201
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Biesalski HK. Vitamin D deficiency and co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients – A fatal relationship? NFS JOURNAL 2020. [PMCID: PMC7276229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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202
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Shim D, Kim H, Shin SJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection-Driven Foamy Macrophages and Their Implications in Tuberculosis Control as Targets for Host-Directed Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:910. [PMID: 32477367 PMCID: PMC7235167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), with 1.5 million deaths from this disease reported in 2018. Once the bacilli are inhaled, alveolar and interstitial macrophages become infected with Mtb and differentiate into lipid-laden foamy macrophages leading to lung inflammation. Thus, the presence of lipid-laden foamy macrophages is the hallmark of TB granuloma; these Mtb-infected foamy macrophages are the major niche for Mtb survival. The fate of TB pathogenesis is likely determined by the altered function of Mtb-infected macrophages, which initiate and mediate TB-related lung inflammation. As Mtb-infected foamy macrophages play central roles in the pathogenesis of Mtb, they may be important in the development of host-directed therapy against TB. Here, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the alterations in alveolar and interstitial macrophages in the regulation of Mtb infection-induced immune responses. Metabolic reprogramming of lipid-laden foamy macrophages following Mtb infection or virulence factors are also summarized. Furthermore, we review the therapeutic interventions targeting immune responses and metabolic pathways, from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. This review will further our understanding of the Mtb-infected foamy macrophages, which are both the major Mtb niche and therapeutic targets against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hagyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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203
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Kaiser A, Heiss K, Mueller AK, Fimmers R, Matthes J, Njuguna JT. Inhibition of EIF-5A prevents apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes after malaria infection. Amino Acids 2020; 52:693-710. [PMID: 32367435 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a determination of Troponin I and creatine kinase activity in whole-blood samples in a cohort of 100 small infants in the age of 2-5 years from Uganda with complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria suggests the prevalence of cardiac symptoms in comparison to non-infected, healthy patients. Troponin I and creatine kinase activity increased during infection. Different reports showed that complicated malaria coincides with hypoxia in children. The obtained clinical data prompted us to further elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms of cardiac involvement in human cardiac ventricular myocytes. Complicated malaria is the most common clinical presentation and might induce cardiac impairment by hypoxia. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is involved in hypoxia induced factor (HIF-1α) expression. EIF-5A is a protein posttranslationally modified by hypusination involving catalysis of the two enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. Treatment of human cardiomyocytes with GC7, an inhibitor of DHS, catalyzing the first step in hypusine biosynthesis led to a decrease in proinflammatory and proapoptotic myocardial caspase-1 activity in comparison to untreated cardiomyocytes. This effect was even more pronounced after co-administration of GC7 and GPI from P. falciparum simulating the pathology of severe malaria. Moreover, in comparison to untreated and GC7-treated cardiomyocytes, co-administration of GC7 and GPI significantly decreased the release of cytochrome C and lactate from damaged mitochondria. In sum, coadministration of GC7 prevented cardiac damage driven by hypoxia in vitro. Our approach demonstrates the potential of the pharmacological inhibitor GC7 to ameliorate apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in an in vitro model simulating severe malaria. This regulatory mechanism is based on blocking EIF-5A hypusination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kaiser
- Medical Research Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie, Informatik Und Epedimologie, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53107, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Matthes
- Centre of Pharmcology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 24, 50931, Köln, Germany
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204
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Makowski L, Chaib M, Rathmell JC. Immunometabolism: From basic mechanisms to translation. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:5-14. [PMID: 32320073 PMCID: PMC8056251 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism has emerged as a major mechanism central to adaptive and innate immune regulation. From early observations that inflammatory cytokines were induced in obese adipose tissue and that these cytokines contributed to metabolic disease, it was clear that metabolism and the immunological state are inextricably linked. With a second research wave arising from studies in cancer metabolism to also study the intrinsic metabolic pathways of immune cells themselves and how those pathways influence cell fate and function, immunometabolism is a rapidly maturing area of research. Several key themes and goals drive the field. There is abundant evidence that metabolic pathways are closely tied to cell signaling and differentiation which leads different subsets of immune cells to adopt unique metabolic programs specific to their state and environment. In this way, metabolic signaling drives cell fate. It is also apparent that microenvironment greatly influences cell metabolism. Immune cells adopt programs specific for the tissues where they infiltrate and reside. Ultimately, a central goal of the field is to apply immunometabolism findings to the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and metabolic syndrome. This review summarizes these facets of immunometabolism and highlights opportunities for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Makowski
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mehdi Chaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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205
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van Teijlingen Bakker N, Pearce EJ. Cell-intrinsic metabolic regulation of mononuclear phagocyte activation: Findings from the tip of the iceberg. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:54-67. [PMID: 32242952 PMCID: PMC10911050 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have only recently started to appreciate the extent to which immune cell activation involves significant changes in cellular metabolism. We are now beginning to understand how commitment to specific metabolic pathways influences aspects of cellular biology that are the more usual focus of immunological studies, such as activation-induced changes in gene transcription, post-transcriptional regulation of transcription, post-translational modifications of proteins, cytokine secretion, etc. Here, we focus on metabolic reprogramming in mononuclear phagocytes downstream of stimulation with inflammatory signals (such as LPS and IFNγ) vs alternative activation signals (IL-4), with an emphasis on work on dendritic cells and macrophages from our laboratory, and related studies from others. We cover aspects of glycolysis and its branching pathways (glycogen synthesis, pentose phosphate, serine synthesis, hexose synthesis, and glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle), the tricarboxylic acid pathway, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, and mitochondrial biology. Although our understanding of the metabolism of mononuclear phagocytes has progressed significantly over the last 10 years, major challenges remain, including understanding the effects of tissue residence on metabolic programming related to cellular activation, and the translatability of findings from mouse to human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki van Teijlingen Bakker
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Epigenetics and Immunobiology, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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206
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Abstract
Macrophage immunometabolism, the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways that alter the function of these highly plastic cells, has been the subject of intense interest in the past few years, in part because macrophage immunometabolism plays important roles in atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. In this review article, part of the Compendium on Atherosclerosis, we introduce the concepts of (1) intracellular immunometabolism-the canonical pathways of intrinsic cell activation leading to changes in intracellular metabolism, which in turn alter cellular function; and (2) intercellular immunometabolism-conditions in which intermediates of cellular metabolism are transferred from one cell to another, thereby altering the function of the recipient cell. The recent discovery that the metabolite cargo of dead and dying cells ingested through efferocytosis by macrophages can alter metabolic pathways and downstream function of the efferocyte is markedly changing the way we think about macrophage immunometabolism. Metabolic transitions of macrophages contribute to their functions in all stages of atherosclerosis, from lesion initiation to formation of advanced lesions characterized by necrotic cores, to lesion regression following aggressive lipid lowering. This review article discusses recent advances in our understanding of these different aspects of macrophage immunometabolism in atherosclerosis. With the increasing understanding of the roles of macrophage immunometabolism in atherosclerosis, new exciting concepts and potential targets for intervention are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- From the Departments of Medicine, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY (I.T.)
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (K.E.B.)
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207
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Firpo MR, Mounce BC. Diverse Functions of Polyamines in Virus Infection. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E628. [PMID: 32325677 PMCID: PMC7226272 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on host cells for the building blocks of progeny viruses. Metabolites such as amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids are central to viral proteins, genomes, and envelopes, and the availability of these molecules can restrict or promote infection. Polyamines, comprised of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in mammalian cells, are also critical for virus infection. Polyamines are small, positively charged molecules that function in transcription, translation, and cell cycling. Initial work on the function of polyamines in bacteriophage infection illuminated these molecules as critical to virus infection. In the decades since early virus-polyamine descriptions, work on diverse viruses continues to highlight a role for polyamines in viral processes, including genome packaging and viral enzymatic activity. On the host side, polyamines function in the response to virus infection. Thus, viruses and hosts compete for polyamines, which are a critical resource for both. Pharmacologically targeting polyamines, tipping the balance to favor the host and restrict virus replication, holds significant promise as a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan C. Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
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208
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Xu TT, Li H, Dai Z, Lau GK, Li BY, Zhu WL, Liu XQ, Liu HF, Cai WW, Huang SQ, Wang Q, Zhang SJ. Spermidine and spermine delay brain aging by inducing autophagy in SAMP8 mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:6401-6414. [PMID: 32268299 PMCID: PMC7185103 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The natural polyamine spermidine and spermine have been reported to ameliorate aging and aging-induced dementia. However, the mechanism is still confused. An aging model, the senescence accelerated mouse-8 (SAMP8), was used in this study. Novel object recognition and the open field test results showed that oral administration of spermidine, spermine and rapamycin increased discrimination index, modified number, inner squares distance and times. Spermidine and spermine increased the activity of SOD, and decreased the level of MDA in the aging brain. Spermidine and spermine phosphorylate AMPK and regulate autophagy proteins (LC3, Beclin 1 and p62). Spermidine and spermine balanced mitochondrial and maintain energy for neuron, with the regulation of MFN1, MFN2, DRP1, COX IV and ATP. In addition, western blot results (Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3, NLRP3, IL-18, IL-1β) showed that spermidine and spermine prevented apoptosis and inflammation, and elevate the expression of neurotrophic factors, including NGF, PSD95and PSD93 and BDNF in neurons of SAMP8 mice. These results indicated that the effect of spermidine and spermine on anti-aging is related with improving autophagy and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Xu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Dai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - George K Lau
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ben-Yue Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Fei Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wu Cai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shui-Qing Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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209
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Knight JRP, Garland G, Pöyry T, Mead E, Vlahov N, Sfakianos A, Grosso S, De-Lima-Hedayioglu F, Mallucci GR, von der Haar T, Smales CM, Sansom OJ, Willis AE. Control of translation elongation in health and disease. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm043208. [PMID: 32298235 PMCID: PMC7104864 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of protein synthesis makes a major contribution to post-transcriptional control pathways. During disease, or under stress, cells initiate processes to reprogramme protein synthesis and thus orchestrate the appropriate cellular response. Recent data show that the elongation stage of protein synthesis is a key regulatory node for translational control in health and disease. There is a complex set of factors that individually affect the overall rate of elongation and, for the most part, these influence either transfer RNA (tRNA)- and eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A)-dependent codon decoding, and/or elongation factor 2 (eEF2)-dependent ribosome translocation along the mRNA. Decoding speeds depend on the relative abundance of each tRNA, the cognate:near-cognate tRNA ratios and the degree of tRNA modification, whereas eEF2-dependent ribosome translocation is negatively regulated by phosphorylation on threonine-56 by eEF2 kinase. Additional factors that contribute to the control of the elongation rate include epigenetic modification of the mRNA, coding sequence variation and the expression of eIF5A, which stimulates peptide bond formation between proline residues. Importantly, dysregulation of elongation control is central to disease mechanisms in both tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration, making the individual key steps in this process attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss the relative contribution of individual components of the translational apparatus (e.g. tRNAs, elongation factors and their modifiers) to the overall control of translation elongation and how their dysregulation contributes towards disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin Garland
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Tuija Pöyry
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Emma Mead
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Nikola Vlahov
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Aristeidis Sfakianos
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Stefano Grosso
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | - Giovanna R Mallucci
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - C Mark Smales
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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210
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Tanaka Y, Kurasawa O, Yokota A, Klein MG, Ono K, Saito B, Matsumoto S, Okaniwa M, Ambrus-Aikelin G, Morishita D, Kitazawa S, Uchiyama N, Ogawa K, Kimura H, Imamura S. Discovery of Novel Allosteric Inhibitors of Deoxyhypusine Synthase. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3215-3226. [PMID: 32142284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) utilizes spermidine and NAD as cofactors to incorporate a hypusine modification into the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Hypusine is essential for eIF5A activation, which, in turn, plays a key role in regulating protein translation of selected mRNA that are associated with the synthesis of oncoproteins, thereby enhancing tumor cell proliferation. Therefore, inhibition of DHPS is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. To discover novel lead compounds that target DHPS, we conducted synthetic studies with a hit obtained via high-throughput screening. Optimization of the ring structures of the amide compound (2) led to bromobenzothiophene (11g) with potent inhibitory activity against DHPS. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 11g complexed with DHPS revealed a dramatic conformational change in DHPS, which suggests the presence of a novel allosteric site. These findings provide the basis for the development of novel therapy distinct from spermidine mimetic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Kurasawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yokota
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Michael G Klein
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Koji Ono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Bunnai Saito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shigemitsu Matsumoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Okaniwa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Geza Ambrus-Aikelin
- Department of Structural Biology, Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daisuke Morishita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitazawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Noriko Uchiyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Kimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Imamura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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211
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Nitrogen Metabolism in Cancer and Immunity. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:408-424. [PMID: 32302552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As one of the fundamental requirements for cell growth and proliferation, nitrogen acquisition and utilization must be tightly regulated. Nitrogen can be generated from amino acids (AAs) and utilized for biosynthetic processes through transamination and deamination reactions. Importantly, limitations of nitrogen availability in cells can disrupt the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and other important nitrogen-containing compounds. Rewiring cellular metabolism to support anabolic processes is a feature common to both cancer and proliferating immune cells. In this review, we discuss how nitrogen is utilized in biosynthetic pathways and highlight different metabolic and oncogenic programs that alter the flow of nitrogen to sustain biomass production and growth, an important emerging feature of cancer and immune cell proliferation.
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212
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Abstract
Engulfment of dying cells by phagocytes is essential to maintain tissue function and promote injury resolution and repair. This process, termed efferocytosis, requires persistent corpse engulfment and remains a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we preview findings from Yurdagul et al. (2020) that detail how continual efferocytosis is supported by metabolites derived from the dying cell itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Puleston
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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213
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Yurdagul A, Subramanian M, Wang X, Crown SB, Ilkayeva OR, Darville L, Kolluru GK, Rymond CC, Gerlach BD, Zheng Z, Kuriakose G, Kevil CG, Koomen JM, Cleveland JL, Muoio DM, Tabas I. Macrophage Metabolism of Apoptotic Cell-Derived Arginine Promotes Continual Efferocytosis and Resolution of Injury. Cell Metab 2020; 31:518-533.e10. [PMID: 32004476 PMCID: PMC7173557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Continual efferocytic clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by macrophages prevents necrosis and promotes injury resolution. How continual efferocytosis is promoted is not clear. Here, we show that the process is optimized by linking the metabolism of engulfed cargo from initial efferocytic events to subsequent rounds. We found that continual efferocytosis is enhanced by the metabolism of AC-derived arginine and ornithine to putrescine by macrophage arginase 1 (Arg1) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Putrescine augments HuR-mediated stabilization of the mRNA encoding the GTP-exchange factor Dbl, which activates actin-regulating Rac1 to facilitate subsequent rounds of AC internalization. Inhibition of any step along this pathway after first-AC uptake suppresses second-AC internalization, whereas putrescine addition rescues this defect. Mice lacking myeloid Arg1 or ODC have defects in efferocytosis in vivo and in atherosclerosis regression, while treatment with putrescine promotes atherosclerosis resolution. Thus, macrophage metabolism of AC-derived metabolites allows for optimal continual efferocytosis and resolution of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Manikandan Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott B Crown
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Lancia Darville
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | | | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Kuriakose
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John L Cleveland
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Deborah M Muoio
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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214
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Abstract
A decline in polyamine levels with age has been implicated in the pathophysiology of aging, and nutritional supplementation of spermidine can reduce age-related pathology and increase lifespan in a number of different organisms. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Zhang and colleagues provide a mechanistic link between polyamines, autophagy, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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215
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Jones AE, Divakaruni AS. Macrophage activation as an archetype of mitochondrial repurposing. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 71:100838. [PMID: 31954522 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are metabolic organelles essential not only for energy transduction, but also a range of other functions such as biosynthesis, ion and metal homeostasis, maintenance of redox balance, and cell signaling. A hallmark example of how mitochondria can rebalance these processes to adjust cell function is observed in macrophages. These innate immune cells are responsible for a remarkable breadth of processes including pathogen elimination, antigen presentation, debris clearance, and wound healing. These diverse, polarized functions often include similarly disparate alterations in the metabolic phenotype associated with their execution. In this chapter, mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling are viewed through the lens of macrophage polarization: both classical, pro-inflammatory activation and alternative, anti-inflammatory activation are associated with substantive changes to mitochondrial metabolism. Emphasis is placed on recent evidence that aims to clarify the essential - rather than associative - mitochondrial alterations, as well as accumulating data suggesting a degree of plasticity within the metabolic phenotypes that can support pro- and anti-inflammatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Jones
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- UCLA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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216
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Bekebrede AF, Keijer J, Gerrits WJJ, de Boer VCJ. The Molecular and Physiological Effects of Protein-Derived Polyamines in the Intestine. Nutrients 2020; 12:E197. [PMID: 31940783 PMCID: PMC7020012 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a high-protein diet increases protein entry into the colon. Colonic microbiota can ferment proteins, which results in the production of protein fermentation end-products, like polyamines. This review describes the effects of polyamines on biochemical, cellular and physiological processes, with a focus on the colon. Polyamines (mainly spermine, spermidine, putrescine and cadaverine) are involved in the regulation of protein translation and gene transcription. In this, the spermidine-derived hypusination modification of EIF5A plays an important role. In addition, polyamines regulate metabolic functions. Through hypusination of EIF5A, polyamines also regulate translation of mitochondrial proteins, thereby increasing their expression. They can also induce mitophagy through various pathways, which helps to remove damaged organelles and improves cell survival. In addition, polyamines increase mitochondrial substrate oxidation by increasing mitochondrial Ca2+-levels. Putrescine can even serve as an energy source for enterocytes in the small intestine. By regulating the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, polyamines help maintain mitochondrial membrane integrity. However, their catabolism may also reduce metabolic functions by depleting intracellular acetyl-CoA levels, or through production of toxic by-products. Lastly, polyamines support gut physiology, by supporting barrier function, inducing gut maturation and increasing longevity. Polyamines thus play many roles, and their impact is strongly tissue- and dose-dependent. However, whether diet-derived increases in colonic luminal polyamine levels also impact intestinal physiology has not been resolved yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F. Bekebrede
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.F.B.); (J.K.)
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.F.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Walter J. J. Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.F.B.); (J.K.)
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217
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Nouwen LV, Everts B. Pathogens MenTORing Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: Manipulation of mTOR and Cellular Metabolism to Promote Immune Escape. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010161. [PMID: 31936570 PMCID: PMC7017145 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, represent an important first line of defense against infections. Upon recognition of pathogens, these cells undergo a metabolic reprogramming that supports their activation and ability to respond to the invading pathogens. An important metabolic regulator of these cells is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). During infection, pathogens use host metabolic pathways to scavenge host nutrients, as well as target metabolic pathways for subversion of the host immune response that together facilitate pathogen survival. Given the pivotal role of mTOR in controlling metabolism and DC and macrophage function, pathogens have evolved strategies to target this pathway to manipulate these cells. This review seeks to discuss the most recent insights into how pathogens target DC and macrophage metabolism to subvert potential deleterious immune responses against them, by focusing on the metabolic pathways that are known to regulate and to be regulated by mTOR signaling including amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and autophagy.
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218
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Wu GQ, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Recent insights into eukaryotic translation initiation factors 5A1 and 5A2 and their roles in human health and disease. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 32368188 PMCID: PMC7191727 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A1 (eIF5A1) and its homolog eIF5A2 are the only two human proteins containing the unique post-translational modification-hypusination, which is essential for the function of these two proteins. eIF5A1 was initially identified as a translation initiation factor by promoting the first peptide bond formation of protein during translation; however, recent results suggest that eIF5A1 also functions as a translation elongation factor. It has been shown that eIF5A1 is implicated in certain human diseases, including diabetes, several human cancer types, viral infections and diseases of neural system. Meanwhile, eIF5A2 is overexpressed in many cancers, and plays an important role in the development and progression of cancers. As multiple roles of these two factors were observed among these studies, therefore, it remains unclear whether they act as oncogene or tumor suppressor. In this review, the recent literature of eIF5As and their roles in human diseases, especially in human cancers, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Qi Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041 People’s Republic of China
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219
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Spermidine Suppresses Inflammatory DC Function by Activating the FOXO3 Pathway and Counteracts Autoimmunity. iScience 2019; 23:100807. [PMID: 31962236 PMCID: PMC6971394 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) function is intimately linked to microenvironment and metabolism. Type I interferons (IFNs) condition dendritic cells to respond to weak self-signals, leading to autoimmunity. However, the metabolic adaption in the process is unclear. Here, we identified spermidine as a critical metabolite impacting the metabolic fitness of DC. First, dynamic metabolome screening indicated that spermidine decreased during IFN priming and following TLR7 ligand stimulation, accompanied by metabolic change from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Second, spermidine supplement restrained the glycolysis and prevented the overactivation of IFN-α primed DC both in vivo and in vitro. Third, mechanism study uncovered that the activity of FOXO3 adapted to the metabolic change, mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of spermidine. More importantly, addition of spermidine in vivo greatly alleviated the development of psoriasis-like symptom in mice. Thus, our studies revealed metabolic changes boosting DC responses and identified spermidine as a potential therapeutic agent for autoimmune diseases.
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220
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Zhang H, Alsaleh G, Feltham J, Sun Y, Napolitano G, Riffelmacher T, Charles P, Frau L, Hublitz P, Yu Z, Mohammed S, Ballabio A, Balabanov S, Mellor J, Simon AK. Polyamines Control eIF5A Hypusination, TFEB Translation, and Autophagy to Reverse B Cell Senescence. Mol Cell 2019; 76:110-125.e9. [PMID: 31474573 PMCID: PMC6863385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Failure to make adaptive immune responses is a hallmark of aging. Reduced B cell function leads to poor vaccination efficacy and a high prevalence of infections in the elderly. Here we show that reduced autophagy is a central molecular mechanism underlying immune senescence. Autophagy levels are specifically reduced in mature lymphocytes, leading to compromised memory B cell responses in old individuals. Spermidine, an endogenous polyamine metabolite, induces autophagy in vivo and rejuvenates memory B cell responses. Mechanistically, spermidine post-translationally modifies the translation factor eIF5A, which is essential for the synthesis of the autophagy transcription factor TFEB. Spermidine is depleted in the elderly, leading to reduced TFEB expression and autophagy. Spermidine supplementation restored this pathway and improved the responses of old human B cells. Taken together, our results reveal an unexpected autophagy regulatory mechanism mediated by eIF5A at the translational level, which can be harnessed to reverse immune senescence in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Ghada Alsaleh
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Jack Feltham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Yizhe Sun
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas Riffelmacher
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Philip Charles
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK; Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Lisa Frau
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Zhanru Yu
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neurological Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Division of Haematology, University Hospital and University of Zürich, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jane Mellor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK.
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