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Molinari E, Srivastava S, Dewhurst RM, Sayer JA. Use of patient derived urine renal epithelial cells to confirm pathogenicity of PKHD1 alleles. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:435. [PMID: 33059616 PMCID: PMC7559414 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-02094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PKHD1 is the main genetic cause of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), a hereditary hepato-renal fibrocystic disorder which is the most important cause of end-stage renal disease during early childhood. ARPKD can also present in adulthood with milder phenotypes. In this study, we describe a 24-year-old woman with atypical polycystic kidney, no family history of renal disease and no obvious extra-renal manifestations who was referred for genetic investigation. Methods We used a combination of next generation sequencing, Sanger sequencing and RNA and microscopy studies performed on urine-derived renal epithelial cells (URECs) to provide a genetic diagnosis of ARPKD. Results A next generation sequencing panel of cystic ciliopathy genes allowed the identification of two heterozygous sequence changes in PKHD1 (c.6900C > T; p.(Asn2300=) and c.7964A > C; p.(His2655Pro)). The pathogenicity of the synonymous PKHD1 variant is not clear and requires RNA studies, which cannot be carried out efficiently on RNA extracted from proband blood, due to the low expression levels of PKHD1 in lymphocytes. Using URECs as a source of kidney-specific RNA, we show that PKHD1 is alternatively spliced around exon 43, both in control and proband URECs. The variant p.(Asn2300=) shifts the expression ratio in favour of a shorter, out-of-frame transcript. To further study the phenotypic consequence of these variants, we investigated the ciliary phenotype of patient URECs, which were abnormally elongated and presented multiple blebs along the axoneme. Conclusions We confirm the power of URECs as a tool for functional studies on candidate variants in inherited renal disease, especially when the expression of the gene of interest is restricted to the kidney and we describe, for the first time, ciliary abnormalities in ARPKD patient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Shalabh Srivastava
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rebecca M Dewhurst
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK. .,Renal Services, The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK. .,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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202
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K + Channel Tetramerization Domain 5 (KCTD5) Protein Regulates Cell Migration, Focal Adhesion Dynamics and Spreading through Modulation of Ca 2+ Signaling and Rac1 Activity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102273. [PMID: 33053687 PMCID: PMC7600296 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is critical for several physiological and pathophysiological processes. It depends on the coordinated action of kinases, phosphatases, Rho-GTPases proteins, and Ca2+ signaling. Interestingly, ubiquitination events have emerged as regulatory elements of migration. Thus, the role of proteins involved in ubiquitination processes could be relevant to a complete understanding of pro-migratory mechanisms. KCTD5 is a member of Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain (KCTD) proteins that have been proposed as a putative adaptor for Cullin3-E3 ubiquitin ligase and a novel regulatory protein of TRPM4 channels. Here, we study whether KCTD5 participates in cell migration-associated mechanisms, such as focal adhesion dynamics and cellular spreading. Our results show that KCTD5 CRISPR/Cas9- and shRNA-based depletion in B16-F10 cells promoted an increase in cell migration and cell spreading, and a decrease in the focal adhesion area, consistent with an increased focal adhesion disassembly rate. The expression of a dominant-negative mutant of Rho-GTPases Rac1 precluded the KCTD5 depletion-induced increase in cell spreading. Additionally, KCTD5 silencing decreased the serum-induced Ca2+ response, and the reversion of this with ionomycin abolished the KCTD5 knockdown-induced decrease in focal adhesion size. Together, these data suggest that KCTD5 acts as a regulator of cell migration by modulating cell spreading and focal adhesion dynamics through Rac1 activity and Ca2+ signaling, respectively.
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203
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Partners in crime: POPX2 phosphatase and its interacting proteins in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:840. [PMID: 33037179 PMCID: PMC7547661 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation govern intracellular signal transduction and cellular functions. Kinases and phosphatases are involved in the regulation and development of many diseases such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cancer. While the functions and roles of many kinases, as well as their substrates, are well understood, phosphatases are comparatively less well studied. Recent studies have shown that rather than acting on fewer and more distinct substrates like the kinases, phosphatases can recognize specific phosphorylation sites on many different proteins, making the study of phosphatases and their substrates challenging. One approach to understand the biological functions of phosphatases is through understanding their protein–protein interaction network. POPX2 (Partner of PIX 2; also known as PPM1F or CaMKP) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that belongs to the PP2C family. It has been implicated in cancer cell motility and invasiveness. This review aims to summarize the different binding partners of POPX2 phosphatase and explore the various functions of POPX2 through its interactome in the cell. In particular, we focus on the impact of POPX2 on cancer progression. Acting via its different substrates and interacting proteins, POPX2’s involvement in metastasis is multifaceted and varied according to the stages of metastasis.
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204
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Møller AMJ, Delaisse J, Olesen JB, Bechmann T, Madsen JS, Søe K. Zoledronic Acid Is Not Equally Potent on Osteoclasts Generated From Different Individuals. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10412. [PMID: 33210064 PMCID: PMC7657394 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoledronic acid is a bisphosphonate commonly used to treat bone diseases such as osteoporosis and cancer‐induced bone disease. Patients exhibit a variable sensitivity to zoledronic acid; the underlying explanation for this remains unclear. The objective of this study was to obtain more knowledge in this regard. We hypothesized that osteoclasts generated from different individuals would show a variable sensitivity to zoledronic acid in vitro. Osteoclasts were generated using monocytes from 46 healthy female blood donors (40 to 66 years). Matured osteoclasts were reseeded onto bone slices precoated with different concentrations of zoledronic acid. IC50 values were determined based on total eroded bone surface after 3 days of resorption. The IC50 for inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption varied from 0.06 to 12.57μM zoledronic acid; thus, a more than 200‐fold difference in sensitivity to zoledronic acid among osteoclasts from different individuals was observed. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the determined IC50 correlated with smoking status, and the average number of nuclei per osteoclast in vitro. Further analyses showed that: (i) increasing protein levels of mature cathepsin K in osteoclast cultures rendered the osteoclasts less sensitive to zoledronic acid; (ii) surprisingly, neither the gene nor the protein expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase was found to correlate with the IC50; and (iii) trench‐forming osteoclasts were found to be more sensitive to zoledronic acid than pit‐forming osteoclasts within the same cell culture. Thus, we conclude that there indeed is a high degree of variation in the potency of zoledronic acid on osteoclasts when generated from different individuals. We propose that our findings can explain some of the varying clinical efficacy of zoledronic acid therapy observed in patients, and may therefore be of clinical importance, which should be investigated in a clinical trial combining in vitro and in vivo investigations. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs M J Møller
- Clinical Cell BiologyLillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of PathologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and ImmunologyLillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
| | - Jean‐Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell BiologyLillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of PathologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Jacob B Olesen
- Clinical Cell BiologyLillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of PathologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Troels Bechmann
- Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Department of OncologyLillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
| | - Jonna S Madsen
- Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and ImmunologyLillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell BiologyLillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkVejleDenmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of PathologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
- Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- OPEN, Open Patient data Explorative NetworkUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
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Rho GTPases: Big Players in Breast Cancer Initiation, Metastasis and Therapeutic Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102167. [PMID: 32992837 PMCID: PMC7600866 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, a family of the Ras GTPase superfamily, are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. They were originally thought to primarily affect cell migration and invasion; however, recent advances in our understanding of the biology and function of Rho GTPases have demonstrated their diverse roles within the cell, including membrane trafficking, gene transcription, migration, invasion, adhesion, survival and growth. As these processes are critically involved in cancer initiation, metastasis and therapeutic responses, it is not surprising that studies have demonstrated important roles of Rho GTPases in cancer. Although the majority of data indicates an oncogenic role of Rho GTPases, tumor suppressor functions of Rho GTPases have also been revealed, suggesting a context and cell-type specific function for Rho GTPases in cancer. This review aims to summarize recent progresses in our understanding of the regulation and functions of Rho GTPases, specifically in the context of breast cancer. The potential of Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets and prognostic tools for breast cancer patients are also discussed.
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206
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Ning L, Suleiman HY, Miner JH. Synaptopodin Is Dispensable for Normal Podocyte Homeostasis but Is Protective in the Context of Acute Podocyte Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2815-2832. [PMID: 32938649 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptopodin (Synpo) is an actin-associated protein in podocytes and dendritic spines. Many functions in regulating the actin cytoskeleton via RhoA and other pathways have been ascribed to Synpo, yet no pathogenic mutations in the SYNPO gene have been discovered in patients. Naturally occurring Synpo isoforms are known (Synpo-short and -long), and a novel truncated version (Synpo-T) is upregulated in podocytes from Synpo mutant mice. Synpo-T maintains some Synpo functions, which may prevent a podocyte phenotype from emerging in unchallenged mutant mice. METHODS Novel mouse models were generated to further investigate the functions of Synpo. In one, CRISPR/Cas9 deleted most of the Synpo gene, preventing production of any detectable Synpo protein. Two other mutant strains made truncated versions of the protein. Adriamycin injections were used to challenge the mice, and Synpo functions were investigated in primary cultured podocytes. RESULTS Mice that could not make detectable Synpo (Synpo -/- ) did not develop any kidney abnormalities up to 12 months of age. However, Synpo -/- mice were more susceptible to Adriamycin nephropathy. In cultured primary podocytes from mutant mice, the absence of Synpo caused loss of stress fibers, increased the number and size of focal adhesions, and impaired cell migration. Furthermore, loss of Synpo led to decreased RhoA activity and increased Rac1 activation. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous findings, podocytes can function normally in vivo in the absence of any Synpo isoform. Synpo plays a protective role in the context of podocyte injury through its involvement in actin reorganization and focal adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ning
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hani Y Suleiman
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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207
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Taha M, Aldirawi M, März S, Seebach J, Odenthal-Schnittler M, Bondareva O, Bojovic V, Schmandra T, Wirth B, Mietkowska M, Rottner K, Schnittler H. EPLIN-α and -β Isoforms Modulate Endothelial Cell Dynamics through a Spatiotemporally Differentiated Interaction with Actin. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1010-1026.e6. [PMID: 31644899 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin-binding proteins are essential for linear and branched actin filament dynamics that control shape change, cell migration, and cell junction remodeling in vascular endothelium (endothelial cells [ECs]). The epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN) is an actin-binding protein, expressed as EPLIN-α and EPLIN-β by alternative promoters; however, the isoform-specific functions are not yet understood. Aortic compared to cava vein ECs and shear stress-exposed cultured ECs express increased EPLIN-β levels that stabilize stress fibers. In contrast, EPLIN-α expression is increased in growing and migrating ECs, is targeted to membrane protrusions, and terminates their growth via interaction with the Arp2/3 complex. The data indicate that EPLIN-α controls protrusion dynamics while EPLIN-β has an actin filament stabilizing role, which is consistent with FRAP analyses demonstrating a lower EPLIN-β turnover rate compared to EPLIN-α. Together, EPLIN isoforms differentially control actin dynamics in ECs, essential in shear stress responses, cell migration, and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Taha
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mohammed Aldirawi
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sigrid März
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jochen Seebach
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Odenthal-Schnittler
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, Medical Center, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olga Bondareva
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Vesna Bojovic
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmandra
- Heart and Vascular Clinic Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt a.d. Saale, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wirth
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute for Analysis and Numerics, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Magdalena Mietkowska
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 CiM), Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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208
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Al Haddad M, El-Rif R, Hanna S, Jaafar L, Dennaoui R, Abdellatef S, Miskolci V, Cox D, Hodgson L, El-Sibai M. Differential regulation of rho GTPases during lung adenocarcinoma migration and invasion reveals a novel role of the tumor suppressor StarD13 in invadopodia regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:144. [PMID: 32900380 PMCID: PMC7487901 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring cancer. The ability to metastasize and spread to distant locations renders the tumor more aggressive. Members of the Rho subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins (GTPases) play a central role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and in cancer cell migration and metastasis. In this study we investigated the role of the RhoA/Cdc42 GAP, StarD13, a previously described tumor suppressor, in malignancy, migration and invasion of the lung cancer cells A549. Methods We knocked down StarD13 expression in A549 lung cancer cells and tested the effect on cell migration and invadopodia formation using time lapse imaging and invasion assays. We also performed rescue experiments to determine the signaling pathways downstream of StarD13 and transfected the cells with FRET biosensors for RhoGTPases to identify the proteins involved in invadopodia formation. Results We observed a decrease in the level of expression of StarD13 in lung tumor tissues compared to normal lung tissues through immunohistochemistry. StarD13 also showed a lower expression in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 compared to normal lung cells, WI38. In addition, the depletion of StarD13 increased cell proliferation and viability in WI38 and A549 cells, suggesting that StarD13 might potentially be a tumor suppressor in lung cancer. The depletion of StarD13, however, inhibited cell motility, conversely demonstrating a positive regulatory role in cell migration. This was potentially due to the constitutive activation of RhoA detected by pull down and FRET assays. Surprisingly, StarD13 suppressed cell invasion by inhibiting Cdc42-mediated invadopodia formation. Indeed, TKS4 staining and invadopodia assay revealed that StarD13 depletion increased Cdc42 activation as well as invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Normal lung cells depleted of StarD13 also produced invadopodia, otherwise a unique hallmark of invasive cancer cells. Cdc42 knock down mimicked the effects of StarD13, while overexpression of a constitutively active Cdc42 mimicked the effects of its depletion. Finally, immunostaining and FRET analysis revealed the absence of StarD13 in invadopodia as compared to Cdc42, which was activated in invadopodia at the sites of matrix degradation. Conclusion In conclusion, StarD13 plays distinct roles in lung cancer cell migration and invasion through its differential regulation of Rho GTPases. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Al Haddad
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayane El-Rif
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Samer Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics HemeOnc division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayanne Dennaoui
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Abdellatef
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon.
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Sundararaman A, Mellor H. A functional antagonism between RhoJ and Cdc42 regulates fibronectin remodelling during angiogenesis. Small GTPases 2020; 12:241-245. [PMID: 32857689 PMCID: PMC8205010 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2020.1809927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. Angiogenesis requires endothelial cells to change shape and polarity, as well as acquire the ability to directionally migrate ‒ processes that are classically regulated by the Rho family of GTPases. RhoJ (previously TCL) is an endothelium enriched Rho GTPase with a 78% amino acid similarity to the ubiquitously expressed Cdc42. In our recent publication, we demonstrate that α5β1 integrin co-traffics with RhoJ. RhoJ specifically represses the internalization of the active α5β1 conformer, leading to a reduced ability of endothelial cells to form fibronectin fibrils. Surprisingly, this function of RhoJ is in opposition to the role of Cdc42, a known driver of fibrillogenesis. Intriguingly, we discovered that the competition for limiting amounts of the shared effector, PAK3, could explain the ability of these two Rho GTPases to regulate fibrillogenesis in opposing directions. Consequently, RhoJ null mice show excessive fibronectin deposition around retinal vessels, possibly due to the unopposed action of Cdc42. Our work suggests that the functional antagonism between RhoJ and Cdc42 could restrict fibronectin remodelling to sites of active angiogenesis to form a provisional matrix for vessel growth. One correlate of our findings is that RhoJ dependent repression of fibronectin remodelling could be atheroprotective in quiescent vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthalakshmy Sundararaman
- Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Harry Mellor
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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210
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Hodge RG, Schaefer A, Howard SV, Der CJ. RAS and RHO family GTPase mutations in cancer: twin sons of different mothers? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:386-407. [PMID: 32838579 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1810622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS and RHO family comprise two major branches of the RAS superfamily of small GTPases. These proteins function as regulated molecular switches and control cytoplasmic signaling networks that regulate a diversity of cellular processes, including cell proliferation and cell migration. In the early 1980s, mutationally activated RAS genes encoding KRAS, HRAS and NRAS were discovered in human cancer and now comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene family in cancer. Only recently, exome sequencing studies identified cancer-associated alterations in two RHO family GTPases, RAC1 and RHOA. RAS and RHO proteins share significant identity in their amino acid sequences, protein structure and biochemistry. Cancer-associated RAS mutant proteins harbor missense mutations that are found primarily at one of three mutational hotspots (G12, G13 and Q61) and have been identified as gain-of-function oncogenic alterations. Although these residues are conserved in RHO family proteins, the gain-of-function mutations found in RAC1 are found primarily at a distinct hotspot. Unexpectedly, the cancer-associated mutations found with RHOA are located at different hotspots than those found with RAS. Furthermore, since the RHOA mutations suggested a loss-of-function phenotype, it has been unclear whether RHOA functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in cancer development. Finally, whereas RAS mutations are found in a broad spectrum of cancer types, RHOA and RAC1 mutations occur in a highly restricted range of cancer types. In this review, we focus on RHOA missense mutations found in cancer and their role in driving tumorigenesis, with comparisons to cancer-associated mutations in RAC1 and RAS GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Hodge
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah V Howard
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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211
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Oncology Therapeutics Targeting the Metabolism of Amino Acids. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081904. [PMID: 32824193 PMCID: PMC7463463 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid metabolism promotes cancer cell proliferation and survival by supporting building block synthesis, producing reducing agents to mitigate oxidative stress, and generating immunosuppressive metabolites for immune evasion. Malignant cells rewire amino acid metabolism to maximize their access to nutrients. Amino acid transporter expression is upregulated to acquire amino acids from the extracellular environment. Under nutrient depleted conditions, macropinocytosis can be activated where proteins from the extracellular environment are engulfed and degraded into the constituent amino acids. The demand for non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) can be met through de novo synthesis pathways. Cancer cells can alter various signaling pathways to boost amino acid usage for the generation of nucleotides, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging molecules, and oncometabolites. The importance of amino acid metabolism in cancer proliferation makes it a potential target for therapeutic intervention, including via small molecules and antibodies. In this review, we will delineate the targets related to amino acid metabolism and promising therapeutic approaches.
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Nikoloudaki G, Snider P, Simmons O, Conway SJ, Hamilton DW. Periostin and matrix stiffness combine to regulate myofibroblast differentiation and fibronectin synthesis during palatal healing. Matrix Biol 2020; 94:31-56. [PMID: 32777343 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the matricellular protein periostin is prominently upregulated in skin and gingival healing, it plays contrasting roles in myofibroblast differentiation and matrix synthesis respectively. Palatal healing is associated with scarring that can alter or restrict maxilla growth, but the expression pattern and contribution of periostin in palatal healing is unknown. Using periostin-knockout (Postn-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, the contribution of periostin to palatal healing was investigated through 1.5 mm full-thickness excisional wounds in the hard palate. In WT mice, periostin was upregulated 6 days post-wounding, with mRNA levels peaking at day 12. Genetic deletion of periostin significantly reduced wound closure rates compared to WT mice. Absence of periostin reduced mRNA levels of pivotal genes in wound repair, including α-SMA/acta2, fibronectin and βigh3. Recruitment of fibroblasts and inflammatory cells, as visualized by immunofluorescent staining for fibroblast specific factor-1, vimentin, and macrophages markers Arginase-1 and iNOS was also impaired in Postn-/-, but not WT mice. Palatal fibroblasts isolated from the hard palate of mice were cultured on collagen gels and prefabricated silicon substrates with varying stiffness. Postn-/- fibroblasts showed a significantly reduced ability to contract a collagen gel, which was rescued by the exogenous addition of recombinant periostin. As the stiffness increased, Postn-/- fibroblasts increasingly differentiated into myofibroblasts, but not to the same degree as the WT. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac rescued the deficient myofibroblastic phenotype of Postn-/- cells. Low stiffness substrates (0.2 kPa) resulted in upregulation of fibronectin in WT cells, an effect which was significantly reduced in Postn-/- cells. Quantification of immunostaining for vinculin and integrinβ1 adhesions revealed that Periostin is required for the formation of focal and fibrillar adhesions in mPFBs. Our results suggest that periostin modulates myofibroblast differentiation and contraction via integrinβ1/RhoA pathway, and fibronectin synthesis in an ECM stiffness dependent manner in palatal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Nikoloudaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Paige Snider
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Olga Simmons
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Douglas W Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada.
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213
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Arima Y, Nobusue H, Saya H. Targeting of cancer stem cells by differentiation therapy. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2689-2695. [PMID: 32462706 PMCID: PMC7419023 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a hallmark of cancer stem cells (CSCs). To develop novel therapeutic strategies that target CSCs, we established osteosarcoma-initiating (OSi) cells by introducing the c-Myc gene into bone marrow stromal cells derived from Ink4a/Arf KO mice. These OSi cells include bipotent committed cells (similar to osteochondral progenitor cells) with a high tumorigenic activity as well as tripotent cells (similar to mesenchymal stem cells) of low tumorigenicity. We recently showed that the tripotent OSi cells are highly resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, and that depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in these cells induces their terminal adipocyte differentiation and suppresses their tumorigenicity. We here provide an overview of modulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics associated with terminal adipocyte differentiation in osteosarcoma as well as discuss the prospects for new therapeutic strategies that target chemoresistant CSCs by inducing their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene RegulationInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nobusue
- Division of Gene RegulationInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene RegulationInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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214
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Selig M, Lauer JC, Hart ML, Rolauffs B. Mechanotransduction and Stiffness-Sensing: Mechanisms and Opportunities to Control Multiple Molecular Aspects of Cell Phenotype as a Design Cornerstone of Cell-Instructive Biomaterials for Articular Cartilage Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5399. [PMID: 32751354 PMCID: PMC7432012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since material stiffness controls many cell functions, we reviewed the currently available knowledge on stiffness sensing and elucidated what is known in the context of clinical and experimental articular cartilage (AC) repair. Remarkably, no stiffness information on the various biomaterials for clinical AC repair was accessible. Using mRNA expression profiles and morphology as surrogate markers of stiffness-related effects, we deduced that the various clinically available biomaterials control chondrocyte (CH) phenotype well, but not to equal extents, and only in non-degenerative settings. Ample evidence demonstrates that multiple molecular aspects of CH and mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) phenotype are susceptible to material stiffness, because proliferation, migration, lineage determination, shape, cytoskeletal properties, expression profiles, cell surface receptor composition, integrin subunit expression, and nuclear shape and composition of CHs and/or MSCs are stiffness-regulated. Moreover, material stiffness modulates MSC immuno-modulatory and angiogenic properties, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced lineage determination, and CH re-differentiation/de-differentiation, collagen type II fragment production, and TGF-β1- and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)-induced changes in cell stiffness and traction force. We then integrated the available molecular signaling data into a stiffness-regulated CH phenotype model. Overall, we recommend using material stiffness for controlling cell phenotype, as this would be a promising design cornerstone for novel future-oriented, cell-instructive biomaterials for clinical high-quality AC repair tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Selig
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.S.); (J.C.L.); (M.L.H.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin C. Lauer
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.S.); (J.C.L.); (M.L.H.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie L. Hart
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.S.); (J.C.L.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.S.); (J.C.L.); (M.L.H.)
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215
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Khan AU, Qu R, Fan T, Ouyang J, Dai J. A glance on the role of actin in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32678016 PMCID: PMC7364498 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into multiple lineages including osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. An increasing number of studies have indicated that lineage commitment by MSCs is influenced by actin remodeling. Moreover, actin has roles in determining cell shape, nuclear shape, cell spreading, and cell stiffness, which eventually affect cell differentiation. Osteogenic differentiation is promoted in MSCs that exhibit a large spreading area, increased matrix stiffness, higher levels of actin polymerization, and higher density of stress fibers, whereas adipogenic differentiation is prevalent in MSCs with disrupted actin networks. In addition, the mechanical properties of F-actin empower cells to sense and transduce mechanical stimuli, which are also reported to influence differentiation. Various biomaterials, mechanical, and chemical interventions along with pathogen-induced actin alteration in the form of polymerization and depolymerization in MSC differentiation were studied recently. This review will cover the role of actin and its modifications through the use of different methods in inducing osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmat Ullah Khan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongmei Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxing Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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216
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Actin polymerization downstream of integrins: signaling pathways and mechanotransduction. Biochem J 2020; 477:1-21. [PMID: 31913455 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell constantly adapts to its environment. Cell decisions to survive, to proliferate or to migrate are dictated not only by soluble growth factors, but also through the direct interaction of the cell with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrins and their connections to the actin cytoskeleton are crucial for monitoring cell attachment and the physical properties of the substratum. Cell adhesion dynamics are modulated in complex ways by the polymerization of branched and linear actin arrays, which in turn reinforce ECM-cytoskeleton connection. This review describes the major actin regulators, Ena/VASP proteins, formins and Arp2/3 complexes, in the context of signaling pathways downstream of integrins. We focus on the specific signaling pathways that transduce the rigidity of the substrate and which control durotaxis, i.e. directed migration of cells towards increased ECM rigidity. By doing so, we highlight several recent findings on mechanotransduction and put them into a broad integrative perspective that is the result of decades of intense research on the actin cytoskeleton and its regulation.
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217
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Huang S, Zhu Y, Wang C, Li X, Cui X, Tu S, You L, Fu J, Chen Z, Hu W, Gong W. PAK5 facilitates the proliferation, invasion and migration in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4777-4790. [PMID: 32383357 PMCID: PMC7333859 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most common cancer around the world, accounting for approximately 10% of cancer-related mortality. Deeper molecular understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis will provide evidences for identification of early diagnostic indicators and novel therapeutic strategies for CRC treatment. The p21cdc42/rac1 -activated kinase 5 (PAK5) has been reported to be involved in a variety of tumor-promoting behaviors, whereas the underlying mechanisms of PAK5 in CRC progression are still obscure. Our current study revealed an upregulated expression of PAK5 in human CRC tissues as compared with normal adjacent biopsies, which was associated with tumor progression and metastasis. We further unraveled that inhibition of PAK5 was correlated with restrained proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we showed an indispensable role of PAK5 in interacting with Cdc42 and Integrin β1, β3, thus, to facilitate the migration and invasion of CRC cells. Collectively, we pointed out a potential of PAK5 to serve as a novel therapeutic target in restricting CRC proliferation and metastasis. The uncovered mechanisms will deepen the comprehension with regard to the mechanisms of CRC progression, as well as providing new insights for therapeutic intervention in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Huang
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Chunfei Wang
- Endoscopy CenterThe Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaxi Li
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Sufang Tu
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Lijuan You
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - JingWen Fu
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zemin Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive CareThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of GastroenterologyShenzhen HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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218
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De Caris MG, Grieco M, Maggi E, Francioso A, Armeli F, Mosca L, Pinto A, D’Erme M, Mancini P, Businaro R. Blueberry Counteracts BV-2 Microglia Morphological and Functional Switch after LPS Challenge. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061830. [PMID: 32575571 PMCID: PMC7353350 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, respond to brain injury by activating and modifying their morphology. Our study arises from the great interest that has been focused on blueberry (BB) for the antioxidant and pharmacological properties displayed by its components. We analyzed the influence of hydroalcoholic BB extract in resting or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia BV-2 cells. BB exerted a protective effect against LPS-induced cytotoxicity, as indicated by cell viability. BB was also able to influence the actin cytoskeleton organization, to recover the control phenotype after LPS insult, and also to reduce LPS-driven migration. We evaluated the activity of Rho and Rac1 GTPases, which regulate both actin cytoskeletal organization and migratory capacity. LPS caused an increase in Rac1 activity, which was counteracted by BB extract. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, in the presence of BB, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α decreased, as did the immunofluorescence signal of iNOS, whereas that of Arg-1 was increased. Taken together, our results show that, during the inflammatory response, BB extract shifts the M1 polarization towards the M2 phenotype through an actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. Based on that, we might consider BB as a nutraceutical with anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna De Caris
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.G.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Maddalena Grieco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.F.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Elisa Maggi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.M.); (F.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Antonio Francioso
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.F.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Federica Armeli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.M.); (F.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.F.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Alessandro Pinto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.G.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria D’Erme
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (A.F.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Patrizia Mancini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.G.D.C.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-064461526
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy; (E.M.); (F.A.); (R.B.)
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219
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Fang Y, Li F, Qi C, Mao X, Xu Y, Zhao Z, Wu H, Zhang Z. Plakoglobin is involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement of podocytes under the regulation of UCH-L1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:112-118. [PMID: 32560811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UCH-L1 is a de-ubiquitination enzyme comprehensively distributed in neural cells and podocytes, which is involved in several kinds of nervous system and kidney related diseases. Our previous studies have demonstrated the aberrant up-regulation of UCH-L1 in podocytes of renal diseases, but how dose podocytes are injured by up-regulated UCH-L1 is waiting to be elucidated. Here, we observed the cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytes with over-expression of UCH-L1, accompanied with a down-regulation of synaptopodin and RhoA, which are closely related to cytoskeletal stabilization. However, we did not see any alteration of RhoA ubiquitination level under the stimulation of UCH-L1 in podocytes. Subsequently, mass spectrum was applied in UCH-L1-flag immunoprecipitation and plakoglobin was screened out, which was among the UCH-L1-combined proteins and most likely related to cytoskeleton rearrangement. Our experiment demonstrates UCH-L1 may not injure podocytes cytoskeleton through a direct regulation on RhoA/Synaptopodin, but through the regulation of plakoglobin, which could be a promising target for treatment of renal disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Fang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xing Mao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yuyin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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220
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Liu Q, Huang X, Li Q, He L, Li S, Chen X, Ouyang Y, Wang X, Lin C. Rhophilin-associated tail protein 1 promotes migration and metastasis in triple negative breast cancer via activation of RhoA. FASEB J 2020; 34:9959-9971. [PMID: 32427399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903281r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with high motile and invasive capacity that contributes to metastasis. Understanding the mechanisms for the motility of TNBC might provide novel targetable vulnerabilities of the tumors. Herein, we find that Rhophilin-associated tail protein 1 (ROPN1) is selectively overexpressed in human TNBC cell lines and tissues. Overexpression of ROPN1 promotes, while silencing of ROPN1 inhibits the robust migration, invasion, and in vivo metastasis of TNBC cells. Moreover, we find that ROPN1 activates RhoA signaling via rhophilin-1 (RHPN1), leading to enhanced actin stress fibers formation in TNBC cells. RhoA signaling is demonstrated to be essential for ROPN1-mediated migration and metastasis of TNBC cells. Finally, we find that high levels of ROPN1 are significantly associated distant metastasis and predicted poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for the high motility and metastasis of TNBC cells, suggesting that ROPN1 might be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjian Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lixin He
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfu Chen
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ouyang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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221
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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. The Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier by Myosin Light Chain Kinase/Rho Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103550. [PMID: 32443411 PMCID: PMC7278945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial apical junctional complex, which includes tight and adherens junctions, contributes to the intestinal barrier function via their role in regulating paracellular permeability. Myosin light chain II (MLC-2), has been shown to be a critical regulatory protein in altering paracellular permeability during gastrointestinal disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of MLC-2 is a biochemical marker for perijunctional actomyosin ring contraction, which increases paracellular permeability by regulating the apical junctional complex. The phosphorylation of MLC-2 is dominantly regulated by myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) mediated pathways. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of MLCK- and ROCK-mediated pathways in the regulation of the intestinal barrier during normal homeostasis and digestive diseases. Additionally, we will also suggest potential therapeutic targeting of MLCK- and ROCK-associated pathways in gastrointestinal disorders that compromise the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence:
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222
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Replicative senescence in MSCWJ-1 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells is marked by characteristic changes in motility, cytoskeletal organization, and RhoA localization. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3867-3883. [PMID: 32372170 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we document changes in cell motility and organization of the contractile apparatus of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCWJ-1) in the process of replicative senescence. Colocalization dynamics of F-actin and actin-binding proteins (myosin-9, α-actinin-4, RhoA) were examined in the MSCWJ-1 cell line. The results show that nuclear-cytoplasmic redistribution of RhoA occurs during replicative senescence, with maximal RhoA/nucleus colocalization evident at passage 15. At that time point, decreases in colocalization, namely myosin-9/F-actin and α-actinin-4/F-actin, were seen and myosin-9 was found in cytosolic extracts in the assembly-incompetent form. Using an automated intravital confocal cytometry system and quantitative analysis of MSCWJ-1 movements, we found that changes in cytoskeletal organization correlate with cell motility characteristics over a time period from passages 9 to 38. The factors examined (cytoskeleton structure, cell motility) indicate that the process by which cells transition to replicative senescence is best represented as three stages. The first stage lasts from cell culture isolation to passage 15 and is characterized by: accumulation of actin-binding proteins in assembly-incompetent forms; nuclear RhoA accumulation; and an increase in movement tortuosity. The second stage extends from passages 15 to 28 and is characterized by: an increase in the structural integrity of the actin cytoskeleton; exit of RhoA and alpha-actinin-4 from the nucleus; and a decrease in path tortuosity. The third stage extends from passage 28 to 38 and is marked by: a plateau in actin cytoskeleton structural integrity; significant decreases in nuclear RhoA levels; and decreases in cell speed.
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Tuning Cell Motility via Cell Tension with a Mechanochemical Cell Migration Model. Biophys J 2020; 118:2894-2904. [PMID: 32416081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is orchestrated by a complicated mechanochemical system. However, few cell migration models take into account the coupling between the biochemical network and mechanical factors. Here, we construct a mechanochemical cell migration model to study the cell tension effect on cell migration. Our model incorporates the interactions between Rac-GTP, Rac-GDP, F-actin, myosin, and cell tension, and it is very convenient in capturing the change of cell shape by taking the phase field approach. This model captures the characteristic features of cell polarization, cell shape change, and cell migration modes. It shows that cell tension inhibits migration ability monotonically when cells are applied with persistent external stimuli. On the other hand, if random internal noise is significant, the regulation of cell tension exerts a nonmonotonic effect on cell migration. Because the increase of cell tension hinders the formation of multiple protrusions, migration ability could be maximized at intermediate cell tension under random internal noise. These model predictions are consistent with our single-cell experiments and other experimental results.
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Raimondi SL, Marsh TL, Guenther MF. Does Repetition Matter? Analysis of Biology Majors' Ability to Comprehend Journal Articles Across a Major. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2020; 21:jmbe-21-41. [PMID: 32431777 PMCID: PMC7198228 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v21i1.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to read and critically analyze the primary literature is a core skill necessary for future success in scientific fields. While many studies have described methodologies to teach journal reading, no studies examine how much practice and repetition is required before students learn how to comprehend a journal article. Here we assessed student journal reading and comprehension throughout an undergraduate biology major, analyzing students in six upper-level elective courses, some of which had no journal reading requirements while others had extensive requirements built into the course. We hypothesized that there would be a strong correlation between number of articles read in a semester and student ability to comprehend the articles, as well as their comfort and confidence with journal reading. Surprisingly, we found that the number of articles required for a class did not affect overall student reading comprehension and critical thinking even though students self-assessed that they gained comfort and confidence with articles as the number increased. Instead, we found that sophomore students in their first upper-level biology course showed significant gains in learning when the course activities include journal article readings. After this initial gain, there were no significant learning gains in future years, no matter the number of journals required in the course. Together, the results shown here indicate that it is not necessary to revise an entire curriculum to improve students' journal reading and critical thinking skills. Instead, early intervention and exposure to critical journal article reading is most important for this skill development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Raimondi
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Elmhurst College, 190 Prospect Ave., Box 133, Elmhurst, IL 60126. Phone: 630-617-3323. Fax: 630-617-6474. E-mail:
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Zhu MM, Lin JH, Qing P, Pu L, Chen SL, Lin SJ, Li CL, Cao LX, Zhang YM. Manual acupuncture relieves microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK2 pathway. Acupunct Med 2020; 38:426-434. [DOI: 10.1177/0964528420912248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the regulatory mechanism of manual acupuncture (MA) on microglial polarization–mediated neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI), focusing on the RhoA/Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK2) pathway. Methods: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used to generate a TBI model using Feeney’s freefall epidural impact method. MA was performed on half of the TBI model rats, while the others remained untreated. Acupuncture was administered at GV15, GV16, GV20, GV26, and LI4. At the end of the intervention, rat brain tissue samples were collected, and the microglial M1 polarization status was observed by immunofluorescence labeling of CD86, an M1 microglia-specific protein. RhoA/ROCK2 signaling components were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression levels of inflammatory factors. Results: Compared with normal rats, the CD86 expression density in the untreated TBI model rats was high and showed an aggregated expression pattern. The genes and proteins of the RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway were highly expressed, and inflammatory factors were significantly increased. The CD86 expression density in TBI rats after MA was reduced compared to that in untreated TBI rats and showed a scattered distribution. The expression of RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway genes and proteins was also significantly reduced, and inflammatory factors were decreased. Conclusion: These results show that MA may inhibit M1 polarization of microglia by regulating the RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway, thereby reducing neuroinflammation in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-min Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-huan Lin
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Qing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Pu
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-lian Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-jun Lin
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-lu Li
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu-xi Cao
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-min Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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226
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Malek N, Mrówczyńska E, Michrowska A, Mazurkiewicz E, Pavlyk I, Mazur AJ. Knockout of ACTB and ACTG1 with CRISPR/Cas9(D10A) Technique Shows that Non-Muscle β and γ Actin Are Not Equal in Relation to Human Melanoma Cells' Motility and Focal Adhesion Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082746. [PMID: 32326615 PMCID: PMC7216121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle actins have been studied for many decades; however, the reason for the existence of both isoforms is still unclear. Here we show, for the first time, a successful inactivation of the ACTB (CRISPR clones with inactivated ACTB, CR-ACTB) and ACTG1 (CRISPR clones with inactivated ACTG1, CR-ACTG1) genes in human melanoma cells (A375) via the RNA-guided D10A mutated Cas9 nuclease gene editing [CRISPR/Cas9(D10A)] technique. This approach allowed us to evaluate how melanoma cell motility was impacted by the lack of either β actin coded by ACTB or γ actin coded by ACTG1. First, we observed different distributions of β and γ actin in the cells, and the absence of one actin isoform was compensated for via increased expression of the other isoform. Moreover, we noted that γ actin knockout had more severe consequences on cell migration and invasion than β actin knockout. Next, we observed that the formation rate of bundled stress fibers in CR-ACTG1 cells was increased, but lamellipodial activity in these cells was impaired, compared to controls. Finally, we discovered that the formation rate of focal adhesions (FAs) and, subsequently, FA-dependent signaling were altered in both the CR-ACTB and CR-ACTG1 clones; however, a more detrimental effect was observed for γ actin-deficient cells. Our research shows that both non-muscle actins play distinctive roles in melanoma cells’ FA formation and motility.
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227
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Hung PS, Huang MH, Kuo YY, Yang JCH. The Inhibition of Wnt Restrain KRAS G12V-Driven Metastasis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040837. [PMID: 32244355 PMCID: PMC7226522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS mutations have been an obstacle to identify therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. In this work, we clarified the distinct metastasis pattern of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) induced by KRASG12V/KRASG12D mutations and inhibited the KRASG12V mediated metastasis by Wnt inhibitor. First, we found that KRASG12V induced more aggressive phenotype in vitro and in vivo experiments. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) results of H838 KRASG12V cells showed a significant negative correlation with RhoA-related signaling. Following this clue, we observed KRASG12D induced higher activation of RhoA and suppressed activation of Wnt/β-catenin in H838KRASG12D cells. The restored activation of Wnt/β-catenin in H838KRASG12D cells could be detected when expression with a dominant-negative mutant of RhoA or treatment with RhoA inhibitor. Furthermore, the Wnt inhibitor abolished the KRASG12V-induced migration. We elucidated the importance of the axis of RhoA/Wnt in regulatory NSCLC metastasis driven by KRAS mutations. Our data indicate that KRASG12V driven NSCLC metastasis is Wnt-dependent and the mechanisms of NSCLC metastasis induced by KRASG12V/KRASG12D is distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (P.-S.H.); (M.-H.H.)
| | - Ming-Hung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (P.-S.H.); (M.-H.H.)
| | - Yuan-Yeh Kuo
- Tai-Chen Cell Therapy Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - James Chih-Hsin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (P.-S.H.); (M.-H.H.)
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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228
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Qi S, Perrino S, Miao X, Lamarche-Vane N, Brodt P. The chemokine CCL7 regulates invadopodia maturation and MMP-9 mediated collagen degradation in liver-metastatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2020; 483:98-113. [PMID: 32217106 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver metastases remain a major cause of death from gastrointestinal tract cancers and other malignancies, such as breast and lung carcinomas. Understanding the underlying biology is essential for the design of effective therapies. We previously identified the chemokine CCL7 and its receptor CCR3 as critical mediators of invasion and metastasis in lung and colon carcinoma cells. Here we show that the CCL7/CCR3 axis regulates a late stage in invadopodia genesis namely, the targeting of MMP-9 to the invadopodia complex, thereby promoting invadopodia maturation and collagen degradation. We show that this process could be blocked by overexpression of a dominant negative RhoA in highly invasive cells, while a constitutively active RhoA upregulated invadopodia maturation in CCL7-silenced and poorly invasive and metastatic cells and also enhanced their metastatic potential in vivo, collectively, implicating RhoA activation in signaling downstream of CCL7. Blockade of the ERK or PI3K pathways by chemical inhibitors also inhibited invadopodia formation, but affected the initiation stage of invadopodia genesis. Our data implicate CCL7/CCR3 signaling in invadopodia maturation and suggest that chemokine signaling acts in concert with extracellular matrix-initiated signals to promote invasion and liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Qi
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Stephanie Perrino
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Xinyu Miao
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Surgery, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Oncology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of McGill University, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of the Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre 1001 Décarie Blvd, Glen Site, Room E.02.6230, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Gagné D, Benoit YD, Groulx JF, Vachon PH, Beaulieu JF. ILK supports RhoA/ROCK-mediated contractility of human intestinal epithelial crypt cells by inducing the fibrillogenesis of endogenous soluble fibronectin during the spreading process. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:14. [PMID: 32183701 PMCID: PMC7079544 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibronectin (FN) assembly into an insoluble fibrillar matrix is a crucial step in many cell responses to extracellular matrix (ECM) properties, especially with regards to the integrin-related mechanosensitive signaling pathway. We have previously reported that the silencing of expression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cells causes significant reductions in proliferation and spreading through concomitantly acquired impairment of soluble FN deposition. These defects in ILK-depleted cells are rescued by growth on exogenous FN. In the present study we investigated the contribution of ILK in the fibrillogenesis of FN and its relation to integrin-actin axis signaling and organization. RESULTS We show that de novo fibrillogenesis of endogenous soluble FN is ILK-dependent. This function seemingly induces the assembly of an ECM that supports increased cytoskeletal tension and the development of a fully spread contractile cell phenotype. We observed that HIEC cell adhesion to exogenous FN or collagen-I (Col-I) is sufficient to restore fibrillogenesis of endogenous FN in ILK-depleted cells. We also found that optimal engagement of the Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) GTPase/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK-1, ROCK-2)/myosin light chain (MLC) pathway, actin ventral stress fiber formation, and integrin adhesion complex (IAC) maturation rely primarily upon the cell's capacity to execute FN fibrillogenesis, independent of any significant ILK input. Lastly, we confirm the integrin α5β1 as the main integrin responsible for FN assembly, although in ILK-depleted cells αV-class integrins expression is needed to allow the rescue of FN fibrillogenesis on exogenous substrate. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that ILK specifically induces the initiation of FN fibrillogenesis during cell spreading, which promotes RhoA/ROCK-dependent cell contractility and maturation of the integrin-actin axis structures. However, the fibrillogenesis process and its downstream effect on RhoA signaling, cell contractility and spreading are ILK-independent in human intestinal epithelial crypt cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gagné
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Yannick D. Benoit
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Jean-François Groulx
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093 USA
| | - Pierre H. Vachon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, and Research Center of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4 Canada
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230
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Moose DL, Krog BL, Kim TH, Zhao L, Williams-Perez S, Burke G, Rhodes L, Vanneste M, Breheny P, Milhem M, Stipp CS, Rowat AC, Henry MD. Cancer Cells Resist Mechanical Destruction in Circulation via RhoA/Actomyosin-Dependent Mechano-Adaptation. Cell Rep 2020; 30:3864-3874.e6. [PMID: 32187555 PMCID: PMC7219793 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During metastasis, cancer cells are exposed to potentially destructive hemodynamic forces including fluid shear stress (FSS) while en route to distant sites. However, prior work indicates that cancer cells are more resistant to brief pulses of high-level FSS in vitro relative to non-transformed epithelial cells. Herein, we identify a mechano-adaptive mechanism of FSS resistance in cancer cells. Our findings demonstrate that cancer cells activate RhoA in response to FSS, which protects them from FSS-induced plasma membrane damage. We show that cancer cells freshly isolated from mouse and human tumors are resistant to FSS, that formin and myosin II activity protects circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from destruction, and that short-term inhibition of myosin II delays metastasis in mouse models. Collectively, our data indicate that viable CTCs actively resist destruction by hemodynamic forces and are likely to be more mechanically robust than is commonly thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Moose
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Benjamin L Krog
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Gretchen Burke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lillian Rhodes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marion Vanneste
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Christopher S Stipp
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Cancer Biology Program, Biomedical Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Departments of Pathology, Urology and Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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231
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IODVA1, a guanidinobenzimidazole derivative, targets Rac activity and Ras-driven cancer models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229801. [PMID: 32163428 PMCID: PMC7067412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and preliminary characterization of IODVA1, a potent small molecule that is active in xenograft mouse models of Ras-driven lung and breast cancers. In an effort to inhibit oncogenic Ras signaling, we combined in silico screening with inhibition of proliferation and colony formation of Ras-driven cells. NSC124205 fulfilled all criteria. HPLC analysis revealed that NSC124205 was a mixture of at least three compounds, from which IODVA1 was determined to be the active component. IODVA1 decreased 2D and 3D cell proliferation, cell spreading and ruffle and lamellipodia formation through downregulation of Rac activity. IODVA1 significantly impaired xenograft tumor growth of Ras-driven cancer cells with no observable toxicity. Immuno-histochemistry analysis of tumor sections suggests that cell death occurs by increased apoptosis. Our data suggest that IODVA1 targets Rac signaling to induce death of Ras-transformed cells. Therefore, IODVA1 holds promise as an anti-tumor therapeutic agent.
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232
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Kłopocka W, Korczyński J, Pomorski P. Cytoskeleton and Nucleotide Signaling in Glioma C6 Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:109-128. [PMID: 32034711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes signaling pathways, stimulated by the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R), that regulate cellular processes dependent on actin cytoskeleton dynamics in glioma C6 cells. P2Y2R coupled with G-proteins, in response to ATP or UTP, regulates the level of iphosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which modulates a variety of actin binding proteins and is involved in calcium response and activates Rac1 and RhoA proteins. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway plays an important role in contractile force generation needed for the assembly of stress fibers, focal adhesions and for tail retraction during cell migration. Blocking of this pathway by a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor induces changes in F-actin organization and cell shape and decreases the level of phosphorylated myosin II and cofilin. In glioma C6 cells these changes are reversed after UTP stimulation of P2Y2R. Signaling pathways responsible for this compensation are calcium signaling which regulates MLC kinase activation via calmodulin, and the Rac1/PAK/LIMK cascade. Stimulation of the Rac1 mediated pathway via Go proteins needs additional interaction between αvβ5 integrins and P2Y2Rs. Calcium free medium, or growing of the cells in suspension, prevents Gαo activation by P2Y2 receptors. Rac1 activation is necessary for cofilin phosphorylation as well as integrin activation needed for focal complexes formation and stabilization of lamellipodium. Inhibition of positive Rac1 regulation prevents glioma C6 cells from recovery of control cell like morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Kłopocka
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Korczyński
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomorski
- M. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Kunitomi H, Oki Y, Onishi N, Kano K, Banno K, Aoki D, Saya H, Nobusue H. The insulin-PI3K-Rac1 axis contributes to terminal adipocyte differentiation through regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Genes Cells 2020; 25:165-174. [PMID: 31925986 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation is accompanied by a pronounced change in the actin cytoskeleton characterized by the reorganization of filamentous (F)-actin stress fibers into cortical F-actin structures. We previously showed that depolymerization of F-actin stress fibers induced by inactivation of RhoA-ROCK (Rho-associated kinase) signaling acts as a trigger for adipocyte differentiation. The relevance and underlying mechanism of the formation of cortical F-actin structures from depolymerized actin during adipocyte differentiation have remained unclear, however. We have now examined the mechanistic relation between actin dynamics and adipogenic induction. Transient exposure to the actin-depolymerizing agent latrunculin A (LatA) supported the formation of adipocyte-associated cortical actin structures and the completion of terminal adipocyte differentiation in the presence of insulin, whereas long-term exposure to LatA prevented such actin reorganization as well as terminal adipogenesis. Moreover, these effects of insulin were prevented by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Rac1 signaling and the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex which is a critical component of the cortical actin networks. Our findings thus suggest that the insulin-PI3K-Rac1 axis leads to the formation of adipocyte-associated cortical actin structures which is essential for the completion of adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Kunitomi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Onishi
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kano
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nobusue
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wegrzyn D, Wegrzyn C, Tedford K, Fischer KD, Faissner A. Deletion of the Nucleotide Exchange Factor Vav3 Enhances Axonal Complexity and Synapse Formation but Tampers Activity of Hippocampal Neuronal Networks In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030856. [PMID: 32013053 PMCID: PMC7037001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vav proteins activate GTPases of the RhoA subfamily that regulate the cytoskeleton and are involved in adhesion, migration, differentiation, polarity and the cell cycle. While the importance of RhoA GTPases for neuronal morphology is undisputed, their regulation is less well understood. In this perspective, we studied the consequences of the deletion of Vav2, Vav3 and Vav2 and 3 (Vav2-/-, Vav3-/-, Vav2-/-/3-/-) for the development of embryonic hippocampal neurons in vitro. Using an indirect co-culture system of hippocampal neurons with primary wild-type (WT) cortical astrocytes, we analysed axonal and dendritic parameters, structural synapse numbers and the spontaneous network activity via immunocytochemistry and multielectrode array analysis (MEA). Here, we observed a higher process complexity in Vav3-/-, but not in Vav2-/- neurons after three and five days in vitro (DIV). Furthermore, an enhanced synapse formation was observed in Vav3-/- after 14 days in culture. Remarkably, Vav2-/-/3-/- double knockout neurons did not display synergistic effects. Interestingly, these differences were transient and compensated after a cultivation period of 21 days. Network analysis revealed a diminished number of spontaneously occurring action potentials in Vav3-/- neurons after 21 DIV. Based on these results, it appears that Vav3 participates in key events of neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wegrzyn
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, Ruhr-University, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; (D.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Christine Wegrzyn
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, Ruhr-University, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; (D.W.); (C.W.)
| | - Kerry Tedford
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, OVGU University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (K.T.); (K.-D.F.)
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, OVGU University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (K.T.); (K.-D.F.)
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, Ruhr-University, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; (D.W.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-3223851
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235
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Mir SS, Bhat HF, Bhat ZF. Dynamic actin remodeling in response to lysophosphatidic acid. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 38:5253-5265. [PMID: 31920158 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1696230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a multifunctional regulator of actin cytoskeleton that exerts a dramatic impact on the actin cytoskeleton to build a platform for diverse cellular processes including growth cone guidance, neurite retraction and cell motility. It has been implicated in the formation and dissociation of complexes between actin and actin binding proteins, supporting its role in actin remodeling. Several studies point towards its ability to facilitate formation of special cellular structures including focal adhesions and actin stress fibres by phosphoregulation of several actin associated proteins and their multiple regulatory kinases and phosphatases. In addition, multiple levels of crosstalk among the signaling cascades activated by LPA, affect actin cytoskeleton-mediated cell migration and chemotaxis which in turn play a crucial role in cancer metastasis. In the current review, we have attempted to highlight the role of LPA as an actin modulator which functions by controlling activities of specific cellular proteins that underlie mechanisms employed in cytoskeletal and pathophysiological events within the cell. Further studies on the actin affecting/remodeling activity of LPA in different cell types will no doubt throw up many surprises essential to gain a full understanding of its contribution in physiological processes as well as in diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima S Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India.,Division of Animal Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India
| | - Hina F Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India
| | - Zuhaib F Bhat
- Department of Wine, Food & Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Division of Livestock Products and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J), R.S. Pora, Jammu And Kashmir, India
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236
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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237
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Pineiro NM, Carneiro ACDM, Crema VO. Rho GTPases are Involved on Regulation of Cytodifferentiation of SCC-4 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line: A Preliminary Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:3-6. [PMID: 31983155 PMCID: PMC7294035 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the involvement of Rho GTPases proteins in the regulation of cytodifferentiation of the SCC-4 human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Methods: Cytokeratin and vimentin immunofluorescence and F-actin staining, assays were performed with control cells and Clostridium difficile 1, 2 and 4 μg/mL Toxin A (Rho GTPases inhibitor) treated SCC-4 cells on three-dimensional MatrigelTM for 24 h. Samples were analyzed by using confocal laser microscopy. Significances were p<0.05. Results: In all concentrations studied, Toxin A treatment decreased percentage of cytokeratin positive cells (p<0.0001), otherwise, it increased percentage of vimentin positive cells (p<0.0001). There was a negative correlation between cytokeratin and vimentin immunoexpression (p<0.0001), the higher the amount of cytokeratin, the lower the amount of vimentin. Also F-actin polymerization is affected by Toxin A treatment. Conclusion: Although this is a preliminary study, our results suggest that Rho GTPases are involved on regulation of cytodifferentiation of the SCC-4 human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci M Pineiro
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Anna Cecilia D M Carneiro
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Virginia O Crema
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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238
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Zhao J, Cheng L, Liu K, Zhang Z, Yu W, Yan X. Metal–organic polyhedra crosslinked supramolecular polymeric elastomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8031-8034. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymeric elastomers crosslinked by metal–organic polyhedra were developed, featuring not only tunable mechanical properties but also dynamic actuation behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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239
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Veith A, Conway D, Mei L, Eskin SG, McIntire LV, Baker AB. Effects of Mechanical Forces on Cells and Tissues. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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240
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Bober P, Alexovič M, Tomková Z, Kilík R, Sabo J. RHOA and mDia1 Promotes Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells Via a High Dose of Doxorubicin Treatment. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:619-627. [PMID: 33817200 PMCID: PMC7874778 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming RhoA proteins (RHOA) and their downstream Diaphanous homolog 1 proteins (DIAPH1) or mDia1 participate in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton which plays critical role in cells, i.e., morphologic changes and apoptosis. Methodology To determine the cell viability the real time cell analysis (RTCA) and flow cytometry were used. To perform proteomic analysis, the label-free quantitative method and post-translation modification by the nano-HPLC and ESI-MS ion trap mass analyser were used. Results The results of the cell viability showed an increase of dead cells (around 30 %) in MCF-7/DOX-1 (i.e., 1μM of doxorubicin was added to MCF-7/WT breast cancer cell line) compared to MCF-7/WT (control) after 24 h doxorubicin (DOX) treatment. The signalling pathway of the Regulation of actin cytoskeleton (p<0.0026) was determined, where RHOA and mDia1 proteins were up-regulated. Also, post-translational modification analysis of these proteins in MCF-7/DOX-1 cells revealed dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton, specifically the collapse of actin stress fibbers due to phosphorylation of RHOA at serine 188 and mDia1 at serine 22, resulting in their deactivation and cell apoptosis. Conclusion These results pointed to an assumed role of DOX to dysregulation of actin cytoskeleton and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bober
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michal Alexovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tomková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Kilík
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
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241
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Callens SJP, Uyttendaele RJC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Substrate curvature as a cue to guide spatiotemporal cell and tissue organization. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119739. [PMID: 31911284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence clearly shows that cells respond to various physical cues in their environments, guiding many cellular processes and tissue morphogenesis, pathology, and repair. One aspect that is gaining significant traction is the role of local geometry as an extracellular cue. Elucidating how geometry affects cell and tissue behavior is, indeed, crucial to design artificial scaffolds and understand tissue growth and remodeling. Perhaps the most fundamental descriptor of local geometry is surface curvature, and a growing body of evidence confirms that surface curvature affects the spatiotemporal organization of cells and tissues. While well-defined in differential geometry, curvature remains somewhat ambiguously treated in biological studies. Here, we provide a more formal curvature framework, based on the notions of mean and Gaussian curvature, and summarize the available evidence on curvature guidance at the cell and tissue levels. We discuss the involved mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between tensile forces and substrate curvature that forms the foundation of curvature guidance. Moreover, we show that relatively simple computational models, based on some application of curvature flow, are able to capture experimental tissue growth remarkably well. Since curvature guidance principles could be leveraged for tissue regeneration, the implications for geometrical scaffold design are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands.
| | - Rafael J C Uyttendaele
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
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242
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Yigit G, Saida K, DeMarzo D, Miyake N, Fujita A, Yang Tan T, White SM, Wadley A, Toliat MR, Motameny S, Franitza M, Stutterd CA, Chong PF, Kira R, Sengoku T, Ogata K, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Fresen C, Beck BB, Nürnberg P, Dieterich C, Wollnik B, Matsumoto N, Altmüller J. The recurrent postzygotic pathogenic variant p.Glu47Lys in RHOA causes a novel recognizable neuroectodermal phenotype. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:591-599. [PMID: 31821646 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RHOA is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that are involved in fundamental cellular processes including cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. RHOA can stimulate the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions and is a key regulator of actomyosin dynamics in various tissues. In a Genematcher-facilitated collaboration, we were able to identify four unrelated individuals with a specific phenotype characterized by hypopigmented areas of the skin, dental anomalies, body asymmetry, and limb length discrepancy due to hemihypotrophy of one half of the body, as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anomalies. Using whole-exome and ultra-deep amplicon sequencing and comparing genomic data of affected and unaffected areas of the skin, we discovered that all four individuals carried the identical RHOA missense variant, c.139G>A; p.Glu47Lys, in a postzygotic state. Molecular modeling and in silico analysis of the affected p.Glu47Lys residue in RHOA indicated that this exchange is predicted to specifically alter the interaction of RHOA with its downstream effectors containing a PKN-type binding domain and thereby disrupts its ability to activate signaling. Our findings indicate that the recurrent postzygotic RHOA missense variant p.Glu47Lys causes a specific mosaic disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Yigit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ken Saida
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Danielle DeMarzo
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tiong Yang Tan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandrea Wadley
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mohammad R Toliat
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Motameny
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marek Franitza
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chloe A Stutterd
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pin F Chong
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Sengoku
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Christine Fresen
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bodo B Beck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne (ZSEK), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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243
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Tang Q, Su Z, Gu W, Rustgi AK. Mutant p53 on the Path to Metastasis. Trends Cancer 2019; 6:62-73. [PMID: 31952783 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis contributes to the vast majority of cancer-related mortality. Regulatory mechanisms of the multistep invasion-metastasis cascade are being unraveled. TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene across human cancers. Accumulating evidence has shown that mutations of TP53 not only lead to loss of function or dominant negative effects, but also promotes a gain of function. Specifically, gain of function mutant p53 promotes cancer cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and functions of mutant p53 that foster metastasis in different types of cancers. We also discuss the prognostic value of mutant p53 and current status of therapeutic strategies targeting mutant p53. Future studies will shed light on discovering novel mechanisms of mutant p53-driven cancer metastasis and developing innovative therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes in patients harboring p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaosi Tang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhenyi Su
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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244
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Ras associated with diabetes may play a role in fracture nonunion development in rats. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:602. [PMID: 31830958 PMCID: PMC6909478 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rad is the prototypic member of a subfamily of Ras-related small G-proteins and is highly expressed in the skeletal muscle of patients with type II diabetes. Our previous microarray analysis suggested that Rad may mediate fracture nonunion development. Thus, the present study used rat experimental models to investigate and compare the gene and protein expression patterns of both Rad and Rem1, another RGK subfamily member, in nonunions and standard healing fractures. Methods Standard healing fractures and nonunions (produced via periosteal cauterization at the fracture site) were created in the femurs of 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. At post-fracture days 7, 14, 21, and 28, the fracture callus and fibrous tissue from the standard healing fractures and nonunions, respectively, were harvested and screened (via real-time PCR) for Rad and Rem1 expression. The immunolocalization of both encoded proteins was analyzed at post-fracture days 14 and 21. At the same time points, hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to identify the detailed tissue structures. Results Results of real-time PCR analysis showed that Rad expression increased significantly in the nonunions, compared to that in the standard healing fractures, at post-fracture days 14, 21, and 28. Conversely, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the immunolocalization of Rad to be similar to that of Rem1 in both fracture types at post-fracture days 14 and 21. Conclusions Rad may mediate nonunion development, and thus, may be a promising therapeutic target to treat these injuries.
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245
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Human Recombinant Arginase I [HuArgI (Co)-PEG5000]-Induced Arginine Depletion Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236018. [PMID: 31795337 PMCID: PMC6929075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide, and it represents over half of all gastrointestinal cancer deaths. Knowing that cancer cells have a high proliferation rate, they require high amounts of amino acids, including arginine. In addition, several tumor types have been shown to downregulate ASS-1 expression, becoming auxotrophic for arginine. Therefore, Arginine deprivation is one of the promising therapeutic approaches to target cancer cells. This can be achieved through the use of a recombinant human arginase, HuArgI(Co)-PEG5000, an arginine degrading enzyme. Methods: In this present study, the cytotoxic effect of HuArgI(Co)-PEG5000 on CRC cell lines (HT-29, Caco-2, Sw837) is examined though cytotoxicity assays. Wound healing assays, invasion assays, and adhesion assays were also performed to detect the effect on metastasis. Results: Wound healing and invasion assays revealed a decrease in cell migration and invasion after treatment with arginase. Cells that were treated with arginase also showed a decrease in adhesion, which coincided with a decrease in RhoA activation, demonstrated though the use of a FRET biosensor to detect RhoA activation in a single cell assay, and a decrease in MMP-9 expression. Treating cells with both arginase and L-citrulline, which significantly restores intracellular arginine levels, reversed the effect of HuArgI(Co)-PEG5000 on cell viability, migration, and invasion. Conclusion: We can, therefore, conclude that colorectal cancer is partially auxotrophic to arginine and that arginine depletion is a potential selective inhibitory approach for motility and invasion in colon cancer cells.
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246
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Zhang H, Schaefer A, Wang Y, Hodge RG, Blake DR, Diehl JN, Papageorge AG, Stachler MD, Liao J, Zhou J, Wu Z, Akarca FG, de Klerk LK, Derks S, Pierobon M, Hoadley KA, Wang TC, Church G, Wong KK, Petricoin EF, Cox AD, Lowy DR, Der CJ, Bass AJ. Gain-of-Function RHOA Mutations Promote Focal Adhesion Kinase Activation and Dependency in Diffuse Gastric Cancer. Cancer Discov 2019; 10:288-305. [PMID: 31771969 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is a lethal malignancy lacking effective systemic therapy. Among the most provocative recent results in DGC has been that of highly recurrent missense mutations in the GTPase RHOA. The function of these mutations has remained unresolved. We demonstrate that RHOAY42C, the most common RHOA mutation in DGC, is a gain-of-function oncogenic mutant, and that expression of RHOAY42C with inactivation of the canonical tumor suppressor Cdh1 induces metastatic DGC in a mouse model. Biochemically, RHOAY42C exhibits impaired GTP hydrolysis and enhances interaction with its effector ROCK. RHOA Y42C mutation and Cdh1 loss induce actin/cytoskeletal rearrangements and activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which activates YAP-TAZ, PI3K-AKT, and β-catenin. RHOAY42C murine models were sensitive to FAK inhibition and to combined YAP and PI3K pathway blockade. These results, coupled with sensitivity to FAK inhibition in patient-derived DGC cell lines, nominate FAK as a novel target for these cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: The functional significance of recurrent RHOA mutations in DGC has remained unresolved. Through biochemical studies and mouse modeling of the hotspot RHOAY42C mutation, we establish that these mutations are activating, detail their effects upon cell signaling, and define how RHOA-mediated FAK activation imparts sensitivity to pharmacologic FAK inhibitors.See related commentary by Benton and Chernoff, p. 182.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antje Schaefer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yichen Wang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard G Hodge
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Devon R Blake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Matthew D Stachler
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Liao
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jin Zhou
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhong Wu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fahire G Akarca
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonie K de Klerk
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Derks
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - George Church
- Harvard, MIT, Blavatnik Institute, Wyss Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Douglas R Lowy
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam J Bass
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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247
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Liu C, Zhang L, Cui W, Du J, Li Z, Pang Y, Liu Q, Shang H, Meng L, Li W, Song L, Wang P, Xie Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Hu J, Zhang W, Li F. Epigenetically upregulated GEFT-derived invasion and metastasis of rhabdomyosarcoma via epithelial mesenchymal transition promoted by the Rac1/Cdc42-PAK signalling pathway. EBioMedicine 2019; 50:122-134. [PMID: 31761617 PMCID: PMC6921210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the primary cause of tumour-related deaths. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor T (GEFT) is correlated with a poorer RMS prognosis, but the mechanism remains largely unexplored. Methods We focused on determining the influence of the GEFT-Rho-GTPase signalling pathway and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) or mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) on RMS progression and metastasis by using RMS cell lines, BALB/c nude mice and cells and molecular biology techniques. Findings GEFT promotes RMS cell viability, migration, and invasion; GEFT also inhibits the apoptosis of RMS cells and accelerates the growth and lung metastasis of RMS by activating the Rac1/Cdc42 pathways. Interestingly, GEFT upregulates the expression levels of N-cadherin, Snail, Slug, Twist, Zeb1, and Zeb2 and reduces expression level of E-cadherin. Thus, GEFT influences the expression of markers for EMT and MET in RMS cells via the Rac1/Cdc42-PAK1 pathways. We also found that the level of GEFT gene promoter methylation in RMS is lower than that in normal striated muscle tissue. Significant differences were observed in the level of GEFT gene methylation in different histological subtypes of RMS. Interpretation These findings suggest that GEFT accelerates the tumourigenicity and metastasis of RMS by activating Rac1/Cdc42-PAK signalling pathway-induced EMT; thus, it may serve as a novel therapeutic target. Fund This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81660441, 81460404, and 81160322) and Shihezi University Initiative Research Projects for Senior Fellows (RCZX201447). Funders had no role in the design of the study, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, or the writing of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yuwen Pang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hao Shang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Lian Meng
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wanyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Lingxie Song
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yuwen Xie
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine and The Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, PR China; Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China.
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248
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Qiao W, Li D, Shi Q, Wang H, Wang H, Guo J. miR-224-5p protects dental pulp stem cells from apoptosis by targeting Rac1. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:9-18. [PMID: 31897093 PMCID: PMC6923752 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are reported to be enriched in stem/progenitor cells, however to the best of our knowledge they have yet to be well documented and characterized. In the present study, in order to characterize DPSCs and the effect of microRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) on DPSC properties, a miRNA array was performed between dental periodontal ligament cells (DPLCs) and DPSCs. The results revealed that miR-224-5p (miR-224) was highly expressed in the DPSCs compared with that in the DPLCs. The transfection of DPSCs with an miR-224 inhibitor impaired cell viability. In addition, miR-224 inhibition significantly promoted cell apoptosis in DPSCscompared with the NC group. In silico analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-224 targets the 3′-untranslated region of the Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1) gene. miR-224 downregulation resulted in the increased expression of Rac1 in DPSCs compared with DPLCs. Furthermore, miR-224 inhibition caused augmented mitogen-activated protein kinase 8, caspase-3, caspase-9 and Fas ligand expression in DPSC, which may be recovered by Rac1 silencing with transfection with short hairpin RNA-Rac1. Furthermore, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide flow cytometry indicated that the silencing of Rac1 restored the pro-apoptotic DPSC cell number with miR-224 transfection. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested miR-224 in DPSC serves an important function in protecting cells against apoptosis by downregulating Rac1 expression, and also identified miR-224 as a novel miRNA in regulating the features of DPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Qiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Stomatology, Qilu Hospital, and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Shi
- Department of Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cryomedicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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249
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Thomason EJ, Escalante M, Osterhout DJ, Fuss B. The oligodendrocyte growth cone and its actin cytoskeleton: A fundamental element for progenitor cell migration and CNS myelination. Glia 2019; 68:1329-1346. [PMID: 31696982 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the oligodendrocyte (OLG) lineage engage in highly motile behaviors that are crucial for effective central nervous system (CNS) myelination. These behaviors include the guided migration of OLG progenitor cells (OPCs), the surveying of local environments by cellular processes extending from differentiating and pre-myelinating OLGs, and during the process of active myelin wrapping, the forward movement of the leading edge of the myelin sheath's inner tongue along the axon. Almost all of these motile behaviors are driven by actin cytoskeletal dynamics initiated within a lamellipodial structure that is located at the tip of cellular OLG/OPC processes and is structurally as well as functionally similar to the neuronal growth cone. Accordingly, coordinated stoichiometries of actin filament (F-actin) assembly and disassembly at these OLG/OPC growth cones have been implicated in directing process outgrowth and guidance, and the initiation of myelination. Nonetheless, the functional importance of the OLG/OPC growth cone still remains to be fully understood, and, as a unique aspect of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, F-actin depolymerization and disassembly start to predominate at the transition from myelination initiation to myelin wrapping. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about OLG/OPC growth cones, and it proposes a model in which actin cytoskeletal dynamics in OLG/OPC growth cones are a main driver for morphological transformations and motile behaviors. Remarkably, these activities, at least at the later stages of OLG maturation, may be regulated independently from the transcriptional gene expression changes typically associated with CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Thomason
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Miguel Escalante
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia.,Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Donna J Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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250
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Karki P, Birukov KG. Rho and Reactive Oxygen Species at Crossroads of Endothelial Permeability and Inflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1009-1022. [PMID: 31126187 PMCID: PMC6765062 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Increased endothelial permeability and inflammation are two major hallmarks of the life-threatening conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. There is a growing consensus in the field that the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphates are critical regulators of endothelial function at both physiological and pathological states. A basal level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, vascular tone, and angiogenesis; however, excessive ROS generation impairs endothelial function and promotes lung inflammation. In this review, we will focus on the role of Rho in control of endothelial function and also briefly discuss a nexus between ROS generation and Rho activation during endothelial dysfunction. Recent Advances: Extensive studies in the past decades have established that a wide range of barrier-disruptive and proinflammatory agonists activate the Rho pathway that, ultimately, leads to endothelial dysfunction via disruption of endothelial barrier and further escalation of inflammation. An increasing body of evidence suggests that a bidirectional interplay exists between the Rho pathway and ROS generation during endothelial dysfunction. Rac, a member of the Rho family, is directly involved in ROS production and ROS, in turn, activate RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42. Critical Issues: A precise mechanism of interaction between ROS generation and Rho activation and its impact on endothelial function needs to be elucidated. Future Directions: By employing advanced molecular techniques, the sequential cascades in the Rho-ROS crosstalk signaling axis need to be explored. The therapeutic potential of the Rho pathway inhibitors in endothelial-dysfunction associated cardiopulmonary disorders needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Karki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Konstantin G Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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