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Alcohol consumption and risk of glioma: a meta-analysis of 19 observational studies. Nutrients 2014; 6:504-16. [PMID: 24473233 PMCID: PMC3942713 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between risk of glioma and alcohol consumption has been widely studied, but results have been conflicting. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to systematically assess the relationship between alcohol drinking and risk of glioma. Two electronic databases (PubMed and EMBASE) were searched from inception to 8 August 2013 to identify pertinent studies that linked alcohol drinking with glioma risk. We used a random-effects model to calculate the overall relative risk (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fifteen case-control and four cohort studies were identified for this analysis. The combined RR for total alcohol drinkers versus non-drinkers was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.89–1.04). In the subgroup analysis by geographic area, a significant association was observed in North American studies (RR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65–0.93), but not in European or Asian/Australian studies. In the subgroup analysis by study design, a borderline significant association emerged in population-based case-control studies (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68–0.99), but not in hospital-based case-control studies (RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99–1.01) or cohort group (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.88–1.20). Our results show no material association between alcohol consumption and risk of glioma existed. Further prospective evidences are needed to confirm this association.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour. It has a poor prognosis despite some advances in treatment that have been achieved over the last ten years. In Slovenia, 50 to 60 glioblastoma patients are diagnosed each year. In order to establish whether the current treatment options have any influence on the survival of the Slovenian glioblastoma patients, their data in the period from the beginning of the year 1997 to the end of the year 2008 have been analysed. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients treated at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana from 1997 to 2008 were included in the retrospective study. Demographics, treatment details, and survival time after the diagnosis were collected and statistically analysed for the group as a whole and for subgroups. RESULTS From 1997 to 2008, 527 adult patients were diagnosed with glioblastoma and referred to the Institute of Oncology for further treatment. Their median age was 59 years (from 20 to 85) and all but one had the diagnosis confirmed by a pathologist. Gross total resection was reported by surgeons in 261 (49.5%) patients; good functional status (WHO 0 or 1) after surgery was observed in 336 (63.7%) patients, radiotherapy was performed in 422 (80.1%) patients, in 317 (75.1%) of them with radical intent, and 198 (62.5 %) of those received some form of systemic treatment (usually temozolomide). The median survival of all patients amounted to 9.7 months. There was no difference in median survival of all patients or of all treated patients before or after the chemo-radiotherapy era. However, the overall survival of patients treated with radical intent was significantly better (11.4 months; p < 0.05). A better survival was also noticed in radically treated patients who received additional temozolomide therapy (11.4 vs. 13.1 months; p = 0.014). The longer survival was associated with a younger age and a good performance status as well as with a more extensive tumour resection. In patients treated with radical intent, having a good performance status, and receiving radiotherapy and additional temozolomide therapy, the survival was significantly longer, based on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS We observed a gradual increase in the survival of glioblastoma patients who were treated with radical intent over the last ten years. Good functional surgery, advances in radiotherapy and addition of temozolomide all contributed to this increase. Though the increased survival seems to be more pronounced in certain subgroups, we have still not been able to exactly define them. Further research, especially in tumour biology and genetics is needed.
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Wang CL, Wang JY, Liu ZY, Ma XM, Wang XW, Jin H, Zhang XP, Fu D, Hou LJ, Lu YC. Ubiquitin-specific protease 2a stabilizes MDM4 and facilitates the p53-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in glioblastoma. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1500-9. [PMID: 24445145 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse double minute 4 (MDM4) oncoprotein may inhibit tumorigenesis by regulating the apoptotic mediator p53. Ubiquitin-specific protease 2a (USP2a) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that protects MDM4 against degradation, so USP2-MDM4 interaction may be a key determinant of the malignant potential of human cancers. MDM4 and USP2a, as well as the MDM4-USP2a complex, were more highly expressed in glioblastoma multiforme tissue samples from patients with good prognosis compared with patients with poor prognosis. Analysis of the prognostic parameters indicated that MDM4 expression was positively correlated with an increased likelihood for survival. Compared with the poor prognosis patients, mitochondria from good prognosis glioma patients contained higher levels of both MDM4 and the proapoptotic protein p53Ser46(P). In U87MG glioma cell line, the overexpression of MDM4 enhanced ultraviolet (UV)-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis. In contrast, MDM4 knockdown decreased mitochondrial p53Ser46(P) levels and rescued cells from UV-induced apoptosis. The expression of MDM4 and USP2a were positively correlated with each other. MDM4-USP2a complexes were found only in the cytoplasmic fraction, whereas the mitochondrial fraction contained MDM4-p53Ser46(P) and MDM4-Bcl-2 complexes. Overexpression of USP2a increased p53 and p53Ser46(P) levels in the mitochondria, whereas simultaneous MDM4 knockdown completely reversed this effect. UV-induced apoptosis was reduced by USP2a knockdown but restored by the simultaneous overexpression of MDM4. This apoptotic response was reduced by knockdown of p53 but not p21. Our results suggest that USP2a binds to and stabilizes MDM4; thus in turn, it enhances the mitochondrial localization of p53 and promotes apoptosis in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China, Department of Neurosurgery, the 105th Hospital of PLA, Hefei 230000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhen-Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hai Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yan Chang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Da Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China,
| | - Yi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China,
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Wang JB, Dong DF, Gao K, Wang MDE. Mechanisms underlying the biological changes induced by isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 mutation in glioma cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:651-657. [PMID: 24520288 PMCID: PMC3919947 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation has been reported to be associated with an increased overall survival in patients with glioma in a number of studies. Previous studies have focused on the mutation rate and possible metabolic pathways of the mutated IDH1 gene. However, the effects of IDH1 mutation on the biological behavior of glioma cells and the associated mechanisms, as well as the possible effects they may have on clinical therapy, have not been studied. In the present study, three eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed and transfected into the U87 cell line, specifically, a wild-type form of the IDH1 gene with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene, a mutated IDH1 gene with the EGFP gene and the EGFP gene only. The three stable cell lines were selected using the G418 antibiotic. The biological behaviors of the cell lines were studied and the mechanisms underlying the biological differences between the cell lines were further investigated. The present study confirmed that IDH1 mutation induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and reduced the proportion of the G2/M phase, by downregulating cell division control protein 2 homolog levels, increasing bromodomain-containing protein 2 levels and markedly limiting cell proliferation. IDH1 mutation had no effect on the apoptosis rate under routine culture conditions. Serum chemotaxis assays showed that IDH1 mutation was markedly associated with a significantly reduced invasion ability, by reducing the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. From this study, it may be concluded that IDH1 mutation improves prognosis in glioma patients by altering the cell cycle, inhibiting cell proliferation and downregulating cell invasion ability. The results may provide a partial explanation for the improved prognosis of patients with mutated forms of the IDH1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Feng Dong
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ke Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mao-DE Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Kim J, Zhang Y, Skalski M, Hayes J, Kefas B, Schiff D, Purow B, Parsons S, Lawler S, Abounader R. microRNA-148a is a prognostic oncomiR that targets MIG6 and BIM to regulate EGFR and apoptosis in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1541-53. [PMID: 24425048 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Great interest persists in useful prognostic and therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. In this study, we report the definition of miRNA (miR)-148a as a novel prognostic oncomiR in glioblastoma. miR-148a expression was elevated in human glioblastoma specimens, cell lines, and stem cells (GSC) compared with normal human brain and astrocytes. High levels were a risk indicator for glioblastoma patient survival. Functionally, miR-148a expression increased cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion in glioblastoma cells and GSCs and promoted GSC neurosphere formation. Two direct targets of miR-148a were identified, the EGF receptor (EGFR) regulator MIG6 and the apoptosis regulator BIM, which rescue experiments showed were essential to mediate the oncogenic activity of miR-148a. By inhibiting MIG6 expression, miR-148a reduced EGFR trafficking to Rab7-expressing compartments, which includes late endosomes and lysosomes. This process coincided with reduced degradation and elevated expression and activation of EGFR. Finally, inhibition of miR-148a strongly suppressed GSC and glioblastoma xenograft growth in vivo. Taken together, our findings provide a comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value and oncogenic function of miR-148a in glioblastoma, further defining it as a potential target for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, Neurology, and Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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206
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Shen F, Wu CX, Yao Y, Peng P, Qin ZY, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Zhou LF. Transition over 35 Years in the Incidence Rates of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors in Shanghai, China and Histological Subtyping Based on a Single Center Experience Spanning 60 Years. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7385-93. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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207
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Ji J, Judkowski VA, Liu G, Wang H, Bunying A, Li Z, Xu M, Bender J, Pinilla C, Yu JS. Identification of novel human leukocyte antigen-A*0201-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes on CD133 for cancer stem cell immunotherapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:356-64. [PMID: 24375541 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) with immunotherapy may be an effective means to prevent recurrences in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). It is well established that CD133 is expressed in the population of GBM tumor cells representing CSCs. This raises a possibility that CD133 could serve as a potential target for cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) to target glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Two potential human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-restricted CD133 epitopes, ILSAFSVYV (CD133-405) and YLQWIEFSI (CD133-753), showed strong binding to HLA-A*0201 molecules. In vitro immunogenicity studies generated peptide-specific CD8(+) CTLs from normal donors. Autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with the CD133-405 or CD133-753 peptides generated CTLs that efficiently recognized the CD133 epitopes presented in T2 HLA-A*0201 cells and specifically lysed CD133+ HLA-A*0201(+) GBM CSCs. These studies demonstrated natural processing and subsequent presentation of these epitopes in GBM CSCs and the ability of CTLs to kill CSCs bearing the antigen. Immunization studies in mice using the mouse homolog CD133 epitopes demonstrated immunogenicity in the absence of autoimmune damage. The results presented in this study support the use of CD133-specific epitope vaccines to target CSCs in glioblastoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA; ImmunoCellular Therapeutics, Ltd., Calabasas, Calfornia, USA
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208
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Wang S, Chen Y, Qu F, He S, Huang X, Jiang H, Jin T, Wan S, Xing J. Association between leukocyte telomere length and glioma risk: a case-control study. Neuro Oncol 2013; 16:505-12. [PMID: 24366909 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compelling epidemiological evidence indicates that alterations of telomere length are associated with risks of many malignancies in a tumor-specific manner, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, the association between leukocyte telomere length and glioma risk has not been investigated. METHODS Relative telomere length (RTL) of peripheral blood leukocytes from 467 glioma patients and 467 healthy controls, matched by age and sex, was measured using the real-time PCR-based method in a case-control study. An unconditional multivariate logistic regression model was applied to estimate the association between RTL and glioma risk. RESULTS Glioma patients showed notably longer RTL than controls (median, 0.555 vs 0.444; P > .04). RTL was negatively correlated with age in both cases (ρ = -0.430; P < .001) and controls (ρ = -0.388; P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status and family history of cancer, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was a U-shaped association between RTL and glioma risk (P for nonlinearity <.001). Compared with individuals in the second tertile of RTL, the odds ratios (95% CI) for participants in the first and third tertiles were 2.16 (range, 1.52-3.09) and 3.51 (range, 2.45-5.00), respectively. Stratified analysis showed that the association between RTL and glioma risk was not modulated by major host characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates for the first time that either shorter or longer RTL in peripheral blood leukocytes is associated with increased glioma risk, which warrants further investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China (S.W., H.J.); State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Xi'an, China (Y.C., F.Q., X.H., J.X.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (S.H.); National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China (T.J.); Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.W.)
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209
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dos Santos CJ, Stangherlin LM, Figueiredo EG, Corrêa C, Teixeira MJ, da Silva MCC. High prevalence of HCMV and viral load in tumor tissues and peripheral blood of glioblastoma multiforme patients. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1953-61. [PMID: 24173908 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most prevalent and malignant tumor of the central nervous system. In the last few years, accumulating evidence has suggested an association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and glioblastoma multiforme. In this study, tumor tissues and peripheral blood of patients with glioblastoma multiforme were examined for the presence of HCMV DNA. Twenty-two fresh surgical brain specimens and 20 peripheral blood samples were analyzed by real-time PCR (qPCR) and hemi-nested PCR (nPCR) for the presence of pp65 and (glycoprotein B) gB viral genomic regions, respectively. HCMV DNA was detected in the majority of the tumor samples analyzed (95% by qPCR and 91% by nPCR). About half of the patients with tumors positive for HCMV also had detectable viral DNA in their peripheral blood (47% by qPCR and 61% by nPCR). Genome copy numbers were determined and in the majority of the tumor samples cellular DNA outnumbers viral DNA (average of 1 infected cell in 33 cells). The gB genotypes were determined in HCMV-positive samples and gB2 was the most prevalent genotype in the tumor and blood samples. The results show a high prevalence of HCMV in glioblastoma multiforme samples reinforcing a possible association between HCMV infection and tumor development.
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210
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Rodríguez-Hernández I, Garcia JL, Santos-Briz A, Hernández-Laín A, González-Valero JM, Gómez-Moreta JA, Toldos-González O, Cruz JJ, Martin-Vallejo J, González-Sarmiento R. Integrated analysis of mismatch repair system in malignant astrocytomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76401. [PMID: 24073290 PMCID: PMC3779191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are the most aggressive primary brain tumors with a poor prognosis despite optimal treatment. Dysfunction of mismatch repair (MMR) system accelerates the accumulation of mutations throughout the genome causing uncontrolled cell growth. The aim of this study was to characterize the MMR system defects that could be involved in malignant astrocytoma pathogenesis. We analyzed protein expression and promoter methylation of MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 as well as microsatellite instability (MSI) and MMR gene mutations in a set of 96 low- and high-grade astrocytomas. Forty-one astrocytomas failed to express at least one MMR protein. Loss of MSH2 expression was more frequent in low-grade astrocytomas. Loss of MLH1 expression was associated with MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and MLH1-93G>A promoter polymorphism. However, MSI was not related with MMR protein expression and only 5% of tumors were MSI-High. Furthermore, the incidence of tumors carrying germline mutations in MMR genes was low and only one glioblastoma was associated with Lynch syndrome. Interestingly, survival analysis identified that tumors lacking MSH6 expression presented longer overall survival in high-grade astrocytoma patients treated only with radiotherapy while MSH6 expression did not modify the prognosis of those patients treated with both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that MMR system alterations are a frequent event in malignant astrocytomas and might help to define a subgroup of patients with different outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rodríguez-Hernández
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- IBMCC and IBSAL, (USAL/CSIC/University Hospital), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Garcia
- IBMCC and IBSAL, (USAL/CSIC/University Hospital), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Health Science Studies of Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Angel Santos-Briz
- IBMCC and IBSAL, (USAL/CSIC/University Hospital), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Jose María González-Valero
- IBMCC and IBSAL, (USAL/CSIC/University Hospital), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Health Science Studies of Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Jesús Cruz
- IBMCC and IBSAL, (USAL/CSIC/University Hospital), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- IBMCC and IBSAL, (USAL/CSIC/University Hospital), Salamanca, Spain
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Lin W, Li XM, Zhang J, Huang Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Jiang XF, Fei Z. Increased expression of the 58-kD microspherule protein (MSP58) is correlated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. Med Oncol 2013; 30:677. [PMID: 23996240 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathological grading system for human gliomas is usually used to evaluate the prognosis of glioma patients. However, some glioma patients with similar grades have obvious discrepancies in survival. It is therefore necessary to identify some new certain tumor biomarkers that are more suitable for the prognostic assessment of gliomas than the grading system. The 58-kD microspherule protein (MSP58) is an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein and plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and malignant transformation. However, whether MSP58 can be used as a biomarker to evaluate the malignancy and the prognosis of glioma patients is unknown. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate MSP58 protein expression in 158 specimens of human gliomas and 34 normal control brain tissues. Compared with the control tissues, MSP58 expression was not only significantly higher in the glioma tissues (P < 0.05), but also increased with the increasing pathological grade (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high expression of MSP58 could predict poor survival in glioma patients (P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, high expression of MSP58 was also an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for the overall survival in glioma patients (P < 0.001, hazard ratio, 8.177, 95% CI 2.571-26.008). In conclusion, the increased expression of MSP58 is correlated with a higher malignant grade and poor prognosis in glioma patients. MSP58 is valuable both as an indicator of the malignancy of gliomas and as a prognostic factor for the clinical outcome of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Guo J, Shi L, Li M, Xu J, Yan S, Zhang C, Sun G. Association of the interleukin-4Rα rs1801275 and rs1805015 polymorphisms with glioma risk. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:573-9. [PMID: 23979976 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) rs1801275 and rs1805015 have been implicated in glioma risk; however, the findings of previous published case-control studies are conflicting and inconclusive. We performed the updated meta-analysis with the aim to provide a more precise estimate for the role of interleukin-4Rα SNPs in glioma risk. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of the gene association. Overall, the pooled analysis showed that the IL-4Rα rs1801275 polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk of glioma in the comparison of G vs. A (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.76-0.99, P OR = 0.041). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that the IL-4Rα rs1801275 variant G and GG + AG exerted a decreased risk effect on the development of glioma among Asians, but not Caucasians (G vs. A, OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69-0.95, P OR = 0.011; GG + AG vs. AA, OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66-0.96, P OR = 0.018). However, the IL-4Rα rs1805015 polymorphism did not modify the risk of glioma. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability for all of the results. Our meta-analysis suggests that the polymorphism of IL-4Rα rs1801275 but not IL-4Rα rs1805015 plays a protective role in the glioma pathogenesis, particularly among Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, First Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, People's Republic of China
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He F, Xia Y, Liu H, Li J, Wang C. P53 codon 72 Arg/Pro polymorphism and glioma risk: an updated meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3121-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Collaborative overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C predicts adverse prognosis in patients with gliomas. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:697-702. [PMID: 23870768 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), a member of the MMP family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, has been detected to be strongly expressed in gliomas with high tumor grade and to be correlated with increased tumor invasiveness. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), which is able to induce MMP-1 transcription, has been found to be upregulated in glioblastoma compared to low grade gliomas and non-neoplastic brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical significance of the co-expression of MMP-1 and VEGF-C in glioma patients on determining the prognosis. METHODS One hundred and sixteen glioma patients (26 World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 30 WHO grade II, 30 WHO grade III, and 30 WHO grade IV) and 15 non-neoplastic brain specimens acquired from 15 patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy as control were collected. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of MMP-1 and VEGF-C in glioma and non-neoplastic brain tissues. The correlations of collaborative MMP-1 and VEGF-C expression with selected clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome of glioma patients were also assessed. RESULTS Both MMP-1 and VEGF-C expression were significantly higher in glioma tissues compared to non-neoplastic brain tissues (both P<0.001). Of 116 glioma patients, 68 (58.62%) overexpressed MMP-1 and VEGF-C simultaneously. In addition, combined MMP-1 and VEGF-C expression was significantly associated with WHO grade (P<0.001) and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score (P=0.01). Moreover, glioma patients expressing both MMP-1 and VEGF-C exhibited markedly poorer overall survival (P<0.001). According to the multivariate analyses, collaborative overexpression of MMP-1 and VEGF-C was found to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated for the first time that overexpression of both MMP-1 and VEGF-C may be an independent poor prognostic factor in gliomas, suggesting the interaction between MMP-1 and VEGF-C collaboratively stimulated advanced tumor progression and adverse outcome. Inhibiting both MMP-1 and VEGF-C could be a novel therapeutic approach for gliomas.
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Chinot OL. Bevacizumab-based therapy in relapsed glioblastoma: rationale and clinical experience to date. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 12:1413-27. [PMID: 23249106 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Relapsed glioblastoma (GBM) has an extremely poor prognosis and remains an invariably fatal disease, with a median overall survival of 6-7 months. Despite numerous clinical trials over the past 20-30 years, treatment options for relapsed GBM remain limited. In recent years, significant research efforts have focused on the use of antiangiogenic therapies for the treatment of GBM. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically inhibits the proangiogenic VEGF, with well-established clinical efficacy in a number of solid malignancies, which is now under investigation for the treatment of GBM. In this review, we discuss the available data regarding bevacizumab-based therapy in relapsed GBM, highlighting its potential and ongoing challenges in this difficult-to-treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier L Chinot
- Aix-Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Service de Neuro-Oncologie, 13008 Marseille, France.
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Michaud DS, Siddiq A, Cox DG, Backes DM, Calboli FCF, Sughrue ME, Gaziano JM, Ma J, Stampfer M, Tworoger SS, Hunter DJ, Camargo CA, Parsa AT. Mannose-binding lectin 2 gene and risk of adult glioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61117. [PMID: 23637788 PMCID: PMC3630225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The immune system is likely to play a key role in the etiology of gliomas. Genetic polymorphisms in the mannose-binding lectin gene, a key activator in the lectin complement pathway, have been associated with risk of several cancers. METHODS To examine the role of the lectin complement pathway, we combined data from prospectively collected cohorts with available DNA specimens. Using a nested case-control design, we genotyped 85 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 9 genes in the lectin complement pathway and 3 additional SNPs in MBL2 were tested post hoc). Initial SNPs were selected using tagging SNPs for haplotypes; the second group of SNPs for MBL2 was selected based on functional SNPs related to phenotype. Associations were examined using logistic regression analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. Nominal p-values are presented and are not corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS A total of 143 glioma cases and 419 controls were available for this analysis. Statistically significant associations were observed for two SNPs in the mannose-binding lectin 2 (ML2) gene and risk of glioma (rs1982266 and rs1800450, test for trend p = 0.003 and p = 0.04, respectively, using the additive model). One of these SNPs, rs1800450, was associated with a 58% increase in glioma risk among those carrying one or two mutated alleles (odds ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval = 0.99-2.54), compared to those homozygous for the wild type allele. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that MBL may play a role in the etiology of glioma. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings which may be due to chance, and if reproduced, to determine mechanisms that link glioma pathogenesis with the MBL complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Michaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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INTEROCC case-control study: lack of association between glioma tumors and occupational exposure to selected combustion products, dusts and other chemical agents. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:340. [PMID: 23587105 PMCID: PMC3637633 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim was to investigate possible associations between glioma (an aggressive type of brain cancer) and occupational exposure to selected agents: combustion products (diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions, benzo(a)pyrene), dusts (animal dust, asbestos, crystalline silica, wood dust) and some other chemical agents (formaldehyde, oil mist, sulphur dioxide). Methods The INTEROCC study included cases diagnosed with glioma during 2000–2004 in sub-regions of seven countries. Population controls, selected from various sampling frames in different centers, were frequency or individually matched to cases by sex, age and center. Face-to-face interviews with the subject or a proxy respondent were conducted by trained interviewers. Detailed information was collected on socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics, medical history and work history. Occupational exposure to the 10 selected agents was assessed by a job exposure matrix (JEM) which provides estimates of the probability and level of exposure for different occupations. Using a 25% probability of exposure in a given occupation in the JEM as the threshold for considering a worker exposed, the lifetime prevalence of exposure varied from about 1% to about 15% for the different agents. Associations between glioma and each of the 10 agents were estimated by conditional logistic regression, and using three separate exposure indices: i) ever vs. never; ii) lifetime cumulative exposure; iii) total duration of exposure. Results The study sample consisted of 1,800 glioma cases and 5,160 controls. Most odds ratio estimates were close to the null value. None of the ten agents displayed a significantly increased odds ratio nor any indication of dose–response relationships with cumulative exposure or with duration of exposure. Conclusion Thus, there was no evidence that these exposures influence risk of glioma.
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Weidensteiner C, Reichardt W, Shami PJ, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Baumer B, Werres A, Jasinski R, Osterberg N, Weyerbrock A. Effects of the nitric oxide donor JS-K on the blood-tumor barrier and on orthotopic U87 rat gliomas assessed by MRI. Nitric Oxide 2013; 30:17-25. [PMID: 23370169 PMCID: PMC3617040 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) released from NO donors can be cytotoxic in tumor cells and can enhance the transport of drugs into brain tumors by altering blood-tumor barrier permeability. The NO donor JS-K [O(2)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) 1-[(4-ethoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate] releases NO upon enzymatic activation selectively in cells overexpressing glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) such as gliomas. Thus, JS-K-dependent NO effects - especially on cell viability and vascular permeability - were investigated in U87 glioma cells in vitro and in an orthotopic U87 xenograft model in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In vitro experiments showed dose-dependent antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in U87 cells. In addition, treatment of U87 cells with JS-K resulted in a dose-dependent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and intracellular accumulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which was irreversibly inhibited by the selective inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo(4,3a)quinoxaline-1-one). Using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) as a minimally invasive technique, we demonstrated for the first time a significant increase in the DCE-MRI read-out initial area under the concentration curve (iAUC60) indicating an acute increase in blood-tumor barrier permeability after i.v. treatment with JS-K. Repeated MR imaging of animals with intracranial U87 gliomas under treatment with JS-K (3.5 μmol/kg JS-K 3×/week) and of untreated controls on day 12 and 19 after tumor inoculation revealed no significant changes in tumor growth, edema formation or tumor perfusion. Immunohistochemical workup of the brains showed a significant antiproliferative effect of JS-K in the gliomas. Taken together, in vitro and in vivo data suggest that JS-K has antiproliferative effects in U87 gliomas and opens the blood-tumor barrier by activation of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway. This might be a novel approach to facilitate entry of therapeutic drugs into brain tumors. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive, repeatable imaging modality to monitor biological effects of NO donors and other experimental therapeutics in intracranial tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Weidensteiner
- Dept. of Radiology/Medical Physics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 60a, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Potential roles for Gfi1 in the pathogenesis and proliferation of glioma. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:629-32. [PMID: 23466061 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a major form of adult brain tumour with relatively poor prognosis and high mortality. Temozolomide (TMZ)-based chemotherapy following neurosurgery and radiotherapy has been suggested as the first line of treatment and is proven to effectively prolong overall survival and enhance patient quality of life. However, not all patients benefit from this treatment because of drug resistance. Even patients with TMZ-sensitive GBM may become resistant, which is partly due to the restoration of activity of the DNA repair enzyme O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT); thus, patients cannot evade eventual tumour recurrence. The cellular activity of MGMT is the most important determinant of TMZ-resistance. However, some patients with a low level of activated MGMT are also TMZ-resistant. The aberrant expression of HOXA9, one of the 39 class I homeobox genes, is a marker of poor prognosis, and its level gradually increases with histologic malignant progression, shorter time to overall survival (OS) and free progression survival (FPS) in glioma patients, which further supports an oncogenic role for HOXA9 in gliomas. The HOXA9-PI3K signalling pathway is an important mechanism in GBM that is independent of MGMT promoter methylation status. The DNA binding sites of growth factor independent-1 (Gfi1) can overlap with the HOXA9 promoter through the "AATC" versus "GATT" core sequence. The competition for this binding site inhibits the expression of HOXA9 and induces different transcriptional outcomes, which suggests a new direction for investigation of the mechanism underlying targeted therapy of malignant gliomas.
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Up-regulation of USP2a and FASN in gliomas correlates strongly with glioma grade. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:717-20. [PMID: 23416128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common neoplasms in the central nervous system. The lack of efficacy of glioma therapies necessitates in-depth studies of glioma pathology, especially of the underlying molecular mechanisms that transform normal glial cells into tumor cells. Here we report that a deubiquitinating enzyme, ubiquitin-specific protease 2a (USP2a), and its substrate, fatty acid synthase (FASN), are over-expressed in glioma tissue. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression and cellular distribution of USP2a and FASN in human glioma tissues. The expression patterns of USP2a and FASN correlated with the pathologic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of USP2a and its substrate FASN were higher in high-grade (World Health Organization [WHO] grades III and IV) glioma tissues than in low-grade (WHO grades I and II) glioma tissues. Western blot analysis indicated that the average optical densitometry ratio of USP2a and its substrate FASN in high-grade gliomas was higher than in low-grade gliomas. Moreover, statistical analysis of grade-classified glioma samples showed that the level of USP2a and FASN expression increased with the elevation of the WHO grade of glioma. USP2a protein expression was detected in the nucleus of glioma tissues and an increase in expression was significantly associated with the elevation of the WHO grade of glioma by immunohistochemistry. These findings expand our understanding of the molecular profiling of glioma and could shed light on new diagnostic criteria for gliomas.
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Jiang L, Fang X, Bao Y, Zhou JY, Shen XY, Ding MH, Chen Y, Hu GH, Lu YC. Association between the XRCC1 polymorphisms and glioma risk: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55597. [PMID: 23383237 PMCID: PMC3559473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) is one of the DNA repair genes encoding a scaffolding protein that participate in base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, studies on the association between polymorphisms in this gene and glioma have yielded conflicting results. This meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise estimation between XRCC1 polymorphisms (Arg399Gln, Arg194Trp, and Arg280His) and glioma risk. Methods Data were collected from several electronic databases, with the last search up to November 28, 2012. Meta-analysis was performed by critically reviewing 9 studies for Arg399Gln polymorphism (3146 cases and 4296 controls), 4 studies for Arg194Trp polymorphism (2557 cases and 4347 controls), and 4 studies for Arg280His polymorphism (1936 cases and 2895 controls). All of the statistical analyses were performed using the software programs STATA (version 11.0). Results The combined results showed that Arg399Gln polymorphism was significantly associated with glioma risk (Gln/Gln versus Arg/Arg: OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.03–2.23; recessive model: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.01–1.73; additive model: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00–1.47), whereas Arg194Trp/Arg280His polymorphisms were all not significantly associated with glioma risk. As for ethnicity, Arg399Gln polymorphism was associated with increased risk of glioma among Asians (Gln/Gln versus Arg/Arg: OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.29–2.47; Arg/Gln versus Arg/Arg: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.05–1.56; recessive model: OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.16–2.17; dominant model: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.13–1.65; additive model: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.15–1.52), but not among Caucasians. Stratified analyses by histological subtype indicated that the Gln allele of Arg399Gln polymorphism showed borderline association with the risk of glioblastoma among Caucasians. However, no evidence was observed in subgroup analyses for Arg194Trp/Arg280His polymorphisms. Conclusions Our meta-analysis suggested that Arg399Gln polymorphism was associated with increased risk of glioma among Asians and borderline increased risk for glioblastoma among Caucasians, whereas Arg194Trp/Arg280His polymorphisms might have no influence on the susceptibility of glioma in different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Bao
- Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jue-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (J-YZ); (G-HH)
| | - Xiao-Yan Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao-Hua Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Han Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (J-YZ); (G-HH)
| | - Yi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Harris RA, Nagy-Szakal D, Kellermayer R. Human metastable epiallele candidates link to common disorders. Epigenetics 2013; 8:157-63. [PMID: 23321599 PMCID: PMC3592901 DOI: 10.4161/epi.23438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastable epialleles (MEs) are mammalian genomic loci where epigenetic patterning occurs before gastrulation in a stochastic fashion leading to systematic interindividual variation within one species. Importantly, periconceptual nutritional influences may modulate the establishment of epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation at MEs. Based on these characteristics, we exploited Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip kits in a 2-tissue parallel screen on peripheral blood leukocyte and colonic mucosal DNA from 10 children without identifiable large intestinal disease. This approach led to the delineation of 1776 CpG sites meeting our criteria for MEs, which associated with 1013 genes. The list of ME candidates exhibited overlaps with recently identified human genes (including CYP2E1 and MGMT, where methylation has been associated with Parkinson disease and glioblastoma, respectively) in which perinatal DNA methylation levels where linked to maternal periconceptual nutrition. One hundred 18 (11.6%) of the ME candidates overlapped with genes where DNA methylation correlated (r > 0.871; p < 0.055) with expression in the colon mucosa of 5 independent control children. Genes involved in homophilic cell adhesion (including cadherin-associated genes) and developmental processes were significantly overrepresented in association with MEs. Additional filtering of gene expression-correlated MEs defined 35 genes, associated with 2 or more CpG sites within a 10 kb genomic region, fulfilling the ME criteria. DNA methylation changes at a number of these genes have been linked to various forms of human disease, including cancers, such as asthma and acute myeloid leukemia (ALOX12), gastric cancer (EBF3), breast cancer (NAV1), colon cancer and acute lymphoid leukemia (KCNK15), Wilms tumor (protocadherin gene cluster; PCDHAs) and colorectal cancer (TCERG1L), suggesting a potential etiologic role for MEs in tumorigenesis and underscoring the possible developmental origins of these malignancies. The presented compendium of ME candidates may accelerate our understanding of the epigenetic origins of common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Harris
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Sadetzki S, Bruchim R, Oberman B, Armstrong GN, Lau CC, Claus EB, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Il'yasova D, Schildkraut J, Johansen C, Houlston RS, Shete S, Amos CI, Bernstein JL, Olson SH, Jenkins RB, Lachance D, Vick NA, Merrell R, Wrensch M, Davis FG, McCarthy BJ, Lai R, Melin BS, Bondy ML. Description of selected characteristics of familial glioma patients - results from the Gliogene Consortium. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1335-45. [PMID: 23290425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While certain inherited syndromes (e.g. Neurofibromatosis or Li-Fraumeni) are associated with an increased risk of glioma, most familial gliomas are non-syndromic. This study describes the demographic and clinical characteristics of the largest series of non-syndromic glioma families ascertained from 14 centres in the United States (US), Europe and Israel as part of the Gliogene Consortium. METHODS Families with 2 or more verified gliomas were recruited between January 2007 and February 2011. Distributions of demographic characteristics and clinical variables of gliomas in the families were described based on information derived from personal questionnaires. FINDINGS The study population comprised 841 glioma patients identified in 376 families (9797 individuals). There were more cases of glioma among males, with a male to female ratio of 1.25. In most families (83%), 2 gliomas were reported, with 3 and 4 gliomas in 13% and 3% of the families, respectively. For families with 2 gliomas, 57% were among 1st-degree relatives, and 31.5% among 2nd-degree relatives. Overall, the mean (±standard deviation [SD]) diagnosis age was 49.4 (±18.7) years. In 48% of families with 2 gliomas, at least one was diagnosed at <40y, and in 12% both were diagnosed under 40y of age. Most of these families (76%) had at least one grade IV glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and in 32% both cases were grade IV gliomas. The most common glioma subtype was GBM (55%), followed by anaplastic astrocytoma (10%) and oligodendroglioma (8%). Individuals with grades I-II were on average 17y younger than those with grades III-IV. INTERPRETATION Familial glioma cases are similar to sporadic cases in terms of gender distribution, age, morphology and grade. Most familial gliomas appear to comprise clusters of two cases suggesting low penetrance, and that the risk of developing additional gliomas is probably low. These results should be useful in the counselling and clinical management of individuals with a family history of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Alexander BH, Mandel JH, Scott LLF, Ramachandran G, Chen YC. Brain cancer in workers employed at a specialty chemical research facility. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013; 68:218-227. [PMID: 23697694 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2012.701248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study evaluated unique exposures and their relationship to brain cancer mortality in employees of a specialty chemical research facility. Following an exposure assessment that concerned compounds distinct to this facility, the authors conducted a cohort mortality study of 5,284 workers to assess mortality in reference to the general population and a nested case-control study to evaluate brain cancer risk associated with specific jobs and unique chemical exposures. Four hundred eighty-six deaths, including 14 brain cancer deaths, were identified. Overall mortality was lower than expected. Brain cancer mortality was elevated (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-3.40). Exposures to 5 specific chemical categories were assessed. Exploration of work history and the specific chemical exposures did not explain the brain cancer cases. No clear occupational etiology was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Alexander
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Ji B, Chen Q, Liu B, Wu L, Tian D, Guo Z, Yi W. Glioma stem cell-targeted dendritic cells as a tumor vaccine against malignant glioma. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:92-100. [PMID: 23225804 PMCID: PMC3521251 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer stem cells have recently been thought to be closely related to tumor development and reoccurrence. It may be a promising way to cure malignant glioma by using glioma stem cell-targeted dendritic cells as a tumor vaccine. In this study, we explored whether pulsing dendritic cells with antigens of glioma stem cells was a potent way to induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and anti-tumor immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cancer stem cells were cultured from glioma cell line U251. Lysate of glioma stem cells was obtained by the repeated freezing and thawing method. Dendritic cells (DCs) were induced and cultured from the murine bone marrow cells, the biological characteristics were detected by electron microscope and flow cytometry. The DC vaccine was obtained by mixing DCs with lysate of glioma stem cells. The DC vaccine was charactirizated through the mixed lymphocyte responses and cell killing experiment in vitro. Level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the supernatant was checked by ELISA. RESULTS After stimulation of lysate of glioma stem cell, expression of surface molecules of DC was up-regulated, including CD80, CD86, CD11C and MHC-II. DCs pulsed with lysate of glioma stem cells were more effective than the control group in stimulating original glioma cells-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses, killing glioma cells and boosting the secretion of IFN-γ in vitro. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated DCs loaded with antigens derived from glioma stem cells can effectively stimulate naive T cells to form specific cytotoxic T cells, kill glioma cells cultured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daofeng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Malerba S, Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Turati F, Hashibe M, La Vecchia C, Tavani A. A meta-analysis of coffee and tea consumption and the risk of glioma in adults. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 24:267-76. [PMID: 23247638 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee contains many compounds, including antioxidants, which could prevent cancerogenesis, and coffee has been related with lower incidence of cancer at several sites. Tea is also rich in antioxidants, mainly polyphenols. To provide a quantitative overall estimate on the relation between coffee and tea consumption and glioma, we combined all published data, using a meta-analytic approach. METHODS In September 2012, a bibliography search was carried out in both PubMed and Embase to identify observational studies providing quantitative estimates on the issue. Pooled estimates of the relative risks (RR) and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS Six studies (four cohort and two case-control studies) were available for meta-analysis, for a total of about 2100 cases. The summary RRs and 95 % CIs of glioma for drinkers versus non/occasional drinkers were 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.81-1.13) for coffee and 0.86 (95 % CI: 0.78-0.94) for tea, with no heterogeneity between studies. When we compared the highest versus the lowest categories of consumption, the RRs were 1.01 (95 % CI: 0.83-1.22) for coffee, 0.88 (95 % CI: 0.69-1.12) for tea, and 0.75 (95 % CI: 0.54-1.05) for coffee plus tea. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis, although based on few studies, suggests a lack of association between coffee intake and glioma risk, and a tendency, if any, to a lower risk for tea and coffee plus tea drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Malerba
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 0157, Milan, Italy
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Gomes RN, Colquhoun A. E series prostaglandins alter the proliferative, apoptotic and migratory properties of T98G human glioma cells in vitro. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:171. [PMID: 23231886 PMCID: PMC3547780 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many types of cancer, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with tumour related processes including proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis. However in gliomas the role of this prostanoid is poorly understood. Here, we report on the proliferative, migratory, and apoptotic effects of PGE1, PGE2 and Ibuprofen (IBP) observed in the T98G human glioma cell line in vitro. Methods T98G human glioma cells were treated with IBP, PGE1 or PGE2 at varying concentrations for 24–72 hours. Cell proliferation, mitotic index and apoptotic index were determined for each treatment. Caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity was measured using fluorescent probes in live cells (FITC-LEHD-FMK and FITC-DEVD-FMK respectively). The migratory capacity of the cells was quantified using a scratch migration assay and a transwell migration assay. Results A significant decrease was seen in cell number (54%) in the presence of 50 μM IBP. Mitotic index and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation were also decreased 57% and 65%, respectively, by IBP. The apoptotic index was increased (167%) and the in situ activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3 was evident in IBP treated cells. The inhibition of COX activity by IBP also caused a significant inhibition of cell migration in the monolayer scratch assay (74%) and the transwell migration assay (36%). In contrast, the presence of exogenous PGE1 or PGE2 caused significant increases in cell number (37% PGE1 and 45% PGE2). When mitotic index was measured no change was found for either PG treatment. However, the BrdU incorporation rate was significantly increased by PGE1 (62%) and to a greater extent by PGE2 (100%). The apoptotic index was unchanged by exogenous PGs. The addition of exogenous PGs caused an increase in cell migration in the monolayer scratch assay (43% PGE1 and 44% PGE2) and the transwell migration assay (28% PGE1 and 68% PGE2). Conclusions The present study demonstrated that treatments which alter PGE1 and PGE2 metabolism influence the proliferative and apoptotic indices of T98G glioma cells. The migratory capacity of the cells was also significantly affected by the change in prostaglandin metabolism. Modifying PG metabolism remains an interesting target for future studies in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata N Gomes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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228
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Gorgolewski KJ, Storkey AJ, Bastin ME, Whittle I, Pernet C. Single subject fMRI test-retest reliability metrics and confounding factors. Neuroimage 2012; 69:231-43. [PMID: 23153967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While the fMRI test-retest reliability has been mainly investigated from the point of view of group level studies, here we present analyses and results for single-subject test-retest reliability. One important aspect of group level reliability is that not only does it depend on between-session variance (test-retest), but also on between-subject variance. This has partly led to a debate regarding which reliability metric to use and how different sources of noise contribute to between-session variance. Focusing on single subject reliability allows considering between-session only. In this study, we measured test-retest reliability in four behavioural tasks (motor mapping, covert verb generation, overt word repetition, and a landmark identification task) to ensure generalisation of the results and at three levels of data processing (time-series correlation, t value variance, and overlap of thresholded maps) to understand how each step influences the other and how confounding factors influence reliability at each of these steps. The contributions of confounding factors (scanner noise, subject motion, and coregistration) were investigated using multiple regression and relative importance analyses at each step. Finally, to achieve a fuller picture of what constitutes a reliable task, we introduced a bootstrap technique of within- vs. between-subject variance. Our results show that (i) scanner noise and coregistration errors have little contribution to between-session variance (ii) subject motion (especially correlated with the stimuli) can have detrimental effects on reliability (iii) different tasks lead to different reliability results. This suggests that between-session variance in fMRI is mostly caused by the variability of underlying cognitive processes and motion correlated with the stimuli rather than technical limitations of data processing.
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229
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Proescholdt MA, Merrill MJ, Stoerr EM, Lohmeier A, Pohl F, Brawanski A. Function of carbonic anhydrase IX in glioblastoma multiforme. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:1357-66. [PMID: 23074198 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is over-expressed in glioblastoma; however, its functions in this context are unknown. Metabolically, glioblastomas are highly glycolytic, leading to a significant lactic acid load. Paradoxically, the intracellular pH is alkaline. We hypothesized that CAIX contributes to the extrusion of hydrogen ions into the extracellular space, thereby moderating intra- and extracellular pH and creating an environment conductive to enhanced invasion. We investigated the role of CAIX as a prognostic marker in patients with glioblastoma and its biological function in vitro. CAIX expression was analyzed in 59 patients with glioblastoma by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels were correlated to overall survival. In vitro, U251 and Ln 18 glioblastoma cells were incubated under hypoxia to induce CAIX expression, and RNA interference (RNAi) was used to examine the function of CAIX on cell attachment, invasion, intracellular energy transfer, and susceptibility to adjuvant treatment. High CAIX expression was identified as an independent factor for poor survival in patients with glioblastoma. In vitro, cell attachment and invasion were strongly reduced after knockdown of CAIX. Finally, the effects of radiation and chemotherapy were strongly augmented after CAIX interference and were accompanied by a higher rate of apoptotic cell death. CAIX is an independent prognostic factor for poor outcome in patients with glioblastoma. Cell attachment, invasion, and survival during adjuvant treatment are significantly influenced by high CAIX expression. These results indicate that inhibition of CAIX is a potential metabolic target for the treatment of patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Proescholdt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Regensburg Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany.
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230
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Qu S, Yao Y, Shang C, Xue Y, Ma J, Li Z, Liu Y. MicroRNA-330 is an oncogenic factor in glioblastoma cells by regulating SH3GL2 gene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46010. [PMID: 23029364 PMCID: PMC3448729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have recently emerged as key regulators of cancers. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the role of miR-330 in biological behaviors of human glioblastoma U87 and U251 cell lines and its molecular mechanism. SH3GL2 gene was identified as the target of miR-330. MiR-330 overexpression was established by transfecting miR-330 precursor into U87 and U251 cells, and its effects on proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis were studied. Overexpression of miR-330 can enhance cellular proliferation, promote migration and invasion, activate cell cycle and also inhibit apoptosis in U87 and U251 cells. Collectively, these above-mentioned results suggest that miRNA-330 plays an oncogenic role in human glioblastoma by regulating SH3GL2 gene and might be a new therapeutic target of human glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilong Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Shang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Turtoi A, Musmeci D, Naccarato AG, Scatena C, Ortenzi V, Kiss R, Murtas D, Patsos G, Mazzucchelli G, De Pauw E, Bevilacqua G, Castronovo V. Sparc-like protein 1 is a new marker of human glioma progression. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5011-21. [PMID: 22909274 DOI: 10.1021/pr3005698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (glioblastomas) are the most common and deadly brain tumors in adults, currently with no satisfactory treatment available. Apart from de novo glioblastoma, it is currently accepted that these malignancies mainly progress from lower grade glial tumors. However, the molecular entities governing the progression of gliomas are poorly understood. Extracellular and membrane proteins are key biomolecules found at the cell-to-cell communication interface and hence are a promising proteome subpopulation that could help understand the development of glioma. Accordingly, the current study aims at identifying new protein markers of human glioma progression. For this purpose, we used glial tumors generated orthotopically with T98G and U373 human glioma cells in nude mice. This setup allowed also to discriminate the protein origin, namely, human (tumor) or mouse (host). Extracellular and membrane proteins were selectively purified using biotinylation followed by streptavidin affinity chromatography. Isolated proteins were digested and then identified and quantified employing 2D-nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 23 and 27 up-regulated extracellular and membrane proteins were identified in the T98G and U373 models, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of these were predominantly produced by the tumor, whereas the remaining proteins appeared to be mainly overexpressed by the host tissue. Following extensive validation, we have focused our attention on sparc-like protein 1. This protein was further investigated using immunohistochemistry in a large collection of human glioma samples of different grades. The results showed that sparc-like protein 1 expression correlates with glioma grade, suggesting the possible role for this protein in the progression of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Turtoi
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Bat. B23, Liege, Belgium.
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232
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Ruder AM, Waters MA, Carreón T, Butler MA, Calvert GM, Davis-King KE, Waters KM, Schulte PA, Mandel JS, Morton RF, Reding DJ, Rosenman KD. The Upper Midwest Health Study: industry and occupation of glioma cases and controls. Am J Ind Med 2012; 55:747-55. [PMID: 22715102 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding glioma etiology requires determining which environmental factors are associated with glioma. Upper Midwest Health Study case-control participant work histories collected 1995-1998 were evaluated for occupational associations with glioma. "Exposures of interest" from our study protocol comprise our a priori hypotheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Year-long or longer jobs for 1,973 participants were assigned Standard Occupational Classifications (SOC) and Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC). The analysis file includes 8,078 SIC- and SOC-coded jobs. For each individual, SAS 9.2 programs collated employment with identical SIC-SOC coding. Distributions of longest "total employment duration" (total years worked in jobs with identical industry and occupation codes, including multiple jobs, and non-consecutive jobs) were compared between cases and controls, using an industrial hygiene algorithm to group occupations. RESULTS Longest employment duration was calculated for 780 cases and 1,156 controls. More case than control longest total employment duration was in the "engineer, architect" occupational group [16 cases, 10 controls, odds ratio (OR) 2.50, adjusted for age group, sex, age and education, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-5.60]. Employment as a food processing worker [mostly butchers and meat cutters] was of borderline significance (27 cases, 21 controls, adjusted OR: 1.78, CI: 0.99-3.18). CONCLUSIONS Among our exposures of interest work as engineers or as butchers and meat cutters was associated with increased glioma risk. Significant associations could be due to chance, because of multiple comparisons, but similar findings have been reported for other glioma studies. Our results suggest some possible associations but by themselves could not provide conclusive evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avima M Ruder
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA.
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Abstract
Primary brain tumors are among the top ten causes of cancer-related deaths in the US. Malignant gliomas account for approximately 70% of the 22,500 new cases of malignant primary brain tumors diagnosed in adults each year and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite optimal treatment, the prognosis for patients with gliomas remains poor. The use of retinoids (vitamin A and its congeners) in the treatment of certain tumors was originally based on the assumption that these conditions were associated with an underlying deficiency of vitamin A and that supplementation with pharmacological doses would correct the deficiency. Yet the results of retinoid treatment have been only modestly beneficial and usually short-lived. Studies also indicate that vitamin A excess and supplementation have pro-oxidant effects and are associated with increased risks of mortality from cancer and other diseases. The therapeutic role of vitamin A in cancer thus remains uncertain and a new perspective on the facts is needed. The modest and temporary benefits of retinoid treatment could result from a process of feedback inhibition, whereby exogenous retinoid temporarily inhibits the endogenous synthesis of these compounds. In fact, repeated and/or excessive exposure of the tissues to endogenous retinoic acid may contribute to carcinogenesis. Gliomas, in particular, may result from an imbalance in retinoid receptor expression initiated by environmental factors that increase the endogenous production of retinoic acid in glia. At the receptor level, it is proposed that this imbalance is characterized by excessive expression of retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) and reduced expression of retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ). This suggests a potential new treatment strategy for gliomas, possibly even at a late stage of the disease, ie, to combine the use of a RARα antagonist and a RARβ agonist. According to this hypothesis, the RARα antagonist would be expected to inhibit RARα-induced gliomas, while the RARβ agonist would suppress tumor growth and possibly contribute to the regeneration of normal glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mawson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Health Sciences, College of Public Service, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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234
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Nagane M, Nishikawa R, Narita Y, Kobayashi H, Takano S, Shinoura N, Aoki T, Sugiyama K, Kuratsu J, Muragaki Y, Sawamura Y, Matsutani M. Phase II study of single-agent bevacizumab in Japanese patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42:887-95. [PMID: 22844129 PMCID: PMC3448378 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This single-arm, open-label, Phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of single-agent bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, in Japanese patients with recurrent malignant glioma. METHODS Patients with histologically confirmed, measurable glioblastoma or World Health Organization Grade III glioma, previously treated with temozolomide plus radiotherapy, received 10 mg/kg bevacizumab intravenous infusion every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival in the patients with recurrent glioblastoma. RESULTS Of the 31 patients enrolled, 29 (93.5%) had glioblastoma and 2 (6.5%) had Grade III glioma. Eleven (35.5%) patients were receiving corticosteroids at baseline; 17 (54.8%) and 14 (45.2%) patients had experienced one or two relapses, respectively. The 6-month progression-free survival rate in the 29 patients with recurrent glioblastoma was 33.9% (90% confidence interval, 19.2-48.5) and the median progression-free survival was 3.3 months. The 1-year survival rate was 34.5% with a median overall survival of 10.5 months. There were eight responders (all partial responses) giving an objective response rate of 27.6%. The disease control rate was 79.3%. Eight of the 11 patients taking corticosteroids at baseline reduced their dose or discontinued corticosteroids during the study. Bevacizumab was well-tolerated and Grade ≥3 adverse events of special interest to bevacizumab were as follows: hypertension [3 (9.7%) patients], congestive heart failure [1 (3.2%) patient] and venous thromboembolism [1 (3.2%) patient]. One asymptomatic Grade 1 cerebral hemorrhage was observed, which resolved without treatment. CONCLUSION Single-agent bevacizumab provides clinical benefit for Japanese patients with recurrent glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoo Nagane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
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235
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Guo YF, Wang XB, Tian XY, Li Y, Li B, Huang Q, Zhang M, Li Z. Tumor-derived hepatocyte growth factor is associated with poor prognosis of patients with glioma and influences the chemosensitivity of glioma cell line to cisplatin in vitro. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:128. [PMID: 22741575 PMCID: PMC3447698 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the association of tumor-derived hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with the clinicopathological features of gliomas and investigated the effect of HGF inhibition on the biological behavior of tumor cells in vitro in order to determine whether HGF is a valuable prognostic predictor for glioma patients. METHODS Seventy-six cases of glioma were collected. The tumor-derived HGF expression, cell proliferation index (PI) and intratumoral microvessels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between immunostaining and clinicopathological parameters, as well as the follow-up data of patients, was analyzed statistically. U87MG glioma cells were transfected with short interference (si)-RNA for HGF, and the cell viability, migratory ability and chemosensitivity to cisplatin were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS Both high HGF expression in tumor cells (59.2%, 45/76) and high PI were significantly associated with high-grade glioma and increased microvessels in tumors (P < 0.05). However, only histological grading (P = 0.004) and high-expression of HGF (P = 0.008) emerged as independent prognostic factors for the overall survival of glioma patients. The tumor-derived HGF mRNA and protein expressions were significantly decreased in vitro after transfection of HGF siRNA. HGF siRNA inhibited the cell growth and reduced cell migratory ability. Moreover, HGF siRNA transfection enhanced the chemosensitivity of U87MG glioma cells to cisplatin. CONCLUSION This study indicated that there was significant correlation among tumor cell-derived HGF, cell proliferation and microvessel proliferation in gliomas. HGF might influence tumor progression by modulating the cell growth, migration and chemoresistance to drugs. Increased expression of HGF may be a valuable predictor for prognostic evaluation of glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-feng Guo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-bing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong General Hospital, 106 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-ying Tian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7, Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Quan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58, Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Nicotine enhances proliferation, migration, and radioresistance of human malignant glioma cells through EGFR activation. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 30:73-83. [PMID: 22614999 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-012-0101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that continued tobacco use during radiation therapy contributes to maintenance of neoplastic growth despite treatment with radiation. Nicotine is a cigarette component that is an established risk factor for many diseases, neoplastic and otherwise. The hypothesis of this work is that nicotine promotes the proliferation, migration, and radioresistance of human malignant glioma cells. The effect of nicotine on cellular proliferation, migration, signaling, and radiation sensitivity were evaluated for malignant glioma U87 and GBM12 cells by use of the AlamarBlue, scratch healing, and clonogenic survival assays. Signal transduction was assessed by immunoblotting for activated EGFR, ERK, and AKT. At concentrations comparable with those found in chronic smokers, nicotine induced malignant glioma cell migration, growth, colony formation, and radioresistance. Nicotine increased phosphorylation of EGFR(tyr992), AKT(ser473), and ERK. These molecular effects were reduced by pharmacological inhibitors of EGFR, PI3K, and MEK. It was therefore concluded that nicotine stimulates the malignant behavior of glioma cells in vitro by activation of the EGFR and downstream AKT and ERK pathways.
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237
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Amirian ES, Scheurer ME. Chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus 6 in familial glioma etiology. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:193-6. [PMID: 22591997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a highly neurotropic beta-herpesvirus with demonstrated transformative properties. HHV-6 infection has been implicated in the etiologies of cancers, including lymphoma and leukemia; conditions with brain involvement, including epilepsy and encephalitis; and other disorders. HHV-6 is also the only human herpesvirus that has been proven to integrate into the chromosomes of a proportion (1-12%) of infected individuals. Because several traditional genetic association studies have failed to identify a variant that can account for the established relationship between family history and glioma risk, the possibility that chromosomally-integrated HHV-6 (CI-HHV-6), as a heritable factor, may explain a proportion of familial glioma cases warrants evaluation. To test this hypothesis, the prevalence of CI-HHV-6 in familial glioma cases and related and unrelated cancer-free control groups should be compared. Among glioma-affected families, the inheritance pattern of CI-HHV-6 could be evaluated by constructing pedigrees. If CI-HHV-6 is found to be associated with familial glioma risk, this knowledge could potentially lead to the future development of novel therapeutic and preventive approaches, including vaccines and immunotherapies targeted at the HHV-6 sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susan Amirian
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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238
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Wu WT, Lin YJ, Liou SH, Yang CY, Cheng KF, Tsai PJ, Wu TN. Brain cancer associated with environmental lead exposure: evidence from implementation of a National Petrol-Lead Phase-Out Program (PLPOP) in Taiwan between 1979 and 2007. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:97-101. [PMID: 21821291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In 1981, a Petrol-Lead Phase-Out Program (PLPOP) was launched in Taiwan for the abatement of environmental lead emissions. The present study was intended to examine whether the high Petrol-Lead Emission Areas (PLEA) would result in an increase in the incidence rate of brain cancer based on a national data bank. METHODS The national brain cancer incidence data was obtained from the Taiwan National Cancer Registry. Age standardized incidence rates were calculated based on the 2000 WHO world standard population, and gasoline consumption data was obtained from the Bureau of Energy. The differences in the trend tests for age-standardized incidence rates of brain cancer between high, median, low, and small PLEA were analyzed. RESULTS A significant increase was found from small to high PLEA in age-standardized incidence rates of brain cancer. By taking six possible confounders into account, the age-standardized incidence rates for brain cancer were highly correlated with the median and high PLEA by reference to the small PLEA. CONCLUSION After being adjusted for a number of relevant confounders, it could be concluded that high PLEA might result in an increase in the incidence rate of brain cancer resulting from high lead exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Te Wu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Lin
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Fu Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Trong-Neng Wu
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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239
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Kogias E, Osterberg N, Baumer B, Psarras N, Koentges C, Papazoglou A, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Weyerbrock A. Growth-inhibitory and chemosensitizing effects of the glutathione-S-transferase-π-activated nitric oxide donor PABA/NO in malignant gliomas. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:1184-94. [PMID: 21455987 PMCID: PMC3161158 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are upregulated in malignant gliomas and contribute to their chemoresistance. The nitric oxide (NO) donor PABA/NO (O(2) -{2,4-dinitro-5-[4-(N-methylamino)benzoyloxy]phenyl} 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate) generates NO upon selective enzymatic activation by GST-π-inducing selective biological effects in tumors. Tumor cell killing and chemosensitization were observed in a variety of tumors after exposure to GST-activated NO donor drugs. In our project, cytotoxic and chemosensitizing effects of PABA/NO in combination with carboplatin (CPT) and temozolomide (TMZ) were studied in human U87 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. U87 glioma cells were exposed to PABA/NO alone or in combination with CPT or TMZ for 24 hr. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay after 24-hr incubation and 48 hr after drug removal. The antiproliferative effect of PABA/NO was assessed in an intracranial U87 glioma nude rat model comparing subcutaneous administration and intratumoral delivery by convection-enhanced delivery. PABA/NO monotherapy showed a strong dose-dependent growth-inhibitory effect in U87 glioma cells in vitro, and a strong synergistic effect was observed after concomitant treatment with TMZ, but not with CPT. Systemic and intratumoral PABA/NO administration significantly reduced cell proliferation, but this did not result in prolonged survival in nude rats with intracranial U87 gliomas. PABA/NO has potent antiproliferative effects, sensitizes U87 glioma cells to TMZ in vitro and shows some in vivo efficacy. Further studies are still required to consolidate the role of NO donor therapy in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kogias
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Nadja Osterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Brunhilde Baumer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Nikolaos Psarras
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Christoph Koentges
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Anna Papazoglou
- Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg, GERMANY
| | | | - Larry K Keefer
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
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240
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Michaud-Levesque J, Bousquet-Gagnon N, Béliveau R. Quercetin abrogates IL-6/STAT3 signaling and inhibits glioblastoma cell line growth and migration. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:925-35. [PMID: 22394507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has suggested that STAT3 functions as an oncogene in gliomagenesis. As a consequence, changes in the inflammatory microenvironment are thought to promote tumor development. Regardless of its origin, cancer-related inflammation has many tumor-promoting effects, such as the promotion of cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, cell migration and cell survival. Given that IL-6, a major cancer-related inflammatory cytokine, regulates STAT3 activation and is upregulated in glioblastoma, we sought to investigate the inhibitory effects of the chemopreventive flavonoid quercetin on glioblastoma cell proliferation and migration triggered by IL-6, and to determine the underlying mechanisms of action. In this study, we show that quercetin is a potent inhibitor of the IL-6-induced STAT3 signaling pathway in T98G and U87 glioblastoma cells. Exposure to quercetin resulted in the reduction of GP130, JAK1 and STAT3 activation by IL-6, as well as a marked decrease of the proliferative and migratory properties of glioblastoma cells induced by IL-6. Interestingly, quercetin also modulated the expression of two target genes regulated by STAT3, i.e. cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Moreover, quercetin reduced the recruitment of STAT3 at the cyclin D1 promoter and inhibited Rb phosphorylation in the presence of IL-6. Overall, these results provide new insight into the role of quercetin as a blocker of the STAT3 activation pathway stimulated by IL-6, with a potential role in the prevention and treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Michaud-Levesque
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lv Y, Song Q, Shao Q, Gao W, Mao H, Lou H, Qu X, Li X. Comparison of the effects of marchantin C and fucoidan on sFlt-1 and angiogenesis in glioma microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:604-9. [PMID: 22420666 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the effects of marchantin C and fucoidan on angiogenesis induced by glioma cells and monocytes, and to elucidate the role of sFlt-1 in this process. METHODS T98G glioma cells and THP1 monocytes were pretreated with marchantin C or fucoidan, respectively. Conditioned media were used for endothelial cell tube formation assay and detection of sFlt-1 by ELISA. Depletion of sFlt-1 was achieved by a neutralizing antibody to assess its role in the process. KEY FINDINGS Marchantin C inhibited angiogenesis induced by T98G cells while fucoidan inhibited both T98G and THP1 cell-induced angiogenesis. In all three groups in which angiogenesis was inhibited, sFlt-1 level in the supernatants was elevated. Pretreatment of the conditioned media with sFlt-1 antibody restored the inhibited angiogenesis to a certain degree. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested for the first time that marchantin C and fucoidan could significantly inhibit angiogenesis induced by glioma cells or monocytes. Up-regulation of sFlt-1 played an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China
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242
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Hasenbach K, Wiehr S, Herrmann C, Mannheim J, Cay F, von Kürthy G, Bolmont T, Grathwohl SA, Weller M, Lengerke C, Pichler BJ, Tabatabai G. Monitoring the glioma tropism of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells by 2-photon laser scanning microscopy and positron emission tomography. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:471-81. [PMID: 22298526 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral experimental gliomas attract intravenously injected murine or human bone marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPC) in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo, indicating that these progenitor cells might be suitable vehicles for a cell-based delivery of therapeutic molecules to malignant gliomas. With regard to therapeutic application, it is important to investigate cell fates in vivo (i.e., the time-dependent intratumoral and systemic distribution after intravenously injection). Conventional histological analysis has limitations in this regard because longitudinal monitoring is precluded. Here, we used 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM), positron emission tomography (PET), and MRI to study the fate of intravenously injected HPC carrying fluorescence, bioluminescence, and PET reporter genes in glioma-bearing mice. Our 2PLSM-based monitoring studies revealed that HPC homing to intracerebral experimental gliomas occurred already within the first 6 h and was most efficient within the first 24 h after intravenous injection. The highest PET signals were detected in intracerebral gliomas, whereas the tracer uptake in other organs, notably spleen, lung, liver, and muscle, remained at background levels. The results have important implications for designing schedules for therapeutic cell-based anti-glioma approaches. Moreover, the PET reporter-based imaging technique will allow noninvasive monitoring of cell fate in future cell-based therapeutic antiglioma approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Hasenbach
- Department of General Neurology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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243
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Wang C, Yu G, Liu J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Huang Z. Downregulation of PCDH9 predicts prognosis for patients with glioma. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:541-5. [PMID: 22300792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that biological markers are essential in estimating the prognosis of patients with gliomas. The aim of this study was to determine the status and clinical significance of a novel tumor suppressor, PCDH9 (protocadherin 9) in glioma using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry. Normal brain tissue showed strong positive immunostaining for PCDH9, but this was downregulated in the primary cerebral glial tumor samples (51.7%). Loss of PCDH9 expression was associated significantly with a higher histological grade. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with PCDH9-negative tumors had significantly shorter survival times than those with PCDH9-positive tumors and that PCDH9 was an independent prognostic factor. Our results suggest that PCDH9 might function as a tumor suppressor during cancer development and progression and could be regarded as a useful biomarker for predicting the outcome of patients with cerebral glial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 105th Hospital of PLA, 424 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230000, Anhui Province, China
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244
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Zouaoui S, Rigau V, Mathieu-Daudé H, Darlix A, Bessaoud F, Fabbro-Peray P, Bauchet F, Kerr C, Fabbro M, Figarella-Branger D, Taillandier L, Duffau H, Trétarre B, Bauchet L. Recensement national histologique des tumeurs primitives du système nerveux central : résultats généraux sur 40 000 cas, principales applications actuelles et perspectives. Neurochirurgie 2012; 58:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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245
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Liappas A, Alexandros L, Mourouzis I, Iordanis M, Zisakis A, Athanasios Z, Economou K, Konstantinos E, Lea RW, Robert-William L, Pantos C, Constantinos P. Cell-type-dependent thyroid hormone effects on glioma tumor cell lines. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:856050. [PMID: 22229106 PMCID: PMC3250624 DOI: 10.4061/2011/856050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The present study investigated the potential effects of long-term T3 treatment on glioma tumor cell lines. Thyroid hormone action on cell growth, differentiation and survival during development may be of therapeutic relevance Methods and Results 1321N1 cell line, an astrocytoma grade II, and U87MG, a glioblastoma grade IV, were exposed for 2 and 4 days in medium deprived of T3 and in medium containing 1 nM T3. T3 promoted re-differentiation in both cell lines. However, T3 increased cell proliferation in 1321N1 (2 days) which declined thereafter (4 days) while in U87MG resulted in suppression of cell proliferation. At the molecular level, a 2.9 fold increase in the expression of TRα1 receptor was observed in U87MG versus 1321N1, P < 0.05. TRβ1 receptor was undetectable. These changes corresponded to a distinct pattern of T3-induced kinase signaling activation; T3 had no effect on ERK activation in both cell lines but significantly increased phospho-Akt levels in 1321N1. Conclusion. In conclusion, T3 can re-differentiate glioma tumor cells, whereas its effect on cell proliferation appears to be dependent on the type of tumor cell line with aggressive tumors being more sensitive to T3. TRα1 receptor may, at least in part, be implicated in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Liappas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Avenue,11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
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Zhang X, Chen T, Zhang J, Mao Q, Li S, Xiong W, Qiu Y, Xie Q, Ge J. Notch1 promotes glioma cell migration and invasion by stimulating β-catenin and NF-κB signaling via AKT activation. Cancer Sci 2011; 103:181-90. [PMID: 22093097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway has been implicated in both developmental processes and tumorigenesis. Aberrant Notch signaling has been repeatedly demonstrated to facilitate the proliferation and survival of glioma cells by regulating downstream effectors or other signaling pathways. In glioblastoma multiforme specimens from 59 patients, Notch1 was highly expressed in tumor tissues compared with normal brain tissues, and this expression was correlated with elevated AKT phosphorylation and Snail expression. Increased nuclear localization of β-catenin and p50 as well as enhanced IKKα/AKT interaction were also observed in glioma tissues. In U87MG cells, the activation of Notch1 by DLL4 stimulation or by the overexpression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) resulted in AKT activation and thereby promoted β-catenin activity and NF-κB signaling. Inhibition of EGFR partially blocked the β-catenin and NF-κB signaling stimulated by Notch1 activation. Furthermore, NICD overexpression in U87MG cells led to the upregulated expression of several metastasis-associated molecules, which could be abrogated by the knockdown of either β-catenin or p50. In U87MG and U251 cells, DLL4-induced cellular migration and invasion could be inhibited by either β-catenin or a p50 inhibitor. Collectively, these results indicate that Notch activation could stimulate β-catenin and NF-κB signaling through AKT activation in glioma cells. Thus, Notch activation-stimulated β-catenin and NF-κB signaling synergistically promote the migratory and invasive properties of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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247
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Significant association of multiple human cytomegalovirus genomic Loci with glioblastoma multiforme samples. J Virol 2011; 86:854-64. [PMID: 22090104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06097-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are appreciated as etiological agents of certain human tumors, but the number of different cancer types induced or exacerbated by viral infections is unknown. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)/astrocytoma grade IV is a malignant and lethal brain cancer of unknown origin. Over the past decade, several studies have searched for the presence of a prominent herpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), in GBM samples. While some have detected HCMV DNA, RNA, and proteins in GBM tissues, others have not. Therefore, any purported association of HCMV with GBM remains controversial. In most of the previous studies, only one or a select few viral targets were analyzed. Thus, it remains unclear the extent to which the entire viral genome was present when detected. Here we report the results of a survey of GBM specimens for as many as 20 different regions of the HCMV genome. Our findings indicate that multiple HCMV loci are statistically more likely to be found in GBM samples than in other brain tumors or epileptic brain specimens and that the viral genome was more often detected in frozen samples than in paraffin-embedded archival tissue samples. Finally, our experimental results indicate that cellular genomes substantially outnumber viral genomes in HCMV-positive GBM specimens, likely indicating that only a minority of the cells found in such samples harbor viral DNA. These data argue for the association of HCMV with GBM, defining the virus as oncoaccessory. Furthermore, they imply that, were HCMV to enhance the growth or survival of a tumor (i.e., if it is oncomodulatory), it would likely do so through mechanisms distinct from classic tumor viruses that express transforming viral oncoproteins in the overwhelming majority of tumor cells.
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248
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Aberrant signaling pathways in glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3242-78. [PMID: 24212955 PMCID: PMC3759196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a WHO grade IV malignant glioma, is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults; few treatments are available. Median survival rates range from 12–15 months. The biological characteristics of this tumor are exemplified by prominent proliferation, active invasiveness, and rich angiogenesis. This is mainly due to highly deregulated signaling pathways in the tumor. Studies of these signaling pathways have greatly increased our understanding of the biology and clinical behavior of GBM. An integrated view of signal transduction will provide a more useful approach in designing novel therapies for this devastating disease. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of GBM signaling pathways with a focus on potential molecular targets for anti-signaling molecular therapies.
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Prognostic value of novel biomarkers in astrocytic brain tumors: nuclear receptor co-regulators AIB1, TIF2, and PELP1 are associated with high tumor grade and worse patient prognosis. J Neurooncol 2011; 106:23-31. [PMID: 21735116 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) and their co-regulatory proteins are key components of complex signaling networks that specifically regulate the growth and development of various tissues and tumors. Still, their protein expression profiles and possible role in the pathogenesis of astrocytic tumors remain largely unknown. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the differential protein expression of ΕRα, ERβ, and their co-activators, AIB1, TIF2, and PELP1 in astrocytic tumors of World Health Organization (WHO) grade II-IV, using immunohistochemistry. Potential correlations with clinicopathological parameters and patient prognosis were also explored. ERα protein expression was undetectable while ERβ levels were significantly decreased with progression of tumor grade (P < 0.001). High expression of ERβ was an independent favorable prognostic factor on multivariate analysis (P = 0.003). Expression of AIB1, TIF2, and PELP1 was not correlated with ERβ expression and followed an opposite trend, with increasing levels in high-grade relative to low-grade tumors (P < 0.001). Univariate survival analysis revealed that high AIB1, TIF2, and PELP1 expression was associated with worse prognosis (P = 0.049, P = 0.033, and P = 0.020, respectively). ERβ and ER co-activators AIB1, TIF2, and PELP1 appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of astrocytic tumors and might have prognostic significance. The mechanisms underlying their involvement in astrocytic tumorigenesis, as well as their utility for prognostic and therapeutic purposes merit further investigation.
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250
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Sjöström S, Hjalmars U, Juto P, Wadell G, Hallmans G, Tjönneland A, Halkjaer J, Manjer J, Almquist M, Melin BS. Human immunoglobulin G levels of viruses and associated glioma risk. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1259-66. [PMID: 21717196 PMCID: PMC3146711 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Few consistent etiological factors have been identified for primary brain tumors. Inverse associations to asthma and low levels of varicella-zoster virus, immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in prevalent cases have indicted a role for the immune system in the development of glioma. Because samples from prevalent cases of glioma could be influenced by treatments such as steroids and chemotherapy, we investigated pre-diagnostic samples from three large Scandinavian cohorts. To test the hypothesis that immune response levels to these viruses are associated etiologically with glioma risk, we investigated pre-diagnostic immunoglobulin levels for cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), adenovirus (Ad), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) including the nuclear antigen (EBNA1) using plasma samples from 197 cases of adult glioma and 394 controls collected from population-based cohorts in Sweden and Denmark. Low VZV IgG levels were marginally significantly more common in glioma cases than the controls (odds ratio (OR) = 0.68, 95% CI 0.41–1.13) for the fourth compared with the first quartile (p = 0.06 for trend). These results were more prominent when analyzing cases with blood sampling at least 2 years before diagnosis (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.37–1.08) (p = 0.03). No association with glioma risk was observed for CMV, EBV, and adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sjöström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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