201
|
Hennessy EJ. Selective inhibitors of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL: Balancing antitumor activity with on-target toxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2105-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
202
|
Korfi K, Smith M, Swan J, Somervaille TCP, Dhomen N, Marais R. BIM mediates synergistic killing of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by BCL-2 and MEK inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2177. [PMID: 27054332 PMCID: PMC4855656 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is an aggressive hematological disease that kills ~50% of adult patients. With the exception of some BCR-ABL1(+) patients who benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors, there are no effective targeted therapies for adult B-ALL patients and chemotherapy remains first-line therapy despite adverse side effects and poor efficacy. We show that, although the MEK/ERK pathway is activated in B-ALL cells driven by different oncogenes, MEK inhibition does not suppress B-ALL cell growth. However, MEK inhibition synergized with BCL-2/BCL-XL family inhibitors to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in B-ALL cells. We show that this synergism is mediated by the pro-apoptotic factor BIM, which is dephosphorylated as a result of MEK inhibition, allowing it to bind to and neutralize MCL-1, thereby enhancing BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor-induced cell death. This cooperative effect is observed in B-ALL cells driven by a range of genetic abnormalities and therefore has significant therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Korfi
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Smith
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Swan
- Core Research Facilities, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T C P Somervaille
- Leukemia Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N Dhomen
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Matsusaka S, Kobunai T, Yamamoto N, Chin K, Ogura M, Tanaka G, Matsuoka K, Ishikawa Y, Mizunuma N, Yamaguchi T. Prognostic impact of KRAS mutant type and MET amplification in metastatic and recurrent gastric cancer patients treated with first-line S-1 plus cisplatin chemotherapy. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:27-35. [PMID: 27014419 PMCID: PMC4773703 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-related genes, including HER2, EGFR, MET, FGFR2 and KRAS, are target molecules that are clinically beneficial in gastric cancer (GC). We investigated the correlation between RTK-related genes and the curative effect of first-line S-1 plus cisplatin (SP) combination chemotherapy in metastatic and recurrent GC. We enrolled 150 patients with histopathologically confirmed metastatic and recurrent GC treated with SP. KRAS mutation was detected using direct sequencing. DNA copy number was measured by real-time PCR. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were examined immunohistochemically for HER2, EGFR, FGFR2 and MET. Among 144 patients, KRAS mutation was detected in five (3.5%) at codon 12 and one (0.7%) at codon 13. FGFR2, EGFR, HER2, MET and KRAS gene amplification was suggested in 4.4%, 5.9%, 9%, 3.7% and 10.3% of patients, respectively. KRAS mutation, but not KRAS amplification, was associated with significantly shorter overall and progression-free survival. MET membranous overexpression was associated with a significantly higher tumor response. MET amplification was associated with significantly shorter overall survival. We show for the first time that KRAS mutation and MET amplification are promising predictive markers in metastatic and recurrent GC patients treated with SP. KRAS status may be a useful prognostic marker in patients treated with SP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Matsusaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobunai
- Translational Research Laboratory, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisho Chin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gotaro Tanaka
- Applied Pharmacology Laboratory, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsuoka
- Translational Research Laboratory, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Mizunuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Costa-Cabral S, Brough R, Konde A, Aarts M, Campbell J, Marinari E, Riffell J, Bardelli A, Torrance C, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. CDK1 Is a Synthetic Lethal Target for KRAS Mutant Tumours. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149099. [PMID: 26881434 PMCID: PMC4755568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating KRAS mutations are found in approximately 20% of human cancers but no RAS-directed therapies are currently available. Here we describe a novel, robust, KRAS synthetic lethal interaction with the cyclin dependent kinase, CDK1. This was discovered using parallel siRNA screens in KRAS mutant and wild type colorectal isogenic tumour cells and subsequently validated in a genetically diverse panel of 26 colorectal and pancreatic tumour cell models. This established that the KRAS/CDK1 synthetic lethality applies in tumour cells with either amino acid position 12 (p.G12V, pG12D, p.G12S) or amino acid position 13 (p.G13D) KRAS mutations and can also be replicated in vivo in a xenograft model using a small molecule CDK1 inhibitor. Mechanistically, CDK1 inhibition caused a reduction in the S-phase fraction of KRAS mutant cells, an effect also characterised by modulation of Rb, a master control of the G1/S checkpoint. Taken together, these observations suggest that the KRAS/CDK1 interaction is a robust synthetic lethal effect worthy of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Costa-Cabral
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Asha Konde
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Marieke Aarts
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - James Campbell
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Eliana Marinari
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Riffell
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- IFOM—FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Christopher Torrance
- Horizon Discovery, 7100 Cambridge Research Park, Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Srivastava AK, Jaganathan S, Stephen L, Hollingshead MG, Layhee A, Damour E, Govindharajulu JP, Donohue J, Esposito D, Mapes JP, Kinders RJ, Takebe N, Tomaszewski JE, Kummar S, Doroshow JH, Parchment RE. Effect of a Smac Mimetic (TL32711, Birinapant) on the Apoptotic Program and Apoptosis Biomarkers Examined with Validated Multiplex Immunoassays Fit for Clinical Use. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1000-10. [PMID: 26446940 PMCID: PMC4755826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To support clinical pharmacodynamic evaluation of the Smac mimetic TL32711 (birinapant) and other apoptosis-targeting drugs, we describe the development, validation, and application of novel immunoassays for 15 cytosolic and membrane-associated proteins indicative of the induction, onset, and commitment to apoptosis in human tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The multiplex immunoassays were constructed on the Luminex platform with apoptosis biomarkers grouped into three panels. Panel 1 contains Bak, Bax, total caspase-3, total lamin-B (intact and 45 kDa fragment), and Smac; panel 2 contains Bad, Bax-Bcl-2 heterodimer, Bcl-xL, Bim, and Mcl1; and panel 3 contains active (cleaved) caspase-3, Bcl-xL-Bak heterodimer, Mcl1-Bak heterodimer, pS99-Bad, and survivin. Antibody specificity was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Two laboratories analytically validated the multiplex immunoassays for application with core-needle biopsy samples processed to control preanalytical variables; the biologic variability for each biomarker was estimated from xenograft measurements. Studies of TL32711 in xenograft models confirmed a dose-dependent increase in activated caspase-3 6 hours after dosing and provided assay fit-for-purpose confirmation. Coincident changes in cytosolic lamin-B and subsequent changes in Bcl-xL provided correlative evidence of caspase-3 activation. The validated assay is suitable for use with clinical specimens; 14 of 15 biomarkers were quantifiable in patient core-needle biopsies. CONCLUSIONS The validated multiplex immunoassays developed for this study provided proof of mechanism data for TL32711 and are suitable for quantifying apoptotic biomarkers in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Soumya Jaganathan
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Melinda G Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jeevan Prasaad Govindharajulu
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Robert J Kinders
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Investigational Drug Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph E Tomaszewski
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Hata AN, Niederst MJ, Archibald HL, Gomez-Caraballo M, Siddiqui FM, Mulvey HE, Maruvka YE, Ji F, Bhang HEC, Krishnamurthy Radhakrishna V, Siravegna G, Hu H, Raoof S, Lockerman E, Kalsy A, Lee D, Keating CL, Ruddy DA, Damon LJ, Crystal AS, Costa C, Piotrowska Z, Bardelli A, Iafrate AJ, Sadreyev RI, Stegmeier F, Getz G, Sequist LV, Faber AC, Engelman JA. Tumor cells can follow distinct evolutionary paths to become resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition. Nat Med 2016; 22:262-9. [PMID: 26828195 PMCID: PMC4900892 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although mechanisms of acquired resistance of EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancers to EGFR inhibitors have been identified, little is known about how resistant clones evolve during drug therapy. Here, we observe that acquired resistance caused by the T790M gatekeeper mutation can occur either by selection of pre-existing T790M clones or via genetic evolution of initially T790M-negative drug tolerant cells. The path to resistance impacts the biology of the resistant clone, as those that evolved from drug tolerant cells had a diminished apoptotic response to third generation EGFR inhibitors that target T790M EGFR; treatment with navitoclax, an inhibitor of BCL-XL and BCL-2 restored sensitivity. We corroborated these findings using cultures derived directly from EGFR inhibitor-resistant patient tumors. These findings provide evidence that clinically relevant drug resistant cancer cells can both pre-exist and evolve from drug tolerant cells, and point to therapeutic opportunities to prevent or overcome resistance in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J Niederst
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah L Archibald
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Faria M Siddiqui
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hillary E Mulvey
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yosef E Maruvka
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyo-eun C Bhang
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Giulia Siravegna
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Haichuan Hu
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sana Raoof
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lockerman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anuj Kalsy
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Celina L Keating
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Ruddy
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leah J Damon
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam S Crystal
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlotta Costa
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zofia Piotrowska
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-Fondazione Piemontese per l'Oncologia (FPO), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Anthony J Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Virginia Commonwealth University Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Javle M, Golan T, Maitra A. Changing the course of pancreatic cancer--Focus on recent translational advances. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 44:17-25. [PMID: 26924195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, insightful preclinical research has led to important breakthroughs in our understanding of pancreatic cancer. Even though the vast majority of pancreatic cancers are KRAS mutated, not all pancreatic cancer tumors are "KRAS equal"; there seems to be varying dependencies on the KRAS pathway. While KRAS-targeting therapies have been disappointing in the clinic, 'synthetic lethal' approaches hold promise in this setting. The pancreatic cancer stromal microenvironment appears to have contradictory roles. While there is evidence to suggest that stromal barrier prevents drug delivery, in other circumstances, stroma can play a protective role and its disruption enhances tumor dissemination. Clinical trials aimed at manipulating the various stromal components are in progress. BRCA mutation-related pancreatic tumors illustrate a unique subtype with enhanced susceptibility to DNA damaging agents and PARP-inhibition. DNA repair defects in cancer extend beyond germ line BRCA mutation and may extend the indications for DNA repair-targeting agents. Immune strategies are an area of active investigation in pancreatic cancer. Although the initial trials of single-agent checkpoint inhibitors have been negative, combinational approaches using immune-modifying agents and vaccines appear promising and goal is to identify an 'immune-therapy responsive' profile in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milind Javle
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515, Holcombe Blvd, Unit 426, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Talia Golan
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Anirban Maitra
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515, Holcombe Blvd, Unit 426, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Peng JF, Zhuang YY, Huang FT, Zhang SN. Noncoding RNAs and pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:801-814. [PMID: 26811626 PMCID: PMC4716078 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent a class of RNA molecules that typically do not code for proteins. Emerging data suggest that ncRNAs play an important role in several physiological and pathological conditions such as cancer. The best-characterized ncRNAs are the microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short, approximately 22-nucleotide sequences of RNA of approximately 22-nucleotide in length that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, through transcript degradation or translational repression. MiRNAs can function as master gene regulators, impacting a variety of cellular pathways important to normal cellular functions as well as cancer development and progression. In addition to miRNAs, long ncRNAs, which are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides, have recently emerged as novel drivers of tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of their regulation and function, and the significance of other ncRNAs such as piwi-interacting RNAs in pancreas carcinogenesis are largely unknown. This review summarizes the growing body of evidence supporting the vital roles of ncRNAs in pancreatic cancer, focusing on their dysregulation through both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and highlighting the promise of ncRNAs in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/therapeutic use
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
|
209
|
Zhang J, Park D, Shin DM, Deng X. Targeting KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: challenges and opportunities. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:11-6. [PMID: 26578706 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) occur in 15%-30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, despite decades of intensive research, there is still no direct KRAS inhibitor with clinically proven efficacy. Considering its association with poor treatment response and prognosis of lung cancer, developing an effective inhibitory approach is urgently needed. Here, we review different strategies currently being explored to target KRAS-mutant NSCLC, discuss opportunities and challenges, and also propose some novel methods and concepts with the promise of clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Dongkyoo Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Fang B. RAS signaling and anti-RAS therapy: lessons learned from genetically engineered mouse models, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:27-38. [PMID: 26350096 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations of oncogenic RAS genes are frequently detected in human cancers. The studies in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) reveal that Kras-activating mutations predispose mice to early onset tumors in the lung, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, most of these tumors do not have metastatic phenotypes. Metastasis occurs when tumors acquire additional genetic changes in other cancer driver genes. Studies on clinical specimens also demonstrated that KRAS mutations are present in premalignant tissues and that most of KRAS mutant human cancers have co-mutations in other cancer driver genes, including TP53, STK11, CDKN2A, and KMT2C in lung cancer; APC, TP53, and PIK3CA in colon cancer; and TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and MED12 in pancreatic cancer. Extensive efforts have been devoted to develop therapeutic agents that target enzymes involved in RAS posttranslational modifications, that inhibit downstream effectors of RAS signaling pathways, and that kill RAS mutant cancer cells through synthetic lethality. Recent clinical studies have revealed that sorafenib, a pan-RAF and VEGFR inhibitor, has impressive benefits for KRAS mutant lung cancer patients. Combination therapy of MEK inhibitors with either docetaxel, AKT inhibitors, or PI3K inhibitors also led to improved clinical responses in some KRAS mutant cancer patients. This review discusses knowledge gained from GEMMs, human cancer cells, and patient-related studies on RAS-mediated tumorigenesis and anti-RAS therapy. Emerging evidence demonstrates that RAS mutant cancers are heterogeneous because of the presence of different mutant alleles and/or co-mutations in other cancer driver genes. Effective subclassifications of RAS mutant cancers may be necessary to improve patients' outcomes through personalized precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Day CP, Merlino G, Van Dyke T. Preclinical mouse cancer models: a maze of opportunities and challenges. Cell 2015; 163:39-53. [PMID: 26406370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in developing novel therapeutics for cancer treatment, and targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of some cancers. Despite the promise, only about five percent of new cancer drugs are approved, and most fail due to lack of efficacy. The indication is that current preclinical methods are limited in predicting successful outcomes. Such failure exacts enormous cost, both financial and in the quality of human life. This Primer explores the current status, promise, and challenges of preclinical evaluation in advanced mouse cancer models and briefly addresses emerging models for early-stage preclinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Understanding the Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance Using Genomic Approaches. Trends Genet 2015; 32:127-137. [PMID: 26689126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle in precision cancer medicine is the inevitable resistance to targeted therapies. Tremendous effort and progress has been made over the past few years to understand the biochemical and genetic mechanisms underlying drug resistance, with the goal to eventually overcome such daunting challenges. Diverse mechanisms, such as secondary mutations, oncogene bypass, and epigenetic alterations, can all lead to drug resistance, and the number of known involved genes is growing rapidly, thus providing many possibilities to overcome resistance. The finding of these mechanisms and genes invariably requires the application of genomic and functional genomic approaches to tumors or cancer models. In this review, we briefly highlight the major drug-resistance mechanisms known today, and then focus primarily on the technological approaches leading to the advancement of this field.
Collapse
|
213
|
Kacsinta AD, Dowdy SF. Current views on inducing synthetic lethal RNAi responses in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 16:161-72. [PMID: 26630128 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer cells arise from normal cells that have incurred mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The mutations are often unique and not readily found in normal cells, giving rise to the opportunity of exploiting these mutations to induce synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality occurs when inhibition or mutation in two or more separate genes leads to cell death while inhibition or mutations of either gene alone has no lethal effect on the cell. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to identify synthetic lethality has become a growingly popular screening approach. AREAS COVERED In this review, we cover the use of RNAi therapeutics to induce synthetic lethality in cancer. Additionally, we discuss several select small molecule inhibitors that were identified or verified by RNAi that induce synthetic lethality in specific cancers. We also discuss the identification of novel synthetic lethal combinations and the cancer model that the combination was validated in. Lastly, we discuss RNAi delivery vehicles. EXPERT OPINION While RNAi therapeutics have great potential to treat cancer, due to the siRNA delivery problem, RNAi remains more commonly used as a tool, rather than a therapeutic. However, with emerging technological advances in the field of RNAi therapeutics, it is only a matter of time before RNAi-induced synthetic lethal clinical studies are initiated in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apollo D Kacsinta
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , UCSD School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Steven F Dowdy
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , UCSD School of Medicine , La Jolla , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Current and Future Approaches to Target the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Its Downstream Signaling in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2015; 14:203-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
215
|
Zhan Y, Liu Y, Lin J, Fu X, Zhuang C, Liu L, Xu W, Li J, Chen M, Zhao G, Huang W, Cai Z. Synthetic Tet-inducible artificial microRNAs targeting β-catenin or HIF-1α inhibit malignant phenotypes of bladder cancer cells T24 and 5637. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16177. [PMID: 26541358 PMCID: PMC4635424 DOI: 10.1038/srep16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) based on microRNA (miRNA) may provide efficient and safe therapeutic opportunities. However, natural microRNAs can not easily be regulated and usually cause few phenotypic changes. Using the engineering principles of synthetic biology, we provided a novel and standard platform for the generation of tetracycline (Tet)-inducible vectors that express artificial microRNAs in a dosage-dependent manner. The vector generates a Pol II promoter-mediated artificial microRNA which was flanked by ribozyme sequences. In order to prove the utility of this platform, we chose β-catenin and HIF-1α as the functional targets and used the bladder cancer cell lines 5637 and T24 as the test models. We found that the Tet-inducible artificial microRNAs can effectively silence the target genes and their downstream genes, and induce anti-cancer effects in the two bladder cancer cell lines. These devices can inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and suppress migration of the bladder cancer cell lines 5637 and T24. The Tet-inducible synthetic artificial microRNAs may represent a kind of novel therapeutic strategies for treating human bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Chengle Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianfa Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Centerat Shanghai, Shanghai 200000, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Modeling K-Ras-driven lung adenocarcinoma in mice: preclinical validation of therapeutic targets. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:121-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
217
|
Guibert N, Ilie M, Léna H, Didier A, Hofman P, Mazieres J. [KRAS and bronchial adenocarcinoma. Between disappointments and hopes]. Rev Mal Respir 2015; 33:156-64. [PMID: 26520779 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of oncogenesis and the development of targeted therapies have led to improved outcomes in the treatment of lung cancer. KRAS mutation has the potential to drive the oncogenesis of almost one third of lung adenocarcinomas but it leads to a highly complex proliferation signal involving multiple signaling pathways, explaining the disappointing results of various inhibition strategies of K-ras or its effectors. Nevertheless, recent data suggest different roles of distinct KRAS mutation subtypes and KRAS interactions with new genes in the field of synthetic lethality mechanisms open the way to new therapeutic possibilities. This review aims to provide an overview of: 1) epidemiological data and particularly the prognostic impact of KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer, 2) the results of different drugs either being tested in humans or sources of hope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Guibert
- Unité d'oncologie cervico-thoracique-clinique des voies respiratoires, service de pneumologie, hôpital Larrey, université Paul-Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, chemin de Pouvourville, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France.
| | - M Ilie
- Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale, hôpital Pasteur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - H Léna
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - A Didier
- Unité d'oncologie cervico-thoracique-clinique des voies respiratoires, service de pneumologie, hôpital Larrey, université Paul-Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, chemin de Pouvourville, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France
| | - P Hofman
- Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale, hôpital Pasteur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - J Mazieres
- Unité d'oncologie cervico-thoracique-clinique des voies respiratoires, service de pneumologie, hôpital Larrey, université Paul-Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, chemin de Pouvourville, 31059 Toulouse cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Targeted genomic profiling reveals recurrent KRAS mutations and gain of chromosome 1q in mesonephric carcinomas of the female genital tract. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:1504-14. [PMID: 26336887 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesonephric carcinoma is a rare form of gynecologic cancer derived from mesonephric remnants usually located in the lateral wall of the uterine cervix. An analogous tumor occurs in the adnexa, female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin. The pathogenesis and molecular events in mesonephric carcinoma are not known. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular alterations in mesonephric carcinoma to identify driver mutations and therapeutically targetable mutations. This study consisted of 19 tumors from 17 patients: 18 mesonephric carcinomas (15 primary tumors and three metastatic tumors) and 1 female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin. In two patients, both primary and metastatic tumors were available. Genomic DNA was isolated and targeted next-generation sequencing was performed to detect mutations, copy number variations, and structural variants by surveying full exonic regions of 300 cancer genes and 113 selected intronic regions across 35 genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for 1p and 1q was performed in two cases. Eighty-one percent (13/16) of mesonephric carcinomas had either a KRAS (n=12) or NRAS (n=1) mutation. Mutations in chromatin remodeling genes (ARID1A, ARID1B, or SMARCA4) were present in 62% of mesonephric carcinomas. All mesonephric carcinomas lacked mutations in PIK3CA and PTEN. The most common copy number alteration was 1q gain, found in 12 (75%) mesonephric carcinomas; this was confirmed by FISH in two cases. Mesonephric carcinoma is characterized by molecular alterations that differ from those of more common variants of cervical and endometrial adenocarcinoma, which harbor KRAS/NRAS mutations in 7% and 25% of cases, respectively. KRAS/NRAS mutations are common in mesonephric carcinoma and are often accompanied by gain of 1q and mutations in chromatin remodeling genes. Targeting inhibitors of the RAS/MAPK pathway may be useful in the treatment of mesonephric carcinoma.
Collapse
|
219
|
Zhu Z, Golay HG, Barbie DA. Targeting pathways downstream of KRAS in lung adenocarcinoma. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:1507-18. [PMID: 25303301 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS activation is responsible for the most common genetic subtype of lung cancer. Although many of the major downstream signaling pathways that KRAS engages have been defined, these discoveries have yet to translate into effective targeted therapy. Much of the current focus has been directed at inhibiting the activation of RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling, but clinical trials combining multiple different agents that target these pathways have failed to show significant activity. In this article, we will discuss the evidence for RAF and PI3K as key downstream RAS effectors, as well as the RAL guanine exchange factor, which is equally essential for transformation. Furthermore, we will delineate alternative pathways, including cytokine activation and autophagy, which are co-opted by oncogenic RAS signaling and also represent attractive targets for therapy. Finally, we will present strategies for combining inhibitors of these downstream KRAS signaling pathways in a rational fashion, as multitargeted therapy will be required to achieve a cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology & Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Seashore-Ludlow B, Rees MG, Cheah JH, Cokol M, Price EV, Coletti ME, Jones V, Bodycombe NE, Soule CK, Gould J, Alexander B, Li A, Montgomery P, Wawer MJ, Kuru N, Kotz JD, Hon CSY, Munoz B, Liefeld T, Dančík V, Bittker JA, Palmer M, Bradner JE, Shamji AF, Clemons PA, Schreiber SL. Harnessing Connectivity in a Large-Scale Small-Molecule Sensitivity Dataset. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1210-23. [PMID: 26482930 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Identifying genetic alterations that prime a cancer cell to respond to a particular therapeutic agent can facilitate the development of precision cancer medicines. Cancer cell-line (CCL) profiling of small-molecule sensitivity has emerged as an unbiased method to assess the relationships between genetic or cellular features of CCLs and small-molecule response. Here, we developed annotated cluster multidimensional enrichment analysis to explore the associations between groups of small molecules and groups of CCLs in a new, quantitative sensitivity dataset. This analysis reveals insights into small-molecule mechanisms of action, and genomic features that associate with CCL response to small-molecule treatment. We are able to recapitulate known relationships between FDA-approved therapies and cancer dependencies and to uncover new relationships, including for KRAS-mutant cancers and neuroblastoma. To enable the cancer community to explore these data, and to generate novel hypotheses, we created an updated version of the Cancer Therapeutic Response Portal (CTRP v2). SIGNIFICANCE We present the largest CCL sensitivity dataset yet available, and an analysis method integrating information from multiple CCLs and multiple small molecules to identify CCL response predictors robustly. We updated the CTRP to enable the cancer research community to leverage these data and analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew G Rees
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jaime H Cheah
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Murat Cokol
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edmund V Price
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew E Coletti
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Victor Jones
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole E Bodycombe
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christian K Soule
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua Gould
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Alexander
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ava Li
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Philip Montgomery
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mathias J Wawer
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nurdan Kuru
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joanne D Kotz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - C Suk-Yee Hon
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Benito Munoz
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ted Liefeld
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joshua A Bittker
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Palmer
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James E Bradner
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cancer Biology and Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alykhan F Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Friedman AA, Amzallag A, Pruteanu-Malinici I, Baniya S, Cooper ZA, Piris A, Hargreaves L, Igras V, Frederick DT, Lawrence DP, Haber DA, Flaherty KT, Wargo JA, Ramaswamy S, Benes CH, Fisher DE. Landscape of Targeted Anti-Cancer Drug Synergies in Melanoma Identifies a Novel BRAF-VEGFR/PDGFR Combination Treatment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140310. [PMID: 26461489 PMCID: PMC4604168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A newer generation of anti-cancer drugs targeting underlying somatic genetic driver events have resulted in high single-agent or single-pathway response rates in selected patients, but few patients achieve complete responses and a sizeable fraction of patients relapse within a year. Thus, there is a pressing need for identification of combinations of targeted agents which induce more complete responses and prevent disease progression. We describe the results of a combination screen of an unprecedented scale in mammalian cells performed using a collection of targeted, clinically tractable agents across a large panel of melanoma cell lines. We find that even the most synergistic drug pairs are effective only in a discrete number of cell lines, underlying a strong context dependency for synergy, with strong, widespread synergies often corresponding to non-specific or off-target drug effects such as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) transporter inhibition. We identified drugs sensitizing cell lines that are BRAFV600E mutant but intrinsically resistant to BRAF inhibitor PLX4720, including the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/kinase insert domain receptor (VEGFR/KDR) and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family inhibitor cediranib. The combination of cediranib and PLX4720 induced apoptosis in vitro and tumor regression in animal models. This synergistic interaction is likely due to engagement of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), demonstrating the potential of drug- rather than gene-specific combination discovery approaches. Patients with elevated biopsy KDR expression showed decreased progression free survival in trials of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase pathway inhibitors. Thus, high-throughput unbiased screening of targeted drug combinations, with appropriate library selection and mechanistic follow-up, can yield clinically-actionable drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Friedman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arnaud Amzallag
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iulian Pruteanu-Malinici
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Subash Baniya
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zachary A. Cooper
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adriano Piris
- Division of Dermatopathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leeza Hargreaves
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vivien Igras
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennie T. Frederick
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Lawrence
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keith T. Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cyril H. Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David E. Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Caunt CJ, Sale MJ, Smith PD, Cook SJ. MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors and cancer therapy: the long and winding road. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:577-92. [PMID: 26399658 DOI: 10.1038/nrc4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of the ERK signalling pathway in cancer is thought to be most prominent in tumours in which mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases RAS, BRAF, CRAF, MEK1 or MEK2 drive growth factor-independent ERK1 and ERK2 activation and thence inappropriate cell proliferation and survival. New drugs that inhibit RAF or MEK1 and MEK2 have recently been approved or are currently undergoing late-stage clinical evaluation. In this Review, we consider the ERK pathway, focusing particularly on the role of MEK1 and MEK2, the 'gatekeepers' of ERK1/2 activity. We discuss their validation as drug targets, the merits of targeting MEK1 and MEK2 versus BRAF and the mechanisms of action of different inhibitors of MEK1 and MEK2. We also consider how some of the systems-level properties (intrapathway regulatory loops and wider signalling network connections) of the ERK pathway present a challenge for the success of MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors, discuss mechanisms of resistance to these inhibitors, and review their clinical progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Caunt
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Matthew J Sale
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Paul D Smith
- AstraZeneca, Oncology iMed, Cancer Biosciences, Cancer Research UK, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Simon J Cook
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the three-layered protein kinase cascade, Raf/MEK/ERK, is often detected in human cancer, which is mainly attributed to the oncogenic alterations of RAF, or its upstream activators RAS or cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. Deregulated activity of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway drives uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation and survival, thus providing a rational therapeutic target for the treatment of many cancers. While Raf, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 are equally important targets for the design of therapeutic small molecular weight inhibitors, the effort to develop MEK1/2-specific inhibitors has been greatly successful. Particularly, MEK1/2 have been relatively advantageous for the design of highly selective adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-noncompetitive inhibitors. Indeed, a plethora of highly selective and potent MEK1/2 inhibitors are now available and many of those inhibitors have been evaluated for their therapeutic potential. Herein, we review different MEK1/2 inhibitors that have been studied for their inhibitory mechanisms and therapeutic potential in cancer. Some of the key structural features of MEK1/2 that are important for the efficacy of these inhibitors are also discussed. In addition, we discuss current challenges and future prospective in using these advanced MEK1/2 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Genomic alterations in BCL2L1 and DLC1 contribute to drug sensitivity in gastric cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12492-7. [PMID: 26401016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507491112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recent high-throughput analyses of genomic alterations revealed several driver genes and altered pathways in GC. However, therapeutic applications from genomic data are limited, largely as a result of the lack of druggable molecular targets and preclinical models for drug selection. To identify new therapeutic targets for GC, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of DNA from 103 patients with GC for copy number alteration (CNA) analysis, and whole-exome sequencing from 55 GCs from the same patients for mutation profiling. Pathway analysis showed recurrent alterations in the Wnt signaling [APC, CTNNB1, and DLC1 (deleted in liver cancer 1)], ErbB signaling (ERBB2, PIK3CA, and KRAS), and p53 signaling/apoptosis [TP53 and BCL2L1 (BCL2-like 1)] pathways. In 18.4% of GC cases (19/103), amplification of the antiapoptotic gene BCL2L1 was observed, and subsequently a BCL2L1 inhibitor was shown to markedly decrease cell viability in BCL2L1-amplified cell lines and in similarly altered patient-derived GC xenografts, especially when combined with other chemotherapeutic agents. In 10.9% of cases (6/55), mutations in DLC1 were found and were also shown to confer a growth advantage for these cells via activation of Rho-ROCK signaling, rendering these cells more susceptible to a ROCK inhibitor. Taken together, our study implicates BCL2L1 and DLC1 as potential druggable targets for specific subsets of GC cases.
Collapse
|
225
|
Abstract
RAS mutations are among the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancers, affecting nearly a third of all solid tumors and around a fifth of common myeloid malignancies, but they have evaded therapeutic interventions, despite being the focus of intense research over the last three decades. Recent discoveries lend new understanding about the structure, function, and signaling of RAS and have opened new avenues for development of much needed new therapies. We discuss the various approaches under investigation to target mutant RAS proteins. The recent development of direct RAS inhibitors specific to KRAS G12C mutations represents a landmark discovery that promises to change the perception about RAS's druggability. Multiple clinical trials targeting synthetically lethal partners and/or downstream signaling partners of RAS are underway. Novel inhibitors targeting various arms of RAS processing and signaling have yielded encouraging results in the laboratory, but refinement of the drug-like properties of these molecules is required before they will be ready for the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshabad Singh
- Harshabad Singh and Bruce A. Chabner, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harshabad Singh, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Dan L. Longo, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Harshabad Singh and Bruce A. Chabner, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harshabad Singh, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Dan L. Longo, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce A Chabner
- Harshabad Singh and Bruce A. Chabner, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Harshabad Singh, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Dan L. Longo, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Deel MD, Li JJ, Crose LES, Linardic CM. A Review: Molecular Aberrations within Hippo Signaling in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Front Oncol 2015; 5:190. [PMID: 26389076 PMCID: PMC4557106 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved developmental network vital for the regulation of organ size, tissue homeostasis, repair and regeneration, and cell fate. The Hippo pathway has also been shown to have tumor suppressor properties. Hippo transduction involves a series of kinases and scaffolding proteins that are intricately connected to proteins in developmental cascades and in the tissue microenvironment. This network governs the downstream Hippo transcriptional co-activators, YAP and TAZ, which bind to and activate the output of TEADs, as well as other transcription factors responsible for cellular proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation, and survival. Surprisingly, there are few oncogenic mutations within the core components of the Hippo pathway. Instead, dysregulated Hippo signaling is a versatile accomplice to commonly mutated cancer pathways. For example, YAP and TAZ can be activated by oncogenic signaling from other pathways, or serve as co-activators for classical oncogenes. Emerging evidence suggests that Hippo signaling couples cell density and cytoskeletal structural changes to morphogenic signals and conveys a mesenchymal phenotype. While much of Hippo biology has been described in epithelial cell systems, it is clear that dysregulated Hippo signaling also contributes to malignancies of mesenchymal origin. This review will summarize the known molecular alterations within the Hippo pathway in sarcomas and highlight how several pharmacologic compounds have shown activity in modulating Hippo components, providing proof-of-principle that Hippo signaling may be harnessed for therapeutic application in sarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Deel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Jenny J Li
- Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Lisa E S Crose
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| | - Corinne M Linardic
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA ; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Kim HS, Sung YJ, Paik S. Cancer Cell Line Panels Empower Genomics-Based Discovery of Precision Cancer Medicine. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56:1186-98. [PMID: 26256959 PMCID: PMC4541646 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.5.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first human cancer cell line, HeLa, was established in the early 1950s, there has been a steady increase in the number and tumor type of available cancer cell line models. Cancer cell lines have made significant contributions to the development of various chemotherapeutic agents. Recent advances in multi-omics technologies have facilitated detailed characterizations of the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenomic profiles of these cancer cell lines. An increasing number of studies employ the power of a cancer cell line panel to provide predictive biomarkers for targeted and cytotoxic agents, including those that are already used in clinical practice. Different types of statistical and machine learning algorithms have been developed to analyze the large-scale data sets that have been produced. However, much work remains to address the discrepancies in drug assay results from different platforms and the frequent failures to translate discoveries from cell line models to the clinic. Nevertheless, continuous expansion of cancer cell line panels should provide unprecedented opportunities to identify new candidate targeted therapies, particularly for the so-called "dark matter" group of cancers, for which pharmacologically tractable driver mutations have not been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Sung
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Abstract
Colorectal cancer has been characterized as a genetically heterogeneous disease, with a large diversity in molecular pathogenesis resulting in differential responses to therapy. However, the currently available validated biomarkers KRAS, BRAF, and microsatellite instability do not sufficiently cover this extensive heterogeneity and are therefore not suitable to successfully guide personalized treatment. Recent studies have focused on novel targets and rationally designed combination strategies. Furthermore, a more comprehensive analysis of the underlying biology of the disease revealed distinct phenotypic differences within subgroups of patients harboring the same genetic driver mutation with both prognostic and predictive relevance. Accordingly, patient stratification based on molecular intrinsic subtypes rather than on single gene aberrations holds promise to improve the clinical outcome of patients with colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
229
|
Cid-Arregui A, Juarez V. Perspectives in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9297-9316. [PMID: 26309356 PMCID: PMC4541382 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an incurable lethal disease whose incidence rate is growing. There is no effective screening for detection of early stage tumors and, in most cases, PDAC is diagnosed at advanced disease stages, when radical pancreatic resection is not possible. The aggressive nature of pancreatic tumor cells lies in the complex genetic mechanisms behind their uncontrolled capability to grow and metastasize, which involve essential adaptive changes in cellular metabolism, signaling, adhesion and immunoediting. In addition, PDAC cells promote a dense functional stroma that facilitates tumor resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. During the last two decades, gemcitabine has been the reference for the systemic treatment of PDAC. However, recently, a regimen combining fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and leucovorin (FOLFIRINOX) and another combining albumin-bound paclitaxel with gemcitabine have shown clear therapeutic advantage in advanced PDAC, with survival outcomes of 11.3 and 8.5 mo on phase III trials, respectively, over single-agent gemcitabine. With the pending issue of their higher toxicities, these regimens set the reference for ongoing and future clinical studies in advanced PDAC. In addition, the efficacy of oral fluoropyrimidine (S-1) has been well documented in Asiatic PDAC patients. The development of therapeutic approaches other than cytotoxic drugs has proven difficult in the past, with only one drug (erlotinib) approved to date. Besides, a number of agents targeting signaling pathways in tumor or stroma cells are being investigated. Likewise, immunotherapies that target PDAC in various ways are the subject of a number of clinical trials. The search for reliable biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic value using genomics and mass spectrometry methods may facilitate monitoring and refinement of therapies. This review focuses on current understanding of the pathogenesis of PDAC and the latest developments in the treatment of advanced PDAC.
Collapse
|
230
|
Zaanan A, Okamoto K, Kawakami H, Khazaie K, Huang S, Sinicrope FA. The Mutant KRAS Gene Up-regulates BCL-XL Protein via STAT3 to Confer Apoptosis Resistance That Is Reversed by BIM Protein Induction and BCL-XL Antagonism. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23838-49. [PMID: 26245900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In colorectal cancers with oncogenic GTPase Kras (KRAS) mutations, inhibition of downstream MEK/ERK signaling has shown limited efficacy, in part because of failure to induce a robust apoptotic response. We studied the mechanism of apoptosis resistance in mutant KRAS cells and sought to enhance the efficacy of a KRAS-specific MEK/ERK inhibitor, GDC-0623. GDC-0623 was shown to potently up-regulate BIM expression to a greater extent versus other MEK inhibitors in isogenic KRAS HCT116 and mutant KRAS SW620 colon cancer cells. ERK silencing enhanced BIM up-regulation by GDC-0623 that was due to its loss of phosphorylation at Ser(69), confirmed by a BIM-EL phosphorylation-defective mutant (S69G) that increased protein stability and blocked BIM induction. Despite BIM and BIK induction, the isogenic KRAS mutant versus wild-type cells remained resistant to GDC-0623-induced apoptosis, in part because of up-regulation of BCL-XL. KRAS knockdown by a doxycycline-inducible shRNA attenuated BCL-XL expression. BCL-XL knockdown sensitized KRAS mutant cells to GDC-0623-mediated apoptosis, as did the BH3 mimetic ABT-263. GDC-0623 plus ABT-263 induced a synergistic apoptosis by a mechanism that includes release of BIM from its sequestration by BCL-XL. Furthermore, mutant KRAS activated p-STAT3 (Tyr(705)) in the absence of IL-6 secretion, and STAT3 knockdown reduced BCL-XL mRNA and protein expression. These data suggest that BCL-XL up-regulation by STAT3 contributes to mutant KRAS-mediated apoptosis resistance. Such resistance can be overcome by potent BIM induction and concurrent BCL-XL antagonism to enable a synergistic apoptotic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Zaanan
- From the Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Gastroenterology Research Unit, and the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- From the Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Gastroenterology Research Unit, and the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and
| | - Hisato Kawakami
- From the Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Gastroenterology Research Unit, and the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and
| | | | - Shengbing Huang
- From the Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Gastroenterology Research Unit, and the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and
| | - Frank A Sinicrope
- From the Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Gastroenterology Research Unit, and the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center and
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Krogan NJ, Lippman S, Agard DA, Ashworth A, Ideker T. The cancer cell map initiative: defining the hallmark networks of cancer. Mol Cell 2015; 58:690-8. [PMID: 26000852 PMCID: PMC5359018 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Progress in DNA sequencing has revealed the startling complexity of cancer genomes, which typically carry thousands of somatic mutations. However, it remains unclear which are the key driver mutations or dependencies in a given cancer and how these influence pathogenesis and response to therapy. Although tumors of similar types and clinical outcomes can have patterns of mutations that are strikingly different, it is becoming apparent that these mutations recurrently hijack the same hallmark molecular pathways and networks. For this reason, it is likely that successful interpretation of cancer genomes will require comprehensive knowledge of the molecular networks under selective pressure in oncogenesis. Here we announce the creation of a new effort, The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), aimed at systematically detailing these complex interactions among cancer genes and how they differ between diseased and healthy states. We discuss recent progress that enables creation of these cancer cell maps across a range of tumor types and how they can be used to target networks disrupted in individual patients, significantly accelerating the development of precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevan J Krogan
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Scott Lippman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Agard
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 92093, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The significant challenge posed by cancer to human healthcare has led to the exploration of new approaches to combat it. Synthetic lethality (SL) is one such emerging area in the development of novel anticancer therapies. SL can be described as lethality (cell death) resulting from the combination of the two mutations, wherein the mutation in either of the two codependent genes in normal or cancer cells is viable. This concept is specifically being exploited in cancer research for selectively targeting specific tumor cells. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors summarize studies of SL-based novel anticancer therapies. The review highlights some of the selected advances in DNA damage response pathway-related SL pairs, particularly poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and SL pairs involved in mitochondrial death signaling pathways published in the last 3 years. EXPERT OPINION Most of the currently used chemotherapeutic agents will destroy cells irrespective of whether they are cancer cells or fast growing normal cells; but SL is one of the approaches being developed with potential as a selective cancer therapy. PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib, are useful in BRCA mutated cancer cells and are also used in combination with other drug to enhance their efficacy. Research on PARP inhibitors is progressing at a good pace but there are still some significant challenges that must be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- a 1 CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology , Hyderabad 500007, India +91 40 2719 3157 ; +91 40 2719 3189 ; .,b 2 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India.,c 3 King Saud University, College of Science, Catalytic Chemistry Chair, Chemistry Department , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thokhir Basha Shaik
- a 1 CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology , Hyderabad 500007, India +91 40 2719 3157 ; +91 40 2719 3189 ; .,d 4 Acharya Nagarjuna University , Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Mohammed Shaheer Malik
- a 1 CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology , Hyderabad 500007, India +91 40 2719 3157 ; +91 40 2719 3189 ;
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Dreaden EC, Kong YW, Morton SW, Correa S, Choi KY, Shopsowitz KE, Renggli K, Drapkin R, Yaffe MB, Hammond PT. Tumor-Targeted Synergistic Blockade of MAPK and PI3K from a Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticle. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4410-9. [PMID: 26034127 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cross-talk and feedback between the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR cell signaling pathways is critical for tumor initiation, maintenance, and adaptive resistance to targeted therapy in a variety of solid tumors. Combined blockade of these pathways-horizontal blockade-is a promising therapeutic strategy; however, compounded dose-limiting toxicity of free small molecule inhibitor combinations is a significant barrier to its clinical application. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AZD6244 (selumetinib), an allosteric inhibitor of Mek1/2, and PX-866, a covalent inhibitor of PI3K, were co-encapsulated in a tumor-targeting nanoscale drug formulation-layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoparticles. Structure, size, and surface charge of the nanoscale formulations were characterized, in addition to in vitro cell entry, synergistic cell killing, and combined signal blockade. In vivo tumor targeting and therapy was investigated in breast tumor xenograft-bearing NCR nude mice by live animal fluorescence/bioluminescence imaging, Western blotting, serum cytokine analysis, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Combined MAPK and PI3K axis blockade from the nanoscale formulations (160 ± 20 nm, -40 ± 1 mV) was synergistically toxic toward triple-negative breast (MDA-MB-231) and RAS-mutant lung tumor cells (KP7B) in vitro, effects that were further enhanced upon encapsulation. In vivo, systemically administered LbL nanoparticles preferentially targeted subcutaneous MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts, simultaneously blocked tumor-specific phosphorylation of the terminal kinases Erk and Akt, and elicited significant disease stabilization in the absence of dose-limiting hepatotoxic effects observed from the free drug combination. Mice receiving untargeted, but dual drug-loaded nanoparticles exhibited progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Tumor-targeting nanoscale drug formulations could provide a more safe and effective means to synergistically block MAPK and PI3K in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Dreaden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yi Wen Kong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen W Morton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Santiago Correa
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ki Young Choi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin E Shopsowitz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Basser Research Center for BRCA, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Opportunities and challenges provided by crosstalk between signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:1073-9. [PMID: 25982281 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During evolution, connections between the major signalling pathways were established to provide cells with an ability to deal with perturbations of homeostasis. However, these feedback and crosstalk mechanisms can become a liability in the treatment of cancer, as the inhibition of one cancer-relevant signalling pathway can lead to the activation of a secondary survival pathway that interferes with cancer drug efficacy. In this review, we discuss connections between signalling pathways in relation to cancer therapy and we evaluate the use of genetic approaches to identify pathway crosstalk. We also discuss how insight into connections between signalling pathways can be exploited to design powerful synthetic lethal drug combination therapies for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
|
235
|
Conti A, Majorini MT, Elliott R, Ashworth A, Lord CJ, Cancelliere C, Bardelli A, Seneci P, Walczak H, Delia D, Lecis D. Oncogenic KRAS sensitizes premalignant, but not malignant cells, to Noxa-dependent apoptosis through the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:10994-1008. [PMID: 26028667 PMCID: PMC4484434 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is mutated in about 20-25% of all human cancers and especially in pancreatic, lung and colorectal tumors. Oncogenic KRAS stimulates several pro-survival pathways, but it also triggers the trans-activation of pro-apoptotic genes. In our work, we show that G13D mutations of KRAS activate the MAPK pathway, and ERK2, but not ERK1, up-regulates Noxa basal levels. Accordingly, premalignant epithelial cells are sensitized to various cytotoxic compounds in a Noxa-dependent manner. In contrast to these findings, colorectal cancer cell sensitivity to treatment is independent of KRAS status and Noxa levels are not up-regulated in the presence of mutated KRAS despite the fact that ERK2 still promotes Noxa expression. We therefore speculated that other survival pathways are counteracting the pro-apoptotic effect of mutated KRAS and found that the inhibition of AKT restores sensitivity to treatment, especially in presence of oncogenic KRAS. In conclusion, our work suggests that the pharmacological inhibition of the pathways triggered by mutated KRAS could also switch off its oncogene-activated pro-apoptotic stimulation. On the contrary, the combination of chemotherapy to inhibitors of specific pro-survival pathways, such as the one controlled by AKT, could enhance treatment efficacy by exploiting the pro-death stimulation derived by oncogene activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Conti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Majorini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Elliott
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre and CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre and CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Current Address: UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Centre, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre and CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Carlotta Cancelliere
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milano, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Università Degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Milan, Italy
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Jokinen E, Koivunen JP. MEK and PI3K inhibition in solid tumors: rationale and evidence to date. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7:170-80. [PMID: 26673580 PMCID: PMC4406912 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015571111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK are the most commonly altered oncogenic pathways in solid malignancies. There has been a lot of enthusiasm to develop inhibitors to these pathways for cancer therapy. Unfortunately, the antitumor activities of single-agent therapies have generally been disappointing, excluding B-Raf mutant melanoma and renal cell cancer. Preclinical studies have suggested that concurrent targeting of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways is an active combination in various solid malignancies. In the current work, we review the preclinical data of the PI3K and MEK dual targeting as a cancer therapy and the results of early-phase clinical trials, and propose future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Jokinen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, PB20, 90029 OYS
| | - J P Koivunen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Hata AN, Engelman JA, Faber AC. The BCL2 Family: Key Mediators of the Apoptotic Response to Targeted Anticancer Therapeutics. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:475-87. [PMID: 25895919 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability of cancer cells to suppress apoptosis is critical for carcinogenesis. The BCL2 family proteins comprise the sentinel network that regulates the mitochondrial or intrinsic apoptotic response. Recent advances in our understanding of apoptotic signaling pathways have enabled methods to identify cancers that are "primed" to undergo apoptosis, and have revealed potential biomarkers that may predict which cancers will undergo apoptosis in response to specific therapies. Complementary efforts have focused on developing novel drugs that directly target antiapoptotic BCL2 family proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of BCL2 family members in cancer development and response to therapy, focusing on targeted therapeutics, recent progress in the development of apoptotic biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies designed to overcome deficiencies in apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Apoptosis, long known to be important for response to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, has more recently been shown to be essential for the efficacy of targeted therapies. Approaches that increase the likelihood of a cancer to undergo apoptosis following therapy may help improve targeted treatment strategies. Cancer Discov; 5(5); 475-87. ©2015 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Virginia Commonwealth University Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Abstract
The RAS genes are critical oncogenic drivers activated by point mutation in some 20% of human malignancies. However, no pharmacologic approaches to targeting RAS proteins directly have yet succeeded, leading to suggestions that these proteins may be "undruggable." This has led to two alternative indirect approaches to targeting RAS function in cancer. One has been to target RAS signaling pathways downstream at tractable enzymes such as kinases, particularly in combination. The other, which is the focus of this review, has been to seek targets that are essential in cells bearing an activated RAS oncogene, but not those without. This synthetic lethal approach, while rooted in ideas from invertebrate genetics, has been inspired most strongly by the successful use of PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib, in the clinic to treat BRCA defective cancers. Several large-scale screens have been carried out using RNA interference-mediated expression silencing to find genes that are uniquely essential to RAS-mutant but not wild-type cells. These screens have been notable for the low degree of overlap between their results, with the possible exception of proteasome components, and have yet to lead to successful new clinical approaches to the treatment of RAS-mutant cancers. Possible reasons for these disappointing results are discussed here, along with a reevaluation of the approaches taken. On the basis of experience to date, RAS synthetic lethality has so far fallen some way short of its original promise and remains unproven as an approach to finding effective new ways of tackling RAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 21(8); 1802-9. ©2015 AACR. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Downward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Cheung WKC, Nguyen DX. Lineage factors and differentiation states in lung cancer progression. Oncogene 2015; 34:5771-80. [PMID: 25823023 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer encompasses a heterogeneous group of malignancies. Here we discuss how the remarkable diversity of major lung cancer subtypes is manifested in their transforming cell of origin, oncogenic dependencies, phenotypic plasticity, metastatic competence and response to therapy. More specifically, we review the increasing evidence that links this biological heterogeneity to the deregulation of cell lineage-specific pathways and the transcription factors that ultimately control them. As determinants of pulmonary epithelial differentiation, these poorly characterized transcriptional networks may underlie the etiology and biological progression of distinct lung cancers, while providing insight into innovative therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K C Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Donadelli M, Dando I, Dalla Pozza E, Palmieri M. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 and pancreatic cancer: A new potential target therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3232-3238. [PMID: 25805929 PMCID: PMC4363752 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i11.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overall 5-years survival of pancreatic cancer patients is nearly 5%, making this cancer type one of the most lethal neoplasia. Furthermore, the incidence rate of pancreatic cancer has a growing trend that determines a constant increase in the number of deceases caused by this pathology. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer is mainly caused by delayed diagnosis, early metastasis of tumor, and resistance to almost all tested cytotoxic drugs. In this respect, the identification of novel potential targets for new and efficient therapies should be strongly encouraged in order to improve the clinical management of pancreatic cancer. Some studies have shown that the mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is over-expressed in pancreatic cancer as compared to adjacent normal tissues. In addition, recent discoveries established a key role of UCP2 in protecting cancer cells from an excessive production of mitochondrial superoxide ions and in the promotion of cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, including aerobic glycolysis stimulation, promotion of cancer progression. These observations together with the demonstration that UCP2 repression can synergize with standard chemotherapy to inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth provide the molecular rationale to consider UCP2 as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. In this editorial, recent advances describing the relationship between cancer development and mitochondrial UCP2 activity are critically provided.
Collapse
|
241
|
Abstract
Mutations in the KRAS oncogene represent one of the most prevalent genetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC), the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. In addition to their well-characterized function in driving tumor progression, KRAS mutations have been recognized as a critical determinant of the therapeutic response of CRC. Recent studies demonstrate that KRAS-mutant tumors are intrinsically insensitive to clinically-used epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting antibodies, including cetuximab and panitumumab. Acquired resistance to the anti-EGFR therapy was found to be associated with enrichment of KRAS-mutant tumor cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of mutant-KRAS-mediated therapeutic resistance has remained unclear. Despite intensive efforts, directly targeting mutant KRAS has been largely unsuccessful. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the biological function of KRAS mutations in determining the therapeutic response of CRC, highlighting several recently developed agents and strategies for targeting mutant KRAS, such as synthetic lethal interactions.
Collapse
|
242
|
Blumenschein GR, Smit EF, Planchard D, Kim DW, Cadranel J, De Pas T, Dunphy F, Udud K, Ahn MJ, Hanna NH, Kim JH, Mazieres J, Kim SW, Baas P, Rappold E, Redhu S, Puski A, Wu FS, Jänne PA. A randomized phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor trametinib (GSK1120212) compared with docetaxel in KRAS-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)†. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:894-901. [PMID: 25722381 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS mutations are detected in 25% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and no targeted therapies are approved for this subset population. Trametinib, a selective allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/MEK2, demonstrated preclinical and clinical activity in KRAS-mutant NSCLC. We report a phase II trial comparing trametinib with docetaxel in patients with advanced KRAS-mutant NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients with histologically confirmed KRAS-mutant NSCLC previously treated with one prior platinum-based chemotherapy were randomly assigned in a ratio of 2 : 1 to trametinib (2 mg orally once daily) or docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) i.v. every 3 weeks). Crossover to the other arm after disease progression was allowed. Primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). The study was prematurely terminated after the interim analysis of 92 PFS events, which showed the comparison of trametinib versus docetaxel for PFS crossed the futility boundary. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-nine patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC were randomized; of which, 86 patients received trametinib and 43 received docetaxel. Median PFS was 12 weeks in the trametinib arm and 11 weeks in the docetaxel arm (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14; 95% CI 0.75-1.75; P = 0.5197). Median overall survival, while the data are immature, was 8 months in the trametinib arm and was not reached in the docetaxel arm (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.52-1.83; P = 0.934). There were 10 (12%) partial responses (PRs) in the trametinib arm and 5 (12%) PRs in the docetaxel arm (P = 1.0000). The most frequent adverse events (AEs) in ≥20% of trametinib patients were rash, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. The most frequent grade 3 treatment-related AEs in the trametinib arm were hypertension, rash, diarrhea, and asthenia. CONCLUSION Trametinib showed similar PFS and a response rate as docetaxel in patients with previously treated KRAS-mutant-positive NSCLC. CLINICALTRIALSGOV REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01362296.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Blumenschein
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, USA.
| | - E F Smit
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Vrije Universiteit VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Planchard
- Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy (GR), Villejuif, France
| | - D-W Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Cadranel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hôpital Tenon, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - T De Pas
- European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - F Dunphy
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - K Udud
- Korányi National Institute of Tuberculosis and Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M-J Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - N H Hanna
- IU Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, USA
| | - J-H Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Mazieres
- Hopital Larrey CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - S-W Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - P Baas
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - S Redhu
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, USA
| | - A Puski
- GlaxoSmithKline Kft., Budapest, Hungary
| | - F S Wu
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, USA
| | - P A Jänne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Belfer Institute for Applied Cancer Science Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Richer AL, Friel JM, Carson VM, Inge LJ, Whitsett TG. Genomic profiling toward precision medicine in non-small cell lung cancer: getting beyond EGFR. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2015; 8:63-79. [PMID: 25897257 PMCID: PMC4397718 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s52845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The application of next-generation genomic technologies has offered a more comprehensive look at the mutational landscape across the different subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A number of recurrent mutations such as TP53, KRAS, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been identified in NSCLC. While targeted therapeutic successes have been demonstrated in the therapeutic targeting of EGFR and ALK, the majority of NSCLC tumors do not harbor these genomic events. This review looks at the current treatment paradigms for lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, examining genomic aberrations that dictate therapy selection, as well as novel therapeutic strategies for tumors harboring mutations in KRAS, TP53, and LKB1 which, to date, have been considered “undruggable”. A more thorough understanding of the molecular alterations that govern NSCLC tumorigenesis, aided by next-generation sequencing, will lead to targeted therapeutic options expected to dramatically reduce the high mortality rate observed in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Richer
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Friel
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Vashti M Carson
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Landon J Inge
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Timothy G Whitsett
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Akkad J, Bochum S, Martens UM. Personalized treatment for colorectal cancer: novel developments and putative therapeutic strategies. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015; 400:129-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-015-1276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
245
|
Takahashi H, Jin C, Rajabi H, Pitroda S, Alam M, Ahmad R, Raina D, Hasegawa M, Suzuki Y, Tagde A, Bronson RT, Weichselbaum R, Kufe D. MUC1-C activates the TAK1 inflammatory pathway in colon cancer. Oncogene 2015; 34:5187-97. [PMID: 25659581 PMCID: PMC4530107 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mucin 1 (MUC1) oncoprotein has been linked to the inflammatory response by promoting cytokine-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway. The TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is an essential effector of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling that also regulates cancer cell survival. The present studies demonstrate that the MUC1-C transmembrane subunit induces TAK1 expression in colon cancer cells. MUC1 also induces TAK1 in a MUC1(+/-)/IL-10(-/-) mouse model of colitis and colon tumorigenesis. We show that MUC1-C promotes NF-κB-mediated activation of TAK1 transcription and, in a positive regulatory loop, MUC1-C contributes to TAK1-induced NF-κB signaling. In this way, MUC1-C binds directly to TAK1 and confers the association of TAK1 with TRAF6, which is necessary for TAK1-mediated activation of NF-κB. Targeting MUC1-C thus suppresses the TAK1NF-κB pathway, downregulates BCL-XL and in turn sensitizes colon cancer cells to MEK inhibition. Analysis of colon cancer databases further indicates that MUC1, TAK1 and TRAF6 are upregulated in tumors associated with decreased survival and that MUC1-C-induced gene expression patterns predict poor outcomes in patients. These results support a model in which MUC1-C-induced TAK1NF-κB signaling contributes to intestinal inflammation and colon cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Takahashi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Jin
- Genus Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Rajabi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Pitroda
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Alam
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Ahmad
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Raina
- Genus Oncology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Hasegawa
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Suzuki
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Tagde
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R T Bronson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
The Hippo effector YAP promotes resistance to RAF- and MEK-targeted cancer therapies. Nat Genet 2015; 47:250-6. [PMID: 25665005 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to RAF- and MEK-targeted therapy is a major clinical challenge. RAF and MEK inhibitors are initially but only transiently effective in some but not all patients with BRAF gene mutation and are largely ineffective in those with RAS gene mutation because of resistance. Through a genetic screen in BRAF-mutant tumor cells, we show that the Hippo pathway effector YAP (encoded by YAP1) acts as a parallel survival input to promote resistance to RAF and MEK inhibitor therapy. Combined YAP and RAF or MEK inhibition was synthetically lethal not only in several BRAF-mutant tumor types but also in RAS-mutant tumors. Increased YAP in tumors harboring BRAF V600E was a biomarker of worse initial response to RAF and MEK inhibition in patients, establishing the clinical relevance of our findings. Our data identify YAP as a new mechanism of resistance to RAF- and MEK-targeted therapy. The findings unveil the synthetic lethality of combined suppression of YAP and RAF or MEK as a promising strategy to enhance treatment response and patient survival.
Collapse
|
247
|
Antihelminthic benzimidazoles potentiate navitoclax (ABT-263) activity by inducing Noxa-dependent apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:5. [PMID: 25685063 PMCID: PMC4326508 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evasion of apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer cells. One mechanism to deregulate the apoptotic pathway is by upregulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Navitoclax (ABT-263) is a Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor that restores the ability of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Methods In this study we performed a high-throughput screen with 640 FDA-approved drugs to identify potential therapeutic combinations with navitoclax in a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. Results Other than a panel of cancer compounds such as doxorubicin, camptothecin, and docetaxel, four antihelminthic compounds (benzimidazoles) potentiated navitoclax activity. Treatment with benzimidazoles led to induction of the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa at the mRNA and protein level. Noxa binds and antagonizes antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. siRNA-mediated knock-down of Noxa completely rescued benzimidazole-potentiated navitoclax activity. In addition, inhibiting caspase 3 and 9 partially rescued benzimidazole-potentiated navitoclax activity. Conclusions We have identified compounds and mechanisms which potentiate navitoclax activity in lung cancer cell lines. Further validation of the benzimidazole-potentiated navitoclax effect in vivo is required to evaluate the potential for translating this observation into clinical benefit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-014-0151-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
248
|
Martins MM, Zhou AY, Corella A, Horiuchi D, Yau C, Rakhshandehroo T, Gordan JD, Levin RS, Johnson J, Jascur J, Shales M, Sorrentino A, Cheah J, Clemons PA, Shamji AF, Schreiber SL, Krogan NJ, Shokat KM, McCormick F, Goga A, Bandyopadhyay S. Linking tumor mutations to drug responses via a quantitative chemical-genetic interaction map. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:154-67. [PMID: 25501949 PMCID: PMC4407699 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is an urgent need in oncology to link molecular aberrations in tumors with therapeutics that can be administered in a personalized fashion. One approach identifies synthetic-lethal genetic interactions or dependencies that cancer cells acquire in the presence of specific mutations. Using engineered isogenic cells, we generated a systematic and quantitative chemical-genetic interaction map that charts the influence of 51 aberrant cancer genes on 90 drug responses. The dataset strongly predicts drug responses found in cancer cell line collections, indicating that isogenic cells can model complex cellular contexts. Applying this dataset to triple-negative breast cancer, we report clinically actionable interactions with the MYC oncogene, including resistance to AKT-PI3K pathway inhibitors and an unexpected sensitivity to dasatinib through LYN inhibition in a synthetic lethal manner, providing new drug and biomarker pairs for clinical investigation. This scalable approach enables the prediction of drug responses from patient data and can accelerate the development of new genotype-directed therapies. SIGNIFICANCE Determining how the plethora of genomic abnormalities that exist within a given tumor cell affects drug responses remains a major challenge in oncology. Here, we develop a new mapping approach to connect cancer genotypes to drug responses using engineered isogenic cell lines and demonstrate how the resulting dataset can guide clinical interrogation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Martins
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alicia Y Zhou
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Dai Horiuchi
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christina Yau
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - John D Gordan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca S Levin
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeff Johnson
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John Jascur
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mike Shales
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jaime Cheah
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alykhan F Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stuart L Schreiber
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank McCormick
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrei Goga
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Chessum N, Jones K, Pasqua E, Tucker M. Recent advances in cancer therapeutics. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015; 54:1-63. [PMID: 25727702 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, cancer therapeutics has undergone a paradigm shift away from the traditional cytotoxic drugs towards the targeting of proteins intimately involved in driving the cancer phenotype. The poster child for this alternative approach to the treatment of cancer is imatinib, a small-molecule kinase inhibitor designed to target chronic myeloid leukaemia driven by the BCR-ABL translocation in a defined patient population. The improvement in survival achieved by treatment of this patient cohort with imatinib is impressive. Thus, the aim is to provide efficacy but with low toxicity. The role of the medicinal chemist in oncology drug discovery is now closely aligned with the role in most other therapeutic areas with high-throughput and/or fragment-based screening, structure-based design, selectivity, pharmacokinetic optimisation and pharmacodynamic biomarker modulation, all playing a familiar part in the process. In this chapter, we selected four areas in which compounds are either approved drugs or in clinical trials. These are chaperone inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors and inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Even within these areas, we have been selective, particularly for kinase inhibitors, and our aim has been to exemplify newer approaches and novel aspects of medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Chessum
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Pasqua
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Tucker
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Fennell M, Xiang Q, Hwang A, Chen C, Huang CH, Chen CC, Pelossof R, Garippa RJ. Impact of RNA-guided technologies for target identification and deconvolution. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2014; 19:1327-37. [PMID: 25163683 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114548414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
For well over a decade, RNA interference (RNAi) has provided a powerful tool for investigators to query specific gene targets in an easily modulated loss-of-function setting, both in vitro and in vivo. Hundreds of publications have demonstrated the utility of RNAi in arrayed and pooled-based formats, in a wide variety of cell-based systems, including clonal, stem, transformed, and primary cells. Over the years, there have been significant improvements in the design of target-specific small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), expression vectors, methods for mitigating off-target effects, and accurately interpreting screening results. Recent developments in RNAi technology include the Sensor assay, high-efficiency miR-E shRNAs, improved shRNA virus production with Pasha (DRGC8) knockdown, and assessment of RNAi off-target effects by using the C9-11 method. An exciting addition to the arsenal of RNA-mediated gene modulation is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas) system for genomic editing, allowing for gene functional knockout rather than knockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myles Fennell
- RNAi Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qing Xiang
- RNAi Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexia Hwang
- RNAi Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raphael Pelossof
- Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph J Garippa
- RNAi Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|