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Vascular Development and Regeneration in the Mammalian Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3020023. [PMID: 29367569 PMCID: PMC5715682 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease are the leading cause of death worldwide. Unraveling the developmental origin of coronary vessels could offer important therapeutic implications for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The recent identification of the endocardial source of coronary vessels reveals a heterogeneous origin of coronary arteries in the adult heart. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in finding the sources of coronary vessels in the mammalian heart from lineage-tracing models as well as differentiation studies using pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, we will also discuss how we induce neovascularization in the damaged heart through transient yet highly efficient expression of VEGF-modified mRNAs as a potentially therapeutic delivery platform.
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Sung DC, Bowen CJ, Vaidya KA, Zhou J, Chapurin N, Recknagel A, Zhou B, Chen J, Kotlikoff M, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 Overexpression Induces Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Calcification in Mature Aortic Valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1627-37. [PMID: 27312222 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve (AoV) disease is a significant clinical problem for which the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Enhanced cell-cell adhesion is a common mechanism of cellular aggregation, but its role in calcific lesion formation is not known. Cadherin-11 (Cad-11) has been associated with lesion formation in vitro, but its function during adult valve homeostasis and pathogenesis is not known. This study aims to elucidate the specific functions of Cad-11 and its downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in extracellular matrix remodeling and AoV calcification. APPROACH AND RESULTS We conditionally overexpressed Cad-11 in murine heart valves using a novel double-transgenic Nfatc1(Cre);R26-Cad11(TglTg) mouse model. These mice developed hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis with prominent calcific lesions in the AoV leaflets. Cad-11 overexpression upregulated downstream targets, RhoA and Sox9, in the valve interstitial cells, causing calcification and extensive pathogenic extracellular matrix remodeling. AoV interstitial cells overexpressing Cad-11 in an osteogenic environment in vitro rapidly form calcific nodules analogous to in vivo lesions. Molecular analyses revealed upregulation of osteoblastic and myofibroblastic markers. Treatment with a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor attenuated nodule formation, further supporting that Cad-11-driven calcification acts through the small GTPase RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of heart valve calcification and demonstrates that overexpression of Cad-11 upregulates RhoA and Sox9 to induce calcification and extracellular matrix remodeling in adult AoV pathogenesis. The findings provide a potential molecular target for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Sung
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Caitlin J Bowen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Kiran A Vaidya
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Nikita Chapurin
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Andrew Recknagel
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan Chen
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Michael Kotlikoff
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.)
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- From the Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering (D.C.S., C.J.B., K.A.V., J.Z., N.C., A.R., J.T.B.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.K.), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York (B.Z.); and Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (J.C.).
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Hippo Signaling Mediators Yap and Taz Are Required in the Epicardium for Coronary Vasculature Development. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1384-1393. [PMID: 27160901 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of the coronary vasculature is a complex and precisely coordinated morphogenetic process that begins with the formation of epicardium. The epicardium gives rise to many components of the coronary vasculature, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelium. Hippo signaling components have been implicated in cardiac development and regeneration. However, a role of Hippo signaling in the epicardium has not been explored. Employing a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that inhibition of Hippo signaling mediators Yap and Taz leads to impaired epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a reduction in epicardial cell proliferation and differentiation into coronary endothelial cells. We provide evidence that Yap and Taz control epicardial cell behavior, in part by regulating Tbx18 and Wt1 expression. Our findings show a role for Hippo signaling in epicardial cell proliferation, EMT, and cell fate specification during cardiac organogenesis.
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204
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Ge X, Tsang K, He L, Garcia RA, Ermann J, Mizoguchi F, Zhang M, Zhou B, Zhou B, Aliprantis AO. NFAT restricts osteochondroma formation from entheseal progenitors. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86254. [PMID: 27158674 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondromas are common benign osteocartilaginous tumors in children and adolescents characterized by cartilage-capped bony projections on the surface of bones. These tumors often cause pain, deformity, fracture, and musculoskeletal dysfunction, and they occasionally undergo malignant transformation. The pathogenesis of osteochondromas remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 and c2 (NFATc1 and NFATc2) suppress osteochondromagenesis through individual and combinatorial mechanisms. In mice, conditional deletion of NFATc1 in mesenchymal limb progenitors, Scleraxis-expressing (Scx-expressing) tendoligamentous cells, or postnatally in Aggrecan-expressing cells resulted in osteochondroma formation at entheses, the insertion sites of ligaments and tendons onto bone. Combinatorial deletion of NFATc1 and NFATc2 gave rise to larger and more numerous osteochondromas in inverse proportion to gene dosage. A population of entheseal NFATc1- and Aggrecan-expressing cells was identified as the osteochondroma precursor, previously believed to be growth plate derived or perichondrium derived. Mechanistically, we show that NFATc1 restricts the proliferation and chondrogenesis of osteochondroma precursors. In contrast, NFATc2 preferentially inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteogenesis. Together, our findings identify and characterize a mechanism of osteochondroma formation and suggest that regulating NFAT activity is a new therapeutic approach for skeletal diseases characterized by defective or exaggerated osteochondral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Ge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Kelly Tsang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lizhi He
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roberto A Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology Division, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Joerg Ermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fumitaka Mizoguchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Antonios O Aliprantis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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205
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Zhang H, Pu W, Li G, Huang X, He L, Tian X, Liu Q, Zhang L, Wu SM, Sucov HM, Zhou B. Endocardium Minimally Contributes to Coronary Endothelium in the Embryonic Ventricular Free Walls. Circ Res 2016; 118:1880-93. [PMID: 27056912 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is persistent uncertainty regarding the developmental origins of coronary vessels, with 2 principal sources suggested as ventricular endocardium or sinus venosus (SV). These 2 proposed origins implicate fundamentally distinct mechanisms of vessel formation. Resolution of this controversy is critical for deciphering the programs that result in the formation of coronary vessels and has implications for research on therapeutic angiogenesis. OBJECTIVE To resolve the controversy over the developmental origin of coronary vessels. METHODS AND RESULTS We first generated nuclear factor of activated T cells (Nfatc1)-Cre and Nfatc1-Dre lineage tracers for endocardium labeling. We found that Nfatc1 recombinases also label a significant portion of SV endothelial cells in addition to endocardium. Therefore, restricted endocardial lineage tracing requires a specific marker that distinguishes endocardium from SV. By single-cell gene expression analysis, we identified a novel endocardial gene natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (Npr3). Npr3 is expressed in the entirety of the endocardium but not in the SV. Genetic lineage tracing based on Npr3-CreER showed that endocardium contributes to a minority of coronary vessels in the free walls of embryonic heart. Intersectional genetic lineage tracing experiments demonstrated that endocardium minimally contributes to coronary endothelium in the embryonic ventricular free walls. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that SV, but not endocardium, is the major origin for coronary endothelium in the embryonic ventricular free walls. This work thus resolves the recent controversy over the developmental origin of coronary endothelium, providing the basis for studying coronary vessel formation and regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Guang Li
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Lingjuan He
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Xueying Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Libo Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Henry M Sucov
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., W.P., X.H., L.H., X.T., Q.L., L.Z., B.Z.) and Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (B.Z.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA (G.L., S.M.W.); Broad CIRM Center and Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (H.M.S.); and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.).
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206
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Genetic lineage tracing identifies endocardial origin of liver vasculature. Nat Genet 2016; 48:537-43. [PMID: 27019112 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic vasculature is essential for liver development, homeostasis and regeneration, yet the developmental program of hepatic vessel formation and the embryonic origin of the liver vasculature remain unknown. Here we show in mouse that endocardial cells form a primitive vascular plexus surrounding the liver bud and subsequently contribute to a substantial portion of the liver vasculature. Using intersectional genetics, we demonstrate that the endocardium of the sinus venosus is a source for the hepatic plexus. Inhibition of endocardial angiogenesis results in reduced endocardial contribution to the liver vasculature and defects in liver organogenesis. We conclude that a substantial portion of liver vessels derives from the endocardium and shares a common developmental origin with coronary arteries.
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207
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Liu Q, Zhang H, Tian X, He L, Huang X, Tan Z, Yan Y, Evans SM, Wythe JD, Zhou B. Smooth muscle origin of postnatal 2nd CVP is pre-determined in early embryo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:430-6. [PMID: 26902114 PMCID: PMC5555742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent identification of the neonatal 2nd coronary vascular population (2nd CVP) suggests that a subset of these vessels form de novo and mature in the inner myocardial wall of the postnatal heart. However, the origin of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the postnatal 2nd CVP remains undetermined. Using a tamoxifen-inducible Wt1-CreER driver and a Rosa26-RFP reporter line, we traced the lineage of epicardial cells to determine if they contribute to SMCs of the 2nd CVP. Late embryonic and postnatal induction of Wt1-CreER activity demonstrated that at these stages Wt1-labeled epicardium does not significantly migrate into the myocardium to form SMCs. However, following tamoxifen treatment at an early embryonic stage (E10.5), we detected Wt1 descendants (epicardium-derived cells, or EPDCs) in the outer myocardial wall at E17.5. When the 2nd CVP forms and remodels at postnatal stage, these early labeled EDPCs re-migrate deep into the inner myocardial wall and contribute to 2nd CVP-SMCs in the adult heart. Our findings reveal that SMCs in the postnatal 2nd CVP are pre-specified as EPDCs from the earliest wave of epicardial cell migration. Rather than the re-activation and migration of epicardial cells at later stages, these resident EPDCs mobilize and contribute to smooth muscle of the 2nd CVP during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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208
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Mining for genes related to choroidal neovascularization based on the shortest path algorithm and protein interaction information. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2740-9. [PMID: 26987808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a serious eye disease that may cause visual loss, especially for older people. Many factors have been proven to induce this disease including age, gender, obesity, and so on. However, until now, we have had limited knowledge on CNV's pathogenic mechanism. Discovering the genes that underlie this disease and performing extensive studies on them can help us to understand how CNV occurs and design effective treatments. METHODS In this study, we designed a computational method to identify novel CNV-related genes in a large protein network constructed using the protein-protein interaction information in STRING. The candidate genes were first extracted from the shortest paths connecting any two known CNV-related genes and then filtered by a permutation test and using knowledge of their linkages to known CNV-related genes. RESULTS A list of putative CNV-related candidate genes was accessed by our method. These genes are deemed to have strong relationships with CNV. CONCLUSIONS Extensive analyses of several of the putative genes such as ANK1, ITGA4, CD44 and others indicate that they are related to specific biological processes involved in CNV, implying they may be novel CNV-related genes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The newfound putative CNV-related genes may provide new insights into CNV and help design more effective treatments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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209
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Miquerol L. [Revascularization of the heart after infarct: lessons from embryonic development]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:158-62. [PMID: 26936172 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163202008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Miquerol
- Aix-Marseille université, institut de biologie du développement de Marseille, CNRS UMR 7288, campus de Luminy, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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210
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Bosada FM, Devasthali V, Jones KA, Stankunas K. Wnt/β-catenin signaling enables developmental transitions during valvulogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1041-54. [PMID: 26893350 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve development proceeds through coordinated steps by which endocardial cushions (ECs) form thin, elongated and stratified valves. Wnt signaling and its canonical effector β-catenin are proposed to contribute to endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) through postnatal steps of valvulogenesis. However, genetic redundancy and lethality have made it challenging to define specific roles of the canonical Wnt pathway at different stages of valve formation. We developed a transgenic mouse system that provides spatiotemporal inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by chemically inducible overexpression of Dkk1. Unexpectedly, this approach indicates canonical Wnt signaling is required for EMT in the proximal outflow tract (pOFT) but not atrioventricular canal (AVC) cushions. Furthermore, Wnt indirectly promotes pOFT EMT through its earlier activity in neighboring myocardial cells or their progenitors. Subsequently, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in cushion mesenchymal cells where it supports FGF-driven expansion of ECs and then AVC valve extracellular matrix patterning. Mice lacking Axin2, a negative Wnt regulator, have larger valves, suggesting that accumulating Axin2 in maturing valves represents negative feedback that restrains tissue overgrowth rather than simply reporting Wnt activity. Disruption of these Wnt/β-catenin signaling roles that enable developmental transitions during valvulogenesis could account for common congenital valve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Bosada
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA
| | - Vidusha Devasthali
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA
| | - Kimberly A Jones
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA
| | - Kryn Stankunas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA
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211
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Nakano A, Nakano H, Smith KA, Palpant NJ. The developmental origins and lineage contributions of endocardial endothelium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1937-47. [PMID: 26828773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endocardial development involves a complex orchestration of cell fate decisions that coordinate with endoderm formation and other mesodermal cell lineages. Historically, investigations into the contribution of endocardium in the developing embryo was constrained to the heart where these cells give rise to the inner lining of the myocardium and are a major contributor to valve formation. In recent years, studies have continued to elucidate the complexities of endocardial fate commitment revealing a much broader scope of lineage potential from developing endocardium. These studies cover a wide range of species and model systems and show direct contribution or fate potential of endocardium giving rise to cardiac vasculature, blood, fibroblast, and cardiomyocyte lineages. This review focuses on the marked expansion of knowledge in the area of endocardial fate potential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haruko Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Smith
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nathan J Palpant
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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212
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Théveniau-Ruissy M, Pérez-Pomares JM, Parisot P, Baldini A, Miquerol L, Kelly RG. Coronary stem development in wild-type and Tbx1 null mouse hearts. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:445-59. [PMID: 26708418 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery (CA) stems connect the ventricular coronary tree with the aorta. Defects in proximal CA patterning are a cause of sudden cardiac death. In mice lacking Tbx1, common arterial trunk is associated with an abnormal trajectory of the proximal left CA. Here we investigate CA stem development in wild-type and Tbx1 null embryos. RESULTS Genetic lineage tracing reveals that limited outgrowth of aortic endothelium contributes to proximal CA stems. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescent tracer injections identify a periarterial vascular plexus present at the onset of CA stem development. Transplantation experiments in avian embryos indicate that the periarterial plexus originates in mesenchyme distal to the outflow tract. Tbx1 is required for the patterning but not timing of CA stem development and a Tbx1 reporter allele is expressed in myocardium adjacent to the left but not right CA stem. This expression domain is maintained in Sema3c(-/-) hearts with a common arterial trunk and leftward positioned CA. Ectopic myocardial differentiation is observed on the left side of the Tbx1(-/-) common arterial trunk. CONCLUSIONS A periarterial plexus bridges limited outgrowth of the aortic endothelium with the ventricular plexus during CA stem development. Molecular differences associated with left and right CA stems provide new insights into the etiology of CA patterning defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José-Maria Pérez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Málaga, Spain
| | - Pauline Parisot
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | | | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
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213
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Pérez-Pomares JM, de la Pompa JL, Franco D, Henderson D, Ho SY, Houyel L, Kelly RG, Sedmera D, Sheppard M, Sperling S, Thiene G, van den Hoff M, Basso C. Congenital coronary artery anomalies: a bridge from embryology to anatomy and pathophysiology--a position statement of the development, anatomy, and pathology ESC Working Group. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:204-16. [PMID: 26811390 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital coronary artery anomalies are of major significance in clinical cardiology and cardiac surgery due to their association with myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. Such anomalies are detectable by imaging modalities and, according to various definitions, their prevalence ranges from 0.21 to 5.79%. This consensus document from the Development, Anatomy and Pathology Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology aims to provide: (i) a definition of normality that refers to essential anatomical and embryological features of coronary vessels, based on the integrated analysis of studies of normal and abnormal coronary embryogenesis and pathophysiology; (ii) an animal model-based systematic survey of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate coronary blood vessel development; (iii) an organization of the wide spectrum of coronary artery anomalies, according to a comprehensive anatomical and embryological classification scheme; (iv) current knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying symptoms and signs of coronary artery anomalies, with diagnostic and therapeutic implications. This document identifies the mosaic-like embryonic development of the coronary vascular system, as coronary cell types differentiate from multiple cell sources through an intricate network of molecular signals and haemodynamic cues, as the necessary framework for understanding the complex spectrum of coronary artery anomalies observed in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Pérez-Pomares
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, Spain Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Campanillas (Málaga), Spain
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Deborah Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Lucile Houyel
- Marie-Lannelongue Hospital-M3C, Paris-Sud University, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Mary Sheppard
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, St. Georges's University of London, London, UK
| | - Silke Sperling
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Planck Institut for Clinical Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaetano Thiene
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurice van den Hoff
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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Extracardiac septum transversum/proepicardial endothelial cells pattern embryonic coronary arterio-venous connections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:656-61. [PMID: 26739565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509834113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that mammalian embryonic coronary endothelium (CoE) originates from the sinus venosus and ventricular endocardium. However, the contribution of extracardiac cells to CoE is thought to be minor and nonsignificant for coronary formation. Using classic (Wt1(Cre)) and previously undescribed (G2-Gata4(Cre)) transgenic mouse models for the study of coronary vascular development, we show that extracardiac septum transversum/proepicardium (ST/PE)-derived endothelial cells are required for the formation of ventricular coronary arterio-venous vascular connections. Our results indicate that at least 20% of embryonic coronary arterial and capillary endothelial cells derive from the ST/PE compartment. Moreover, we show that conditional deletion of the ST/PE lineage-specific Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (Wt1) in the ST/PE of G2-Gata4(Cre) mice and in the endothelium of Tie2(Cre) mice disrupts embryonic coronary transmural patterning, leading to embryonic death. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ST/PE-derived endothelial cells contribute significantly to and are required for proper coronary vascular morphogenesis.
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215
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Abstract
The Wilms' tumor suppressor gene 1 (Wt1) is critically involved in a number of developmental processes in vertebrates, including cell differentiation, control of the epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype, proliferation, and apoptosis. Wt1 proteins act as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, in mRNA splicing and in protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, Wt1 is involved in adult tissue homeostasis, kidney function, and cancer. For these reasons, Wt1 function has been extensively studied in a number of animal models to establish its spatiotemporal expression pattern and the developmental fate of the cells expressing this gene. In this chapter, we review the developmental anatomy of Wt1, collecting information about its dynamic expression in mesothelium, kidney, gonads, cardiovascular system, spleen, nervous system, lung, and liver. We also describe the adult expression of Wt1 in kidney podocytes, gonads, mesothelia, visceral adipose tissue, and a small fraction of bone marrow cells. We have reviewed the available animal models for Wt1-expressing cell lineage analysis, including direct Wt1 expression reporters and systems for permanent Wt1 lineage tracing, based on constitutive or inducible Cre recombinase expression under control of a Wt1 promoter. Finally we provide a number of laboratory protocols to be used with these animal models in order to assess reporter expression.
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216
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Ariza L, Carmona R, Cañete A, Cano E, Muñoz-Chápuli R. Coelomic epithelium-derived cells in visceral morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:307-22. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ariza
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
| | - Rita Carmona
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
| | - Ana Cañete
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
| | - Elena Cano
- Integrative Vascular Biology Lab, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Robert-Rössle-Str. 10 13092, Berlin Germany
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- University of Málaga, Faculty of Science, Department of Animal Biology; Málaga Spain
- Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND); Campanillas Spain
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217
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Zhang H, Pu W, Liu Q, He L, Huang X, Tian X, Zhang L, Nie Y, Hu S, Lui KO, Zhou B. Endocardium Contributes to Cardiac Fat. Circ Res 2015; 118:254-65. [PMID: 26659641 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Unraveling the developmental origin of cardiac fat could offer important implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. The recent identification of the mesothelial source of epicardial fat tissues reveals a heterogeneous origin of adipocytes in the adult heart. However, the developmental origin of adipocytes inside the heart, namely intramyocardial adipocytes, remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To trace the developmental origin of intramyocardial adipocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we identified that the majority of intramyocardial adipocytes were restricted to myocardial regions in close proximity to the endocardium. Using a genetic lineage tracing model of endocardial cells, we found that Nfatc1(+) endocardial cells contributed to a substantial number of intramyocardial adipocytes. Despite the capability of the endocardium to generate coronary vascular endothelial cells surrounding the intramyocardial adipocytes, results from our lineage tracing analyses showed that intramyocardial adipocytes were not derived from coronary vessels. Nevertheless, the endocardium of the postnatal heart did not contribute to intramyocardial adipocytes during homeostasis or after myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo fate-mapping studies demonstrated that the developing endocardium, but not the vascular endothelial cells, gives rise to intramyocardial adipocytes in the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Lingjuan He
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Xueying Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Libo Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Yu Nie
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Shengshou Hu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Kathy O Lui
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (H.Z., W.P., Q.L., L.H., X.H., X.T., L.Z., B.Z.); Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (Y.N., S.H.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China (K.O.L.); Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China (B.Z.); and ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.).
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218
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Sequential Notch activation regulates ventricular chamber development. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 18:7-20. [PMID: 26641715 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular chambers are essential for the rhythmic contraction and relaxation occurring in every heartbeat throughout life. Congenital abnormalities in ventricular chamber formation cause severe human heart defects. How the early trabecular meshwork of myocardial fibres forms and subsequently develops into mature chambers is poorly understood. We show that Notch signalling first connects chamber endocardium and myocardium to sustain trabeculation, and later coordinates ventricular patterning and compaction with coronary vessel development to generate the mature chamber, through a temporal sequence of ligand signalling determined by the glycosyltransferase manic fringe (MFng). Early endocardial expression of MFng promotes Dll4-Notch1 signalling, which induces trabeculation in the developing ventricle. Ventricular maturation and compaction require MFng and Dll4 downregulation in the endocardium, which allows myocardial Jag1 and Jag2 signalling to Notch1 in this tissue. Perturbation of this signalling equilibrium severely disrupts heart chamber formation. Our results open a new research avenue into the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies.
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219
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Luxán G, D'Amato G, MacGrogan D, de la Pompa JL. Endocardial Notch Signaling in Cardiac Development and Disease. Circ Res 2015; 118:e1-e18. [PMID: 26635389 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is an ancient and highly conserved signaling pathway that controls cell fate specification and tissue patterning in the embryo and in the adult. Region-specific endocardial Notch activity regulates heart morphogenesis through the interaction with multiple myocardial-, epicardial-, and neural crest-derived signals. Mutations in NOTCH signaling elements cause congenital heart disease in humans and mice, demonstrating its essential role in cardiac development. Studies in model systems have provided mechanistic understanding of Notch function in cardiac development, congenital heart disease, and heart regeneration. Notch patterns the embryonic endocardium into prospective territories for valve and chamber formation, and later regulates the signaling processes leading to outflow tract and valve morphogenesis and ventricular trabeculae compaction. Alterations in NOTCH signaling in the endocardium result in congenital structural malformations that can lead to disease in the neonate and adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Luxán
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - Gaetano D'Amato
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - Donal MacGrogan
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.)
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- From the Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovascular (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain (G.L., G.D'A., D.M., J.L.d.l.P.); and Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (G.L.).
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220
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Loukas M, Andall RG, Khan AZ, Patel K, Muresian H, Spicer DE, Tubbs RS. The clinical anatomy of high take-off coronary arteries. Clin Anat 2015; 29:408-19. [PMID: 26518608 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A number of criteria are used in the literature to describe high take-off coronary arteries, which can in part, explain the divide in the literature on the pathological significance of this anomaly. This study presents the anatomical variations of high take-off coronary arteries to draw attention to the possible clinical implications they may cause during angiography and other surgical procedures. The English Literature was searched to review high take-off coronary arteries. A high take-off coronary artery arising at least 1 cm in adults or 20% the depth of the sinus in children above the sinutubular junction, is considered of greater clinical relevance and was included in our meta-analysis. High take-off coronaries by other criteria was also included as part of the comprehensive review. Exclusion criteria were reports made in case studies or case reviews. The prevalence of high take-off coronary arteries in our study was 26 of 12,899 (0.202%). High take-off coronary arteries were found to originate up to 5 cm above the sinutubular junction. Right coronary arteries made up 84.46% of high take-off coronary arteries reported in the literature. Three (0.023%) cases that originated more than one centimeter above the sinutubular junction was associated with sudden cardiac death. This is a higher reported association than in studies that used other criteria for classification. It is important for clinicians to recognize the importance of correctly diagnosing high take-off coronary arteries in patients with coexisting cardiac morbidities so that suitable management plans can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Rebecca G Andall
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Akbar Z Khan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Kush Patel
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies
| | - Horia Muresian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The University Hospital of Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Department of Pediatrics-Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida and Congenital Heart Institute of Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, School of Medicine Grenada, West Indies.,Children's Hospital, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Birmingham, Alabama
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221
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Volz KS, Jacobs AH, Chen HI, Poduri A, McKay AS, Riordan DP, Kofler N, Kitajewski J, Weissman I, Red-Horse K. Pericytes are progenitors for coronary artery smooth muscle. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26479710 PMCID: PMC4728130 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardial cells on the heart's surface give rise to coronary artery smooth muscle cells (caSMCs) located deep in the myocardium. However, the differentiation steps between epicardial cells and caSMCs are unknown as are the final maturation signals at coronary arteries. Here, we use clonal analysis and lineage tracing to show that caSMCs derive from pericytes, mural cells associated with microvessels, and that these cells are present in adults. During development following the onset of blood flow, pericytes at arterial remodeling sites upregulate Notch3 while endothelial cells express Jagged-1. Deletion of Notch3 disrupts caSMC differentiation. Our data support a model wherein epicardial-derived pericytes populate the entire coronary microvasculature, but differentiate into caSMCs at arterial remodeling zones in response to Notch signaling. Our data are the first demonstration that pericytes are progenitors for smooth muscle, and their presence in adult hearts reveals a new potential cell type for targeting during cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S Volz
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine PhD Program, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Ludwig Center, Stanford, United States
| | - Andrew H Jacobs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Heidi I Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Aruna Poduri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Andrew S McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel P Riordan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Natalie Kofler
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Ludwig Center, Stanford, United States.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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222
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Niderla-Bielińska J, Gula G, Flaht-Zabost A, Jankowska-Steifer E, Czarnowska E, Radomska-Leśniewska DM, Ciszek B, Ratajska A. 3-D reconstruction and multiple marker analysis of mouse proepicardial endothelial cell population. Microvasc Res 2015; 102:54-69. [PMID: 26277230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proepicardium (PE), a transient embryonic structure crucial for the development of the epicardium and heart, contains its own population of endothelial cells (ECs). The aim of our study was to determine the pattern, anatomical orientation and phenotypic marker expression of the endothelial cell network within the PE. RESULTS Immunohistochemical findings revealed that proepicardial ECs express both early and late EC-specific markers such as CD31, Flk-1, Lyve-1 and Tie-2 but not SCL/Tal1, vWF, Dll4 or Notch1. Proepicardial ECs are present in the vicinity of the sinus venosus (SV) and form a continuous network of vascular sprouts/tubules connected with the SV endothelium, with Ter-119-positive erythroblasts in the vascular lumina. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of our results, we postulate the existence of a continuous network of ECs in the PE, exhibiting connection and/or patency with the SV and forming vessels/tubules/strands. Marker expression suggests that ECs are immature and undifferentiated, which was also confirmed with a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Our results deliver new data for a better understanding of the nature of proepicardial ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Gula
- Student Scientific Group at the Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Elżbieta Czarnowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Bogdan Ciszek
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ratajska
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
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223
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Cavallero S, Shen H, Yi C, Lien CL, Kumar SR, Sucov HM. CXCL12 Signaling Is Essential for Maturation of the Ventricular Coronary Endothelial Plexus and Establishment of Functional Coronary Circulation. Dev Cell 2015; 33:469-77. [PMID: 26017771 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maturation of a vascular plexus is a critical and yet incompletely understood process in organ development, and known maturation factors act universally in all vascular beds. In this study, we show that CXCL12 is an organ-specific maturation factor of particular relevance in coronary arterial vasculature. In vitro, CXCL12 does not influence nascent vessel formation, but promotes higher-order complexity of preinitiated vessels. In the heart, CXCL12 is expressed principally by the epicardium, and its receptor CXCR4 is expressed by coronary endothelial cells. CXCL12 is not a chemotactic signal for endothelial cell migration, but rather acts in a paracrine manner to influence the maturation of the coronary vascular plexus. Mutants in CXCL12 signaling show an excess of immature capillary chains and a selective failure in arterial maturation, and become leaky with the onset of coronary perfusion. Failed maturation of the coronary system explains the late-gestation lethality of these mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cavallero
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Hua Shen
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Christopher Yi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Henry M Sucov
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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224
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Ivins S, Chappell J, Vernay B, Suntharalingham J, Martineau A, Mohun TJ, Scambler PJ. The CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis Plays a Critical Role in Coronary Artery Development. Dev Cell 2015; 33:455-68. [PMID: 26017770 PMCID: PMC4448146 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 have many functions during embryonic and post-natal life. We used murine models to investigate the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in cardiac development and found that embryonic Cxcl12-null hearts lacked intra-ventricular coronary arteries (CAs) and exhibited absent or misplaced CA stems. We traced the origin of this phenotype to defects in the early stages of CA stem formation. CA stems derive from the peritruncal plexus, an encircling capillary network that invades the wall of the developing aorta. We showed that CXCL12 is present at high levels in the outflow tract, while peritruncal endothelial cells (ECs) express CXCR4. In the absence of CXCL12, ECs were abnormally localized and impaired in their ability to anastomose with the aortic lumen. We propose that CXCL12 is required for connection of peritruncal plexus ECs to the aortic endothelium and thus plays a vital role in CA formation. Cxcl12 and Cxcr4 mutants lack intra-ventricular coronary arteries Coronary artery stem formation is impaired in Cxcl12 mutants Peritruncal blood vessels fail to penetrate the aortic endothelium CXCL12 signaling is required for anastomosis of peritruncal endothelial cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ivins
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Joel Chappell
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Bertrand Vernay
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jenifer Suntharalingham
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alexandrine Martineau
- Developmental Biology Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- Developmental Biology Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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225
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Chemokine-guided angiogenesis directs coronary vasculature formation in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2015; 33:442-54. [PMID: 26017769 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interruption of the coronary blood supply severely impairs heart function with often fatal consequences for patients. However, the formation and maturation of these coronary vessels is not fully understood. Here we provide a detailed analysis of coronary vessel development in zebrafish. We observe that coronary vessels form in zebrafish by angiogenic sprouting of arterial cells derived from the endocardium at the atrioventricular canal. Endothelial cells express the CXC-motif chemokine receptor Cxcr4a and migrate to vascularize the ventricle under the guidance of the myocardium-expressed ligand Cxcl12b. cxcr4a mutant zebrafish fail to form a vascular network, whereas ectopic expression of Cxcl12b ligand induces coronary vessel formation. Importantly, cxcr4a mutant zebrafish fail to undergo heart regeneration following injury. Our results suggest that chemokine signaling has an essential role in coronary vessel formation by directing migration of endocardium-derived endothelial cells. Poorly developed vasculature in cxcr4a mutants likely underlies decreased regenerative potential in adults.
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226
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Lluri G, Huang V, Touma M, Liu X, Harmon AW, Nakano A. Hematopoietic progenitors are required for proper development of coronary vasculature. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 86:199-207. [PMID: 26241844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE During embryogenesis, hematopoietic cells appear in the myocardium prior to the initiation of coronary formation. However, their role is unknown. OBJECTIVE Here we investigate whether pre-existing hematopoietic cells are required for the formation of coronary vasculature. METHODS AND RESULTS As a model of for hematopoietic cell deficient animals, we used Runx1 knockout embryos and Vav1-cre; R26-DTA embryos, latter of which genetically ablates 2/3 of CD45(+) hematopoietic cells. Both Runx1 knockout embryos and Vav1-cre; R26-DTA embryos revealed disorganized, hypoplastic microvasculature of coronary vessels on section and whole-mount stainings. Furthermore, coronary explant experiments showed that the mouse heart explants from Runx1 and Vav1-cre; R26-DTA embryos exhibited impaired coronary formation ex vivo. Interestingly, in both models it appears that epicardial to mesenchymal transition is adversely affected in the absence of hematopoietic progenitors. CONCLUSION Hematopoietic cells are not merely passively transported via coronary vessel, but substantially involved in the induction of the coronary growth. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of coronary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Lluri
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vincent Huang
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marlin Touma
- Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Cell and Integrative Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew W Harmon
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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227
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Endocardial Brg1 disruption illustrates the developmental origins of semilunar valve disease. Dev Biol 2015; 407:158-72. [PMID: 26100917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of intricately organized aortic and pulmonic valves from primitive endocardial cushions of the outflow tract is a remarkable accomplishment of embryonic development. While not always initially pathologic, developmental semilunar valve (SLV) defects, including bicuspid aortic valve, frequently progress to a disease state in adults requiring valve replacement surgery. Disrupted embryonic growth, differentiation, and patterning events that "trigger" SLV disease are coordinated by gene expression changes in endocardial, myocardial, and cushion mesenchymal cells. We explored roles of chromatin regulation in valve gene regulatory networks by conditional inactivation of the Brg1-associated factor (BAF) chromatin remodeling complex in the endocardial lineage. Endocardial Brg1-deficient mouse embryos develop thickened and disorganized SLV cusps that frequently become bicuspid and myxomatous, including in surviving adults. These SLV disease-like phenotypes originate from deficient endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in the proximal outflow tract (pOFT) cushions. The missing cells are replaced by compensating neural crest or other non-EMT-derived mesenchyme. However, these cells are incompetent to fully pattern the valve interstitium into distinct regions with specialized extracellular matrices. Transcriptomics reveal genes that may promote growth and patterning of SLVs and/or serve as disease-state biomarkers. Mechanistic studies of SLV disease genes should distinguish between disease origins and progression; the latter may reflect secondary responses to a disrupted developmental system.
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228
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Miquerol L, Thireau J, Bideaux P, Sturny R, Richard S, Kelly RG. Endothelial plasticity drives arterial remodeling within the endocardium after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2015; 116:1765-71. [PMID: 25834185 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Revascularization of injured, ischemic, and regenerating organs is essential to restore organ function. In the postinfarct heart, however, the mechanisms underlying the formation of new coronary arteries are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To study vascular remodeling of coronary arteries after infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed permanent left coronary ligation on Connexin40-GFP mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in endothelial cells of coronary arteries but not veins, capillaries, or endocardium. GFP(+) endothelial foci were identified within the endocardium in the infarct zone. These previously undescribed structures, termed endocardial flowers, have a distinct endothelial phenotype (Cx40(+), VEGFR2(+), and endoglin(-)) to the surrounding endocardium (Cx40(-), VEGFR2(-), and endoglin(+)). Endocardial flowers are contiguous with coronary vessels and associated with subendocardial smooth muscle cell accumulation. Genetic lineage tracing reveals extensive endothelial plasticity in the postinfarct heart, showing that endocardial flowers develop by arteriogenesis of Cx40(-) cells and by outgrowth of pre-existing coronary arteries. Finally, endocardial flowers exhibit angiogenic features, including early VEGFR2 expression and active proliferation of adjacent endocardial and smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS Arterial endothelial foci within the endocardium reveal extensive endothelial cell plasticity in the infarct zone and identify the endocardium as a site of endogenous arteriogenesis and source of endothelial cells to promote vascularization in regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Miquerol
- From Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France (L.M., R.S., R.G.K.); and PHYMEDEXP, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale Cœur et Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Université de Montpellier, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France (J.T., P.B, S.R.).
| | - Jérome Thireau
- From Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France (L.M., R.S., R.G.K.); and PHYMEDEXP, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale Cœur et Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Université de Montpellier, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France (J.T., P.B, S.R.)
| | - Patrice Bideaux
- From Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France (L.M., R.S., R.G.K.); and PHYMEDEXP, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale Cœur et Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Université de Montpellier, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France (J.T., P.B, S.R.)
| | - Rachel Sturny
- From Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France (L.M., R.S., R.G.K.); and PHYMEDEXP, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale Cœur et Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Université de Montpellier, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France (J.T., P.B, S.R.)
| | - Sylvain Richard
- From Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France (L.M., R.S., R.G.K.); and PHYMEDEXP, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale Cœur et Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Université de Montpellier, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France (J.T., P.B, S.R.)
| | - Robert G Kelly
- From Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR 7288, Marseille, France (L.M., R.S., R.G.K.); and PHYMEDEXP, Physiologie et Médecine Expérimentale Cœur et Muscles, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Université de Montpellier, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France (J.T., P.B, S.R.)
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229
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Thodeti CK. A bouquet for a broken heart: can flowers repair a damaged heart? Circ Res 2015; 116:1729-31. [PMID: 25999417 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Thodeti
- From the Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH.
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230
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Xu X, Tan X, Tampe B, Sanchez E, Zeisberg M, Zeisberg EM. Snail Is a Direct Target of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) in Hypoxia-induced Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Human Coronary Endothelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16653-64. [PMID: 25971970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was originally described in heart development where the endocardial endothelial cells that line the atrioventricular canal undergo an EndMT to form the endocardial mesenchymal cushion that later gives rise to the septum and mitral and tricuspid valves. In the postnatal heart specifically, endothelial cells that originate from the endocardium maintain increased susceptibility to undergo EndMT as remnants from their embryonic origin. Such EndMT involving adult coronary endothelial cells contributes to microvascular rarefaction and subsequent chronification of hypoxia in the injured heart, ultimately leading to cardiac fibrosis. Although in most endothelial beds hypoxia induces tip cell formation and sprouting angiogenesis, here we demonstrate that hypoxia is a stimulus for human coronary endothelial cells to undergo phenotypic changes reminiscent of EndMT via a mechanism involving hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-induced activation of the EndMT master regulatory transcription factor SNAIL. Our study adds further evidence for the unique susceptibility of endocardium-derived endothelial cells to undergo EndMT and provides novel insights into how hypoxia contributes to progression of cardiac fibrosis. Additional studies may be required to discriminate between distinct sprouting angiogenesis and EndMT responses of different endothelial cells populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Xu
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and
| | - Björn Tampe
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany and
| | - Elisa Sanchez
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany and
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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231
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Germani A, Foglio E, Capogrossi MC, Russo MA, Limana F. Generation of cardiac progenitor cells through epicardial to mesenchymal transition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:735-48. [PMID: 25943780 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that drives the formation of cells involved both in tissue repair and in pathological conditions, including tissue fibrosis and tumor metastasis by providing cancer cells with stem cell properties. Recent findings suggest that EMT is reactivated in the heart following ischemic injury. Specifically, epicardial EMT might be involved in the formation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) that can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and, possibly, cardiomyocytes. The identification of mechanisms and signaling pathways governing EMT-derived CPC generation and differentiation may contribute to the development of a more efficient regenerative approach for adult heart repair. Here, we summarize key literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Germani
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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The cerebral cavernous malformation pathway controls cardiac development via regulation of endocardial MEKK3 signaling and KLF expression. Dev Cell 2015; 32:168-80. [PMID: 25625206 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) pathway is required in endothelial cells for normal cardiovascular development and to prevent postnatal vascular malformations, but its molecular effectors are not well defined. Here we show that loss of CCM signaling in endocardial cells results in mid-gestation heart failure associated with premature degradation of cardiac jelly. CCM deficiency dramatically alters endocardial and endothelial gene expression, including increased expression of the Klf2 and Klf4 transcription factors and the Adamts4 and Adamts5 proteases that degrade cardiac jelly. These changes in gene expression result from increased activity of MEKK3, a mitogen-activated protein kinase that binds CCM2 in endothelial cells. MEKK3 is both necessary and sufficient for expression of these genes, and partial loss of MEKK3 rescues cardiac defects in CCM-deficient embryos. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which CCM signaling controls endothelial gene expression during cardiovascular development that may also underlie CCM formation.
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233
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease causes acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. Identifying coronary vascular progenitors and their developmental program could inspire novel regenerative treatments for cardiac diseases. The developmental origins of the coronary vessels have been shrouded in mystery and debated for several decades. Recent identification of progenitors for coronary vessels within the endocardium, epicardium, and sinus venosus provides new insights into this question. In addition, significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the cellular and molecular programs that orchestrate coronary artery development. Establishing adequate vascular supply will be an essential component of cardiac regenerative strategies, and these findings raise exciting new strategies for therapeutic cardiac revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (X.T., B.Z.) and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science (B.Z.), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (W.T.P.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - William T Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (X.T., B.Z.) and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science (B.Z.), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (W.T.P.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (X.T., B.Z.) and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science (B.Z.), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (W.T.P.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
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234
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Moazzen H, Lu X, Liu M, Feng Q. Pregestational diabetes induces fetal coronary artery malformation via reactive oxygen species signaling. Diabetes 2015; 64:1431-43. [PMID: 25422104 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoplastic coronary artery disease is a congenital coronary artery malformation associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of hypoplastic coronary artery disease remain undefined. Pregestational diabetes increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the risk of congenital heart defects. We show that pregestational diabetes in mice induced by streptozotocin significantly increased 4-hydroxynonenal production and decreased coronary artery volume in fetal hearts. Pregestational diabetes also impaired epicardial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as shown by analyses of the epicardium, epicardial-derived cells, and fate mapping. Additionally, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α), Snail1, Slug, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFgf), and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh1a2) was decreased and E-cadherin expression was increased in the hearts of fetuses of diabetic mothers. Of note, these abnormalities were all rescued by treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in diabetic females during gestation. Ex vivo analysis showed that high glucose levels inhibited epicardial EMT, which was reversed by NAC treatment. We conclude that pregestational diabetes in mice can cause coronary artery malformation through ROS signaling. This study may provide a rationale for further clinical studies to investigate whether pregestational diabetes could cause hypoplastic coronary artery disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Moazzen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiangru Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murong Liu
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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235
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Abstract
The heart is the first organ to form during embryonic development. Given the complex nature of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis, it is not surprising that some form of congenital heart disease is present in ≈1 percent of newborns. The molecular determinants of heart development have received much attention over the past several decades. This has been driven in large part by an interest in understanding the causes of congenital heart disease coupled with the potential of using knowledge from developmental biology to generate functional cells and tissues that could be used for regenerative medicine purposes. In this review, we highlight the critical signaling pathways and transcription factor networks that regulate cardiomyocyte lineage specification in both in vivo and in vitro models. Special focus will be given to epigenetic regulators that drive the commitment of cardiomyogenic cells from nascent mesoderm and their differentiation into chamber-specific myocytes, as well as regulation of myocardial trabeculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Paige
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Karolina Plonowska
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Adele Xu
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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236
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Agarwal S, Loder SJ, Brownley C, Eboda O, Peterson JR, Hayano S, Wu B, Zhao B, Kaartinen V, Wong VC, Mishina Y, Levi B. BMP signaling mediated by constitutively active Activin type 1 receptor (ACVR1) results in ectopic bone formation localized to distal extremity joints. Dev Biol 2015; 400:202-9. [PMID: 25722188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BMP signaling mediated by ACVR1 plays a critical role for development of multiple structures including the cardiovascular and skeletal systems. While deficient ACVR1 signaling impairs normal embryonic development, hyperactive ACVR1 function (R206H in humans and Q207D mutation in mice, ca-ACVR1) results in formation of heterotopic ossification (HO). We developed a mouse line, which conditionally expresses ca-ACVR1 with Nfatc1-Cre(+) transgene. Mutant mice developed ectopic cartilage and bone at the distal joints of the extremities including the interphalangeal joints and hind limb ankles as early as P4 in the absence of trauma or exogenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) administration. Micro-CT showed that even at later time points (up to P40), cartilage and bone development persisted at the affected joints most prominently in the ankle. Interestingly, this phenotype was not present in areas of bone outside of the joints - tibia are normal in mutants and littermate controls away from the ankle. These findings demonstrate that this model may allow for further studies of heterotopic ossification, which does not require the use of stem cells, direct trauma or activation with exogenous Cre gene administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Agarwal
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shawn J Loder
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cameron Brownley
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Eboda
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan R Peterson
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Satoru Hayano
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bingrou Wu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Victor C Wong
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Plastic Surgery, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Benjamin Levi
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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237
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Cardiac endothelial cells express Wilms' tumor-1: Wt1 expression in the developing, adult and infarcted heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 81:127-35. [PMID: 25681586 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death worldwide. Due to their limited regenerative capacity lost cardiomyocytes are replaced by a non-contractile fibrotic scar tissue. The epicardial layer of the heart provides cardiac progenitor cells during development. Because this layer regains embryonic characteristics in the adult heart after cardiac injury, it could serve as a promising source for resident cardiac progenitor cells. Wilms' tumor-1 (Wt1) is associated with the activation and reactivation of the epicardium and therefore potentially important for the differentiation and regenerative capacity of the epicardium. To gain more insight into the regulation of Wt1 we examined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of Wt1 during murine development and after cardiac injury. Interestingly, we found that Wt1 is expressed in the majority of the cardiac endothelial cells within the myocardial ventricular layer of the developing heart from E12.5 onwards. In the adult heart only a subset of coronary endothelial cells remains positive for Wt1. After myocardial infarction Wt1 is temporally upregulated in the endothelial cells of the infarcted area and the border zone of the heart. In vitro experiments show that endothelial Wt1 expression can be induced by hypoxia. We show that Wt1 is associated with endothelial cell proliferation: Wt1 expression is higher in proliferating endothelial cells, Wt1 knockdown inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells, and Wt1 regulates CyclinD1 expression. Finally, endothelial cells lacking Wt1 are not capable to establish a proper vascular network in vitro. Together, these results suggest a possible role for Wt1 in cardiac vessel formation in development and disease.
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238
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Zhang F, Feridooni T, Hotchkiss A, Pasumarthi KBS. Divergent cell cycle kinetics of midgestation ventricular cells entail a higher engraftment efficiency after cell transplantation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C220-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00319.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the primary and secondary heart fields contribute to the formation of all major cell types in the mammalian heart. While some CPCs remain undifferentiated in midgestation and postnatal hearts, very little is known about their proliferation and differentiation potential. In this study, using an Nkx2.5 cell lineage-restricted reporter mouse model, we provide evidence that Nkx2.5+ CPCs and cardiomyocytes can be readily distinguished from nonmyocyte population using a combination of Nkx2.5 and sarcomeric myosin staining of dispersed ventricular cell preparations. Assessment of cell number and G1/S transit rates during ventricular development indicates that the proliferative capacity of Nkx2.5+ cell lineage gradually decreases despite a progressive increase in Nkx2.5+ cell number. Notably, midgestation ventricles (E11.5) contain a larger number of CPCs (∼2-fold) compared with E14.5 ventricles, and the embryonic CPCs retain cardiomyogenic differentiation potential. The proliferation rates are consistently higher in embryonic CPCs compared with myocyte population in both E11.5 and E14.5 ventricles. Results from two independent cell transplantation models revealed that E11.5 ventricular cells with a higher percentage of proliferating CPCs can form larger grafts compared with E14.5 ventricular cells. Furthermore, transplantation of embryonic ventricular cells did not cause any undesirable side effects such as arrhythmias. These data underscore the benefits of donor cell developmental staging in myocardial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tiam Feridooni
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Adam Hotchkiss
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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239
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Rusu MC, Poalelungi CV, Vrapciu AD, Nicolescu MI, Hostiuc S, Mogoanta L, Taranu T. Endocardial tip cells in the human embryo - facts and hypotheses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115853. [PMID: 25617624 PMCID: PMC4305311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies regarding coronary embryogenesis suggest that the endocardium is a source of endothelial cells for the myocardial networks. As this was not previously documented in human embryos, we aimed to study whether or not endothelial tip cells could be correlated with endocardial-dependent mechanisms of sprouting angiogenesis. Six human embryos (43–56 days) were obtained and processed in accordance with ethical regulations; immunohistochemistry was performed for CD105 (endoglin), CD31, CD34, α-smooth muscle actin, desmin and vimentin antibodies. Primitive main vessels were found deriving from both the sinus venosus and aorta, and were sought to be the primordia of the venous and arterial ends of cardiac microcirculation. Subepicardial vessels were found branching into the outer ventricular myocardium, with a pattern of recruiting α-SMA+/desmin+ vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Endothelial sprouts were guided by CD31+/CD34+/CD105+/vimentin+ endothelial tip cells. Within the inner myocardium, we found endothelial networks rooted from endocardium, guided by filopodia-projecting CD31+/CD34+/CD105+/ vimentin+ endocardial tip cells. The myocardial microcirculatory bed in the atria was mostly originated from endocardium, as well. Nevertheless, endocardial tip cells were also found in cardiac cushions, but they were not related to cushion endothelial networks. A general anatomical pattern of cardiac microvascular embryogenesis was thus hypothesized; the arterial and venous ends being linked, respectively, to the aorta and sinus venosus. Further elongation of the vessels may be related to the epicardium and subepicardial stroma and the intramyocardial network, depending on either endothelial and endocardial filopodia-guided tip cells in ventricles, or mostly on endocardium, in atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel C. Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- MEDCENTER—Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian V. Poalelungi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology “Dr.I.Cantacuzino” Hospital, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra D. Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea I. Nicolescu
- Division of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail:
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Division of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Mogoanta
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, Department of Morphology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Traian Taranu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, “Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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240
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Xu X, Friehs I, Zhong Hu T, Melnychenko I, Tampe B, Alnour F, Iascone M, Kalluri R, Zeisberg M, Del Nido PJ, Zeisberg EM. Endocardial fibroelastosis is caused by aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Circ Res 2015; 116:857-66. [PMID: 25587097 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a unique form of fibrosis, which forms a de novo subendocardial tissue layer encapsulating the myocardium and stunting its growth, and which is typically associated with congenital heart diseases of heterogeneous origin, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Relevance of EFE was only recently highlighted through the establishment of staged biventricular repair surgery in infant patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, where surgical removal of EFE tissue has resulted in improvement in the restrictive physiology leading to the growth of the left ventricle in parallel with somatic growth. However, pathomechanisms underlying EFE formation are still scarce, and specific therapeutic targets are not yet known. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to investigate the cellular origins of EFE tissue and to gain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms to ultimately develop novel therapeutic strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS By utilizing a novel EFE model of heterotopic transplantation of hearts from newborn reporter mice and by analyzing human EFE tissue, we demonstrate for the first time that fibrogenic cells within EFE tissue originate from endocardial endothelial cells via aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition. We further demonstrate that such aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition involving endocardial endothelial cells is caused by dysregulated transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic proteins signaling and that this imbalance is at least in part caused by aberrant promoter methylation and subsequent transcriptional suppression of bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 7. Finally, we provide evidence that supplementation of exogenous recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins 7 effectively ameliorates endothelial to mesenchymal transition and experimental EFE in rats. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data point to aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a common denominator of infant EFE development in heterogeneous, congenital heart diseases, and to bone morphogenetic proteins 7 as an effective treatment for EFE and its restriction of heart growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Biomarkers
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/physiology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/therapeutic use
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics
- Cell Transdifferentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Methylation
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis/drug therapy
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis/pathology
- Endocardium/pathology
- Epithelium/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Heart Transplantation
- Humans
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/pathology
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/surgery
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Smad Proteins/genetics
- Smad Proteins/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Ingeborg Friehs
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Tachi Zhong Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Ivan Melnychenko
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Björn Tampe
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Fouzi Alnour
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Maria Iascone
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.).
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241
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Qu X, Zhou B, Scott Baldwin H. Tie1 is required for lymphatic valve and collecting vessel development. Dev Biol 2015; 399:117-128. [PMID: 25576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tie1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase with broad expression in embryonic endothelium. Reduction of Tie1 levels in mouse embryos with a hypomorphic Tie1 allele resulted in abnormal lymphatic patterning and architecture, decreased lymphatic draining efficiency, and ultimately, embryonic demise. Here we report that Tie1 is present uniformly throughout the lymphatics and from late embryonic/early postnatal stages, becomes more restricted to lymphatic valve regions. To investigate later events of lymphatic development, we employed Cre-loxP recombination utilizing a floxed Tie1 allele and an Nfatc1Cre line, to provide loxP excision predominantly in lymphatic endothelium and developing valves. Interestingly, unlike the early prenatal defects previously described by ubiquitous endothelial deletion, excision of Tie1 with Nfatc1Cre resulted in abnormal lymphatic defects in postnatal mice and was characterized by agenesis of lymphatic valves and a deficiency of collecting lymphatic vessels. Attenuation of Tie1 signaling in lymphatic endothelium prevented initiation of lymphatic valve specification by Prox1 high expression lymphatic endothelial cells that is associated with the onset of turbulent flow in the lymphatic circulation. Our findings reveal a fundamental role for Tie1 signaling during lymphatic vessel remodeling and valve morphogenesis and implicate it as a candidate gene involved in primary lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghu Qu
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10461, USA
| | - H Scott Baldwin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Development Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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242
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Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP, Adams RH. Regulation of tissue morphogenesis by endothelial cell-derived signals. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:148-57. [PMID: 25529933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form an extensive network of blood vessels that has numerous essential functions in the vertebrate body. In addition to their well-established role as a versatile transport network, blood vessels can induce organ formation or direct growth and differentiation processes by providing signals in a paracrine (angiocrine) fashion. Tissue repair also requires the local restoration of vasculature. ECs are emerging as important signaling centers that coordinate regeneration and help to prevent deregulated, disease-promoting processes. Vascular cells are also part of stem cell niches and have key roles in hematopoiesis, bone formation, and neurogenesis. Here, we review these newly identified roles of ECs in the regulation of organ morphogenesis, maintenance, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana K Ramasamy
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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243
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VanDusen NJ, Casanovas J, Vincentz JW, Firulli BA, Osterwalder M, Lopez-Rios J, Zeller R, Zhou B, Grego-Bessa J, De La Pompa JL, Shou W, Firulli AB. Hand2 is an essential regulator for two Notch-dependent functions within the embryonic endocardium. Cell Rep 2014; 9:2071-83. [PMID: 25497097 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Hand2 plays critical roles during cardiac morphogenesis via expression and function within myocardial, neural crest, and epicardial cell populations. Here, we show that Hand2 plays two essential Notch-dependent roles within the endocardium. Endocardial ablation of Hand2 results in failure to develop a patent tricuspid valve, intraventricular septum defects, and hypotrabeculated ventricles, which collectively resemble the human congenital defect tricuspid atresia. We show endocardial Hand2 to be an integral downstream component of a Notch endocardium-to-myocardium signaling pathway and a direct transcriptional regulator of Neuregulin1. Additionally, Hand2 participates in endocardium-to-endocardium-based cell signaling, with Hand2 mutant hearts displaying an increased density of coronary lumens. Molecular analyses further reveal dysregulation of several crucial components of Vegf signaling, including VegfA, VegfR2, Nrp1, and VegfR3. Thus, Hand2 functions as a crucial downstream transcriptional effector of endocardial Notch signaling during both cardiogenesis and coronary vasculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J VanDusen
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jose Casanovas
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua W Vincentz
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Beth A Firulli
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Lopez-Rios
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joaquim Grego-Bessa
- Department of Developmental Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - José Luis De La Pompa
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Program, Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Weinian Shou
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Riley Heart Research Center, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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244
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Snider P, Simmons O, Wang J, Hoang CQ, Conway SJ. Ectopic Noggin in a Population of Nfatc1 Lineage Endocardial Progenitors Induces Embryonic Lethality. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:214-236. [PMID: 26090377 PMCID: PMC4469290 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial heart is composed of a myocardial tube lined by endocardial cells. The TGFβ superfamily is known to play an important role, as BMPs from the myocardium signal to the overlying endocardium to create an environment for EMT. Subsequently, BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways synergize to form primitive valves and regulate myocardial growth. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Using Nfatc1Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within the endocardium, we show that ectopic Noggin arrests cardiac development in E10.5-11 embryos, resulting in small hearts which beat poorly and die by E12.5. This is coupled with hypoplastic endocardial cushions, reduced trabeculation and fewer mature contractile fibrils in mutant hearts. Moreover, Nfatc1Cre-mediated diphtheria toxin fragment-A expression in the endocardium resulted in genetic ablation and a more severe phenotype with lethality at E11 and abnormal linear hearts. Molecular analysis demonstrated that endocardial Noggin resulted in a specific alteration of TGFβ/BMP-mediated signal transduction, in that, both Endoglin and ALK1 were downregulated in mutant endocardium. Combined, these results demonstrate the cell-autonomous requirement of the endocardial lineage and function of unaltered BMP levels in facilitating endothelium-cardiomyocyte cross-talk and promoting endocardial cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +317-278-8781; Fax: +317-278-0138
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245
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Chen HI, Sharma B, Akerberg BN, Numi HJ, Kivelä R, Saharinen P, Aghajanian H, McKay AS, Bogard PE, Chang AH, Jacobs AH, Epstein JA, Stankunas K, Alitalo K, Red-Horse K. The sinus venosus contributes to coronary vasculature through VEGFC-stimulated angiogenesis. Development 2014; 141:4500-12. [PMID: 25377552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Identifying coronary artery progenitors and their developmental pathways could inspire novel regenerative treatments for heart disease. Multiple sources of coronary vessels have been proposed, including the sinus venosus (SV), endocardium and proepicardium, but their relative contributions to the coronary circulation and the molecular mechanisms regulating their development are poorly understood. We created an ApjCreER mouse line as a lineage-tracing tool to map SV-derived vessels onto the heart and compared the resulting lineage pattern with endocardial and proepicardial contributions to the coronary circulation. The data showed a striking compartmentalization to coronary development. ApjCreER-traced vessels contributed to a large number of arteries, capillaries and veins on the dorsal and lateral sides of the heart. By contrast, untraced vessels predominated in the midline of the ventral aspect and ventricular septum, which are vessel populations primarily derived from the endocardium. The proepicardium gave rise to a smaller fraction of vessels spaced relatively uniformly throughout the ventricular walls. Dorsal (SV-derived) and ventral (endocardial-derived) coronary vessels developed in response to different growth signals. The absence of VEGFC, which is expressed in the epicardium, dramatically inhibited dorsal and lateral coronary growth but left vessels on the ventral side unaffected. We propose that complementary SV-derived and endocardial-derived migratory routes unite to form the coronary vasculature and that the former requires VEGFC, revealing its role as a tissue-specific mediator of blood endothelial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi I Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bikram Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brynn N Akerberg
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Harri J Numi
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pipsa Saharinen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew S McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Andrew H Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew H Jacobs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kryn Stankunas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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246
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Chen HI, Poduri A, Numi H, Kivela R, Saharinen P, McKay AS, Raftrey B, Churko J, Tian X, Zhou B, Wu JC, Alitalo K, Red-Horse K. VEGF-C and aortic cardiomyocytes guide coronary artery stem development. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4899-914. [PMID: 25271623 DOI: 10.1172/jci77483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary arteries (CAs) stem from the aorta at 2 highly stereotyped locations, deviations from which can cause myocardial ischemia and death. CA stems form during embryogenesis when peritruncal blood vessels encircle the cardiac outflow tract and invade the aorta, but the underlying patterning mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using murine models, we demonstrated that VEGF-C-deficient hearts have severely hypoplastic peritruncal vessels, resulting in delayed and abnormally positioned CA stems. We observed that VEGF-C is widely expressed in the outflow tract, while cardiomyocytes develop specifically within the aorta at stem sites where they surround maturing CAs in both mouse and human hearts. Mice heterozygous for islet 1 (Isl1) exhibited decreased aortic cardiomyocytes and abnormally low CA stems. In hearts with outflow tract rotation defects, misplaced stems were associated with shifted aortic cardiomyocytes, and myocardium induced ectopic connections with the pulmonary artery in culture. These data support a model in which CA stem development first requires VEGF-C to stimulate vessel growth around the outflow tract. Then, aortic cardiomyocytes facilitate interactions between peritruncal vessels and the aorta. Derangement of either step can lead to mispatterned CA stems. Studying this niche for cardiomyocyte development, and its relationship with CAs, has the potential to identify methods for stimulating vascular regrowth as a treatment for cardiovascular disease.
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247
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He L, Tian X, Zhang H, Wythe JD, Zhou B. Fabp4-CreER lineage tracing reveals two distinctive coronary vascular populations. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2152-6. [PMID: 25265869 PMCID: PMC4224549 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, genetic lineage tracing has allowed for the elucidation of the cellular origins and fates during both embryogenesis and in pathological settings in adults. Recent lineage tracing studies using Apln-CreER tool indicated that a large number of post-natal coronary vessels do not form from pre-existing vessels. Instead, they form de novo after birth, which represents a coronary vascular population (CVP) distinct from the pre-existing one. Herein, we present new coronary vasculature lineage tracing results using a novel tool, Fabp4-CreER. Our results confirm the distinct existence of two unique CVPs. The 1(st) CVP, which is labelled by Fabp4-CreER, arises through angiogenic sprouting of pre-existing vessels established during early embryogenesis. The 2(nd) CVP is not labelled by Fabp4, suggesting that these vessels form de novo, rather than through expansion of the 1(st) CVP. These results support the de novo formation of vessels in the post-natal heart, which has implications for studies in cardiovascular disease and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan He
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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248
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Diman NYSG, Brooks G, Kruithof BPT, Elemento O, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Basson CT, Hatcher CJ. Tbx5 is required for avian and Mammalian epicardial formation and coronary vasculogenesis. Circ Res 2014; 115:834-44. [PMID: 25245104 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Holt-Oram syndrome is an autosomal dominant heart-hand syndrome caused by mutations in the TBX5 gene. Overexpression of Tbx5 in the chick proepicardial organ impaired coronary blood vessel formation. However, the potential activity of Tbx5 in the epicardium itself, and the role of Tbx5 in mammalian coronary vasculogenesis, remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the consequences of altered Tbx5 gene dosage during proepicardial organ and epicardial development in the embryonic chick and mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS Retroviral-mediated knockdown or upregulation of Tbx5 expression in the embryonic chick proepicardial organ and proepicardial-specific deletion of Tbx5 in the embryonic mouse (Tbx5(epi-/)) impaired normal proepicardial organ cell development, inhibited epicardial and coronary blood vessel formation, and altered developmental gene expression. The generation of epicardial-derived cells and their migration into the myocardium were impaired between embryonic day (E) 13.5 to 15.5 in mutant hearts because of delayed epicardial attachment to the myocardium and subepicardial accumulation of epicardial-derived cells. This caused defective coronary vasculogenesis associated with impaired vascular smooth muscle cell recruitment and reduced invasion of cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial cells into myocardium. In contrast to wild-type hearts that exhibited an elaborate ventricular vascular network, Tbx5(epi-/-) hearts displayed a marked decrease in vascular density that was associated with myocardial hypoxia as exemplified by hypoxia inducible factor-1α upregulation and increased binding of hypoxyprobe-1. Tbx5(epi-/-) mice with such myocardial hypoxia exhibited reduced exercise capacity when compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a conserved Tbx5 dose-dependent requirement for both proepicardial and epicardial progenitor cell development in chick and in mouse coronary vascular formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nata Y S-G Diman
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.)
| | - Gabriel Brooks
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.)
| | - Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.)
| | - Olivier Elemento
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.)
| | - J G Seidman
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.)
| | - Christine E Seidman
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.)
| | - Craig T Basson
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.).
| | - Cathy J Hatcher
- From the Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology (N.Y.S.-G.D., G.B., B.P.T.K., C.T.B., C.J.H.) and Department of Physiology and Biophysics (O.E.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.G.S., C.E.S.); and Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA (C.J.H.).
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249
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Elliott GC, Gurtu R, McCollum C, Newman WG, Wang T. Foramen ovale closure is a process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition leading to fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107175. [PMID: 25215881 PMCID: PMC4162597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an atrial septal deformity present in around 25% of the general population. PFO is associated with major causes of morbidity, including stroke and migraine. PFO appears to be heritable but genes involved in the closure of foramen ovale have not been identified. The aim of this study is to determine molecular pathways and genes that are responsible to the postnatal closure of the foramen ovale. Using Sprague-Dawley rat hearts as a model we analysed the dynamic histological changes and gene expressions at the foramen ovale region between embryonic day 20 and postnatal day 7. We observed a gradual loss of the endothelial marker PECAM1, an upregulation of the mesenchymal marker vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, the elevation of the transcription factor Snail, and an increase of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in the foramen ovale region as well as the deposition of collagen-rich connective tissues at the closed foramen ovale, suggesting endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) occurring during foramen ovale closure which leads to fibrosis. In addition, Notch1 and Notch3 receptors, Notch ligand Jagged1 and Notch effector HRT1 were highly expressed in the endocardium of the foramen ovale region during EndMT. Activation of Notch3 alone in an endothelial cell culture model was able to drive EndMT and transform endothelial cells to mesenchymal phenotype. Our data demonstrate for the first time that FO closure is a process of EndMT-mediated fibrosis, and Notch signalling is an important player participating in this process. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of the closure of foramen ovale informs the pathogenesis of PFO and may provide potential options for screening and prevention of PFO related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme C. Elliott
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rockesh Gurtu
- Academic Surgery Unit, Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Charles McCollum
- Academic Surgery Unit, Education and Research Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William G. Newman
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Wang
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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250
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Meilhac SM, Lescroart F, Blanpain C, Buckingham ME. Cardiac cell lineages that form the heart. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013888. [PMID: 25183852 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial cells ensure the contractility of the heart, which also depends on other mesodermal cell types for its function. Embryological experiments had identified the sources of cardiac precursor cells. With the advent of genetic engineering, novel tools have been used to reconstruct the lineage tree of cardiac cells that contribute to different parts of the heart, map the development of cardiac regions, and characterize their genetic signature. Such knowledge is of fundamental importance for our understanding of cardiogenesis and also for the diagnosis and treatment of heart malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigolène M Meilhac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels B-1070, Belgium WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Buckingham
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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