potent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor FR167653. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2670-81. [PMID: 13130488 DOI: 10.1002/art.11227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FR167653 is a potent inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) production in inflammatory cells. In this study we investigated the effect of FR167653 on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Rats with CIA were subcutaneously injected with FR167653 (32 mg/kg/day) starting on the day of the booster injection (day 7) in the prophylactic treatment group and after the onset of arthritis (day 21) in the therapeutic treatment group. Hind-paw swelling, body weight, radiographic and histologic scores, and osteoclast number were evaluated. Cytokine levels in the serum and tissue were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Flow cytometric analysis of T lymphocytes from bone marrow was performed. The effect of FR167653 on in vitro osteoclast formation induced by soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (sRANKL) and TNFalpha was examined. RESULTS Swelling of hind paws and loss of weight occurred in the CIA rats, but this was not evident in the prophylactic treatment group. Therapeutic treatment also significantly reduced paw swelling. The mean radiographic and histologic scores as well as the osteoclast numbers were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the CIA rats without treatment. FR167653 treatment reduced the serum levels of TNFalpha and IL-1 beta, lowered the IL-1 beta concentration in the ankle joints, and decreased the CD4-,CD8a+ T cell population in bone marrow. Furthermore, FR167653 inhibited the osteoclast-like cell differentiation induced by both sRANKL and TNFalpha in vitro. CONCLUSION FR167653 prevents the onset of arthritis in a prophylactic treatment model and suppresses the progression of joint destruction in a therapeutic treatment model, suggesting that p38 MAPK is a potential therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis.
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215
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Kim JM, Ho SH, Hahn W, Jeong JG, Park EJ, Lee HJ, Yu SS, Lee CS, Lee YW, Kim S. Electro-gene therapy of collagen-induced arthritis by using an expression plasmid for the soluble p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor-Fc fusion protein. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1216-24. [PMID: 12858186 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, and antagonism of TNF may reduce the activity of the disease. Among a number of techniques for gene transfer in vivo, the direct injection of plasmid DNA into muscle is simple, inexpensive, and safe. In this study, we attempted to treat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) with anti-TNF gene therapy by transferring the plasmid encoding soluble p75 TNF receptor linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 (sTNFR:Fc) using in vivo electroporation. DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen and boosted with the same antigen. At 2 days after boosting, the plasmid vector containing cDNA for the sTNFR:Fc was injected into one selected site in the gastrocnemius muscle followed by electroporation. Serum levels of sTNFR:Fc reached 2.3 ng/ml on day 5 when gene expression reached its peak. Macroscopic analysis of paws for redness, swelling and deformities showed that the onset of moderate-to-severe CIA in mice treated with sTNFR:Fc was prevented on a significant level compared with the control mice (P<0.05). The beneficial effect of sTNFR:Fc DNA transfer lasted for at least 18 days following treatment. In addition, both the synovitis and the erosion of cartilage in the knee joints were dramatically reduced in mice treated with sTNFR:Fc (P<0.05). The expression of IL-1beta and IL-12 in the paw was also decreased by sTNFR:Fc treatment (P<0.01) while there was little change in the levels of IL-17 and vWF. These data showed that sTNFR:Fc expression plasmid was effective in the prevention of CIA, and in vivo electroporation-mediated gene transfer may provide a new approach to cytokine therapy in autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Kim
- ViroMed Co. Ltd., BongCheon-dong, KwanAk-gu, Seoul, Korea
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216
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Lubberts E, van den Berg WB. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:194-202. [PMID: 12613579 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lubberts
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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217
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Zheng XX, Maslinski W, Ferrari-Lacraz S, Strom TB. Cytokines in the treatment and prevention of autoimmune responses-a role of IL-15. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:87-95. [PMID: 12613574 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiao Zheng
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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218
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de Hooge ASK, van de Loo FAJ, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Fiselier TJW, Franssen MJAM, Joosten LAB, Van Lent PLEM, Richards CD, van den Berg WB. Growth plate damage, a feature of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, can be induced by adenoviral gene transfer of oncostatin M: a comparative study in gene-deficient mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1750-61. [PMID: 12794844 DOI: 10.1002/art.10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of proinflammatory and destructive mediators in oncostatin M (OSM)-induced joint pathology, using gene-deficient mice. METHODS An adenoviral vector expressing murine OSM was injected into the joints of naive wild-type mice and mice deficient for interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to study gene expression. Inflammation and cartilage proteoglycan (PG) depletion were assessed by histology. OSM and IL-1 levels in synovial fluid from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Adenoviral expression of murine OSM led to joint inflammation, bone apposition, chondrophyte formation, articular cartilage PG depletion, and VDIPEN neoepitope expression in wild-type mice. A unique and consistent observation was the focal PG depletion and disorganization of the growth plate cartilage during the first week of inflammation. Synovial IL-1beta, IL-6, TNFalpha, and iNOS gene expression was strongly induced. Of these factors, only deficiency in IL-1 markedly reduced inflammation and PG depletion and completely prevented growth plate damage. In addition, this is the first study in which OSM was detected in JIA synovial fluid. Most samples were also IL-1beta positive. CONCLUSION IL-1, but not IL-6, TNFalpha, or iNOS, plays an important role in joint disease induced by intraarticular gene transfer of OSM in mice. The effect of OSM on murine connective tissue and the presence of OSM in human synovial fluid make involvement of OSM in human arthropathies very likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons S K de Hooge
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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219
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Funk JL, Chen J, Downey KJ, Davee SM, Stafford G. Blockade of parathyroid hormone-related protein prevents joint destruction and granuloma formation in streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1721-31. [PMID: 12794841 DOI: 10.1002/art.10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), an interleukin-1beta-inducible, bone-resorbing peptide that is produced in increasing amounts by the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), may play a role in the pathophysiology of joint destruction in RA. METHODS PTHrP expression and the effect of PTHrP 1-34 neutralizing antibody on disease progression were tested in streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis, an animal model of RA. RESULTS As has been reported in RA, while serum levels of PTHrP did not change during SCW-induced arthritis, PTHrP expression dramatically increased in the arthritic synovium. Treatment with PTHrP neutralizing antibody (versus control antibody) did not affect joint swelling in SCW-treated animals. However, PTHrP antibody significantly inhibited SCW-induced joint destruction, as measured by its ability to block increases in serum pyridinoline (a marker of cartilage and bone destruction), erosion of articular cartilage, decreases in femoral bone mineral density, and increases in the numbers of osteoclasts in eroded bone. Unexpectedly, granuloma formation at sites of SCW deposition in the liver and spleen was also inhibited by PTHrP antibody, an effect associated with significant decreases in the tissue influx of PTH/PTHrP receptor-positive neutrophils and in SCW-induced neutrophilia. In vitro, neutrophil chemotaxis was stimulated by PTHrP 1-34. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PTHrP, consistent with its previously described osteolytic effects in metastatic bone disease, can also be an important mediator of joint destruction in inflammatory bone disorders, such as RA. Moreover, this study reveals heretofore unknown effects of PTHrP peptides on neutrophil function that could have important implications in the pathogenesis of inflammatory granulomatous disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acids/blood
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Reactive/immunology
- Arthritis, Reactive/pathology
- Arthritis, Reactive/prevention & control
- Bone Density/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cell Wall/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Femur/diagnostic imaging
- Femur/drug effects
- Femur/metabolism
- Granuloma/immunology
- Granuloma/pathology
- Granuloma/prevention & control
- Growth Plate/drug effects
- Growth Plate/pathology
- Hindlimb/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Joints/metabolism
- Joints/pathology
- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
- Peptide Hormones/analysis
- Peptide Hormones/biosynthesis
- Peptide Hormones/immunology
- Radiography
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Streptococcus/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/chemistry
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Funk
- University of Arizona Health Science Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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220
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CAMPAGNUOLO GIUSEPPE, BOLON BRAD, ZHU L, DURYEA DIANE, FEIGE ULRICH, ZACK DEBRA. IL-1β and TNF-α Produce Divergent Acute Inflammatory and Skeletal Lesions in the Knees of Lewis Rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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221
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Culy CR, Keating GM. Etanercept: an updated review of its use in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs 2003; 62:2493-537. [PMID: 12421111 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200262170-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Etanercept is a subcutaneously administered biological response modifier that binds and inactivates tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine. In patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis, etanercept 25mg twice weekly was associated with a more rapid improvement in disease activity and a significantly greater cumulative response than methotrexate over 12 months of treatment in a randomised, double-blind trial. In addition, etanercept recipients showed a slower rate of radiographic progression and a more rapid improvement in quality of life than methotrexate recipients. The efficacy of etanercept was maintained at 3 years' follow-up. Etanercept was also significantly better than placebo at reducing disease activity in patients who had an inadequate response to previous treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in several well controlled trials. At study end (after 3 or 6 months' treatment), the percentage of patients achieving an American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response with etanercept (25mg or 16 mg/m(2) twice weekly) was 59 to 75% as monotherapy and 71% in combination with methotrexate; corresponding placebo response rates were 11 to 14% and 27%, respectively. Response has been maintained in patients who continued treatment for up to 5 years. In patients with psoriatic arthritis, etanercept 25mg twice weekly significantly reduced disease activity and improved skin lesions in two double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12- to 24-week trials. In the 24-week study, ACR20 response rates (50 vs 13%), psoriatic arthritis response rates (70 vs 23%) and the median improvement in skin lesions (33 vs 0%) were significantly greater in etanercept than in placebo recipients. In patients with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, etanercept resulted in improvements in all measures of disease activity and was significantly more effective than placebo at reducing disease flare. Eighty percent of patients receiving etanercept achieved a >or=30% reduction in disease activity over 7 months of treatment, and this was maintained for up to 2 years in a trial extension. Etanercept was generally well tolerated in children and adults in clinical trials; the most commonly occurring adverse effects included injection site reactions, infection, headache, rhinitis and dizziness. In conclusion, etanercept has emerged as an important new treatment option in inflammatory arthritis. Etanercept provides rapid and sustained improvements in disease activity in patients with early and DMARD-refractory rheumatoid arthritis and has been shown to inhibit radiographic progression in those with early disease. Well controlled studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of etanercept in patients with psoriatic arthritis or polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Juvenile/diagnostic imaging
- Arthritis, Juvenile/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Juvenile/economics
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/diagnostic imaging
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/economics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnostic imaging
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/economics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Etanercept
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/economics
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Immunologic Factors/economics
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Methotrexate/therapeutic use
- Pharmacokinetics
- Radiography
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/economics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Treatment Outcome
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222
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Egan PJ, Lawlor KE, Alexander WS, Wicks IP. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 regulates acute inflammatory arthritis and T cell activation. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:915-24. [PMID: 12639998 PMCID: PMC153765 DOI: 10.1172/jci16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) is a negative regulator of cytokine signaling. To investigate the role of SOCS-1 in regulating inflammatory and immune responses in disease, acute inflammatory arthritis was induced in mice lacking SOCS-1. Expression of SOCS-1 protein was detected within synovial granulomas and pannus tissue of WT mice by day 7 following induction of acute arthritis. The severity of synovial inflammation and joint destruction at the peak of disease was greater in the absence of SOCS-1, although disease resolution occurred normally. There was an increased percentage of myeloid cells infiltrating the synovium in mice lacking SOCS-1, and SOCS-1 promoter activity was present in synovial macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts, but not granulocytes. The T cell response in draining LNs was also dysregulated, as popliteal LNs from mice lacking SOCS-1 contained approximately fivefold more cells at the peak of acute arthritis. These cells were hyperproliferative on exposure to antigen in vitro, and purified splenic CD4(+) T cells from mice lacking SOCS-1 proliferated more strongly in response to stimulation with anti-CD3. Reporter gene expression was detected in CD4(+) T cells bearing the activation markers CD25, CD44, and CD69. SOCS-1 is therefore expressed in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell types in vivo and is an important regulator of acute inflammatory arthritis and of CD4(+) T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Egan
- Reid Rheumatology Laboratory, Division of Autoimmunity and Transplantation, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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223
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IL-22 inhibitors to treat inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2003. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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224
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Mattsson L, Lundberg K, Mussener E, Jansson A, Erlandsson Harris H, Larsson P. Antigen inhibition of collagen-induced arthritis is associated with up-regulation of IL-4 mRNA and induction of Ox40 on T cells in draining lymph nodes. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:241-7. [PMID: 12562383 PMCID: PMC1808631 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of a foreign antigen to an inoculum completely inhibits the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). However, the mechanism of this phenomenon, antigen -inhibition, is incompletely understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of arthritis is not mediated through suppression of the antibody response to cartilage antigens. In this paper we investigated cytokine mRNA levels in lymph nodes cells recovered 3, 7 or 16 days from animals immunized with either collagen II in IFA or OVA + collagen II in IFA. At day 7, but not at other time-points, IL-4 mRNA was up-regulated in the lymph nodes of OVA-inhibited non-arthritic animals compared to control animals which all developed arthritis. No significant differences between the two groups could be detected when expression of IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta or IL-10 mRNA was analysed. Flow cytometry analysis of draining lymph node cells demonstrated that the T cell marker Ox40 was up-regulated in the OVA-inhibited group. Our results indicate that the complete inhibition of CIA caused by addition of OVA to the collagen II inoculum is due to the presence of a TH2 environment resulting from an increased production of IL-4 mRNA and a parallel increase in Ox40+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mattsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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225
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Economides AN, Carpenter LR, Rudge JS, Wong V, Koehler-Stec EM, Hartnett C, Pyles EA, Xu X, Daly TJ, Young MR, Fandl JP, Lee F, Carver S, McNay J, Bailey K, Ramakanth S, Hutabarat R, Huang TT, Radziejewski C, Yancopoulos GD, Stahl N. Cytokine traps: multi-component, high-affinity blockers of cytokine action. Nat Med 2003; 9:47-52. [PMID: 12483208 DOI: 10.1038/nm811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2002] [Accepted: 11/26/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines can initiate and perpetuate human diseases, and are among the best-validated of therapeutic targets. Cytokines can be blocked by the use of soluble receptors; however, the use of this approach for cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-13 that use multi-component receptor systems is limited because monomeric soluble receptors generally exhibit low affinity or function as agonists. We describe here a generally applicable method to create very high-affinity blockers called 'cytokine traps' consisting of fusions between the constant region of IgG and the extracellular domains of two distinct cytokine receptor components involved in binding the cytokine. Traps potently block cytokines in vitro and in vivo and represent a substantial advance in creating novel therapeutic candidates for cytokine-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris N Economides
- Department of BioMolecular Science, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
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226
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Christopherson JA, Munson EL, England DM, Croke CL, Remington MC, Molitor ML, DeCoster DJ, Callister SM, Schell RF. Destructive arthritis in vaccinated interferon gamma-deficient mice challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi: modulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:44-52. [PMID: 12522038 PMCID: PMC145283 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.44-52.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We found that Borrelia burgdorferi-vaccinated gamma interferon-deficient (IFN-gamma(0)) mice challenged with B. burgdorferi developed prominent chronic destructive osteoarthropathy. When these mice were treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) antibody, the severity of the destructive osteoarthritis was enhanced and affected the mobility of the animals. In addition, extensive swelling of the hind paws occurred. In contrast, treatment of B. burgdorferi-vaccinated, challenged IFN-gamma(0) mice with recombinant TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) inhibited the development of arthritis, including swelling of the hind paws. Moreover, treatment of vaccinated, challenged IFN-gamma(0) mice with anti-TNF-alpha inhibited fourfold the production of an antibody that kills B. burgdorferi, while treatment of vaccinated, challenged IFN-gamma(0) mice with rTNF-alpha slightly elevated the level of the borreliacidal antibody. These results suggest that the level of TNF-alpha directly or indirectly regulates the production of borreliacidal antibody and the development of vaccine-induced destructive Lyme osteoarthritis. Studies are in progress to determine the mechanism by which TNF-alpha-dependent cytokines generate the destructive arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Christopherson
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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227
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Kano H, Mogami O, Uchida M. Oral administration of milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 to DBA/1 mice inhibits secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Cytotechnology 2002; 40:67-73. [PMID: 19003106 PMCID: PMC3449529 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023966121989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that oral administration of skimmed milk(SM) fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (OLL1073R-1/SM) to DBA/1 mice inhibited the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In this study, our aim was to examine possible mechanisms of inhibiting the development of CIA. We studied the effect of OLL1073R-1/SM on cytokine secretion from cells of popliteal lymph nodes (lymph node cells; LNC) of mice. The results showed that feeding OLL1073R-1/SM inhibited secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). The most prominent effect was inhibition of TNF-alpha. Secretion of IL-2 and IL-4 were not influenced. Feeding OLL1073R-1/SM inhibited secretion of proinflammatory cytokines produced by accessory cells, but not T cells. We conclude that CIA may be prevented via down regulation of secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, and of the chemokine of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kano
- Food Functionality Research Institute, Meiji Dairies Co., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan,
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228
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Ex Vivo Gene Delivery of IL-1Ra and Soluble TNF Receptor Confers a Distal Synergistic Therapeutic Effect in Antigen-Induced Arthritis. Mol Ther 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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229
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Effective Treatment of Established Mouse Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Systemic Administration of Dendritic Cells Genetically Modified to Express FasL. Mol Ther 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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230
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Iwai H, Kozono Y, Hirose S, Akiba H, Yagita H, Okumura K, Kohsaka H, Miyasaka N, Azuma M. Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis by blockade of inducible costimulator-B7 homologous protein costimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4332-9. [PMID: 12370365 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B7 homologous protein (B7h)/B7-related protein 1 (B7RP-1) is a new member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules that specifically interacts with inducible costimulator (ICOS) expressed on activated T cells. Collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) is an experimental model of arthritis that has been used to dissect the pathogenesis of human rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we have investigated the effect of neutralizing anti-B7h mAb on the development and disease progression of CIA. Administration of anti-B7h mAb significantly ameliorated the disease as assessed by clinical arthritis score and histology in the joints, and a beneficial effect was also obtained by a delayed treatment after the onset of disease. Expression of ICOS and B7h was observed in the inflamed synovial tissue as well as in the draining lymph nodes (LNs) and expansion of ICOS(+) T cells in the LN was reduced by the anti-B7h mAb treatment. Expression of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in the joints was inhibited by the treatment. Proliferative responses and production of IFN-gamma and IL-10 upon restimulation with CII in vitro were significantly inhibited in LN cells from the anti-B7h mAb-treated mice. Serum anti-CII IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b levels were also reduced. Our present results showed a beneficial effect of the B7h blockade on CIA through anti-inflammatory actions and inhibition of both Th1- and Th2-mediated immune responses, suggesting that the ICOS-B7h interaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CIA and thus the blockade of this pathway may be beneficial for the treatment of human rheumatoid arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Experimental/therapy
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- Cartilage, Articular/immunology
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cattle
- Collagen Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Collagen Type II/immunology
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hindlimb
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Iwai
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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231
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Coxon A, Bolon B, Estrada J, Kaufman S, Scully S, Rattan A, Duryea D, Hu YL, Rex K, Pacheco E, Van G, Zack D, Feige U. Inhibition of interleukin-1 but not tumor necrosis factor suppresses neovascularization in rat models of corneal angiogenesis and adjuvant arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:2604-12. [PMID: 12384918 DOI: 10.1002/art.10546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the capacities of the cytokine inhibitors interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra; anakinra) and PEGylated soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (PEG sTNFRI; pegsunercept) to suppress neovascularization. METHODS A corneal angiogenesis assay was performed by implanting nylon discs impregnated with an angiogenic stimulator (basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor) into one cornea of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were treated with IL-1Ra or PEG sTNFRI for 7 days, after which new vessels were quantified. In a parallel study, male Lewis rats with mycobacteria-induced adjuvant-induced arthritis were treated with IL-1Ra or PEG sTNFRI for 7 days beginning at disease onset, after which scores for inflammation and bone erosion as well as capillary counts were acquired from sections of arthritic hind paws. RESULTS Treatment with IL-1Ra yielded a dose-dependent reduction in growth factor-induced corneal angiogenesis, while PEG sTNFRI did not. IL-1Ra, but not PEG sTNFRI, significantly reduced the number of capillaries in arthritic paws, even though both anticytokines reduced inflammation and bone erosion to a similar degree. CONCLUSION These data support a major role for IL-1, but not TNFalpha, in angiogenesis and suggest that an additional antiarthritic mechanism afforded by IL-1 inhibitors, but not anti-TNF agents, is the suppression of the angiogenic component of pannus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Corneal Neovascularization/drug therapy
- Corneal Neovascularization/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Male
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type II
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/pharmacology
- Sialoglycoproteins/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Coxon
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA
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232
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Nakagawa T, Akagi M, Hoshikawa H, Chen M, Yasuda T, Mukai S, Ohsawa K, Masaki T, Nakamura T, Sawamura T. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 mediates leukocyte infiltration and articular cartilage destruction in rat zymosan-induced arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:2486-94. [PMID: 12355497 DOI: 10.1002/art.10504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis has been recognized for >20 years. This study aimed to elucidate the roles of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL; one of the main pathogenic factors of atherosclerosis) and its endothelial receptor, lectin-like ox-LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), in arthritic joints using a rat zymosan-induced arthritis (ZIA) model. METHODS LOX-1 expression and ox-LDL accumulation in arthritic joints were detected by immunohistochemistry using specific mouse anti-LOX-1 and anti-ox-LDL monoclonal antibodies, respectively. To elucidate the effects of the expressed LOX-1 on arthritis, ZIA rats were treated with anti-LOX-1 antibody or normal mouse IgG. The severity of arthritis was analyzed by joint swelling. Cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, and proteoglycan losses were also determined by histologic scoring. Proinflammatory cytokine and nitrite levels in serum and joint fluid were also measured. RESULTS Immunohistochemical study of ZIA demonstrated LOX-1 expression on synovial endothelium and postcapillary venules at 6 hours after the induction of inflammation, with maximum expression detected at 24 hours. LOX-1 was also expressed weakly on both joint cartilage and synovium. Ox-LDL, a ligand of LOX-1, was also detected in articular chondrocytes. Administration of anti-LOX-1 antibody, which blocks LOX-1 activity, suppressed joint swelling (by 33.5%), leukocyte infiltration, and joint nitrite accumulation at 24 hours, as well as cartilage destruction at 7 days, compared with control rats. CONCLUSION LOX-1 induction in arthritic joints might play a role in promoting joint inflammation and cartilage destruction by mediating leukocyte infiltration into the arthritic joints of ZIA rats.
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233
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Abstract
IL-1 is an important mediator of inflammation and tissue damage in multiple organs, both in experimental animal models of disease and in human diseases. The IL-1 family consists of two agonists, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, two receptors, biologically active IL-1RI and inert IL-1RII, and a specific receptor antagonist, IL-1Ra. The balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra in local tissues plays an important role in the susceptibility to and severity of many diseases. An allelic polymorphism in the IL-1Ra gene has been associated with a variety of human diseases primarily of epithelial and endothelial cell origin. This association may be secondary to an imbalance in the IL-1 system with enhanced production of IL-1beta and reduced production of the major intracellular isoform of IL-1Ra. Treatment of RA with daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant IL-1Ra protein has been shown to be efficacious. Gene therapy approaches with IL-1Ra are being evaluated for the treatment of RA and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Arend
- B115 Division of Rheumatology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Colorado, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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234
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Iwakura Y. Roles of IL-1 in the development of rheumatoid arthritis: consideration from mouse models. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:341-55. [PMID: 12220548 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Expression of inflammatory cytokines is augmented in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found that cytokine levels are also elevated in the joints of a mouse arthritis model, human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) transgenic (Tg) mouse. Depletion of IL-1 by gene targeting greatly reduced the incidence of the disease, indicating the importance of this cytokine in the development of arthritis. Furthermore, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)-deficient mice develop autoimmunity and arthritis spontaneously. These observations suggest that excess IL-1 signaling the causes autoimmunity. We show that IL-1 activates the immune system non-specifically by inducing CD40L and OX40 co-signaling molecules on T cells. In this review, the roles of IL-1 in the development of autoimmunity and arthritis in mouse models will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis/genetics
- Arthritis/virology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Targeting
- Genes, Viral
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- OX40 Ligand
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Sialoglycoproteins/deficiency
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
- Sialoglycoproteins/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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235
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Ji H, Pettit A, Ohmura K, Ortiz-Lopez A, Duchatelle V, Degott C, Gravallese E, Mathis D, Benoist C. Critical roles for interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in antibody-induced arthritis. J Exp Med 2002; 196:77-85. [PMID: 12093872 PMCID: PMC2194010 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2002] [Revised: 04/25/2002] [Accepted: 05/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In spontaneous inflammatory arthritis of K/BxN T cell receptor transgenic mice, the effector phase of the disease is provoked by binding of immunoglobulins (Igs) to joint surfaces. Inflammatory cytokines are known to be involved in human inflammatory arthritis, in particular rheumatoid arthritis, although, overall, the pathogenetic mechanisms of the human affliction remain unclear. To explore the analogy between the K/BxN model and human patients, we assessed the role and relative importance of inflammatory cytokines in K/BxN joint inflammation by transferring arthritogenic serum into a panel of genetically deficient recipients. Interleukin (IL)-1 proved absolutely necessary. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was also required, although seemingly less critically than IL-1, because a proportion of TNF-alpha-deficient mice developed robust disease. There was no evidence for an important role for IL-6. Bone destruction and reconstruction were also examined. We found that all mice with strong inflammation exhibited the bone erosion and reconstruction phenomena typical of K/BxN arthritis, with no evidence of any particular requirement for TNFalpha for bone destruction. The variability in the requirement for TNF-alpha, reminiscent of that observed in treated rheumatoid arthritis patients, did not appear genetically programmed but related instead to subtle environmental changes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Cytokines/deficiency
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunization, Passive
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Interleukin-6/deficiency
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Tarsus, Animal/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ji
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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236
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Apparailly F, Millet V, Noël D, Jacquet C, Sany J, Jorgensen C. Tetracycline-inducible interleukin-10 gene transfer mediated by an adeno-associated virus: application to experimental arthritis. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:1179-88. [PMID: 12133271 DOI: 10.1089/104303402320138961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adeno-associated viruses (AAV) offer new perspectives for cytokine gene transfer in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because they are nonpathogenic and allow long-term transgene expression in vivo. Moreover, the use of a tetracycline-inducible promoter allows regulation of therapeutic gene expression. This study assessed the potential long-term gene regulation of a recombinant AAV vector expressing viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10) in human rheumatoid synovium and the therapeutic efficiency in a mouse model of RA. We constructed a recombinant AAV vector in which the transcription of vIL-10 cDNA is controlled by the TetON system. Transduction of human primary RA synovial cells with AAV-tetON-vIL10 conferred in vitro controlled vIL-10 expression. After intramuscular injection, both incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis were significantly reduced at macroscopic, radiological, and histological levels in the group of DBA1 mice treated with AAV-TetON-vIL10 vector plus doxycycline after immunization and boosting compared to control groups. When coinjecting two separate AAV vectors, one encoding the inducible vIL-10 and the other the transcriptional activator, a 10 times excess of the transactivator vector dose allowed efficient control of vIL-10 secretion by doxycycline administration or withdrawal, over an 8-week period. Our results supported, for the first time, the utility of AAV-tetON-vIL10 as a therapeutic tool for gene therapy in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Apparailly
- Unité de Recherche en Immunopathologie des Maladies Tumorales et Autoimmunes, INSERM U475, France.
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237
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Beck G, Bottomley G, Bradshaw D, Brewster M, Broadhurst M, Devos R, Hill C, Johnson W, Kim HJ, Kirtland S, Kneer J, Lad N, Mackenzie R, Martin R, Nixon J, Price G, Rodwell A, Rose F, Tang JP, Walter DS, Wilson K, Worth E. (E)-2(R)-[1(S)-(Hydroxycarbamoyl)-4-phenyl-3-butenyl]-2'-isobutyl-2'-(methanesulfonyl)-4-methylvalerohydrazide (Ro 32-7315), a selective and orally active inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:390-6. [PMID: 12065742 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.302.1.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine secreted by inflammatory cells, has been implicated in several inflammatory disease states. (E)-2(R)-[1(S)-(Hydroxycarbamoyl)-4-phenyl-3-butenyl]-2'-isobutyl-2'-(methanesulfonyl)-4-methylvalerohydrazide (Ro 32-7315), is a potent, orally active inhibitor of the TNF-alpha convertase (TACE), an enzyme responsible for proteolytic cleavage of the membrane bound precursor, pro-TNF-alpha. Ro 32-7315 inhibited a recombinant form of TACE (IC(50) = 5.2 nM) with selectivity over related matrix metalloproteinases. In a cellular assay system, THP-1 cell line, and in human and rat whole blood, Ro 32-7315 significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha release with IC(50) values of 350 +/- 14 nM (n = 5), 2.4 +/- 0.5 microM (n = 5), and 110 +/- 18 nM (n = 5), respectively. Oral administration of Ro 32-7315 to Wistar rats caused a dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced release of systemic TNF-alpha with an ED(50) of 25 mg/kg. Treatment (days 0-14) of Allen and Hamburys hooded rats with Ro 32-7315 (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily) significantly reduced adjuvant-induced secondary paw swelling (42, 71, 83, and 93%, respectively) as compared with the vehicle group. In the Ro 32-7315-treated group, the reduced paw swelling was associated with improved lesion score and joint mobility. Furthermore, in a placebo-controlled, single-dose study, Ro 32-7315 given orally (450 mg) significantly suppressed ex vivo, LPS-induced TNF-alpha release in the whole-blood samples taken from healthy male and female volunteers (mean inhibition of 42% over a 4-h duration, n = 6). These data collectively support the potential use of such a compound for the oral treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Beck
- Product Lab, Roche Discovery Welwyn, 40 Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AY, UK
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238
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Graudal NA, Svenson M, Tarp U, Garred P, Jurik AG, Bendtzen K. Autoantibodies against interleukin 1alpha in rheumatoid arthritis: association with long term radiographic outcome. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61:598-602. [PMID: 12079899 PMCID: PMC1754172 DOI: 10.1136/ard.61.7.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the possible association of interleukin 1alpha autoantibodies (IL1alpha aAb) with the long term course of joint erosion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Serum samples from 176 patients with RA included in a prospective study over 30 years were analysed for IL1alpha aAb by binding to human [(125)I]IL1alpha. Erosions of 19 diarthrodial joints were radiographically scored by the Larsen method. RESULTS The relative risk (RR) of early IL1alpha aAb positive patients developing at least 30% of maximum radiographic joint destruction was significantly lower than for IL1alpha aAb negative patients, RR=0.29 (p=0.04). In rheumatoid factor positive patients RR was only 0.18 (p=0.02). Patients who seroconverted more than two years after the onset of RA showed the most aggressive development of joint erosion, with a relative risk of at least 40% of maximum radiographic joint destruction of 2.56 (p=0.048) CONCLUSIONS The progression of radiographic joint destruction in patients with RA is associated with, and perhaps modified by, circulating IL1alpha aAb, suggesting that IL1alpha or IL1alpha aAb, or both, have a role in the erosive processes. IL1alpha aAb appear to be of prognostic significance in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Graudal
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
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239
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Distler O, Seemayer CA, Pap T, Gay RE, Neidhart M, Müller-Ladner U, Gay S. Gene transfer of protective cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 495:231-40. [PMID: 11774572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0685-0_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Sialoglycoproteins/genetics
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- O Distler
- WHO Collaborating Center for Molecular Biology and Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatic Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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240
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Bakker AC, van de Loo FAJ, Joosten LAB, Arntz OJ, Varley AW, Munford RS, van den Berg WB. C3-Tat/HIV-regulated intraarticular human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene therapy results in efficient inhibition of collagen-induced arthritis superior to cytomegalovirus-regulated expression of the same transgene. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:1661-70. [PMID: 12115199 DOI: 10.1002/art.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To achieve disease-inducible expression of recombinant antiinflammatory proteins in order to allow autoregulation of drug dose by natural homeostatic mechanisms. METHODS We compared the inducible 2-component expression system (C3-human immunodeficiency virus/transactivator of transcription [C3-Tat/HIV]) with the constitutive cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter in the polyarticular collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in mice. DBA/1 mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen and were given boosters on day 21. On day 22, mice were injected intraarticularly with the adenoviral vectors AdCMVLuc, AdCMVhIL-1Ra, AdC3-Tat/HIV-Luc, or AdC3-Tat/HIV-hIL-1Ra. The injected knee joints and hind paws were then scored for signs of arthritis, and knee joint histology was compared. RESULTS The CMV-driven interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) expression resulted in a high constitutive expression and amelioration of CIA. C3-Tat/HIV-driven IL-1Ra expression could be detected only on days 24, 29, and 35. Fourteen days after injection of the vectors, CIA was significantly better inhibited by the C3-Tat/HIV-driven IL-1Ra expression compared with the CMV-driven IL-1Ra expression. Moreover, prevention of CIA in the knee joints also prevented CIA in the untreated hind paws. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of an inducible expression system for local production of IL-1Ra for treatment of arthritis in the CIA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bakker
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein 26-28, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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241
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Abstract
Cytokines are a growing group of proteins that are responsible for the communication of cells of the immune system, hematopoietic cells, and other cell types. They play a dominant role in various diseases, particularly in promoting and perpetuating inflammation. Cytokine production is a reaction of the body to a pathologic state to restore homeostasis. In such cases, the therapeutic intervention should support the reaction of the body by giving the cytokine itself (agonistic therapeutics). In other cases, manifestation of a disease results from an overproduction of cytokines, making cytokine antagonists desirable therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, cytokines may be good candidates as cancer therapeutics, especially to support the restoration of blood cell populations after chemotherapy or radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Schooltink
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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242
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Abstract
The recent elucidation of pathogenic processes involving tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in the pathogenesis and persistence of rheumatoid arthritis led to the development of biological modifier agents that have had significant impact on disease severity and progression. These agents--etanercept, infliximab, and anakinra--produce a dramatic reduction in RA disease activity with relatively low toxicity compared with currently available disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The main prohibition to their broader utilization is cost. The success of these agents underscores the investigative approaches to the pathogenesis of RA and the appropriate design of pharmaceutical agents to target specific proinflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216, USA
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243
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Abstract
A better understanding of the basic mechanisms of uveitis and of the role of cytokines in experimental ocular inflammation autoimmune diseases should allow us to define new approaches for therapy. Modulation of the cytokine network by either blocking cytokine activity or administration of regulatory Th2 cytokines has shown its efficacy in several experimental autoimmune diseases including uveitis. However, cytokines present pleiotropic activities and thus may exert different effects depending on the autoimmune diseases, making interventions on their production complex. Anti-cytokine therapy or a combination of anti-cytokine drugs, antibodies, and cytokine gene therapy to synergize the therapeutical effects of other treatments appear to be of interest. Improvements in drug delivery and in biotechnology will also allow us to elaborate new and safe immunomodulatory strategies.
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244
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Bush KA, Kirkham BW, Walker JS. The in vivo effects of tumour necrosis factor blockade on the early cell mediated immune events and syndrome expression in rat adjuvant arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:423-9. [PMID: 11966757 PMCID: PMC1906318 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-TNF therapy is effective in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, its mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. T cell-driven mechanisms are thought to play an important role in RA and the effects of TNF blockade on these mechanisms are unclear. Adjuvant arthritis (AA) is a T cell dependent model of inflammatory arthritis. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of TNF blockade on in vivo T cell cytokine expression and to clarify the role of TNF in the inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) in early arthritis. AA was induced in male DA rats. Rats received either 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg PEG sTNF-RI at days 0, 2 and 4 postinduction or 10 mg/kg anti-TNF antibody on day of arthritis induction. Control rats received either saline or normal sheep serum. Paw volume was assessed every 3-4 days. Rats were sacrificed on days 0, 6, 13 and 21 postinduction. Ankles were removed for quantitative radiology and histology. Synovium and ILN were removed for cell culture and to determine mRNA expression of cytokines using semiquantitative RT-PCR. TNF and IFN-gamma protein production was measured using a bioassay and an ELISA. TNF blockade did not suppress mRNA expression of T cell cytokines in the ILN of rats in the early phase of AA, suggesting ongoing T cell activity. TNF protein production by ILN cells in culture was reduced in PEG sTNF-RI treated rats, although mRNA expression was increased in the ILN prior to culture. Early administration of PEG sTNF-RI did not attenuate AA, in contrast to an anti-TNF antibody, which suppressed disease. A shorter half-life for the PEG sTNF-RI compared with the anti-TNF antibody or the development of anti-PEG sTNF-RI antibodies may account for these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bush
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
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Saijo S, Asano M, Horai R, Yamamoto H, Iwakura Y. Suppression of autoimmune arthritis in interleukin-1-deficient mice in which T cell activation is impaired due to low levels of CD40 ligand and OX40 expression on T cells. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:533-44. [PMID: 11840457 DOI: 10.1002/art.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the roles of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the development of 2 etiologically different rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models: the type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) model and the human T cell leukemia virus type I transgenic (HTLV-I Tg) mouse model. METHODS For the CIA model, DBA/1J-background IL-1alpha-/-, IL-1beta-/-, IL-1alpha/beta-/-, and wild-type littermate mice were immunized with CII. For the HTLV-I Tg model, BALB/c IL-1beta-/- or IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice were crossed with HTLV-I Tg mice. The effects of IL-1 deficiency were assessed as follows: Development of arthritis was assessed both macroscopically and microscopically. Serum antibody titer was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Proliferative response of lymph node cells was assayed by measurement of (3)H-thymidine incorporation. Expression of T cell surface molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L) and OX40 was determined by multicolor flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS The development of arthritis was markedly suppressed in IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice in both models, although the effect was less prominent in HTLV-I Tg mice. Deficiency of only IL-1alpha or only IL-1beta was also associated with disease suppression. Antibody production after immunization with CII was normal in IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice, while autoantibody production was suppressed in IL-1alpha/beta-/- HTLV-I Tg mice. In IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice, the T cell proliferative response against CII was greatly reduced in both the CIA and the HTLV-I Tg models, suggesting inefficiency of T cell activation. Furthermore, expression of CD40L and OX40 on T cells was greatly reduced in IL-1alpha/beta-/- mice. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that T cell activation by IL-1 is important for the development of autoimmunity and arthritis in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Saijo
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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van de Loo FAJ, van den Berg WB. Gene therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Lessons from animal models, including studies on interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as potential disease modulators. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002; 28:127-49. [PMID: 11840694 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(03)00073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from animal models convincingly supports the fact that gene therapy can be an advantageous strategy in the treatment of chronic destructive RA. In this article, we review the state of the art in anticytokine gene transfer into the synovial arthritic joint with the emphasis on IL-1Ra, IL-4, and IL-10 effects on CIA in mice. In CIA, only high and continuous release of IL-1Ra protein systemically by mini-osmotic pumps could prevent disease onset and was curative in mice. Local gene transfer seemed to be the obvious way to reach the high local levels that are demanded for protection. It was shown that local IL-1Ra overexpression reduced arthritis incidence and severity as well as tissue destruction. In line with observations about neutralizing antibodies and soluble receptors, gene therapy with TNF soluble receptors provided anti-inflammatory activity in early arthritis but not in advanced arthritis. The limited efficacy at later stages and poor protection against destruction imply that the combination of gene constructs for TNF and IL-1 inhibitors is the obvious direction for future therapy. Apart from targeting of proinflammatory cytokines, adenoviral overexpression of IL-10 and IL-4 may have therapeutic applicability. Local injection of AdIL-10 in the knee joint was effective at the site, but also highly reduced spreading to ipsilateral sites. High local dosages caused suppression in contralateral sites as well. The reports on the anti-inflammatory effect of AdIL-4 are conflicting; however, all present data showed that IL-4 overexpression provides impressive protection against cartilage and bone erosion. Apart from the local effects in the injected joint, it is becoming more and more clear that local treatment also affects arthritis in nearby joints. This is an intriguing general finding, which may enlarge the therapeutic applicability of gene transfer in human arthritis. Proving the feasibility of gene therapy in experimental arthritis, most research efforts are now focused on improving local gene delivery by enhanced viral infection of synovial cells, using RGD-modified adenovirus, or achieving prolonged persistence and regulated expression with AAV. Elegant future alternatives are the application of in vitro engineered T cells as a vehicle capable of specific homing to joint tissues. The feasibility of viral transduction of chondrocytes to obtain a tissue-specific approach to treat articular cartilage damage in arthritis needs further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fons A J van de Loo
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bakker AC, Van de Loo FA, Joosten LA, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Dmitriev IP, Kashentsera EA, Curiel DT, van den Berg WB. A tropism-modified adenoviral vector increased the effectiveness of gene therapy for arthritis. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1785-93. [PMID: 11803398 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Accepted: 10/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (AdV) are used for anti-inflammatory cytokine therapy in experimental arthritis. Cell entry of AdV is dependent on the initial recognition of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on cells. Recently, an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif was introduced in the HI loop of the fiber knob, this enables the adenovirus to bypass CAR and mediate cell entry via RGD binding integrins. In this study, we explored the transduction efficiency of the RGD-modified adenovirus in synovium and compared the RGD-modified with the conventional adenoviral vector for their effectiveness to modulate the murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model when used to overexpress mIL-1Ra in the knee joint. Twenty-four hours after intra-articular injection of 10(7) fluorescent forming units (ffu) virus, luciferase (luc) activity in Ad5LucRGD-injected joints was up to 38 times higher than in AdCMVLuc-injected joints, and in arthritic joints the transduction efficiency was up to 69 times higher for the Ad5LucRGD viruses. Transduction of the synovial lining by the RGD-modified adenovirus containing the mIL-1Ra transgene, markedly improved the inhibition of CIA compared with the conventional virus in both a prophylactic and therapeutic treatment protocol. These results show that targeting integrins with the RGD-modified AdV improved the outcome of gene therapy for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Bakker
- University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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248
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Abstract
Recently published studies confirm that the long-term use of biological agents targeting TNF-alpha in therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) gives rise to sustained improvement in symptoms and signs of disease, and in the quality of life. Furthermore, it has emerged that anti-TNF therapy protects joints from structural damage, which unexpectedly is also observed in the patient population showing no apparent benefit in control of signs and symptoms. Therapeutic benefit is observed in established disease that is unresponsive to conventional DMARDS and in early DMARDS-naïve RA patients. Thus, for patients with RA, anti-TNF therapies set a new standard for symptom control and joint protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Taylor
- The Kennedy Institute Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, 1 Aspenlea Road, W6 8LH, London, UK
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Guedez YB, Whittington KB, Clayton JL, Joosten LA, van de Loo FA, van den Berg WB, Rosloniec EF. Genetic ablation of interferon-gamma up-regulates interleukin-1beta expression and enables the elicitation of collagen-induced arthritis in a nonsusceptible mouse strain. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2413-24. [PMID: 11665984 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2413::aid-art406>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the lack of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) alters resistance to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in a nonsusceptible mouse strain, and if so, to identify changes in the antibody, cellular type II collagen (CII)-specific immune responses, and cytokine gene expression that might account for the altered susceptibility. METHODS CIA-resistant C57BL/6 and C57BL/6 IFNgamma-/- mice were immunized with bovine CII in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) or in CFA alone. Animals were monitored for signs of arthritis for up to 80 days; arthritis severity was assessed visually and histologically. Sera were collected at various time points after immunization for measurement of anti-CII antibody levels. T cell responses to bovine CII were assessed in proliferation assays. Cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in lymph node cells and in synovial cells from arthritic paws was measured by RNase protection assays, and levels of cytokine protein production were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS IFNgamma-/- mice developed a severe autoimmune arthritis that was dependent on immunization with CII. IFNgamma-/- mice produced significantly higher amounts of IgG1 and IgG2b antibody to the autoantigen, murine CII, compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice and had an enhanced T cell proliferative response to bovine CII. Enhanced production of mature interleukin-1/beta (IL-1beta) protein was observed, but no significant changes in Th1 or Th2 cytokines. Although IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha transcripts were clearly evident in the synovial cells from the arthritic paws of IFNgamma-/- mice, neither message was elevated to the levels measured for IL-1beta expression. Treatment of IFNgamma-/- mice with anti-IL-1beta significantly reduced the incidence and severity of the inflammation. CONCLUSION Endogenous IFNgamma plays a role in the regulation of IL-1beta, in this model of autoimmune arthritis.
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Long P, Gassner R, Agarwal S. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent proinflammatory gene induction is inhibited by cyclic tensile strain in articular chondrocytes in vitro. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2311-9. [PMID: 11665971 PMCID: PMC4948993 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2311::aid-art393>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the intracellular mechanisms of the action of mechanical strain on articular chondrocytes during inflammation. METHODS One of the major mediators responsible for cartilage destruction in inflamed articular joints is tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Therefore, in this study we examined the intracellular mechanisms of actions of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) on the recombinant human TNFalpha (rHuTNFalpha)-induced proinflammatory pathways in primary cultures of chondrocytes. The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for TNFalpha-dependent proinflammatory proteins was examined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The synthesis of proinflammatory proteins was examined by Western blot analysis in cell extracts, followed by semiquantitative measurement of bands using densitometric analysis. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reaction, and prostaglandin E2 production was assessed by radioimmunoassays. The proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes was assessed by incorporation of Na2(35)SO4 in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. RESULTS By exposing chondrocytes to CTS in the presence of TNFalpha in vitro, we showed that CTS is an effective antagonist of TNFalpha actions and acts as both an antiinflammatory signal and a reparative signal. CTS of low magnitude suppresses TNFalpha-induced mRNA expression of multiple proinflammatory proteins involved in catabolic responses, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and collagenase. CTS also counteracts cartilage degradation by augmenting induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2. Additionally, CTS augments the reparative process via abrogation of TNFalpha-induced suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Nonetheless, CTS acts on chondrocytes in a TNFalpha-dependent manner, since exposure of chondrocytes to CTS alone had no effect on these parameters. CONCLUSION CTS of low magnitude acts as an effective antagonist of TNFalpha not only by inhibiting the TNFalpha-dependent induction of proinflammatory proteins upstream of mRNA transcription, but also by augmenting the proteoglycan synthesis that is inhibited by TNFalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Long
- University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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