201
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Jensen CT, Lang S, Somasundaram R, Soneji S, Sigvardsson M. Identification of Stage-Specific Surface Markers in Early B Cell Development Provides Novel Tools for Identification of Progenitor Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1937-44. [PMID: 27456481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the characterization of B lymphoid progenitors has been facilitated by the identification of lineage- and stage-specific surface markers, the continued identification of differentially expressed proteins increases our capacity to explore normal and malignant B cell development. To identify novel surface markers with stage-specific expression patterns, we explored the reactivity of CD19(+) B cell progenitor cells to Abs targeted to 176 surface proteins. Markers with stage-specific expression were identified using a transgenic reporter gene system subdividing the B cell progenitors into four surface IgM(-) stages. This approach affirmed the utility of known stage-specific markers, as well as identifying additional proteins that selectively marked defined stages of B cell development. Among the stage-specific markers were the cell adhesion proteins CD49E, CD11A, and CD54 that are highly expressed selectively on the most immature progenitors. This work identifies a set of novel stage-specific surface markers that can be used as a complement to the classical staining protocols to explore B lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina T Jensen
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Stefan Lang
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Rajesh Somasundaram
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Shamit Soneji
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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202
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Yu VWC, Lymperi S, Oki T, Jones A, Swiatek P, Vasic R, Ferraro F, Scadden DT. Distinctive Mesenchymal-Parenchymal Cell Pairings Govern B Cell Differentiation in the Bone Marrow. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:220-35. [PMID: 27453006 PMCID: PMC4982987 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow niches for hematopoietic progenitor cells are not well defined despite their critical role in blood homeostasis. We previously found that cells expressing osteocalcin, a marker of mature osteolineage cells, regulate the production of thymic-seeding T lymphoid progenitors. Here, using a selective cell deletion strategy, we demonstrate that a subset of mesenchymal cells expressing osterix, a marker of bone precursors in the adult, serve to regulate the maturation of early B lymphoid precursors by promoting pro-B to pre-B cell transition through insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production. Loss of Osx+ cells or Osx-specific deletion of IGF-1 led to a failure of B cell maturation and the impaired adaptive immune response. These data highlight the notion that bone marrow is a composite of specialized niches formed by pairings of specific mesenchymal cells with parenchymal stem or lineage committed progenitor cells, thereby providing distinctive functional units to regulate hematopoiesis. Loss of Osx+ osteolineage cells halted B cell maturation and caused immune failure Mice with Osx+ cell-specific deletion of IGF-1 phenocopied Osx+ cell ablated mice Osx+ cell promotes pro-B to pre-B cell transition through IGF-1 production Specialized niche cell-hematopoietic progenitor pairings regulate hematopoiesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Vionnie W C Yu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stefania Lymperi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Toshihiko Oki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexandra Jones
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter Swiatek
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Radovan Vasic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francesca Ferraro
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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203
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Di Rosa F. Two Niches in the Bone Marrow: A Hypothesis on Life-long T Cell Memory. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:503-512. [PMID: 27395354 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The concept is emerging that the bone marrow (BM) sustains life-long persistence of memory T cells, as it does for plasma cells. Recent studies revived the debate on how this is achieved: is the BM essentially a nest for the proliferation of recirculating memory T cells, or a storage depot for resting memory T cells? Learning from division of labor in hematopoietic stem cells, this article proposes that two distinct BM niches support memory T cell cycling and quiescence, thereby enabling memory T cells to maintain all their distinguishing features. This framework might be instrumental to interpret some puzzling findings and conceptualize the mechanisms preserving either stability of memory T cell numbers or the capacity to mount secondary responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
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204
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CCR7 expression alters memory CD8 T-cell homeostasis by regulating occupancy in IL-7- and IL-15-dependent niches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8278-83. [PMID: 27385825 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602899113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C receptor 7 (CCR7) is important to allow T cells and dendritic cells to migrate toward CCL19- and CCL21-producing cells in the T-cell zone of the spleen and lymph nodes. The role of this chemokine receptor in regulating the homeostasis of effector and memory T cells during acute viral infection is poorly defined, however. In this study, we show that CCR7 expression alters memory CD8 T-cell homeostasis following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Greater numbers of CCR7-deficient memory T cells were formed and maintained compared with CCR7-sufficient memory T cells, especially in the lung and bone marrow. The CCR7-deficient memory T cells also displayed enhanced rates of homeostatic turnover, which may stem from increased exposure to IL-15 as a consequence of reduced exposure to IL-7, because removal of IL-15, but not of IL-7, normalized the numbers of CCR7-sufficient and CCR7-deficient memory CD8 T cells. This result suggests that IL-15 is the predominant cytokine supporting augmentation of the CCR7(-/-) memory CD8 T-cell pool. Taken together, these data suggest that CCR7 biases memory CD8 T cells toward IL-7-dependent niches over IL-15-dependent niches, which provides insight into the homeostatic regulation of different memory T-cell subsets.
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205
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Martinez-Murillo P, Pramanik L, Sundling C, Hultenby K, Wretenberg P, Spångberg M, Karlsson Hedestam GB. CD138 and CD31 Double-Positive Cells Comprise the Functional Antibody-Secreting Plasma Cell Compartment in Primate Bone Marrow. Front Immunol 2016; 7:242. [PMID: 27446073 PMCID: PMC4921460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are defined as terminally differentiated B cells that secrete large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig). PCs that reside in the bone marrow (BM) are responsible for maintaining long-term antibody (Ab) responses after infection and vaccination, while PCs present in the blood are generally short-lived. In rhesus macaques, a species frequently used for the evaluation of human vaccines, B cells resemble those found in humans. However, a detailed characterization of BM-resident rhesus PC phenotype and function is lacking. Here, we examined Ig secretion of distinct rhesus CD138+ populations by B cell ELISpot analysis to couple phenotype with function. We demonstrate that the CD20low/-CD138+CD31+ BM population was highly enriched for antibody-secreting cells with IgG being the predominant isotype (60%), followed by IgA (33%) and IgM (7%). Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed PC enrichment in the CD20low/-CD138+CD31+ population with cells containing nuclei with "spokes of a wheel" chromatin structure and prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum. This panel also stained human BM PCs and allowed a clear distinction between BM PCs and short-lived peripheral PCs, providing an improved strategy to isolate PCs from rhesus BM for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lotta Pramanik
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Per Wretenberg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mats Spångberg
- Comparative Medicine, Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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206
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Bonomo A, Monteiro AC, Gonçalves-Silva T, Cordeiro-Spinetti E, Galvani RG, Balduino A. A T Cell View of the Bone Marrow. Front Immunol 2016; 7:184. [PMID: 27242791 PMCID: PMC4868947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of T cells present in the bone marrow (BM) represent an activated/memory phenotype and most of these, if not all, are circulating T cells. Their lodging in the BM keeps them activated, turning the BM microenvironment into a “memory reservoir.” This article will focus on how T cell activation in the BM results in both direct and indirect effects on the hematopoiesis. The hematopoietic stem cell niche will be presented, with its main components and organization, along with the role played by T lymphocytes in basal and pathologic conditions and their effect on the bone remodeling process. Also discussed herein will be how “normal” bone mass peak is achieved only in the presence of an intact adaptive immune system, with T and B cells playing critical roles in this process. Our main hypothesis is that the partnership between T cells and cells of the BM microenvironment orchestrates numerous processes regulating immunity, hematopoiesis, and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bonomo
- Cancer Program (Fio-Cancer), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Monteiro
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Triciana Gonçalves-Silva
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Immunology and Inflammation Graduate Program, Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eric Cordeiro-Spinetti
- Cell Biology and Technology Laboratory, Veiga de Almeida University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Rômulo Gonçalves Galvani
- Cancer Program (Fio-Cancer), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Microbiology Graduate Program, Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Balduino
- Cell Biology and Technology Laboratory, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Excellion Laboratory, Amil/UnitedHealth Group, Petrópolis, Brazil
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207
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Kennedy DE, Witte PL, Knight KL. Bone marrow fat and the decline of B lymphopoiesis in rabbits. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:30-9. [PMID: 26577994 PMCID: PMC4775299 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
B lymphopoiesis is necessary to generate a diverse pool of naïve B cells that are able to respond to a broad spectrum of antigens during immune responses to pathogens and to vaccination. Rabbits have been utilized for many years to generate high affinity monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Specific antibodies generated in rabbits have greatly advanced scientific discoveries, but the unique qualities of rabbit B cell development have been underappreciated. Unlike in humans and mice, where B lymphopoiesis declines in mid to late life, B lymphopoiesis in rabbits arrests early in life, between 2 and 4 months of age. This review focuses on the early loss of B cell development in rabbits and the contribution of the bone marrow microenvironment to this process. We also propose directions for future research in this area, and discuss how the rabbit can be used as a model to understand the decline of B lymphopoiesis that occurs in humans late in life. Such studies will be important for developing therapeutics targeted to prevent and/or reverse declining B lymphopoiesis in the elderly, as well as boosting immunity and antibody responses after infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenick E Kennedy
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Pamela L Witte
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
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208
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Cvrčková F, Žárský V, Markoš A. Plant Studies May Lead Us to Rethink the Concept of Behavior. Front Psychol 2016; 7:622. [PMID: 27242570 PMCID: PMC4874364 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anton Markoš
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
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209
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Abstract
The generation of antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells is one of the most important immune protections of the host and is the basis for successful vaccination strategies. The protective antibodies, secreted by preexisting long-lived plasma cells and reactivated antigen-experienced memory B cells, constitute the main humoral immune defense. Distinct from the primary antibody response, the humoral memory response is generated much faster and with greater magnitude, and it produces antibodies with higher affinity and variable isotypes. Humoral immunity is critically dependent on the germinal center where high-affinity memory B cells and plasma cells are generated. In this chapter, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern fate decision for memory B cells and plasma cells and the mechanisms that maintain the long-lived plasma-cell pool, with emphasis on how the transcription factor Blimp-1 (B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1) helps regulate the above-mentioned immunoregulatory steps to ensure the production and maintenance of antibody-secreting plasma cells as well as how it directs memory cell vs plasma-cell fate. We also discuss the molecular basis of Blimp-1 action and how its expression is regulated.
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210
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kato Y. EMT Involved in Migration of Stem/Progenitor Cells for Pituitary Development and Regeneration. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5040043. [PMID: 27058562 PMCID: PMC4850466 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration are important processes in embryonic development of many tissues as well as oncogenesis. The pituitary gland is a master endocrine tissue and recent studies indicate that Sox2-expressing stem/progenitor cells actively migrate and develop this tissue during embryogenesis. Notably, although migration activity of stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal period seems to be reduced compared to that in the embryonic period, it is hypothesized that stem/progenitor cells in the adult pituitary re-migrate from their microenvironment niche to contribute to the regeneration system. Therefore, elucidation of EMT in the pituitary stem/progenitor cells will promote understanding of pituitary development and regeneration, as well as diseases such as pituitary adenoma. In this review, so as to gain more insights into the mechanisms of pituitary development and regeneration, we summarize the EMT in the pituitary by focusing on the migration of pituitary stem/progenitor cells during both embryonic and postnatal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Takako Kato
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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211
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Sato M, Tamura M. Noncanonical Wnt signaling in stromal cells regulates B-lymphogenesis through interleukin-7 expression. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:179-184. [PMID: 28955876 PMCID: PMC5600363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of early B cell development and the interaction of hematopoietic precursors with stromal cells in the bone marrow (BM) are controlled by various secreted signaling molecules. Several recent studies showed Wnt signaling involved in B-lymphogenesis through stromal cells. However, the molecules modulated by Wnt signaling in stromal cells regulating B-lymphogenesis have not been identified yet. Interleukin (IL)-7 and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12 are known to be express in stromal cells, and both molecules are essential for B-lymphogenesis. In the present study, we examined the role of Wnt signaling in regulating IL-7 and CXCL12 expression and in affecting B-lymphogenesis. In mouse stromal ST2 cells, expression of IL-7 and CXCL12 mRNA was augmented by noncanonical Wnt5a. When mouse BM-derived cells were cultured on Wnt5a-overexpressing ST2 cells, an increased number of B220+/IgM- B-lymphoid precursor cells was observed. These results show that Wnt5a regulates IL-7 gene expression in stromal cells and suggest the possibility that noncanonical Wnt regulates B-lymphogenesis via IL-7 expression in stromal cells. Noncanonical Wnt signaling enhances IL-7 gene expression in ST2 cells. ST2 cells well maintain B cells in the coculture system. Noncanonical Wnt5a overexpressed ST2 cells increase the number of B cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13, W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, N13, W7, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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212
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New approaches to targeting the bone marrow microenvironment in multiple myeloma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 28:43-9. [PMID: 27018230 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a tumour with a remarkably destructive effect on its host organ, the bone marrow. Through expression or secretion of adhesion molecules, growth factors, exosomes, miRNAs, chemokines and inhibitors, the tumour substantially alters its microenvironment, promoting both tumour survival and osteolytic bone disease. This altered niche is ideally suited to the sustenance of its proliferating compartment and the protection and immune evasion of its dormant, drug resistant fraction. The possibility of deepening response to a drug treatment regime, maintaining remission or even eradicating resistant stem cells by pharmacologically manipulating the tumour's interactions with this niche is a major driving force in current myeloma research. Examples of promising therapies include CXCR4 antagonists, RANKL inhibitors, HIF1α pathway inhibitors, and inhibitors of Notch, Wnt and TGFβ family pathways.
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213
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Joseph C, Nota C, Fletcher JL, Maluenda AC, Green AC, Purton LE. Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Regulates B and T Lymphopoiesis via Nestin-Expressing Cells in the Bone Marrow and Thymic Microenvironments. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:2132-44. [PMID: 26843326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A has essential but largely unexplained roles in regulating lymphopoiesis. We have previously shown that retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ-deficient mice have hematopoietic defects, some phenotypes of which were microenvironment induced. Bone marrow (BM) microenvironment cells identified by either their expression of nestin (Nes) or osterix (Osx) have previously been shown to have roles in regulating lymphopoiesis. We therefore conditionally deleted Rarγ in Nes- or Osx-expressing microenvironment cells. Osx cell-specific deletion of Rarγ had no impact on hematopoiesis. In contrast, deletion of Rarγ in Nes-expressing cells resulted in reductions in peripheral blood B cells and CD4(+) T cells, accompanied by reductions of immature PreB cells in BM. The mice lacking Rarγ in Nes-expressing cells also had smaller thymi, with reductions in double-negative 4 T cell precursors, accompanied by reduced numbers of both TCRβ(low) immature single-positive CD8(+) cells and double-positive T cells. In the thymus, Nes expression was restricted to thymic stromal cells that expressed cerebellar degeneration-related Ag 1 and lacked expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule. These cells expressed platelet-derived growth factor α and high transcript levels of Rars, Cxcl12, and stem cell factor (Scf). Short-term treatment of mice with all-trans retinoic acid resulted in increased PreB lymphopoiesis in BM and an increase in thymic double-negative 4 T cells, inverse to that observed upon Nes cell-specific deletion of Rarγ. Collectively, these studies show that RARγ is a regulator of B and T lymphopoiesis via Nes-expressing cells in the BM and thymic microenvironments, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chacko Joseph
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Celeste Nota
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and
| | - Jessica L Fletcher
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and
| | - Ana C Maluenda
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and
| | - Alanna C Green
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Louise E Purton
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia; and Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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214
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Hiepe F, Radbruch A. Plasma cells as an innovative target in autoimmune disease with renal manifestations. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:232-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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215
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Jiang Y, Nakada D. Cell intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of leukemia cell metabolism. Int J Hematol 2016; 103:607-16. [PMID: 26897135 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-1958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is a fundamental property of cells that becomes dysregulated in cancer to meet the altered, often heightened, demand for metabolism for increased growth and proliferation. Oncogenic mutations can directly change cellular metabolism in a cell-intrinsic manner, priming cells for malignancy. Additionally, cell-extrinsic cues from the microenvironment, such as hypoxia, nutrient availability, oxidative stress, and crosstalk from surrounding cells can also affect cancer cell metabolism, and produce metabolic heterogeneity within the tumor. Here, we highlight recent findings revealing the complexity and adaptability of leukemia cells to coordinate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajian Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daisuke Nakada
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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216
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Bednarski JJ, Pandey R, Schulte E, White LS, Chen BR, Sandoval GJ, Kohyama M, Haldar M, Nickless A, Trott A, Cheng G, Murphy KM, Bassing CH, Payton JE, Sleckman BP. RAG-mediated DNA double-strand breaks activate a cell type-specific checkpoint to inhibit pre-B cell receptor signals. J Exp Med 2016; 213:209-23. [PMID: 26834154 PMCID: PMC4749927 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) activate a canonical DNA damage response, including highly conserved cell cycle checkpoint pathways that prevent cells with DSBs from progressing through the cell cycle. In developing B cells, pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) signals initiate immunoglobulin light (Igl) chain gene assembly, leading to RAG-mediated DNA DSBs. The pre-BCR also promotes cell cycle entry, which could cause aberrant DSB repair and genome instability in pre-B cells. Here, we show that RAG DSBs inhibit pre-BCR signals through the ATM- and NF-κB2-dependent induction of SPIC, a hematopoietic-specific transcriptional repressor. SPIC inhibits expression of the SYK tyrosine kinase and BLNK adaptor, resulting in suppression of pre-BCR signaling. This regulatory circuit prevents the pre-BCR from inducing additional Igl chain gene rearrangements and driving pre-B cells with RAG DSBs into cycle. We propose that pre-B cells toggle between pre-BCR signals and a RAG DSB-dependent checkpoint to maintain genome stability while iteratively assembling Igl chain genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Emily Schulte
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Lynn S White
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bo-Ruei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gabriel J Sandoval
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Masako Kohyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Malay Haldar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrew Nickless
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Amanda Trott
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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217
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Hojyo S, Sarkander J, Männe C, Mursell M, Hanazawa A, Zimmel D, Zhu J, Paul WE, Fillatreau S, Löhning M, Radbruch A, Tokoyoda K. B Cells Negatively Regulate the Establishment of CD49b(+)T-bet(+) Resting Memory T Helper Cells in the Bone Marrow. Front Immunol 2016; 7:26. [PMID: 26870041 PMCID: PMC4735404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During an immune reaction, some antigen-experienced CD4 T cells relocate from secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) to the bone marrow (BM) in a CD49b-dependent manner and reside and rest there as professional memory CD4 T cells. However, it remains unclear how the precursors of BM memory CD4 T cells are generated in the SLOs. While several studies have so far shown that B cell depletion reduces the persistence of memory CD4 T cells in the spleen, we here show that B cell depletion enhances the establishment of memory CD4 T cells in the BM and that B cell transfer conversely suppresses it. Interestingly, the number of antigen-experienced CD4 T cells in the BM synchronizes the number of CD49b+T-bet+ antigen-experienced CD4 T cells in the spleen. CD49b+T-bet+ antigen-experienced CD4 T cells preferentially localize in the red pulp area of the spleen and the BM in a T-bet-independent manner. We suggest that B cells negatively control the generation of CD49b+T-bet+ precursors of resting memory CD4 T cells in the spleen and may play a role in bifurcation of activated effector and resting memory CD4 T cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hojyo
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jana Sarkander
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Männe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Mathias Mursell
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Asami Hanazawa
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - David Zimmel
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - William E Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany; INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Max Löhning
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany; Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute , Berlin , Germany
| | - Koji Tokoyoda
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Leibniz Institute , Berlin , Germany
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218
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De Grandis M, Lhoumeau AC, Mancini SJC, Aurrand-Lions M. Adhesion receptors involved in HSC and early-B cell interactions with bone marrow microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:687-703. [PMID: 26495446 PMCID: PMC11108274 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow of adult mammals and is the process by which blood cells are replenished every day throughout life. Differentiation of hematopoietic cells occurs in a stepwise manner through intermediates of differentiation that could be phenotypically identified. This has allowed establishing hematopoietic cell classification with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) at the top of the hierarchy. HSCs are mostly quiescent and serve as a reservoir for maintenance of lifelong hematopoiesis. Over recent years, it has become increasingly clear that HSC quiescence is not only due to intrinsic properties, but is also mediated by cognate interactions between HSCs and surrounding cells within micro-anatomical sites called “niches”. This hematopoietic/stromal crosstalk model also applies to more mature progenitors such as B cell progenitors, which are thought to reside in distinct “niches”. This prompted many research teams to search for specific molecular mechanisms supporting leuko-stromal crosstalk in the bone marrow and acting at specific stage of differentiation to regulate hematopoietic homeostasis. Here, we review recent data on adhesion mechanisms involved in HSCs and B cell progenitors interactions with surrounding bone marrow stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Grandis
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Catherine Lhoumeau
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane J. C. Mancini
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Aurrand-Lions
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Marseille, France
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219
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Liu CL, Lyle MJ, Shin SC, Miao CH. Strategies to target long-lived plasma cells for treating hemophilia A inhibitors. Cell Immunol 2016; 301:65-73. [PMID: 26877251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) can persistently produce anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies which disrupt therapeutic effect of FVIII in hemophilia A patients with inhibitors. The migration of plasma cells to BM where they become LLPCs is largely controlled by an interaction between the chemokine ligand CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4. AMD3100 combined with G-CSF inhibit their interactions, thus facilitating the mobilization of CD34(+) cells and blocking the homing of LLPCs. These reagents were combined with anti-CD20 to reduce B-cells and the specific IL-2/IL-2mAb (JES6-1) complexes to induce Treg expansion for targeting anti-FVIII immune responses. Groups of mice primed with FVIII plasmid and protein respectively were treated with the combined regimen for six weeks, and a significant reduction of anti-FVIII inhibitor titers was observed, associated with the dramatic decrease of circulating and bone marrow CXCR4(+) plasma cells. The combination regimens are highly promising in modulating pre-existing anti-FVIII antibodies in FVIII primed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lien Liu
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meghan J Lyle
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon C Shin
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carol H Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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220
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kato Y. Regulatory System for Stem/Progenitor Cell Niches in the Adult Rodent Pituitary. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010075. [PMID: 26761002 PMCID: PMC4730319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is a master endocrine tissue composed of five types of endocrine cells. Although the turnover rate of pituitary endocrine cells is as low as about 1.6% per day, recent studies have demonstrated that Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2)⁺-cells exist as pituitary stem/progenitor cells in the adult anterior lobe and contribute to cell regeneration. Notably, SOX2⁺-pituitary stem/progenitor cells form two types of niches in this tissue: the marginal cell layer (MCL-niche) and the dense cell clusters scattering in the parenchyma (parenchymal-niche). However, little is known about the mechanisms and factors for regulating the pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as the functional differences between the two types of niches. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms in the niches might enable us to understand the cell regeneration system that acts in accordance with physiological demands in the adult pituitary. In this review, so as to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of the two types of niche, we summarize the regulatory factors and their roles in the adult rodent pituitary niches by focusing on three components: soluble factors, cell surface proteins and extracellular matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Takako Kato
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
- Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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221
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Improved monitoring of clinical response in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by longitudinal trend in soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:5. [PMID: 26746423 PMCID: PMC4718032 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine whether optimal use of serial measurements of serum levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules (CAM) can improve monitoring of disease activity in SLE. Methods Serum levels of soluble CAM and conventional SLE biomarkers were measured in serial samples (n = 80) from 21 SLE patients during and after flare and correlated in longitudinal analysis with disease activity determined by ECLAM score. Blood samples from a second cohort of 34 SLE patients were subject to flow cytometry to correlate serum biomarkers with B cell subsets. Results By adjusting for the baseline level (at the first visit), delta soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) showed stronger correlation with changes in ECLAM score and improved sensitivity and specificity for identifying SLE responders versus non-responders compared to conventional SLE biomarkers including anti-dsDNA antibody titre and complement C3. Multiple regression analysis identified delta sVCAM-1 as the best marker of SLE clinical response. sVCAM-1 levels were significantly correlated with CD95+CD27+ activated memory B cells, CD95+ plasmablasts and circulating plasma cell numbers in SLE patients. Conclusion Subtracting a baseline level of sVCAM-1 for each individual substantially improved its utility as a biomarker. Delta sVCAM-1 was superior to conventional SLE biomarkers for monitoring changes in disease activity. This suggests that serial monitoring of serum sVCAM-1 trends should be considered in SLE patients to document responses to treatment. We hypothesise that the correlation between activated B cell subsets and circulating plasma cell numbers with soluble VCAM-1 serum levels in SLE may relate to the important role of VCAM-1 in B lymphocyte survival and maturation in bone marrow and secondary lymphoid tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0896-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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222
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Panaroni C, Fulzele K, Saini V, Chubb R, Pajevic PD, Wu JY. PTH Signaling in Osteoprogenitors Is Essential for B-Lymphocyte Differentiation and Mobilization. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:2273-86. [PMID: 26191777 PMCID: PMC5056164 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the osteoblast lineage provide critical support for B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling in osteoblastic cells through its receptor (PPR) is an important regulator of hematopoietic stem cells; however, its role in regulation of B lymphopoiesis is not clear. Here we demonstrate that deletion of PPR in osteoprogenitors results in a significant loss of trabecular and cortical bone. PPR signaling in osteoprogenitors, but not in mature osteoblasts or osteocytes, is critical for B-cell precursor differentiation via IL-7 production. Interestingly, despite a severe reduction in B-cell progenitors in BM, mature B-lymphocytes were increased 3.5-fold in the BM of mice lacking PPR in osteoprogenitors. This retention of mature IgD(+) B cells in the BM was associated with increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) by PPR-deficient osteoprogenitors, and treatment with VCAM1 neutralizing antibody increased mobilization of B lymphocytes from mutant BM. Our results demonstrate that PPR signaling in early osteoblasts is necessary for B-cell differentiation via IL-7 secretion and for B-lymphocyte mobilization via VCAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panaroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Keertik Fulzele
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vaibhav Saini
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhiannon Chubb
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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223
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Calvi LM, Link DC. The hematopoietic stem cell niche in homeostasis and disease. Blood 2015; 126:2443-51. [PMID: 26468230 PMCID: PMC4661168 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-533588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment contains a heterogeneous population of stromal cells organized into niches that support hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and other lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitors. The stem cell niche generates signals that regulate HSC self-renewal, quiescence, and differentiation. Here, we review recent studies that highlight the heterogeneity of the stromal cells that comprise stem cell niches and the complexity of the signals that they generate. We highlight emerging data that stem cell niches in the bone marrow are not static but instead are responsive to environmental stimuli. Finally, we review recent data showing that hematopoietic niches are altered in certain hematopoietic malignancies, and we discuss how these alterations might contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Calvi
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
| | - Daniel C Link
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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224
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Nera KP, Kyläniemi MK, Lassila O. Regulation of B Cell to Plasma Cell Transition within the Follicular B Cell Response. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:225-34. [PMID: 26118840 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Persistent humoral immunity depends on the follicular B cell response and on the generation of somatically mutated high-affinity plasma cells and memory B cells. Upon activation by an antigen, cognately activated follicular B cells and follicular T helper (TFH ) cells initiate germinal centre (GC) reaction during which high-affinity effector cells are generated. The differentiation of activated follicular B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells is guided by complex selection events, both at the cellular and molecular level. The transition of B cell into a plasma cell during the GC response involves alterations in the microenvironment and developmental state of the cell, which are guided by cell-extrinsic signals. The developmental cell fate decisions in response to these signals are coordinated by cell-intrinsic gene regulatory network functioning at epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-P Nera
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M K Kyläniemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - O Lassila
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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225
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Kennedy DE, Witte PL, Knight KL. Withdrawn: Bone marrow fat and the decline of B lymphopoiesis in rabbits. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015:S0145-305X(15)30071-9. [PMID: 26550685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenick E Kennedy
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Pamela L Witte
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
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226
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Gil M, Pak HK, Lee AN, Park SJ, Lee Y, Roh J, Lee H, Chung YS, Park CS. CD99 regulates CXCL12-induced chemotaxis of human plasma cells. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:329-36. [PMID: 26522646 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Migration of plasma cells (PCs) is crucial for the control of PC survival and antibody production and is controlled by chemokines, most importantly by CXCL12. This study investigated the role of CD99 in CXCL12-induced PC migration. Among B cell subsets in the tonsils, CD99 expression was highest in PCs. CD99 expression increased during in vitro differentiation of germinal center B cells and was highest in PCs. CD99 engagement reduced chemotactic migration of PCs toward CXCL12 and reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation by CXCL12. An ERK inhibitor reduced CXCL12-mediated chemotactic migration, which suggests that ERK has a critical role in migration. CD99 engagement did not influence apoptosis, differentiation, or antibody secretion of PCs. We propose a novel role of CD99 in PCs that suppresses ERK activation and chemotactic migration of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchan Gil
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Pak
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Neum Lee
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Park
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Lee
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Roh
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Sam Chung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Park
- Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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227
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Identification of osteoblast stimulating factor 5 as a negative regulator in the B-lymphopoietic niche. Exp Hematol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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228
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Ciliary neurotrophic factor has intrinsic and extrinsic roles in regulating B cell differentiation and bone structure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15529. [PMID: 26487326 PMCID: PMC4614391 DOI: 10.1038/srep15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gp130 receptor and its binding partners play a central role in cytokine signalling. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is one of the cytokines that signals through the gp130 receptor complex. CNTF has previously been shown to be a negative regulator of trabecular bone remodelling and important for motor neuron development. Since haematopoietic cell maintenance and differentiation is dependent on the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, where cells of the osteoblastic lineage are important regulators, we hypothesised that CNTF may also have important roles in regulating haematopoiesis. Analysis of haematopoietic parameters in male and female Cntf−/− mice at 12 and 24 weeks of age revealed altered B lymphopoiesis. Strikingly, the B lymphocyte phenotype differed based on sex, age and also the BM microenvironment in which the B cells develop. When BM cells from wildtype mice were transplanted into Cntf−/− mice, there were minimal effects on B lymphopoiesis or bone parameters. However, when Cntf−/− BM cells were transplanted into a wildtype BM microenvironment, there were changes in both haematopoiesis and bone parameters. Our data reveal that haematopoietic cell-derived CNTF has roles in regulating BM B cell lymphopoiesis and both trabecular and cortical bone, the latter in a sex-dependent manner.
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229
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Uy GL, Hsu YMS, Schmidt AP, Stock W, Fletcher TR, Trinkaus KM, Westervelt P, DiPersio JF, Link DC. Targeting bone marrow lymphoid niches in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2015; 39:1437-42. [PMID: 26467815 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) the bone marrow microenvironment provides growth and survival signals that may confer resistance to chemotherapy. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) potently inhibits lymphopoiesis by targeting stromal cells that comprise the lymphoid niche in the bone marrow. To determine whether lymphoid niche disruption by G-CSF sensitizes ALL cells to chemotherapy, we conducted a pilot study of G-CSF in combination with chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory ALL. Thirteen patients were treated on study; three patients achieved a complete remission (CR/CRi) for an overall response rate of 23%. In the healthy volunteers, G-CSF treatment disrupted the lymphoid niche, as evidenced by reduced expression of CXCL12, interleukin-7, and osteocalcin. However, in most patients with relapsed/refractory ALL expression of these genes was markedly suppressed at baseline. Thus, although G-CSF treatment was associated with ALL cell mobilization into the blood, and increased apoptosis of bone marrow resident ALL cells, alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment were modest and highly variable. These data suggest that disruption of lymphoid niches by G-CSF to sensitize ALL cells to chemotherapy may be best accomplished in the consolidation where the bone marrow microenvironment is more likely to be normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Uy
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yen-Michael S Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amy P Schmidt
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Wendy Stock
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Theresa R Fletcher
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kathryn M Trinkaus
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Peter Westervelt
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John F DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel C Link
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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230
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Choi JS, Mahadik BP, Harley BAC. Engineering the hematopoietic stem cell niche: Frontiers in biomaterial science. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1529-45. [PMID: 26356030 PMCID: PMC4724421 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) play a crucial role in the generation of the body's blood and immune cells. This process takes place primarily in the bone marrow in specialized 'niche' microenvironments, which provide signals responsible for maintaining a balance between HSC quiescence, self-renewal, and lineage specification required for life-long hematopoiesis. While our understanding of these signaling mechanisms continues to improve, our ability to engineer them in vitro for the expansion of clinically relevant HSC populations is still lacking. In this review, we focus on development of biomaterials-based culture platforms for in vitro study of interactions between HSCs and their local microenvironment. The tools and techniques used for both examining HSC-niche interactions as well as applying these findings towards controlled HSC expansion or directed differentiation in 2D and 3D platforms are discussed. These novel techniques hold the potential to push the existing boundaries of HSC cultures towards high-throughput, real-time, and single-cell level biomimetic approaches that enable a more nuanced understanding of HSC regulation and function. Their application in conjunction with innovative biomaterial platforms can pave the way for engineering artificial bone marrow niches for clinical applications as well as elucidating the pathology of blood-related cancers and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Choi
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bhushan P Mahadik
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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231
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Han AR, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Min WS, Park G, Kim SH. A CXCR4 antagonist leads to tumor suppression by activation of immune cells in a leukemia-induced microenvironment. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2880-8. [PMID: 26398122 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) provides a protective niche that supports growth and survival of normal and leukemic hematopoietic stem cells. The SDF-1/CXCR4 interaction is critical for regulation of homing to and retention of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow (BM), which leads to increased chemoresistance. SDF-1/CXCR4 plays pivotal roles in cross-interactions between blasts and the BMM to prevent retention and mobilization of leukemic cells, as well as in normal hematopoiesis including the development of immune cells. We show that the CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor, decreased the level of CXCR4 expression and inhibited SDF-1-induced migration of leukemic cells. Further, the inhibition of the interaction between leukemic cells and the BMM by the plerixafor enhanced cytotoxic activity of immune cells as a result of increased susceptibility of leukemic cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in a mouse model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), suggesting biological effects of the BMM through immune cell activation. Because alterations in the BMM promote retention and survival of leukemic cells, targeting the niche is regarded as an advanced strategy to eradicate drug-resistant leukemic blasts. This study demonstrates that the effects of CXCR4 inhibition on blast suppression and immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment and chemotherapy with plerixafor represents an advanced therapeutic strategy of targeting the leukemic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Min
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongsin Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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232
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Chen Z, Teo AE, McCarty N. ROS-Induced CXCR4 Signaling Regulates Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) Cell Survival and Drug Resistance in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment via Autophagy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:187-99. [PMID: 26350264 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with advanced stages of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) have a poor prognosis after standard therapies. MCL cells in those patients often spread into tissues other than lymph nodes, such as the bone marrow. Apart from directed migration and homing, there is little understanding of the function of the CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling axis in MCL. In this report, we aim to understand mechanisms of MCL cell survival in the bone marrow. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN For comprehensive analyses of MCL interactions with bone marrow stromal cells, we have generated gene knockout cells using CRISPR-CAS9 system and gene knockdown cells to reveal novel roles of the CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling. RESULTS CXCR4 silencing in MCL cells led to a significant reduction in proliferation, cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells, and colony formation in PHA-LCM methylcellulose medium, which were reversed upon the addition of SDF-1-neutralizing antibodies. In addition, tracking MCL cell engraftment in vivo revealed that quiescent MCL cells are significantly reduced in the bone marrow upon CXCR4 silencing, indicating that CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling is required for the survival and maintenance of the quiescent MCL cells. Further analysis revealed novel mechanisms of ROS-induced CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling that stimulate autophagy formation in MCL cells for their survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data, for the first time, revealed new roles of the CXCR/SDF-1 signaling axis on autophagy formation in MCL, which further promoted their survival within the bone marrow microenvironment. Targeting the CXCR4/SDF-1/autophagy signaling axis may contribute to an enhanced efficacy of current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Disease, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Albert E Teo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Disease, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Nami McCarty
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Disease, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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233
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Inflammation rapidly reorganizes mouse bone marrow B cells and their environment in conjunction with early IgM responses. Blood 2015; 126:1184-92. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-635805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Mouse inflammation models cause accumulation of B cells in the bone marrow within 12 hours and prior to peak emergency granulopoiesis. Marrow B cells undergo spatial reorganization and are subjected to an altered cellular and secreted milieu.
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234
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Chemokine Signaling Controls Integrity of Radial Glial Scaffold in Developing Spinal Cord and Consequential Proper Position of Boundary Cap Cells. J Neurosci 2015; 35:9211-24. [PMID: 26085643 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0156-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells are the neural progenitors of the developing CNS and have long radial processes that guide radially migrating neurons. The integrity of the radial glial scaffold, in particular proper adhesion between the endfeet of radial processes and the pial basement membrane (BM), is important for the cellular organization of the CNS, as indicated by evidence emerging from the developing cortex. However, the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of radial glial scaffold integrity during development, when the neuroepithelium rapidly expands, are still poorly understood. Here, we addressed this issue in the developing mouse spinal cord. We show that CXCR4, a receptor of chemokine CXCL12, is expressed in spinal cord radial glia. Conditional knock-out of Cxcr4 in radial glia caused disrupted radial glial scaffold with gaps at the pial endfeet layer and consequentially led to an invasion of boundary cap (BC) cells into the spinal cord. Because BC cells are PNS cells normally positioned at the incoming and outgoing axonal roots, their invasion into the spinal cord suggests a compromised CNS/PNS boundary in the absence of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling. Both disrupted radial glial scaffold and invasion of BC cells into the CNS were also present in mice deficient in CXCR7, a second receptor of CXCL12. We further show that CXCL12 signaling promotes the radial glia adhesion to BM components and activates integrin β1 avidity. Our study unravels a novel molecular mechanism that deploys CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 for the maintenance of radial glial scaffold integrity, which in turn safeguards the CNS/PNS boundary during spinal cord development.
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235
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Kolan SS, Lejon K, Koskinen Holm C, Sulniute R, Lundberg P, Matozaki T, Oldenborg PA. Non-Hematopoietic and Hematopoietic SIRPα Signaling Differently Regulates Murine B Cell Maturation in Bone Marrow and Spleen. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222253 PMCID: PMC4519279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte development occurs in the bone marrow, while final differentiation and maturation can occur in both the bone marrow and the spleen. Here we provide evidence that signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), an Ig-superfamily ITIM-receptor expressed by myeloid but not by lymphoid cells, is involved in regulating B cell maturation. Lack of SIRPα signaling in adult SIRPα-mutant mice resulted in a reduced maturation of B cells in the bone marrow, evident by reduced numbers of semi-mature IgD+IgMhi follicular type-II (F-II) and mature IgD+IgMlo follicular type-I (F-I) B cells, as well as reduced blood B cell numbers. In addition, lack of SIRPα signaling also impaired follicular B cell maturation in the spleen. Maturing BM or splenic B cells of SIRPα-mutant mice were found to express higher levels of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM and apoptosis was increased among these B cells. Bone marrow reconstitution experiments revealed that the B cell maturation defect in bone marrow and blood was due to lack of SIRPα signaling in non-hematopoietic cells, while hematopoietic SIRPα signaling was important for follicular B cell maturation in the spleen. Adding on to our previous findings of a stromal cell defect in SIRPα-mutant mice was the finding that gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand (RANKL) was significantly lower in cultured bone marrow stromal cells of SIRPα mutant mice. These data suggest a novel and opposite contribution of SIRPα signaling within non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic cells, respectively, to maintain B cell maturation and to prevent apoptosis in the bone marrow and spleen of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Lejon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section for Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Rima Sulniute
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Takashi Matozaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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236
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Mahadik BP, Pedron Haba S, Skertich LJ, Harley BAC. The use of covalently immobilized stem cell factor to selectively affect hematopoietic stem cell activity within a gelatin hydrogel. Biomaterials 2015; 67:297-307. [PMID: 26232879 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare stem cell population found primarily in the bone marrow and responsible for the production of the body's full complement of blood and immune cells. Used clinically to treat a range of hematopoietic disorders, there is a significant need to identify approaches to selectively expand their numbers ex vivo. Here we describe a methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel for in vitro culture of primary murine HSCs. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a critical biomolecular component of native HSC niches in vivo and is used in large dosages in cell culture media for HSC expansion in vitro. We report a photochemistry based approach to covalently immobilize SCF within GelMA hydrogels via acrylate-functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) tethers. PEG-functionalized SCF retains the native bioactivity of SCF but can be stably incorporated and retained within the GelMA hydrogel over 7 days. Freshly-isolated murine HSCs cultured in GelMA hydrogels containing covalently-immobilized SCF showed reduced proliferation and improved selectivity for maintaining primitive HSCs. Comparatively, soluble SCF within the GelMA hydrogel network induced increased proliferation of differentiating hematopoietic cells. We used a microfluidic templating approach to create GelMA hydrogels containing gradients of immobilized SCF that locally direct HSC response. Together, we report a biomaterial platform to examine the effect of the local presentation of soluble vs. matrix-immobilized biomolecular signals on HSC expansion and lineage specification. This approach may be a critical component of a biomaterial-based artificial bone marrow to provide the correct sequence of niche signals to grow HSCs in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan P Mahadik
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Sara Pedron Haba
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Luke J Skertich
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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237
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Becker AM, Callahan DJ, Richner JM, Choi J, DiPersio JF, Diamond MS, Bhattacharya D. GPR18 Controls Reconstitution of Mouse Small Intestine Intraepithelial Lymphocytes following Bone Marrow Transplantation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197390 PMCID: PMC4510063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific G protein coupled receptors (GPRs) regulate the proper positioning, function, and development of immune lineage subsets. Here, we demonstrate that GPR18 regulates the reconstitution of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of the small intestine following bone marrow transplantation. Through analysis of transcriptional microarray data, we find that GPR18 is highly expressed in IELs, lymphoid progenitors, and mature follicular B cells. To establish the physiological role of this largely uncharacterized GPR, we generated Gpr18-/- mice. Despite high levels of GPR18 expression in specific hematopoietic progenitors, Gpr18-/- mice have no defects in lymphopoiesis or myelopoiesis. Moreover, antibody responses following immunization with hapten-protein conjugates or infection with West Nile virus are normal in Gpr18-/- mice. Steady-state numbers of IELs are also normal in Gpr18-/- mice. However, competitive bone marrow reconstitution experiments demonstrate that GPR18 is cell-intrinsically required for the optimal restoration of small intestine TCRγδ+ and TCRαβ+ CD8αα+ IELs. In contrast, GPR18 is dispensable for the reconstitution of large intestine IELs. Moreover, Gpr18-/- bone marrow reconstitutes small intestine IELs similarly to controls in athymic recipients. Gpr18-/- chimeras show no changes in susceptibility to intestinal insults such as Citrobacter rodentium infections or graft versus host disease. These data reveal highly specific requirements for GPR18 in the development and reconstitution of thymus-derived intestinal IEL subsets in the steady-state and after bone marrow transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Citrobacter
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelopoiesis
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
- West Nile virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Becker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Derrick J. Callahan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Richner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jaebok Choi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John F. DiPersio
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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238
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Yao H, Goldman DC, Fan G, Mandel G, Fleming WH. The Corepressor Rcor1 Is Essential for Normal Myeloerythroid Lineage Differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3304-14. [PMID: 26119982 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on its physical interactions with histone-modifying enzymes, the transcriptional corepressor Rcor1 has been implicated in the epigenetic regulation blood cell development. Previously, we have demonstrated that Rcor1 is essential for the maturation of definitive erythroid cells and fetal survival. To determine the functional role of Rcor1 in steady-state hematopoiesis in the adult, we used a conditional knockout approach. Here, we show that the loss of Rcor1 expression results in the rapid onset of severe anemia due to a complete, cell autonomous block in the maturation of committed erythroid progenitors. By contrast, both the frequency of megakaryocyte progenitors and their capacity to produce platelets were normal. Although the frequency of common lymphoid progenitors and T cells was not altered, B cells were significantly reduced and showed increased apoptosis. However, Rcor1-deficient bone marrow sustained normal levels of B-cells following transplantation, indicating a non-cell autonomous requirement for Rcor1 in B-cell survival. Evaluation of the myelomonocytic lineage revealed an absence of mature neutrophils and a significant increase in the absolute number of monocytic cells. Rcor1-deficient monocytes were less apoptotic and showed ∼100-fold more colony-forming activity than their normal counterparts, but did not give rise to leukemia. Moreover, Rcor1(-/-) monocytes exhibited extensive, cytokine-dependent self-renewal and overexpressed genes associated with hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expansion including Gata2, Meis1, and Hoxa9. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Rcor1 is essential for the normal differentiation of myeloerythroid progenitors and for appropriately regulating self-renewal activity in the monocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Yao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Devorah C Goldman
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gail Mandel
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William H Fleming
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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239
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagasawa
- Department of Immunobiology and Hematology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan ; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Kyoto , Japan
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240
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Making Blood: The Haematopoietic Niche throughout Ontogeny. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:571893. [PMID: 26113865 PMCID: PMC4465740 DOI: 10.1155/2015/571893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-quarter of all cells in the adult human body are blood cells. The haematopoietic system is therefore massive in scale and requires exquisite regulation to be maintained under homeostatic conditions. It must also be able to respond when needed, such as during infection or following blood loss, to produce more blood cells. Supporting cells serve to maintain haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells during homeostatic and pathological conditions. This coalition of supportive cell types, organised in specific tissues, is termed the haematopoietic niche. Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are generated in a number of distinct locations during mammalian embryogenesis. These stem and progenitor cells migrate to a variety of anatomical locations through the conceptus until finally homing to the bone marrow shortly before birth. Under stress, extramedullary haematopoiesis can take place in regions that are typically lacking in blood-producing activity. Our aim in this review is to examine blood production throughout the embryo and adult, under normal and pathological conditions, to identify commonalities and distinctions between each niche. A clearer understanding of the mechanism underlying each haematopoietic niche can be applied to improving ex vivo cultures of haematopoietic stem cells and potentially lead to new directions for transplantation medicine.
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241
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Abstract
B cells differentiate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (pHSCs) in a series of distinct stages. During early embryonic development, pHSCs migrate into the fetal liver, where they develop and mature to B cells in a transient wave, which preferentially populates epithelia and lung as well as gut-associated lymphoid tissues. This is followed by continuous B cell development throughout life in the bone marrow to immature B cells that migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues, where they mature. At early stages of development, before B cell maturation, the gene loci encoding the heavy and light chains of immunoglobulin that determine the B cell receptor composition undergo stepwise rearrangements of variable region-encoding gene segments. Throughout life, these gene rearrangements continuously generate B cell repertoires capable of recognizing a plethora of self-antigens and non-self-antigens. The microenvironment in which these B cell repertoires develop provide signaling molecules that play critical roles in promoting gene rearrangements, proliferation, survival, or apoptosis, and that help to distinguish self-reactive from non-self-reactive B cells at four distinct checkpoints. This refinement of the B cell repertoire directly contributes to immunity, and defects in the process contribute to autoimmune disease.
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242
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de Lourdes Perim A, Amarante MK, Guembarovski RL, de Oliveira CEC, Watanabe MAE. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the pathogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): a possible therapeutic target. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1715-23. [PMID: 25572297 PMCID: PMC11113340 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood malignancy, accounting for approximately 80 % of leukemia in the pediatric group, and its etiology is unknown. This neoplasia is characterized by male predominance, high-risk features and poor outcome, mainly in recurrence patients and adults. In recent years, advances in the success of childhood ALL treatment were verified, and the rate of cure is over 80 % of individuals. However, there is a considerable scope for improving therapeutic outcome in this neoplasia. Improvements in ALL therapy might readily be achieved by developing additional biomarkers that can predict and refine prognosis in patients with ALL. In normal hematopoietic cells, cytokines provide the stimulus for proliferation, survival, self-renewal, differentiation and functional activation. Abnormalities of cytokines are characteristic in all forms of leukemia, including ALL. The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) is a member of the CXC chemokine family that binds to CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis appears to play a role in dissemination of solid tumors and hematopoietic diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which ALL cells are disseminated will provide additional information to expand therapeutic approach. Therefore, this review summarizes information relating to ALL cell biology, focusing specifically in a cytokine receptor important axis, CXCL12/CXCR4, that may have implications for novel treatment strategies to improve life expectancy of patients with this neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Lourdes Perim
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, PR 86038-440 Brazil
| | - Marla Karine Amarante
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, Vila Operária, Londrina, PR 86038-440 Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário-Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina, PR 86051-970 Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Coral de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário-Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina, PR 86051-970 Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphisms, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Campus Universitário-Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445) Km 380, Londrina, PR 86051-970 Brazil
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243
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Zehentmeier S, Cseresnyes Z, Escribano Navarro J, Niesner RA, Hauser AE. Automated quantification of hematopoietic cell - stromal cell interactions in histological images of undecalcified bone. J Vis Exp 2015:52544. [PMID: 25938636 PMCID: PMC4541482 DOI: 10.3791/52544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. However, the analysis and quantification of cellular localization is difficult, as in many cases it relies on manual counting, thus bearing the risk of introducing a rater-dependent bias and reducing interrater reliability. Moreover, it is often difficult to judge whether the co-localization between two cells results from random positioning, especially when cell types differ strongly in the frequency of their occurrence. Here, a method for unbiased quantification of cellular co-localization in the bone marrow is introduced. The protocol describes the sample preparation used to obtain histological sections of whole murine long bones including the bone marrow, as well as the staining protocol and the acquisition of high-resolution images. An analysis workflow spanning from the recognition of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types in 2-dimensional (2D) bone marrow images to the quantification of the direct contacts between those cells is presented. This also includes a neighborhood analysis, to obtain information about the cellular microenvironment surrounding a certain cell type. In order to evaluate whether co-localization of two cell types is the mere result of random cell positioning or reflects preferential associations between the cells, a simulation tool which is suitable for testing this hypothesis in the case of hematopoietic as well as stromal cells, is used. This approach is not limited to the bone marrow, and can be extended to other tissues to permit reproducible, quantitative analysis of histological data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltan Cseresnyes
- Biophysical Analytics, German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine
| | | | - Raluca A Niesner
- Biophysical Analytics, German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immunodynamics, German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute; Immunodynamics and Intravital Imaging, Charité - University of Medicine;
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244
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Kometani K, Kurosaki T. Differentiation and maintenance of long-lived plasma cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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245
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Malara A, Abbonante V, Di Buduo CA, Tozzi L, Currao M, Balduini A. The secret life of a megakaryocyte: emerging roles in bone marrow homeostasis control. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1517-36. [PMID: 25572292 PMCID: PMC4369169 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytes are rare cells found in the bone marrow, responsible for the everyday production and release of millions of platelets into the bloodstream. Since the discovery and cloning, in 1994, of their principal humoral factor, thrombopoietin, and its receptor c-Mpl, many efforts have been directed to define the mechanisms underlying an efficient platelet production. However, more recently different studies have pointed out new roles for megakaryocytes as regulators of bone marrow homeostasis and physiology. In this review we discuss the interaction and the reciprocal regulation of megakaryocytes with the different cellular and extracellular components of the bone marrow environment. Finally, we provide evidence that these processes may concur to the reconstitution of the bone marrow environment after injury and their deregulation may lead to the development of a series of inherited or acquired pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Malara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Abbonante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian A. Di Buduo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| | - Manuela Currao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
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246
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor reprograms bone marrow stromal cells to actively suppress B lymphopoiesis in mice. Blood 2015; 125:3114-7. [PMID: 25814527 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that mediate the shift from lymphopoiesis to myelopoiesis in response to infectious stress are largely unknown. We show that treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is often induced during infection, results in marked suppression of B lymphopoiesis at multiple stages of B-cell development. Mesenchymal-lineage stromal cells in the bone marrow, including CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells and osteoblasts, constitutively support B lymphopoiesis through the production of multiple B trophic factors. G-CSF acting through a monocytic cell intermediate reprograms these stromal cells, altering their capacity to support B lymphopoiesis. G-CSF treatment is associated with an expansion of CAR cells and a shift toward osteogenic lineage commitment. It markedly suppresses the production of multiple B-cell trophic factors by CAR cells and osteoblasts, including CXCL12, kit ligand, interleukin-6, interleukin-7, and insulin-like growth factor-1. Targeting bone marrow stromal cells is one mechanism by which inflammatory cytokines such as G-CSF actively suppress lymphopoiesis.
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247
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Fuwa TJ, Kinoshita T, Nishida H, Nishihara S. Reduction of T antigen causes loss of hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila through the inhibition of filopodial extensions from the hematopoietic niche. Dev Biol 2015; 401:206-19. [PMID: 25779703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are present in hematopoietic organs and differentiate into mature blood cells as required. Defective HSCs have been implicated in the human autoimmune disease Tn syndrome, which results from the failure of the core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase 1 enzyme (C1β3GalT1) to synthesize T antigen. In both mice and humans, a reduced level of T antigen is associated with a reduction in blood cell numbers. However, the precise roles of T antigen in hematopoiesis are unknown. Here, we show that the Drosophila T antigen, supplied by plasmatocytes, is essential for the regulation of HSCs. T antigen appears to be an essential factor in maintaining the extracellular environment to support filopodial extensions from niches that are responsible for transmitting signaling molecules to maintain the HSCs. In addition, our results revealed that the clotting factor, hemolectin, disrupted the hemolymph environment of C1β3GalT1 mutants. This study identified a novel mucin function for the regulation of HSCs that may be conserved in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi J Fuwa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishida
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan.
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248
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Making sense of hematopoietic stem cell niches. Blood 2015; 125:2621-9. [PMID: 25762174 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-570192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche commonly refers to the pairing of hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell populations that regulate HSC self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation. Anatomic localization of the niche is a dynamic unit from the developmental stage that allows proliferating HSCs to expand before they reach the bone marrow where they adopt a quiescent phenotype that protects their integrity and functions. Recent studies have sought to clarify the complexity behind the HSC niche by assessing the contributions of specific cell populations to HSC maintenance. In particular, perivascular microenvironments in the bone marrow confer distinct vascular niches that regulate HSC quiescence and the supply of lineage-committed progenitors. Here, we review recent data on the cellular constituents and molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between HSCs and putative niches.
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249
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Taddeo A, Khodadadi L, Voigt C, Mumtaz IM, Cheng Q, Moser K, Alexander T, Manz RA, Radbruch A, Hiepe F, Hoyer BF. Long-lived plasma cells are early and constantly generated in New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 mice and their therapeutic depletion requires a combined targeting of autoreactive plasma cells and their precursors. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:39. [PMID: 25889236 PMCID: PMC4411657 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autoantibodies contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Unfortunately, the long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) secreting such autoantibodies are refractory to conventional immunosuppressive treatments. Although generated long before the disease becomes clinically apparent, it remains rather unclear whether LLPC generation continues in the established disease. Here, we analyzed the generation of LLPCs, including autoreactive LLPCs, in SLE-prone New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 (NZB/W F1) mice over their lifetime, and their regeneration after depletion. Methods Bromodeoxyuridine pulse-chase experiments in mice of different ages were performed in order to analyze the generation of LLPCs during the development of SLE. LLPCs were enumerated by flow cytometry and autoreactive anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) plasma cells by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT). For analyzing the regeneration of LLPCs after depletion, mice were treated with bortezomib alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide and plasma cells were enumerated 12 hours, 3, 7, 11 and 15 days after the end of the bortezomib cycle. Results Autoreactive LLPCs are established in the spleen and bone marrow of SLE-prone mice very early in ontogeny, before week 4 and before the onset of symptoms. The generation of LLPCs then continues throughout life. LLPC counts in the spleen plateau by week 10, but continue to increase in the bone marrow and inflamed kidney. When LLPCs are depleted by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, their numbers regenerate within two weeks. Persistent depletion of LLPCs was achieved only by combining a cycle of bortezomib with maintenance therapy, for example cyclophosphamide, depleting the precursors of LLPCs or preventing their differentiation into LLPCs. Conclusions In SLE-prone NZB/W F1 mice, autoreactive LLPCs are generated throughout life. Their sustained therapeutic elimination requires both the depletion of LLPCs and the inhibition of their regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Taddeo
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Laleh Khodadadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caroline Voigt
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Imtiaz M Mumtaz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katrin Moser
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Alexander
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rudolf A Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bimba F Hoyer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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250
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Sercan Alp Ö, Durlanik S, Schulz D, McGrath M, Grün JR, Bardua M, Ikuta K, Sgouroudis E, Riedel R, Zehentmeier S, Hauser AE, Tsuneto M, Melchers F, Tokoyoda K, Chang HD, Thiel A, Radbruch A. Memory CD8(+) T cells colocalize with IL-7(+) stromal cells in bone marrow and rest in terms of proliferation and transcription. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:975-87. [PMID: 25639669 PMCID: PMC4415462 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that memory CD8+ T cells are maintained in secondary lymphoid tissues, peripheral tissues, and BM by homeostatic proliferation. Their survival has been shown to be dependent on IL-7, but it is unclear where they acquire it. Here we show that in murine BM, memory CD8+ T cells individually colocalize with IL-7+ reticular stromal cells. The T cells are resting in terms of global transcription and do not express markers of activation, for example, 4-1BB (CD137), IL-2, or IFN-γ, despite the expression of CD69 on about 30% of the cells. Ninety-five percent of the memory CD8+ T cells in BM are in G0 phase of cell cycle and do not express Ki-67. Less than 1% is in S/M/G2 of cell cycle, according to propidium iodide staining. While previous publications have estimated the extent of proliferation of CD8+ memory T cells on the basis of BrdU incorporation, we show here that BrdU itself induces proliferation of CD8+ memory T cells. Taken together, the present results suggest that CD8+ memory T cells are maintained as resting cells in the BM in dedicated niches with their survival conditional on IL-7 receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özen Sercan Alp
- Department of Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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