201
|
Wang G, Wang T, Jia ZH, Xuan JP, Pan DL, Guo ZR, Zhang JY. Genome-Wide Bioinformatics Analysis of MAPK Gene Family in Kiwifruit ( Actinidia Chinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092510. [PMID: 30149559 PMCID: PMC6164783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal transduction modules that play crucial roles in various biotic and abiotic stresses, hormones, cell division, and developmental processes in plants. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK), being a part of this cascade, performs an important function for further appropriate cellular responses. Although MAPKs have been investigated in several model plants, no systematic analysis has been conducted in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). In the present study, we identified 18 putative MAPKs in the kiwifruit genome. This gene family was analyzed bioinformatically in terms of their chromosome locations, sequence alignment, gene structures, and phylogenetic and conserved motifs. All members possess fully canonical motif structures of MAPK. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that AcMAPKs could be classified into five subfamilies, and these gene motifs in the same group showed high similarity. Gene structure analysis demonstrated that the number of exons in AcMAPK genes ranged from 2 to 29, suggesting large variation among kiwifruit MAPK genes. The expression profiles of these AcMAPK genes were further investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which demonstrated that AcMAPKs were induced or repressed by various biotic and abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, suggesting their potential roles in the biotic and abiotic stress response and various hormone signal transduction pathways in kiwifruit. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the putative physiological and biochemical functions of MAPK genes in kiwifruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zhan-Hui Jia
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Ji-Ping Xuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - De-Lin Pan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zhong-Ren Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Pavlů J, Novák J, Koukalová V, Luklová M, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Cytokinin at the Crossroads of Abiotic Stress Signalling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082450. [PMID: 30126242 PMCID: PMC6121657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin is a multifaceted plant hormone that plays major roles not only in diverse plant growth and development processes, but also stress responses. We summarize knowledge of the roles of its metabolism, transport, and signalling in responses to changes in levels of both macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur) and micronutrients (boron, iron, silicon, selenium). We comment on cytokinin's effects on plants' xenobiotic resistance, and its interactions with light, temperature, drought, and salinity signals. Further, we have compiled a list of abiotic stress-related genes and demonstrate that their expression patterns overlap with those of cytokinin metabolism and signalling genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pavlů
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladěna Koukalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Luklová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Biophysics AS CR, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
MYC-type transcription factors, MYC67 and MYC70, interact with ICE1 and negatively regulate cold tolerance in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11622. [PMID: 30072714 PMCID: PMC6072781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of hundreds of genes is induced by low temperatures via a cold signaling pathway. ICE1, a MYC-type transcription factor, plays an important role in the induction of CBF3/DREB1A to control cold-responsive genes and cold tolerance. To elucidate other molecular factors, a yeast 2-hybrid screening was performed. Two MYC-type transcription factors, MYC67 and MYC70, were identified as ICE1-interacting proteins. The myc mutants were more tolerant to freezing temperatures than wild type. CBF3/DREB1A and other cold-responsive genes were up-regulated in the myc mutants. Overexpression of the MYC genes increased the cold sensitivity and down-regulated the expression of cold-responsive genes. The MYC proteins interacted with the cis-elements in the CBF3/DREB1A promoter, probably to interfere interaction between ICE1 and the cis-elements. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MYC67 and MYC70, ICE1 interactors, negatively regulate cold-responsive genes and cold tolerance.
Collapse
|
204
|
Thulasi Devendrakumar K, Li X, Zhang Y. MAP kinase signalling: interplays between plant PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2981-2989. [PMID: 29789867 PMCID: PMC11105241 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In plants, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in regulating many biological processes including immunity. They relay signals from membrane-residing immune receptors to downstream components for defense activation. Arabidopsis MPK3/6 and MPK4 are activated in two parallel MAPK cascades during PAMP-triggered immunity. MPK3/6 have been implicated in the activation of various immune responses and their inactivation leads to compromised defense against pathogens. On the other hand, the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade plays critical roles in basal resistance. Disruption of this MAPK cascade results in constitutive defense responses mediated by the NB-LRR protein SUMM2. Interestingly, SUMM2 guards the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade activity indirectly through monitoring the phosphorylation status of CRCK3, which is a substrate of MPK4. From the pathogens' side, a number of effectors are shown to target various components of MAPK cascades in plants. Inactivation of MPK4 by the Pseudomonas effector HopAI1 triggers SUMM2-mediated immunity. Together, these findings suggest intricate interplays between PAMP-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity via MAPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Hsu CC, Zhu Y, Arrington JV, Paez JS, Wang P, Zhu P, Chen IH, Zhu JK, Tao WA. Universal Plant Phosphoproteomics Workflow and Its Application to Tomato Signaling in Response to Cold Stress. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2068-2080. [PMID: 30006488 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.tir118.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation-mediated signaling transduction plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant defense mechanisms against environmental stresses. To address the high complexity and dynamic range of plant proteomes and phosphoproteomes, we present a universal sample preparation procedure that facilitates plant phosphoproteomic profiling. This advanced workflow significantly improves phosphopeptide identifications, enabling deep insight into plant phosphoproteomes. We then applied the workflow to study the phosphorylation events involved in tomato cold tolerance mechanisms. Phosphoproteomic changes of two tomato species (N135 Green Gage and Atacames) with distinct cold tolerance phenotypes were profiled under cold stress. In total, we identified more than 30,000 unique phosphopeptides from tomato leaves, representing about 5500 phosphoproteins, thereby creating the largest tomato phosphoproteomic resource to date. The data, along with the validation through in vitro kinase reactions, allowed us to identify kinases involved in cold tolerant signaling and discover distinctive kinase-substrate events in two tomato species in response to a cold environment. The activation of SnRK2s and their direct substrates may assist N135 Green Gage tomatoes in surviving long-term cold stress. Taken together, the streamlined approach and the resulting deep phosphoproteomic analyses revealed a global view of tomato cold-induced signaling mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chih Hsu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- §Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,¶Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.,‖Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | | | - Juan Sebastian Paez
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- ‖Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.,¶Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peipei Zhu
- **Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - I-Hsuan Chen
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,‖Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.,¶Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - W Andy Tao
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; .,**Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Su T, Wang P, Li H, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Dai P, Ren T, Wang X, Li X, Shao Q, Zhao D, Zhao Y, Ma C. The Arabidopsis catalase triple mutant reveals important roles of catalases and peroxisome-derived signaling in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:591-607. [PMID: 29575603 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is generated in many metabolic processes. As a signaling molecule, H2 O2 plays important roles in plant growth and development, as well as environmental stress response. In Arabidopsis, there are three catalase genes, CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3. The encoded catalases are predominately peroxisomal proteins and are critical for scavenging H2 O2 . Since CAT1 and CAT3 are linked on chromosome 1, it has been almost impossible to generate cat1/3 and cat1/2/3 mutants by traditional genetic tools. In this study, we constructed cat1/3 double mutants and cat1/2/3 triple mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate the role of catalases. The cat1/2/3 triple mutants displayed severe redox disturbance and growth defects under physiological conditions compared with wild-type and the cat2/3 double mutants. Transcriptome analysis showed a more profound transcriptional response in the cat1/2/3 triple mutants compared to the cat2/3 mutants. These differentially expressed genes are involved in plant growth regulation as well as abiotic and biotic stress responses. In addition, expression of OXI1 (OXIDATIVE SIGNAL INDUCIBLE 1) and several MAPK cascade genes were changed dramatically in the catalase triple mutant, suggesting that H2 O2 produced in peroxisomes could serve as a peroxisomal retrograde signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yiwu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Peng Dai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianqi Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Wenhua East Road 88, Jinan 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Calixto CPG, Guo W, James AB, Tzioutziou NA, Entizne JC, Panter PE, Knight H, Nimmo HG, Zhang R, Brown JWS. Rapid and Dynamic Alternative Splicing Impacts the Arabidopsis Cold Response Transcriptome. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1424-1444. [PMID: 29764987 DOI: 10.1101/251876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have adapted to tolerate and survive constantly changing environmental conditions by reprogramming gene expression The dynamics of the contribution of alternative splicing (AS) to stress responses are unknown. RNA-sequencing of a time-series of Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to cold determines the timing of significant AS changes. This shows a massive and rapid AS response with coincident waves of transcriptional and AS activity occurring in the first few hours of temperature reduction and further AS throughout the cold. In particular, hundreds of genes showed changes in expression due to rapidly occurring AS in response to cold ("early AS" genes); these included numerous novel cold-responsive transcription factors and splicing factors/RNA binding proteins regulated only by AS. The speed and sensitivity to small temperature changes of AS of some of these genes suggest that fine-tuning expression via AS pathways contributes to the thermo-plasticity of expression. Four early AS splicing regulatory genes have been shown previously to be required for freezing tolerance and acclimation; we provide evidence of a fifth gene, U2B"-LIKE Such factors likely drive cascades of AS of downstream genes that, alongside transcription, modulate transcriptome reprogramming that together govern the physiological and survival responses of plants to low temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane P G Calixto
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Allan B James
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nikoleta A Tzioutziou
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carlos Entizne
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Paige E Panter
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh G Nimmo
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Runxuan Zhang
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - John W S Brown
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Kazemi-Shahandashti SS, Maali-Amiri R. Global insights of protein responses to cold stress in plants: Signaling, defence, and degradation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 226:123-135. [PMID: 29758377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress (CS) as one of the unfavorable abiotic tensions proceeds different aspects of plant responses. These responses are generated through CS effects on crucial processes such as photosynthesis, energy metabolism, ROS homeostasis, membrane fluidity and cell wall architecture. As a tolerance response, plants apply proteins in various strategies such as transferring the message of cold entrance named as signaling, producing defensive and protective molecules against the stress and degrading some unfavorable or unnecessary proteins to produce other required ones. A change in one part of these networks can irritate alternations in others. These strategies as acclimation mechanisms are conducted through gene expression reprogramming to provide a new adjusted metabolic homeostasis dependent on the stress severity and duration and plant species. Investigating protein alterations in metabolic pathways and their role in adjusting cellular components from upstream to downstream levels can provide a profound knowledge of plants tolerance mechanism against the damaging effects of CS. In this review, we summarized the activity of some cold-responsive proteins from the perception phase to tolerance response against CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedeh-Sanam Kazemi-Shahandashti
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Maali-Amiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871, Karaj, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Lin C, Chen S. New functions of an old kinase MPK4 in guard cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1477908. [PMID: 29944443 PMCID: PMC6103285 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1477908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades play important roles in plant development, immune signaling and stress responses. MPK4 was initially identified as a negative regulator in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) because the levels of salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher in the Arabidopsis mpk4 mutant. MPK4 is highly expressed in guard cells, specialized epidermal cells forming stomatal pores on leaf surface that function at the frontline of bacterial pathogen invasion. In addition to biotic stresses, stomatal guard cells also mediate cellular responses to abiotic stimuli such as drought and CO2 changes. MPK4 appears to play different roles in different plant systems. In this review, we briefly discuss the protein kinase MPK4 functions and focus on its signaling roles in different plant systems, especially in stomatal guard cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S. Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Matsuoka D, Soga K, Yasufuku T, Nanmori T. Control of plant growth and development by overexpressing MAP3K17, an ABA-inducible MAP3K, in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:171-176. [PMID: 31819720 PMCID: PMC6879389 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0412a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant growth, development, and stress responses. ABA regulates many aspects of plant growth and development, including seed maturation, dormancy, germination, the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, leaf senescence and responses to environmental stresses, such as drought, high salinity and cold. It is also known that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades function in ABA signaling. Recently, we and another group have identified the ABA-inducible MAP3Ks MAP3K17 and MAP3K18 as the upstream MAP3Ks of MKK3, implicating the MAP3K17/18-MKK3-MPK1/2/7/14 cascade in ABA signaling. It has also been reported that overexpression of MAP3K18 in Arabidopsis causes an early leaf senescence phenotype, ABA hypersensitive stomata closing, and drought tolerance. In this study, we generated transgenic plants overexpressing MAP3K17 (35S:MAP3K17) and its kinase-inactive form (35S:MAP3K17KN). The bolting of 35S:MAP3K17 was earlier than WT, and the fresh weights of the seedlings were smaller, whereas 35S:MAP3K17KN showed the opposite phenotype. These results indicate that the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth can be regulated by overexpression of MAP3K17 and its kinase-inactive form. Moreover, 35S:MAP3K17 showed lower sensitivity to ABA during post-germinated growth, whereas 35S:MAP3K17 KN showed the opposite phenotype, suggesting the negative roles of MAP3K17 in the response to ABA. Our work provides the possibility to regulate plant growth and development by the genetic manipulation of ABA-induced MAPK cascades, leading to improved crop growth and productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsuoka
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-78-803-5967 Fax: +81-78-803-5984
| | - Kaori Soga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takuto Yasufuku
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nanmori
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Otemae University, Osaka 540-0008, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Song A, Hu Y, Ding L, Zhang X, Li P, Liu Y, Chen F. Comprehensive analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in chrysanthemum. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5037. [PMID: 29942696 PMCID: PMC6014330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, an important type of pathway in eukaryotic signaling networks, play a key role in plant defense responses, growth and development. Methods Phylogenetic analysis and conserved motif analysis of the MKK and MPK families in Arabidopsis thaliana, Helianthus annuus and Chrysanthemum morifolium classified MKK genes and MPK genes. qRT-PCR was used for the expression patterns of CmMPK and CmMKK genes, and yeast two-hybrid assay was applied to clear the interaction between CmMPKs and CmMKKs. Results We characterized six MKK genes and 11 MPK genes in chrysanthemum based on transcriptomic sequences and classified these genes into four groups. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that CmMKKs and CmMPKs exhibited various expression patterns in different organs of chrysanthemum and in response to abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments. Furthermore, a yeast two-hybrid assay was applied to analyze the interaction between CmMKKs and CmMPKs and reveal the MAPK cascades in chrysanthemum. Discussion Our data led us to propose that CmMKK4-CmMPK13 and CmMKK2-CmMPK4 may be involved in regulating salt resistance and in the relationship between CmMKK9 and CmMPK6 and temperature stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Song
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueheng Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lian Ding
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiling Li
- College of Horticulture, Xinyang Agricultural and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscape Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Golestan Hashemi FS, Ismail MR, Rafii MY, Aslani F, Miah G, Muharam FM. Critical multifunctional role of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in plants. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1478748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Sadat Golestan Hashemi
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Leige, Belgium
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Razi Ismail
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farzad Aslani
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gous Miah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farah Melissa Muharam
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Identification on mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades by integrating protein interaction with transcriptional profiling analysis in cotton. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8178. [PMID: 29802301 PMCID: PMC5970168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in development and stress responses. In previous studies, we have systematically investigated the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) and MAPK gene families in cotton. However, the complete interactions between MAPK gene family members in MAPK signaling cascade is poorly characterized. Herein, we investigated the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family members and identified a total of 89 MAPKKK genes in the Gossypium raimondii genome. We cloned 51 MAPKKKs in G. hirsutum and investigated the interactions between MKK and MAPKKK proteins through yeast-two hybrid assays. A total of 18 interactive protein pairs involved in 14 MAPKKKs and six MKKs were found. Among these, 13 interactive pairs had not been reported previously. Gene expression patterns revealed that 12 MAPKKKs were involved in diverse signaling pathways triggered by hormone treatments or abiotic stresses. By combining the MKK-MAPK and MKK-MAPKKK protein interactions with gene expression patterns, 38 potential MAPK signaling modules involved in the complicated cross-talks were identified, which provide a basis on elucidating biological function of the MAPK cascade in response to hormonal and/or stress responses. The systematic investigation in MAPK signaling cascades will lay a foundation for understanding the functional roles of different MAPK cascades in signal transduction pathways, and for the improvement of various defense responses in cotton.
Collapse
|
214
|
Sun T, Nitta Y, Zhang Q, Wu D, Tian H, Lee JS, Zhang Y. Antagonistic interactions between two MAP kinase cascades in plant development and immune signaling. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745324. [PMID: 29789386 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling plays important roles in diverse biological processes. In Arabidopsis, MPK3/MPK6, MKK4/MKK5, and the MAPKKK YODA (YDA) form a MAPK pathway that negatively regulates stomatal development. Brassinosteroid (BR) stimulates this pathway to inhibit stomata production. In addition, MPK3/MPK6 and MKK4/MKK5 also serve as critical signaling components in plant immunity. Here, we report that MAPKKK3/MAPKKK5 form a kinase cascade with MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6 to transduce defense signals downstream of multiple plant receptor kinases. Loss of MAPKKK3/MAPKKK5 leads to reduced activation of MPK3/MPK6 in response to different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Surprisingly, developmental defects caused by silencing of YDA are suppressed in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 double mutant. On the other hand, loss of YDA or blocking BR signaling leads to increased PAMP-induced activation of MPK3/MPK6. These results reveal antagonistic interactions between a developmental MAPK pathway and an immune signaling MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yukino Nitta
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hainan Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jin Suk Lee
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Wang K, Bai ZY, Liang QY, Liu QL, Zhang L, Pan YZ, Liu GL, Jiang BB, Zhang F, Jia Y. Transcriptome analysis of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) in response to low temperature stress. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:319. [PMID: 29720105 PMCID: PMC5930780 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chrysanthemum is one kind of ornamental plant well-known and widely used in the world. However, its quality and production were severely affected by low temperature conditions in winter and early spring periods. Therefore, we used the RNA-Seq platform to perform a de novo transcriptome assembly to analyze chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) transcription response to low temperature. Results Using Illumina sequencing technology, a total of 86,444,237 high-quality clean reads and 93,837 unigenes were generated from four libraries: T01, controls; T02, 4 °C cold acclimation (CA) for 24 h; T03, − 4 °C freezing treatments for 4 h with prior CA; and T04, − 4 °C freezing treatments for 4 h without prior CA. In total, 7583 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 36,462 annotated unigenes were identified. We performed GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, and excavated a group of important cold-responsive genes related to low temperature sensing and signal transduction, membrane lipid stability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and osmoregulation. These genes encode many key proteins in plant biological processes, such as protein kinases, transcription factors, fatty acid desaturase, lipid-transfer proteins, antifreeze proteins, antioxidase and soluble sugars synthetases. We also verified expression levels of 10 DEGs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, we performed the determination of physiological indicators of chrysanthemum treated at low temperature, and the results were basically consistent with molecular sequencing results. Conclusion In summary, our study presents a genome-wide transcript profile of Dendranthema grandiflorum var. jinba and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of D. grandiflorum in response to low temperature. These data contributes to our deeper relevant researches on cold tolerance and further exploring new candidate genes for chilling-tolerance and freezing-tolerance chrysanthemum molecular breeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4706-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Bai
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Yu Liang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Lin Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Pan
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Li Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Jiang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Jia
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Ashoub A, Müller N, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Brüggemann W. Prominent alterations of wild barley leaf transcriptome in response to individual and combined drought acclimation and heat shock conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:18-29. [PMID: 29111595 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under field conditions, drought and heat stress typically happen simultaneously and their negative impact on the agricultural production is expected to increase worldwide under the climate change scenario. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis on leaves of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) originated from the northern coastal region of Egypt following individual drought acclimation (DA) and heat shock (HS) treatments and their combination (CS, combined stresses) to distinguish the unique and shared differentially expressed genes (DEG). Results indicated that the number of unique genes that were differentially expressed following HS treatment exceeded the number of those expressed following DA. In addition, the number of genes that were uniquely differentially expressed in response to CS treatment exceeded the number of those of shared responses to individual DA and HS treatments. These results indicate a better adaptation of the Mediterranean wild barley to drought conditions when compared with heat stress. It also manifests that the wild barley response to CS tends to be unique rather than common. Annotation of DEG showed that metabolic processes were the most influenced biological function in response to the applied stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ashoub
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Niels Müller
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - José M Jiménez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang Brüggemann
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Kashash Y, Doron-Faigenboim A, Holland D, Porat R. Effects of low-temperature conditioning and cold storage on development of chilling injuries and the transcriptome of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate fruit. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kashash
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce; ARO, the Volcani Center; P.O. Box 15159 Rishon LeZion 7528809 Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environment Sciences; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics; ARO, the Volcani Center; P.O. Box 6 Bet Dagan 50250 Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences; ARO, Newe Ya'ar Research Center; P.O. Box 1021 Ramat Yishay 30095 Israel
| | - Ron Porat
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce; ARO, the Volcani Center; P.O. Box 15159 Rishon LeZion 7528809 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Peng Y, van Wersch R, Zhang Y. Convergent and Divergent Signaling in PAMP-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:403-409. [PMID: 29135338 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0145-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use diverse immune receptors to sense pathogen attacks. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors localized on the plasma membrane leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Detection of pathogen effectors by intracellular or plasma membrane-localized immune receptors results in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Despite the large variations in the magnitude and duration of immune responses triggered by different PAMPs or pathogen effectors during PTI and ETI, plasma membrane-localized immune receptors activate similar downstream molecular events such as mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, oxidative burst, ion influx, and increased biosynthesis of plant defense hormones, indicating that defense signals initiated at the plasma membrane converge at later points. On the other hand, activation of ETI by immune receptors localized to the nucleus appears to be more directly associated with transcriptional regulation of defense gene expression. Here, we review recent progress in signal transductions downstream of different groups of plant immune receptors, highlighting the converging and diverging molecular events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Peng
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Goyal RK, Tulpan D, Chomistek N, González-Peña Fundora D, West C, Ellis BE, Frick M, Laroche A, Foroud NA. Analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene families in wheat and related Triticeae species. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:178. [PMID: 29506469 PMCID: PMC5838963 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is involved in signal transduction networks that underpin many different biological processes in plants, ranging from development to biotic and abiotic stress responses. To date this class of enzymes has received little attention in Triticeae species, which include important cereal crops (wheat, barley, rye and triticale) that represent over 20% of the total protein food-source worldwide. Results The work presented here focuses on two subfamilies of Triticeae MAPKs, the MAP kinases (MPKs), and the MAPK kinases (MKKs) whose members phosphorylate the MPKs. In silico analysis of multiple Triticeae sequence databases led to the identification of 152 MAPKs belonging to these two sub-families. Some previously identified MAPKs were renamed to reflect the literature consensus on MAPK nomenclature. Two novel MPKs, MPK24 and MPK25, have been identified, including the first example of a plant MPK carrying the TGY activation loop sequence common to mammalian p38 MPKs. An EF-hand calcium-binding domain was found in members of the Triticeae MPK17 clade, a feature that appears to be specific to Triticeae species. New insights into the novel MEY activation loop identified in MPK11s are offered. When the exon-intron patterns for some MPKs and MKKs of wheat, barley and ancestors of wheat were assembled based on transcript data in GenBank, they showed deviations from the same sequence predicted in Ensembl. The functional relevance of MAPKs as derived from patterns of gene expression, MPK activation and MKK-MPK interaction is discussed. Conclusions A comprehensive resource of accurately annotated and curated Triticeae MPK and MKK sequences has been created for wheat, barley, rye, triticale, and two ancestral wheat species, goat grass and red wild einkorn. The work we present here offers a central information resource that will resolve existing confusion in the literature and sustain expansion of MAPK research in the crucial Triticeae grains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4545-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder K Goyal
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dan Tulpan
- Information and Communication Technologies, National Research Council of Canada, 100 des Aboiteaux Street, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 7R1, Canada
| | - Nora Chomistek
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dianevys González-Peña Fundora
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Connor West
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Brian E Ellis
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, #301 - 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michele Frick
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - André Laroche
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Singh A, Nath O, Singh S, Kumar S, Singh IK. Genome-wide identification of the MAPK gene family in chickpea and expression analysis during development and stress response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
221
|
Liu Y, Zhou J. MAPping Kinase Regulation of ICE1 in Freezing Tolerance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:91-93. [PMID: 29248419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling has important roles in plant stress responses. Two recent reports showed how MAPK signaling regulates the response to cold stress through the Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1)-CBF-cold-responsive (COR) transcriptional pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana, expanding our understanding of cold stress signaling and regulation in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China (Southwest Forestry University), Ministry of Education. College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China (Southwest Forestry University), Ministry of Education. College of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Si, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Xin X, Chen W, Wang B, Zhu F, Li Y, Yang H, Li J, Ren D. Arabidopsis MKK10-MPK6 mediates red-light-regulated opening of seedling cotyledons through phosphorylation of PIF3. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:423-439. [PMID: 29244171 PMCID: PMC5853512 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis is an important process in which seedlings emerge from soil and begin autotrophic growth. Mechanisms of photomorphogenesis include light signal perception, signal transduction, and the modulation of expression of light-responsive genes, ultimately leading to cellular and developmental changes. Phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) play negative regulatory roles in photomorphogenesis. Light-induced activation of phytochromes triggers rapid phosphorylation and degradation of PIFs, but the kinases responsible for the phosphorylation of PIFs are largely unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis MPK6 is a kinase involved in phosphorylating PIF3 and regulating red light-induced cotyledon opening, a crucial process during seedling photomorphogenesis. MPK6 was activated by red light, and the cotyledon opening angle in red light was reduced in mpk6 seedlings. MKK10, a MAPKK whose function is currently unclear, appears to act as a kinase upstream of MPK6 in regulating cotyledon opening. Activation of MPK6 by MKK10 led to the phosphorylation of PIF3 and accelerated its turnover in transgenic seedlings. Accordingly, the overexpression of PIF3 suppressed MKK10-induced cotyledon opening. MKK10 and MPK6 function downstream of phyB in regulating seedling cotyledon opening in red light. Therefore, the MKK10-MPK6 cascade appears to mediate the regulation of red-light-controlled seedling photomorphogenesis via a mechanism that might involve the phosphorylation of PIF3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Hailian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
OsMAPK3 Phosphorylates OsbHLH002/OsICE1 and Inhibits Its Ubiquitination to Activate OsTPP1 and Enhances Rice Chilling Tolerance. Dev Cell 2018; 43:731-743.e5. [PMID: 29257952 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of chilling tolerance is a major target in rice breeding. The signaling pathways regulating chilling consist of complex networks, including key transcription factors and their targets. However, it remains largely unknown how transcription factors are activated by chilling stress. Here, we report that the transcription factor OsbHLH002/OsICE1 is phosphorylated by OsMAPK3 under chilling stress. The osbhlh002-1 knockout mutant and antisense transgenic plants showed chilling hypersensitivity, whereas OsbHLH002-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced chilling tolerance. OsbHLH002 can directly target OsTPP1, which encodes a key enzyme for trehalose biosynthesis. OsMAPK3 interacts with OsbHLH002 to prevent its ubiquitination by the E3 ligase OsHOS1. Under chilling stress, active OsMAPK3 phosphorylates OsbHLH002, leading to accumulation of phospho-OsbHLH002, which promotes OsTPP1 expression and increases trehalose content and resistance to chilling damage. Taken together, these results indicate that OsbHLH002 is phosphorylated by OsMAPK3, which enhances OsbHLH002 activation to its target OsTPP1 during chilling stress.
Collapse
|
224
|
Abstract
Plants in temperate climates utilize cold acclimation modes to improve frost tolerance during phases of active growth. Two papers in this issue of Developmental Cell (Li et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2017) now highlight the important role MAP kinases play in this process in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica E Ramirez
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Jagodzik P, Tajdel-Zielinska M, Ciesla A, Marczak M, Ludwikow A. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant Hormone Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1387. [PMID: 30349547 PMCID: PMC6187979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling targets, including other kinases, enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins or transcription factors, in all eukaryotic cells. A typical MAPK cascade consists of at least three sequentially acting serine/threonine kinases, a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), a MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) and finally, the MAP kinase (MAPK) itself, with each phosphorylating, and hence activating, the next kinase in the cascade. Recent advances in our understanding of hormone signaling pathways have led to the discovery of new regulatory systems. In particular, this research has revealed the emerging role of crosstalk between the protein components of various signaling pathways and the involvement of this crosstalk in multiple cellular processes. Here we provide an overview of current models and mechanisms of hormone signaling with a special emphasis on the role of MAPKs in cell signaling networks. One-sentence summary: In this review we highlight the mechanisms of crosstalk between MAPK cascades and plant hormone signaling pathways and summarize recent findings on MAPK regulation and function in various cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Jagodzik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tajdel-Zielinska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Ciesla
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Marczak
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwikow
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Ludwikow,
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Dory M, Hatzimasoura E, Kállai BM, Nagy SK, Jäger K, Darula Z, Nádai TV, Mészáros T, López‐Juez E, Barnabás B, Palme K, Bögre L, Ditengou FA, Dóczi R. Coevolving MAPK and PID phosphosites indicate an ancient environmental control of PIN auxin transporters in land plants. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:89-102. [PMID: 29197077 PMCID: PMC5814726 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth flexibly adapts to environmental conditions, implying cross-talk between environmental signalling and developmental regulation. Here, we show that the PIN auxin efflux carrier family possesses three highly conserved putative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) sites adjacent to the phosphorylation sites of the well-characterised AGC kinase PINOID, which regulates the polar localisation of PINs and directional auxin transport, thereby underpinning organ growth. The conserved sites of PIN1 are phosphorylated in vitro by two environmentally activated MAPKs, MPK4 and MPK6. In contrast to AGC kinases, MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of PIN1 at adjacent sites leads to a partial loss of the plasma membrane localisation of PIN1. MAPK-mediated modulation of PIN trafficking may participate in environmental adjustment of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dory
- Institute of AgricultureCentre for Agricultural ResearchHungarian Academy of SciencesMartonvásárHungary
| | - Elizabeth Hatzimasoura
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Systems and Synthetic BiologyRoyal Holloway, University of LondonEghamUK
| | - Brigitta M. Kállai
- Department of Medical ChemistryMolecular Biology and PathobiochemistrySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Szilvia K. Nagy
- Department of Medical ChemistryMolecular Biology and PathobiochemistrySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Katalin Jäger
- Institute of AgricultureCentre for Agricultural ResearchHungarian Academy of SciencesMartonvásárHungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Laboratory of Proteomics ResearchBiological Research CentreHungarian Academy of SciencesSzegedHungary
| | - Tímea V. Nádai
- Institute of AgricultureCentre for Agricultural ResearchHungarian Academy of SciencesMartonvásárHungary
| | - Tamás Mészáros
- Department of Medical ChemistryMolecular Biology and PathobiochemistrySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Enrique López‐Juez
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Systems and Synthetic BiologyRoyal Holloway, University of LondonEghamUK
| | - Beáta Barnabás
- Institute of AgricultureCentre for Agricultural ResearchHungarian Academy of SciencesMartonvásárHungary
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgGermany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgGermany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA)University of FreiburgGermany
| | - László Bögre
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Systems and Synthetic BiologyRoyal Holloway, University of LondonEghamUK
| | - Franck A. Ditengou
- Institute of Biology IIUniversity of FreiburgGermany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgGermany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA)University of FreiburgGermany
| | - Róbert Dóczi
- Institute of AgricultureCentre for Agricultural ResearchHungarian Academy of SciencesMartonvásárHungary
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Krysan PJ, Colcombet J. Cellular Complexity in MAPK Signaling in Plants: Questions and Emerging Tools to Answer Them. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1674. [PMID: 30538711 PMCID: PMC6277691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in many aspects of plant growth, development, and environmental response. Because of their central role in many important processes, MAPKs have been extensively studied using biochemical and genetic approaches. This work has allowed for the identification of the MAPK genes and proteins involved in a number of different signaling pathways. Less well developed, however, is our understanding of how MAPK cascades and their corresponding signaling pathways are organized at subcellular levels. In this review, we will provide an overview of plant MAPK signaling, including a discussion of what is known about cellular mechanisms for achieving signaling specificity. Then we will explore what is currently known about the subcellular localization of MAPK proteins in resting conditions and after pathway activation. Finally, we will discuss a number of new experimental methods that have not been widely deployed in plants that have the potential to provide a deeper understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of MAPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jean Colcombet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Jean Colcombet,
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Pitzschke A. Molecular dynamics in germinating, endophyte-colonized quinoa seeds. PLANT AND SOIL 2018; 422:135-154. [PMID: 29416180 PMCID: PMC5798591 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-017-3184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The pseudo-cereal quinoa has an outstanding nutritional value. Seed germination is unusually fast, and plant tolerance to salt stress exceptionally high. Seemingly all seeds harbor bacterial endophytes. This work examines mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities during early development. It evaluates possible contribution of endophytes to rapid germination and plant robustness. METHODS MAPK activities were monitored in water- and NaCl-imbibed seeds over a 4-h-period using an immunoblot-based approach. Cellulolytic and pectinolytic abilities of bacteria were assessed biochemically, and cellular movement, biofilm, elicitor and antimicrobial compound synthesis genes sequenced. GyrA-based, cultivation-independent studies provided first insight into endophyte diversity. RESULTS Quinoa seeds and seedlings exhibit remarkably complex and dynamic MAPK activity profiles. Depending on seed origin, variances exist in MAPK patterns and probably also in endophyte assemblages. Mucilage-degrading activities enable endophytes to colonize seed surfaces of a non-host species, chia, without apparent adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Owing to their motility, cell wall-loosening and elicitor-generating abilities, quinoa endophytes have the potential to drive cell expansion, move across cell walls, generate damage-associated molecular patterns and activate MAPKs in their host. Bacteria may thus facilitate rapid germination and confer a primed state directly upon seed rehydration. Transfer into non-native crops appears both desirable and feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pitzschke
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Wu Q, Jackson D. Detection of MAPK3/6 Phosphorylation During Hypersensitive Response (HR)-Associated Programmed Cell Death in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1743:153-161. [PMID: 29332294 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7668-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential component of development, biotic and abiotic responses. Hypersensitive response (HR)-associated cell death activated under pathogen attack is one of the most dramatic manifestations of PCD in plants. Signal transduction through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, a very conserved signaling pathway across eukaryotes, is a core mediator for HR-associated PCD. Therefore, monitoring MAPK activation enables the mechanisms underlying HR-associated PCD to be elucidated. Here, we describe the use of a phosphorylation-specific MAPK3/6 antibody to monitor the activation of MAPK3/6 during HR-associated PCD. The technique may be adapted for use in other types of PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Bigeard J, Hirt H. Nuclear Signaling of Plant MAPKs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:469. [PMID: 29696029 PMCID: PMC5905223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases in eukaryotes that establish signaling modules where MAPK kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) activate MAPK kinases (MAPKKs) which in turn activate MAPKs. In plants, they are involved in the signaling of multiple environmental stresses and developmental programs. MAPKs phosphorylate their substrates and this post-translational modification (PTM) contributes to the regulation of proteins. PTMs may indeed modify the activity, subcellular localization, stability or trans-interactions of modified proteins. Plant MAPKs usually localize to the cytosol and/or nucleus, and in some instances they may also translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus. Upon the detection of environmental changes at the cell surface, MAPKs participate in the signal transduction to the nucleus, allowing an adequate transcriptional reprogramming. The identification of plant MAPK substrates largely contributed to a better understanding of the underlying signaling mechanisms. In this review, we highlight the nuclear signaling of plant MAPKs. We discuss the activation, regulation and activity of plant MAPKs, as well as their nuclear re-localization. We also describe and discuss known nuclear substrates of plant MAPKs in the context of biotic stress, abiotic stress and development and consider future research directions in the field of plant MAPKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bigeard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Heribert Hirt
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Pareek A, Khurana A, Sharma AK, Kumar R. An Overview of Signaling Regulons During Cold Stress Tolerance in Plants. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:498-511. [PMID: 29204079 PMCID: PMC5684653 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170228141345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, being sessile organisms, constantly withstand environmental fluctuations, including low-temperature, also referred as cold stress. Whereas cold poses serious challenges at both physiological and developmental levels to plants growing in tropical or sub-tropical regions, plants from temperate climatic regions can withstand chilling or freezing temperatures. Several cold inducible genes have already been isolated and used in transgenic approach to generate cold tolerant plants. The conventional breeding methods and marker assisted selection have helped in developing plant with improved cold tolerance, however, the development of freezing tolerant plants through cold acclimation remains an unaccomplished task. Therefore, it is essential to have a clear understanding of how low temperature sensing strategies and corresponding signal transduction act during cold acclimation process. Herein, we synthesize the available information on the molecular mechanisms underlying cold sensing and signaling with an aim that the summarized literature will help develop efficient strategies to obtain cold tolerant plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pareek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Ashima Khurana
- Ashima Khurana, Botany Department, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110002, India
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad500046, India
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing in Passiflora edulis Sims to Identify Genes and Signaling Pathways Involved in Cold Tolerance. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8110435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
233
|
Karanja BK, Fan L, Xu L, Wang Y, Zhu X, Tang M, Wang R, Zhang F, Muleke EM, Liu L. Genome-wide characterization of the WRKY gene family in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) reveals its critical functions under different abiotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1757-1773. [PMID: 28819820 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The radish WRKY gene family was genome-widely identified and played critical roles in response to multiple abiotic stresses. The WRKY is among the largest transcription factors (TFs) associated with multiple biological activities for plant survival, including control response mechanisms against abiotic stresses such as heat, salinity, and heavy metals. Radish is an important root vegetable crop and therefore characterization and expression pattern investigation of WRKY transcription factors in radish is imperative. In the present study, 126 putative WRKY genes were retrieved from radish genome database. Protein sequence and annotation scrutiny confirmed that RsWRKY proteins possessed highly conserved domains and zinc finger motif. Based on phylogenetic analysis results, RsWRKYs candidate genes were divided into three groups (Group I, II and III) with the number 31, 74, and 20, respectively. Additionally, gene structure analysis revealed that intron-exon patterns of the WRKY genes are highly conserved in radish. Linkage map analysis indicated that RsWRKY genes were distributed with varying densities over nine linkage groups. Further, RT-qPCR analysis illustrated the significant variation of 36 RsWRKY genes under one or more abiotic stress treatments, implicating that they might be stress-responsive genes. In total, 126 WRKY TFs were identified from the R. sativus genome wherein, 35 of them showed abiotic stress-induced expression patterns. These results provide a genome-wide characterization of RsWRKY TFs and baseline for further functional dissection and molecular evolution investigation, specifically for improving abiotic stress resistances with an ultimate goal of increasing yield and quality of radish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Kinuthia Karanja
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianxue Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwen Zhu
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Mingjia Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Everlyne M'mbone Muleke
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (East China) of MOA, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Zhou S, Chen Q, Li X, Li Y. MAP65-1 is required for the depolymerization and reorganization of cortical microtubules in the response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:112-121. [PMID: 28969791 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamical structures that play crucial roles in plant development and in response to environmental signals and stress conditions. MT-associated proteins (MAPs) play important roles in regulating the organization of MT arrays. MAP65 is a family of plant MT-bundling proteins. Here, we determined the role of MAP65-1 in the response to salt stress. MAP65-1 is involved not only in regulating the depolymerization, but also in the following reorganization of cortical MTs in salt stress responses. In addition, the depolymerization of the cortical MTs affected the survival of seedlings during salt stress, and map65-1 mutants had enhanced salt hypersensitivity levels. MAP65-1 interacted with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) 3 and 6; however, only the mpk6 mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress, and MPK6 was involved in regulating the salt stress-induced depolymerization of cortical MTs. Thus, MAP65-1 plays a critical role in the response to salt stress and is required for regulating the rapid depolymerization and reorganization of cortical MTs. MAP65-1 interacts with MPK6, not MPK3, affecting the MT's dynamic instability which is critical for plant salt-stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Du X, Jin Z, Liu D, Yang G, Pei Y. Hydrogen sulfide alleviates the cold stress through MPK4 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 120:112-119. [PMID: 29024849 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule that mediates physiological processes in animals and plants. In this study, we investigated the relationship of H2S and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) under cold stress in Arabidopsis. H2S up-regulated MAPK expression levels and was involved in the cold stress-related upregulation of MAPK genes expression. We then chose MPK4 whose expression level was influenced the most by H2S as a target and found that H2S's ability to alleviate cold stress required MPK4. Both H2S and MPK4 regulated the expression levels of the cold response genes inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1), C-repeat-binding factors (CBF3), cold responsive 15A (COR15A) and cold responsive 15B (COR15B). H2S inhibited the opening of stomata under cold stress, which required the participation of MPK4. In conclusion, MPK4 is a downstream component of H2S-related cold-stress resistance, and H2S and MPK4 both regulated the cold response genes and stomatal movement to response the cold stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Du
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhuping Jin
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Danmei Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Guangdong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.
| | - Yanxi Pei
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Zhao C, Wang P, Si T, Hsu CC, Wang L, Zayed O, Yu Z, Zhu Y, Dong J, Tao WA, Zhu JK. MAP Kinase Cascades Regulate the Cold Response by Modulating ICE1 Protein Stability. Dev Cell 2017; 43:618-629.e5. [PMID: 29056551 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades are important signaling modules that convert environmental stimuli into cellular responses. We show that MPK3, MPK4, and MPK6 are rapidly activated after cold treatment. The mpk3 and mpk6 mutants display increased expression of CBF genes and enhanced freezing tolerance, whereas constitutive activation of the MKK4/5-MPK3/6 cascade in plants causes reduced expression of CBF genes and hypersensitivity to freezing, suggesting that the MKK4/5-MPK3/6 cascade negatively regulates the cold response. MPK3 and MPK6 can phosphorylate ICE1, a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor that regulates the expression of CBF genes, and the phosphorylation promotes the degradation of ICE1. Interestingly, the MEKK1-MKK2-MPK4 pathway constitutively suppresses MPK3 and MPK6 activities and has a positive role in the cold response. Furthermore, the MAPKKK YDA and two calcium/calmodulin-regulated receptor-like kinases, CRLK1 and CRLK2, negatively modulate the cold activation of MPK3/6. Our results uncover important roles of MAPK cascades in the regulation of plant cold response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tong Si
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hi-Tech Key Laboratory of Information Agriculture of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Omar Zayed
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zheping Yu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology and Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Li H, Ding Y, Shi Y, Zhang X, Zhang S, Gong Z, Yang S. MPK3- and MPK6-Mediated ICE1 Phosphorylation Negatively Regulates ICE1 Stability and Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2017; 43:630-642.e4. [PMID: 29056553 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low temperatures affect plant growth, development, productivity, and ecological distribution. Expression of the C-repeat-binding factor (CBF) transcription factors is induced by cold stress, which in turn activates downstream cold-responsive (COR) genes that are required for the acquisition of freezing tolerance. Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) is a master regulator of CBFs, and ICE1 stability is crucial for its function. However, the regulation of ICE1 is not well understood. Here, we report that mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6 interact with and phosphorylate ICE1, which reduces its stability and transcriptional activity. Consistently, the mpk3 and mpk6 single mutants and the mpk3 mpk6 double mutants show enhanced freezing tolerance, whereas MPK3/MPK6 activation attenuates freezing tolerance. Phosphor-inactive mutations of ICE1 complement freezing sensitivity in the ice1-2 mutant. These combined results indicate that MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylate and destabilize ICE1, which negatively regulates CBF expression and freezing tolerance in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Global Identification, Classification, and Expression Analysis of MAPKKK genes: Functional Characterization of MdRaf5 Reveals Evolution and Drought-Responsive Profile in Apple. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13511. [PMID: 29044159 PMCID: PMC5647345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are pivotal components of Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which play a significant role in many biological processes. Although genome-wide analysis of MAPKKKs has been conducted in many species, extant results in apple are scarce. In this study, a total of 72 putative MdMAPKKKs in Raf-like group, 11 in ZIK-like group and 37 in MEEK were identified in apple firstly. Predicted MdMAPKKKs were located in 17 chromosomes with diverse densities, and there was a high-level of conservation in and among the evolutionary groups. Encouragingly, transcripts of 12 selected MdMAPKKKs were expressed in at least one of the tested tissues, indicating that MdMAPKKKs might participate in various physiological and developmental processes in apple. Moreover, they were found to respond to drought stress in roots and leaves, which suggested a possible conserved response to drought stress in different species. Overexpression of MdRaf5 resulted in a hyposensitivity to drought stress, which was at least partially due to the regulation of stomatal closure and transpiration rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide functional analysis of the MdMAPKKK genes in apple, and it provides valuable information for understanding MdMAPKKKs signals and their putative functions.
Collapse
|
239
|
Yang C, Wang R, Gou L, Si Y, Guan Q. Overexpression of Populus trichocarpa Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase4 Enhances Salt Tolerance in Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2090. [PMID: 29057789 PMCID: PMC5666772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the factors of cascade reactions affecting responses to signal pathway of environmental stimuli. Throughout the life of plants, MAPK family members participate in signal transduction pathways and regulate various intracellular physiological and metabolic reactions. To gain insights into regulatory function of MAPK kinase (MAPKK) in Populus trichocarpa under salt stress, we obtained full-length cDNA of PtMAPKK4 and analyzed different expression levels of PtMAPKK4 gene in leaves, stems, and root organs. The relationship between PtMAPKK4 and salt stress was studied by detecting expression characteristics of mRNA under 150 mM NaCl stress using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that expression of PtMAPKK4 increased under salt (NaCl) stress in leaves but initially reduced and then increased in roots. Thus, salt stress failed to induce PtMAPKK4 expression in stems. PtMAPKK4 possibly participates in regulation of plant growth and metabolism, thereby improving its salt tolerance. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INVScI to verify subcellular localization of PtMAPKK4 kinase. The yeast strains containing pYES2-PtMAPKK4-GFP plasmid expressed GFP fusion proteins under the induction of d-galactose, and the products were located in nucleus. These results were consistent with network prediction and confirmed location of PtMAPKK4 enzyme in the nucleus. We tested NaCl tolerance in transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing PtMAPKK4 under the control of 35S promoter at germination stage to detect salt tolerance function of PtMAPKK4. Compared withK326 (a wild-type tobacco), lines overexpressing PtMAPKK4 showed a certain degree of improvement in tolerance, germination, and growth. NaCl inhibited growth of overexpressed line and K326 at the seedling stage. However, statistical analysis showed longer root length, higher fresh weight, and lower MDA content in transgenic lines in comparison with that in K326.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Yang
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Luzheng Gou
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yongchao Si
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Qingjie Guan
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Integrating cell biology and proteomic approaches in plants. J Proteomics 2017; 169:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
241
|
Enders TA, Frick EM, Strader LC. An Arabidopsis kinase cascade influences auxin-responsive cell expansion. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:68-81. [PMID: 28710770 PMCID: PMC5605409 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades are conserved mechanisms of signal transduction across eukaryotes. Despite the importance of MPK proteins in signaling events, specific roles for many Arabidopsis MPK proteins remain unknown. Multiple studies have suggested roles for MPK signaling in a variety of auxin-related processes. To identify MPK proteins with roles in auxin response, we screened mpk insertional alleles and identified mpk1-1 as a mutant that displays hypersensitivity in auxin-responsive cell expansion assays. Further, mutants defective in the upstream MAP kinase kinase MKK3 also display hypersensitivity in auxin-responsive cell expansion assays, suggesting that this MPK cascade affects auxin-influenced cell expansion. We found that MPK1 interacts with and phosphorylates ROP BINDING PROTEIN KINASE 1 (RBK1), a protein kinase that interacts with members of the Rho-like GTPases from Plants (ROP) small GTPase family. Similar to mpk1-1 and mkk3-1 mutants, rbk1 insertional mutants display auxin hypersensitivity, consistent with a possible role for RBK1 downstream of MPK1 in influencing auxin-responsive cell expansion. We found that RBK1 directly phosphorylates ROP4 and ROP6, supporting the possibility that RBK1 effects on auxin-responsive cell expansion are mediated through phosphorylation-dependent modulation of ROP activity. Our data suggest a MKK3 • MPK1 • RBK1 phosphorylation cascade that may provide a dynamic module for altering cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucia C. Strader
- Correspondence: Lucia Strader (), Department of Biology; Washington University in St. Louis; 1 Brookings Drive; St. Louis, MO 63130; USA, Phone: 314-935-3298, Fax: 314-935-4432
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Meirmans PG, Godbout J, Lamothe M, Thompson SL, Isabel N. History rather than hybridization determines population structure and adaptation inPopulus balsamifera. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:2044-2058. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Meirmans
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. Godbout
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
| | - M. Lamothe
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
| | - S. L. Thompson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
| | - N. Isabel
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada; Québec QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Palm-Forster MAT, Eschen-Lippold L, Uhrig J, Scheel D, Lee J. A novel family of proline/serine-rich proteins, which are phospho-targets of stress-related mitogen-activated protein kinases, differentially regulates growth and pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:123-140. [PMID: 28755319 PMCID: PMC5594048 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular actions of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are ultimately accomplished by the substrate proteins where phosphorylation affects their molecular properties and function(s), but knowledge regarding plant MAPK substrates is currently still fragmentary. Here, we uncovered a previously uncharacterized protein family consisting of three proline/serine-rich proteins (PRPs) that are substrates of stress-related MAPKs. We demonstrated the importance of a MAPK docking domain necessary for protein-protein interaction with MAPKs and consequently also for phosphorylation. The main phosphorylated site was mapped to a residue conserved between all three proteins, which when mutated to a non-phosphorylatable form, differentially affected their protein stability. Together with their distinct gene expression patterns, this differential accumulation of the three proteins upon phosphorylation probably contributes to their distinct function(s). Transgenic over-expression of PRP, the founding member, led to plants with enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Older plants of the over-expressing lines have curly leaves and were generally smaller in stature. This growth phenotype was lost in plants expressing the phosphosite variant, suggesting a phosphorylation-dependent effect. Thus, this novel family of PRPs may be involved in MAPK regulation of plant development and / or pathogen resistance responses. As datamining associates PRP expression profiles with hypoxia or oxidative stress and PRP-overexpressing plants have elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, PRP may connect MAPK and oxidative stress signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joachim Uhrig
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Georg August University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle/saale, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle/saale, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Wani SH, Dutta T, Neelapu NRR, Surekha C. Transgenic approaches to enhance salt and drought tolerance in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
245
|
Zhang TY, Li FC, Fan CM, Li X, Zhang FF, He JM. Role and interrelationship of MEK1-MPK6 cascade, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in darkness-induced stomatal closure. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:190-199. [PMID: 28716416 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological data have suggested the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades in dark-induced stomatal closure, but which specific MPK cascade participates in the darkness guard cell signaling and its relationship with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) remain unclear. In this paper, we observed that darkness induced activation of MPK6 in leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and mutants for nitrate reductase 1 (NIA1), but this effect was inhibited in mutants for MPK Kinase 1 (MEK1) and ATRBOHD/F. Mutants for MEK1, MPK6 and NIA1 showed defect of dark-induced NO production in guard cells and stomatal closure, but were normal in the dark-induced H2O2 generation, while stomata of mutant AtrbohD/F showed defect of dark-induced H2O2 and NO production and subsequent closure. Moreover, exogenous NO rescued the defect of dark-induced stomatal closure in mutants of AtrbohD/F, mek1 and mpk6, while exogenous H2O2 could not rescue the defect of dark-induced stomatal closure in mutants of mek1, mpk6 and nia1. These genetic and biochemical evidences not only show that MEK1-MPK6 cascade, AtRBOHD/F-dependent H2O2 and NIA1-dependent NO are all involved in dark-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis, also indicate that MEK1-MPK6 cascade functions via working downstream of H2O2 and upstream of NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Feng-Chen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Cai-Ming Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jun-Min He
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Moazzzam Jazi M, Seyedi SM, Ebrahimie E, Ebrahimi M, De Moro G, Botanga C. A genome-wide transcriptome map of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) provides novel insights into salinity-related genes and marker discovery. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:627. [PMID: 28814265 PMCID: PMC5559799 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important commercial nut crops worldwide. It is a salt-tolerant and long-lived tree, with the largest cultivation area in Iran. Climate change and subsequent increased soil salt content have adversely affected the pistachio yield in recent years. However, the lack of genomic/global transcriptomic sequences on P. vera impedes comprehensive researches at the molecular level. Hence, whole transcriptome sequencing is required to gain insight into functional genes and pathways in response to salt stress. Results RNA sequencing of a pooled sample representing 24 different tissues of two pistachio cultivars with contrasting salinity tolerance under control and salt treatment by Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform resulted in 368,953,262 clean 100 bp paired-ends reads (90 Gb). Following creating several assemblies and assessing their quality from multiple perspectives, we found that using the annotation-based metrics together with the length-based parameters allows an improved assessment of the transcriptome assembly quality, compared to the solely use of the length-based parameters. The generated assembly by Trinity was adopted for functional annotation and subsequent analyses. In total, 29,119 contigs annotated against all of five public databases, including NR, UniProt, TAIR10, KOG and InterProScan. Among 279 KEGG pathways supported by our assembly, we further examined the pathways involved in the plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling as well as those to be contributed to secondary metabolite biosynthesis due to their importance under salinity stress. In total, 11,337 SSRs were also identified, which the most abundant being dinucleotide repeats. Besides, 13,097 transcripts as candidate stress-responsive genes were identified. Expression of some of these genes experimentally validated through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) that further confirmed the accuracy of the assembly. From this analysis, the contrasting expression pattern of NCED3 and SOS1 genes were observed between salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant cultivars. Conclusion This study, as the first report on the whole transcriptome survey of P. vera, provides important resources and paves the way for functional and comparative genomic studies on this major tree to discover the salinity tolerance-related markers and stress response mechanisms for breeding of new pistachio cultivars with more salinity tolerance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3989-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazzzam Jazi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Seyedi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Gianluca De Moro
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Christopher Botanga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Zhou H, Ren S, Han Y, Zhang Q, Qin L, Xing Y. Identification and Analysis of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Cascades in Fragaria vesca. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081766. [PMID: 28805715 PMCID: PMC5578155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules in eukaryotes, including yeasts, plants and animals. MAPK cascades are responsible for protein phosphorylation during signal transduction events, and typically consist of three protein kinases: MAPK, MAPK kinase, and MAPK kinase kinase. In this current study, we identified a total of 12 FvMAPK, 7 FvMAPKK, 73 FvMAPKKK, and one FvMAPKKKK genes in the recently published Fragaria vesca genome sequence. This work reported the classification, annotation and phylogenetic evaluation of these genes and an assessment of conserved motifs and the expression profiling of members of the gene family were also analyzed here. The expression profiles of the MAPK and MAPKK genes in different organs and fruit developmental stages were further investigated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Finally, the MAPK and MAPKK expression patterns in response to hormone and abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and high and low temperature) were investigated in fruit and leaves of F. vesca. The results provide a platform for further characterization of the physiological and biochemical functions of MAPK cascades in strawberry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Suyue Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yuanfang Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Ling Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Zhou S, Chen Q, Sun Y, Li Y. Histone H2B monoubiquitination regulates salt stress-induced microtubule depolymerization in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1512-1530. [PMID: 28337773 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is recognized as a regulatory mechanism that controls a range of cellular processes. We previously showed that H2Bub1 was involved in responses to biotic stress in Arabidopsis. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of H2Bub1 in controlling responses to abiotic stress remain limited. Here, we report that HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION1 (HUB1) and HUB2 played important regulatory roles in response to salt stress. Phenotypic analysis revealed that H2Bub1 mutants confer decreased tolerance to salt stress. Further analysis showed that H2Bub1 regulated the depolymerization of microtubules (MTs), the expression of PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE1 (PTP1) and MAP KINASE PHOSPHATASE (MKP) genes - DsPTP1, MKP1, IBR5, PHS1, and was required for the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase3 (MAP kinase3, MPK3) and MPK6 in response to salt stress. Moreover, both tyrosine phosphorylation and the activation of MPK3 and MPK6 affected MT stability in salt stress response. Thus, the results indicate that H2Bub1 regulates salt stress-induced MT depolymerization, and the PTP-MPK3/6 signalling module is responsible for integrating signalling pathways that regulate MT stability, which is critical for plant salt stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Kim SH, Kim HS, Bahk S, An J, Yoo Y, Kim JY, Chung WS. Phosphorylation of the transcriptional repressor MYB15 by mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is required for freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:6613-6627. [PMID: 28510716 PMCID: PMC5499865 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of CBF (C-repeat-binding factor) genes is required for freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. CBFs are positively regulated by INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION1 (ICE1) and negatively regulated by MYB15. These transcription factors directly interact with specific elements in the CBF promoters. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK) cascades function upstream to regulate CBFs. However, the mechanism by which MPKs control CBF expression during cold stress signaling remains unknown. This study showed that the activity of MYB15, a transcriptional repressor of cold signaling, is regulated by MPK6-mediated phosphorylation. MYB15 specifically interacts with MPK6, and MPK6 phosphorylates MYB15 on Ser168. MPK6-induced phosphorylation reduced the affinity of MYB15 binding to the CBF3 promoter and mutation of its phosphorylation site (MYB15S168A) enhanced the transcriptional repression of CBF3 by MYB15. Furthermore, transgenic plants overexpressing MYB15S168A showed significantly reduced CBF transcript levels in response to cold stress, compared with plants overexpressing MYB15. The MYB15S168A-overexpressing plants were also more sensitive to freezing than MYB15-overexpressing plants. These results suggest that MPK6-mediated regulation of MYB15 plays an important role in cold stress signaling in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ho Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sunghwa Bahk
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jonguk An
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Yeji Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Iftikhar H, Naveed N, Virk N, Bhatti MF, Song F. In silico analysis reveals widespread presence of three gene families, MAPK, MAPKK and MAPKKK, of the MAPK cascade from crop plants of Solanaceae in comparison to the distantly-related syntenic species from Rubiaceae, coffee. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3255. [PMID: 28603666 PMCID: PMC5463992 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are an important family of genes which play roles in vital plant processes, and they also help in coping against various kinds of environmental stresses including abiotic as well as biotic factors. The advancement of genomics calls for the annotation, identification, and detailed processing of the essential gene families in plants in order to provide insights into the importance of their central roles as well as for providing the basis for making their growth vigorous even under stressed conditions and, ultimately, to benefit from them by foreseeing the potential threats to their growth. In the current study, MAPK, MAPKK, and MAPKKK families of the MAPK cascade were identified and reported from five different agriculturally and economically important crop species of the Solanaceae and Rubiaceae families based on conserved signature motifs aligned throughout the members of the families under this gene superfamily. Genes reported from the species after strict filtering were: 89, tomato; 108, potato; 63, eggplant; 79, pepper; 64, coffee. These MAPKs were found to be randomly distributed throughout the genome on the chromosomes of the respective species. Various characteristics of the identified genes were studied including gene structure, gene and coding sequence length, protein length, isoelectric point, molecular weight, and subcellular localization. Moreover, maximum likelihood test of phylogeny was conducted on the retrieved sequences for the three MAPK cascade families to determine their homologous relationships which were also analyzed quantitatively by heat plots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hira Iftikhar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Naveed
- University Institute of Information Technology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nasar Virk
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|