201
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Haagensen AMJ, Klein AB, Ettrup A, Matthews LR, Sørensen DB. Cognitive performance of Göttingen minipigs is affected by diet in a spatial hole-board discrimination test. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79429. [PMID: 24223947 PMCID: PMC3818226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of a high energy diet, containing high amounts of saturated fat and refined sugar has been associated with impairment of cognitive function in rodents and humans. We sought to contrast the effect of a high fat/cholesterol, low carbohydrate diet and a low fat, high carbohydrate/sucrose diet, relative to a standard low fat, high carbohydrate minipig diet on spatial cognition with regards to working memory and reference memory in 24 male Göttingen minipigs performing in a spatial hole-board discrimination test. We found that both working memory and reference memory were impaired by both diets relative to a standard minipig diet high in carbohydrate, low in fat and sugar. The different diets did not impact levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain tissue and neither did they affect circulatory inflammation measured by concentrations of C-reactive protein and haptoglobin in serum. However, higher levels of triglycerides were observed for minipigs fed the diets with high fat/cholesterol, low carbohydrate and low fat, high carbohydrate/sucrose compared to minipigs fed a standard minipig diet. This might explain the observed impairments in spatial cognition. These findings suggest that high dietary intake of both fat and sugar may impair spatial cognition which could be relevant for mental functioning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Maria Juul Haagensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Anders Bue Klein
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Ettrup
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lindsay R. Matthews
- Lindsay R Matthews & Associates Research International, Scerne Di Pineto, Italy
- Psychology Department, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dorte Bratbo Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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202
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Liu CS, Carvalho AF, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS. Obesity and bipolar disorder: synergistic neurotoxic effects? Adv Ther 2013; 30:987-1006. [PMID: 24194362 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-013-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a disabling and chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that is typified by a complex illness presentation, episode recurrence and by its frequent association with psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Over the past decade, obesity has emerged as one of many comorbidities generating substantial concern in the BD population due to important prognostic implications. This comprehensive review details the bidirectional relationship between obesity and BD as evidenced by alterations in the structure and function of the central nervous system, in addition to greater depressive recurrence, cognitive dysfunction and risk of suicidality. Drawing on current research results, this article presents several putative mechanisms underlying the synergistic toxic effects and provides a framework for future treatment options for the obesity-BD comorbidity. There is a need for more large-scale prospective studies to investigate the bidirectional relationships between obesity and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina S Liu
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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203
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Bourguignon JP, Franssen D, Gérard A, Janssen S, Pinson A, Naveau E, Parent AS. Early neuroendocrine disruption in hypothalamus and hippocampus: developmental effects including female sexual maturation and implications for endocrine disrupting chemical screening. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1079-87. [PMID: 24028442 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The timing of puberty has been mainly studied in females for several reasons, including the possible evaluation of a precise timer (i.e. menarcheal age) and concerns with respect to the high prevalence of precocity in females as opposed to males. Human evidence of altered female pubertal timing after exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is equivocal. Among the limiting factors, most studies evaluate exposure to single EDCs at the time of puberty and hardly assess the impact of lifelong exposure to mixtures of EDCs. Some rodent and ovine studies indicate a possible role of foetal and neonatal exposure to EDCs, in accordance with the concept of an early origin of health and disease. Such effects possibly involve neuroendocrine mechanisms because the hypothalamus is a site where homeostasis of reproduction, as well as control of energy balance, is programmed and regulated. In our previous studies, pulsatile gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion control via oestrogen, glutamate and aryl hydrocarbon receptors was shown to be involved in the mechanism of sexual precocity after early postnatal exposure to the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Very recently, we have shown that neonatal exposure to the potent synthetic oestrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) is followed by early or delayed puberty depending on the dose, with consistent changes in developmental increase of GnRH pulse frequency. Moreover, DES results in reduced leptin stimulation of GnRH secretion in vitro, an effect that is additive with prenatal food restriction. Thus, using puberty as an endpoint of the effects of EDC, it appears necessary to consider pre- and perinatal exposure to low doses and to pay attention to the other conditions of prenatal life, such as energy availability, keeping in mind the possibility that puberty could not only be advanced, but also delayed through neuroendocrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Bourguignon
- Developmental Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, CHU, Liège, Belgium
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204
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Yoo DY, Kim W, Kim DW, Nam SM, Jung HY, Kim JW, Lee CH, Choi JH, Won MH, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of high-fat diet-fed mice are increased after rosiglitazone treatment. J Vet Sci 2013; 15:27-33. [PMID: 24136217 PMCID: PMC3973763 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined how rosiglitazone (RSG) differentially affected hippocampal neurogenesis in mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat). LFD and HFD were given to the mice for 8 weeks. Four weeks after initiating the LFD and HFD feeding, vehicle or RSG was administered orally once a day to both groups of mice. We measured cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus using Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX), respectively, as markers. In addition, we monitored the effects of RSG on the levels of DCX and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampal homogenates. At 8 weeks after the LFD feeding, the numbers of Ki67- and DCX-positive cells as well as hippocampal levels of DCX and BDNF were significantly decreased in the RSG-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, the numbers of Ki67- and DCX-positive cells along with hippocampal levels of DCX and BDNF in the HFD fed mice were significantly increased in the RSG-treated mice compared to the vehicle-treated group. Our data demonstrate that RSG can modulate the levels of BDNF, which could play a pivotal role in cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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205
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Mansouri S, Barde S, Ortsäter H, Eweida M, Darsalia V, Langel U, Sjöholm A, Hökfelt T, Patrone C. GalR3 activation promotes adult neural stem cell survival in response to a diabetic milieu. J Neurochem 2013; 127:209-20. [PMID: 23927369 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes impairs adult neurogenesis which could play a role in the CNS complications of this serious disease. The goal of this study was to determine the potential role of galanin in protecting adult neural stem cells (NSCs) from glucolipotoxicity and to analyze whether apoptosis and the unfolded protein response were involved in the galanin-mediated effect. We also studied the regulation of galanin and its receptor subtypes under diabetes in NSCs in vitro and in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in vivo. The viability of mouse SVZ-derived NSCs and the involvement of apoptosis (Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3) and unfolded protein response [C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) Glucose-regulated protein 78/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (GRP78/BiP), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation] were assessed in the presence of glucolipotoxic conditions after 24 h. The effect of diabetes on the regulation of galanin and its receptor subtypes was assessed on NSCs in vitro and in SVZ tissues isolated from normal and type 2 diabetes ob/ob mice. We show increased NSC viability following galanin receptor (GalR)3 activation. This protective effect correlated with decreased apoptosis and CHOP levels. We also report how galanin and its receptors are regulated by diabetes in vitro and in vivo. This study shows GalR3-mediated neuroprotection, supporting a potential future therapeutic development, based on GalR3 activation, for the treatment of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mansouri
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
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206
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Franco-Robles E, Campos-Cervantes A, Murillo-Ortiz BO, Segovia J, López-Briones S, Vergara P, Pérez-Vázquez V, Solís-Ortiz MS, Ramírez-Emiliano J. Effects of curcumin on brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and oxidative damage in obesity and diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:211-8. [PMID: 24476477 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of curcumin treatment on protein oxidation (PO), lipid peroxidation (LP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex (FC) of diabetic db/db mice (DM) and in sera of obese humans. Thus, DM were treated daily with 50 mg/kg of curcumin during an 8-week period. Obese human were treated daily with 500 and 750 mg of curcumin that was administered orally for 12 weeks; BDNF, PO and LP levels in sera were determined at in weeks 0, 2, 6 and 12 of treatment. BDNF levels decreased in hippocampus and FC of DM as compared with untreated wild-type mice. Curcumin improved or restored BDNF levels to normal levels in DM, but curcumin did not have any effect on BDNF levels in sera of obese humans. In hippocampus and FC of DM, hyperglycaemia and curcumin did not have effect on LP levels. Hyperglycaemia increased PO levels in hippocampus and FC, whereas curcumin decreased these levels in hippocampus but not in FC. In sera of obese humans, the 500-mg dose decreased LP levels in weeks 6 and 12 when compared with basal levels, but the 750-mg dose did not have any effect; both doses of curcumin decreased PO levels in weeks 2, 6 and 12 of treatment when compared with basal levels. Present results suggest a therapeutic potential of curcumin to decrease oxidation caused by obesity in humans and also show that curcumin restores BDNF levels in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Franco-Robles
- a Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto., México
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207
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Shefer G, Marcus Y, Stern N. Is obesity a brain disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2489-503. [PMID: 23911925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
That the brain is involved in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of obesity is broadly self-intuitive, but traditional evaluation of this relationship has focused on psychological and environment-dependent issues, often referred to as the "it's all in the head" axiom. Here we review evidence that excessive nutrition or caloric flux, regardless of its primary trigger, elicits a biological trap which imprints aberrant energy control circuits that tend to worsen with the accumulation of body fat. Structural and functional changes in the brain can be recognized, such as hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis, reduction in brain volume, reduced regional blood flow or diminished hippocampal size. Such induced changes collectively translate into a vicious cycle of deranged metabolic control and cognitive deficits, some of which can be traced back even to childhood or adolescence. Much like other components of the obese state, brain disease is inseparable from obesity itself and requires better recognition to allow future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Shefer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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208
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Wu Z, Yu Y, Wu Y, Patch C, Szabo A, Huang XF. Reduction of histamine H1 receptor binding induced by high-fat diet can be prevented by DHA and dietary fiber in specific brain areas of male rats. Brain Res Bull 2013; 97:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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209
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Levant B, Ozias MK, Guilford BL, Wright DE. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes partially attenuates the effects of a high-fat diet on liver and brain fatty acid composition in mice. Lipids 2013; 48:939-48. [PMID: 23893338 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current study addresses the effects of a high-fat diet on liver and brain fatty acid compositions and the interaction of that diet with diabetes in a type 1 mouse model. Adult, male, normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice were fed standard (14 % kcal from fat) or high-fat (54 % kcal from fat, hydrogenated vegetable shortening and corn oil) diets for 8 weeks. Liver and whole brain total phospholipid fatty acid compositions were then determined by TLC/GC. In the liver of non-diabetic mice, the high-fat diet increased the percentages of 18:1n-9, 20:4n-6, and 22:5n-6 and decreased 18:2n-6 and 22:6n-3. Diabetes increased 16:0 in liver, and decreased 18:1n-7 and 20:4n-6. The effects of the high-fat diet on liver phospholipids in diabetic mice were similar to those in non-diabetic mice, or were of smaller magnitude. In the brain, the high-fat diet increased 18:0 and 20:4n-6 of non-diabetic, but not diabetic mice. Brain 22:5n-6 acid was increased by the high-fat diet in both non-diabetic and diabetic mice, but this increase was smaller in diabetic mice. Diabetes alone did not alter the percentage of any individual fatty acid in brain. This indicates that the effects of a high-fat diet on liver and brain phospholipid fatty acid compositions are partially attenuated by concomitant hyperglycemia with hypoinsulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Levant
- Departments of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1018, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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210
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Sahin N, Akdemir F, Orhan C, Aslan A, Agca CA, Gencoglu H, Ulas M, Tuzcu M, Viyaja J, Komorowskı JR, Sahin K. A novel nutritional supplement containing chromium picolinate, phosphatidylserine, docosahexaenoic acid, and boron activates the antioxidant pathway Nrf2/HO-1 and protects the brain against oxidative stress in high-fat-fed rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 15:42-7. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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211
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Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Salah HA, Hasan Z. Vitamin E prevents high-fat high-carbohydrates diet-induced memory impairment: The role of oxidative stress. Physiol Behav 2013; 119:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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212
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Beck B, Pourié G. Ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, and other feeding-regulatory peptides active in the hippocampus: role in learning and memory. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:541-61. [PMID: 23865799 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region of primary importance for neurogenesis, which occurs during early developmental states as well as during adulthood. Increases in neuronal proliferation and in neuronal death with age have been associated with drastic changes in memory and learning. Numerous neurotransmitters are involved in these processes, and some neuropeptides that mediate neurogenesis also modulate feeding behavior. Concomitantly, feeding peptides, which act primarily in the hypothalamus, are also present in the hippocampus. This review aims to ascertain the role of several important feeding peptides in cognitive functions, either through their local synthesis in the hippocampus or through their actions via specific receptors in the hippocampus. A link between neurogenesis and the orexigenic or anorexigenic properties of feeding peptides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Beck
- INSERM U954, Nutrition, Génétique et Expositions aux Risques Environnementaux, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre, France.
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213
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D'Souza VA, Kilari AS, Joshi AA, Mehendale SS, Pisal HM, Joshi SR. Differential regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in term and preterm preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:230-5. [PMID: 23793470 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113493512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies in preeclampsia (PE) suggest a causal relationship between altered angiogenic factors and birth outcomes. Recent studies suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can stimulate angiogenesis. The present study examines the levels of maternal and cord BDNF in women with PE (n = 106; full term [n = 60] and preterm [n = 46]) and normotensive women (n = 95; control) delivering at term. Maternal BDNF levels were lower (P < .05) in women with PE when compared to normotensive women. Cord BDNF levels were higher (P < .01) in women with PE delivering at term, while it was lower (P < .01) in women delivering preterm. Maternal BDNF levels were negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < .01 for both). Our data for the first time suggest a possible role for BDNF in the pathophysiology of PE. Differential regulation of cord BDNF levels in preterm PE suggests a need to follow-up children to assess the neurodevelopmental effects in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandita A D'Souza
- 1Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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214
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Rivera P, Pérez-Martín M, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Crespillo A, Cifuentes M, López-Ávalos MD, Grondona JM, Vida M, Fernández-Llebrez P, de Fonseca FR, Suárez J. Pharmacological administration of the isoflavone daidzein enhances cell proliferation and reduces high fat diet-induced apoptosis and gliosis in the rat hippocampus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64750. [PMID: 23741384 PMCID: PMC3669353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy extracts have been claimed to be neuroprotective against brain insults, an effect related to the estrogenic properties of isoflavones. However, the effects of individual isoflavones on obesity-induced disruption of adult neurogenesis have not yet been analyzed. In the present study we explore the effects of pharmacological administration of daidzein, a main soy isoflavone, in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and gliosis in the adult hippocampus of animals exposed to a very high-fat diet. Rats made obese after 12-week exposure to a standard or high-fat (HFD, 60%) diets were treated with daidzein (50 mg kg(-1)) for 13 days. Then, plasma levels of metabolites and metabolic hormones, cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (SGZ), and immunohistochemical markers of hippocampal cell apoptosis (caspase-3), gliosis (GFAP and Iba-1), food reward factor FosB and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) were analyzed. Treatment with daidzein reduced food/caloric intake and body weight gain in obese rats. This was associated with glucose tolerance, low levels of HDL-cholesterol, insulin, adiponectin and testosterone, and high levels of leptin and 17β-estradiol. Daidzein increased the number of phospho-histone H3 and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-ir cells detected in the SGZ of standard diet and HFD-fed rats. Daidzein reversed the HFD-associated enhanced immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3, FosB, GFAP, Iba-1 and ERα in the hippocampus, being more prominent in the dentate gyrus. These results suggest that pharmacological treatment with isoflavones regulates metabolic alterations associated with enhancement of cell proliferation and reduction of apoptosis and gliosis in response to high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Hospital Carlos Haya), Pabellón de Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Pérez-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pavón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Hospital Carlos Haya), Pabellón de Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Hospital Carlos Haya), Pabellón de Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Crespillo
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Hospital Carlos Haya), Pabellón de Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER BBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Dolores López-Ávalos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Grondona
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Vida
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Hospital Carlos Haya), Pabellón de Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llebrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Hospital Carlos Haya), Pabellón de Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa (UGC Salud Mental), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Hospital Carlos Haya), Pabellón de Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Madrid, Spain
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215
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Effects of diabetes on hippocampal neurogenesis: links to cognition and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1346-62. [PMID: 23680701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes often leads to a number of complications involving brain function, including cognitive decline and depression. In addition, depression is a risk factor for developing diabetes. A loss of hippocampal neuroplasticity, which impairs the ability of the brain to adapt and reorganize key behavioral and emotional functions, provides a framework for understanding this reciprocal relationship. The effects of diabetes on brain and behavioral functions in experimental models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are reviewed, with a focus on the negative impact of impaired hippocampal neurogenesis, dendritic remodeling and increased apoptosis. Mechanisms shown to regulate neuroplasticity and behavior in diabetes models, including stress hormones, neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, inflammation and aging, are integrated within this framework. Pathological changes in hippocampal function can contribute to the brain symptoms of diabetes-associated complications by failing to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis, maintain learning and memory and govern emotional expression. Further characterization of alterations in neuroplasticity along with glycemic control will facilitate the development and evaluation of pharmacological interventions that could successfully prevent and/or reverse the detrimental effects of diabetes on brain and behavior.
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216
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Common variants near BDNF and SH2B1 show nominal evidence of association with snacking behavior in European populations. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1109-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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217
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Marchelek-Myśliwiec M, Dutkiewicz G, Wiśniewska M, Pietrzak-Nowacka M, Ciechanowski K. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a new face of metabolic disorders. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 50:189-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563212474940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Wielkopolskich 72, 71–111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Dutkiewicz
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Wielkopolskich 72, 71–111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magda Wiśniewska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Wielkopolskich 72, 71–111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Pietrzak-Nowacka
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Wielkopolskich 72, 71–111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Ciechanowski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian University of Medicine, Wielkopolskich 72, 71–111 Szczecin, Poland
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218
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Reis MG, Roy NC, Bermingham EN, Ryan L, Bibiloni R, Young W, Krause L, Berger B, North M, Stelwagen K, Reis MM. Impact of dietary dairy polar lipids on lipid metabolism of mice fed a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:2729-2738. [PMID: 23394615 DOI: 10.1021/jf303795b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of milk polar lipids on lipid metabolism of liver, adipose tissue, and brain and on composition of intestinal microbiota was investigated. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks, followed by 5 weeks with HFD without (control) or supplemented with total polar lipids (TPL), phospholipids (PL), or sphingolipids (SPL). Animals fed SPL showed a tendency for lower triglyceride synthesis (P = 0.058) in the liver, but not in adipose tissue. PL and TPL reduced de novo hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis. The ratio of palmitoleic to palmitic acid in the liver was lower for animals fed SPL or TPL compared to control. There was little effect of the supplementation on the cecal microbiota composition. In the brain, DHA (C22:6) content correlated negatively with tetracosanoic acid (C24:0) after TPL supplementation (-0.71, P = 0.02) but not in control (0.26, P = 0.44). Arachidonic acid (C20:4) was negatively correlated with C24:0 in both groups (TPL, -0.77, P = 0.008; control, -0.81, P = 0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza G Reis
- Dairy Foods Team, Food and Bio-based Products, Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd. , 3240 Hamilton, New Zealand
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219
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Relationships between dietary macronutrients and adult neurogenesis in the regulation of energy metabolism. Br J Nutr 2013; 109:1573-89. [PMID: 23433235 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451200579x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Of the environmental factors which have an impact on body weight, nutrients are most influential. Within normal limits, hypothalamic and related neuronal populations correct perturbations in energy metabolism, to return the body to its nutritional set-point, either through direct response to nutrients or indirectly via peripheral appetite signals. Excessive intake of certain macronutrients, such as simple carbohydrates and SFA, can lead to obesity and attendant metabolic dysfunction, also reflected in alterations in structural plasticity, and, intriguingly,neurogenesis, in some of these brain regions. Neurogenesis, previously thought to occur only in the embryo, is now known to take place in the adult brain, dependent on numerous stimulating and inhibiting factors, including dietary components. Because of classic associations between neurogenesis and the hippocampus, in learning and cognition, this brain region has also been the focus of attention in the study of links between diet and neurogenesis. Recently, however, a more complete picture of this relationship has been building: not only has the hypothalamus been shown to satisfy the criteria for a neurogenic niche, but appetite-related mediators, including circulating hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, pro-inflammatory cytokines and the endocannabinoid intracellular messengers, are also being examined for their potential role in mediating neurogenic responses to macronutrients. The present review draws together these observations and investigates whether n-3 PUFA may exert their attenuating effects on body weight through the stimulation of adult neurogenesis. Exploration of the effects of nutraceuticals on neurogenic brain regions may encourage the development of new rational therapies in the fight against obesity.
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220
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Metabolic stress response implicated in diabetic retinopathy: The role of calpain, and the therapeutic impact of calpain inhibitor. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 48:556-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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221
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Bachor TP, Suburo AM. Neural stem cells in the diabetic brain. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:820790. [PMID: 23213341 PMCID: PMC3505664 DOI: 10.1155/2012/820790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental diabetes in rodents rapidly affects the neurogenic niches of the adult brain. Moreover, behavioral disorders suggest that a similar dysfunction of the neurogenic niches most likely affects diabetic and prediabetic patients. Here, we review our present knowledge about adult neural stem cells, the methods used for their study in diabetic models, and the effects of experimental diabetes. Variations in diet and even a short hyperglycemia profoundly change the structure and the proliferative dynamics of the neurogenic niches. Moreover, alterations of diabetic neurogenic niches appear to be associated with diabetic cognitive disorders. Available evidence supports the hypothesis that, in the adult, early changes of the neurogenic niches might enhance development of the diabetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela M. Suburo
- Medicina Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, B1629AHJ Pilar, Argentina
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222
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Sah A, Schmuckermair C, Sartori SB, Gaburro S, Kandasamy M, Irschick R, Klimaschewski L, Landgraf R, Aigner L, Singewald N. Anxiety- rather than depression-like behavior is associated with adult neurogenesis in a female mouse model of higher trait anxiety- and comorbid depression-like behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e171. [PMID: 23047242 PMCID: PMC3565824 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis has been implicated in affective disorders and the action of antidepressants (ADs) although the functional significance of this association is still unclear. The use of animal models closely mimicking human comorbid affective and anxiety disorders seen in the majority of patients should provide relevant novel information. Here, we used a unique genetic mouse model displaying higher trait anxiety (HAB) and comorbid depression-like behavior. We demonstrate that HABs have a lower rate of hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired functional integration of newly born neurons as compared with their normal anxiety/depression-like behavior (NAB) controls. In HABs, chronic treatment with the AD fluoxetine alleviated their higher depression-like behavior and protected them from relapse for 3 but not 7 weeks after discontinuation of the treatment without affecting neurogenesis. Similar to what has been observed in depressed patients, fluoxetine treatment induced anxiogenic-like effects during the early treatment phase in NABs along with a reduction in neurogenesis. On the other hand, treatment with AD drugs with a particularly strong anxiolytic component, namely the neurokinin-1-receptor-antagonist L-822 429 or tianeptine, increased the reduced rate of neurogenesis in HABs up to NAB levels. In addition, challenge-induced hypoactivation of dentate gyrus (DG) neurons in HABs was normalized by all three drugs. Overall, these data suggest that AD-like effects in a psychopathological mouse model are commonly associated with modulation of DG hypoactivity but not neurogenesis, suggesting normalization of hippocampal hypoactivity as a neurobiological marker indicating successful remission. Finally, rather than to higher depression-related behavior, neurogenesis seems to be linked to pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich,Germany
| | - C Schmuckermair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S B Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Gaburro
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Kandasamy
- Institut für Molekulare Regenerative Medizin, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
| | - R Irschick
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Landgraf
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich,Germany
| | - L Aigner
- Institut für Molekulare Regenerative Medizin, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CCB - Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 3rd floor, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. E-mail:
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223
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Participation of antioxidant and cholinergic system in protective effect of naringenin against type-2 diabetes-induced memory dysfunction in rats. Neuroscience 2012; 226:62-72. [PMID: 22999973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin is a flavone flavonoid possessing antidiabetic, antioxidant and memory improving effects. Therefore, we studied the influence of naringenin against type-2 diabetes-induced memory dysfunction in rats. Type-2 diabetes was induced by high-fat diet and high-fat emulsion for two weeks and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). The memory deficit was assessed by using a novel object recognition paradigm. The changes in oxidative markers and cholinesterase (ChE) levels were evaluated in the hippocampal region. After confirmation of diabetes, naringenin (50mg/kg) treatment was given to animals as a preventive and in another set of experiments naringenin (25 and 50mg/kg) or pioglitazone (5mg/kg) or donepezil (3mg/kg) treatments were started after long-standing diabetes (4 weeks after confirmation). Both the treatment schedules show significant protection and improvement in cognitive behavior against diabetes-induced memory dysfunction and biochemical changes. Also, treatment with pioglitazone and donepezil improved memory performance in rats. Naringenin was found to decrease oxidative stress by depleting elevated lipid peroxide and nitric oxide and elevating reduced glutathione levels. Cholinergic function was improved by naringenin through the inhibition of elevated ChE activity. In conclusion, the present study suggests that naringenin acts as an antioxidant and ChE inhibitor against type-2 diabetes-induced memory dysfunction.
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224
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Baker LD, Bayer-Carter JL, Skinner J, Montine TJ, Cholerton BA, Callaghan M, Leverenz JB, Walter BK, Tsai E, Postupna N, Lampe J, Craft S. High-intensity physical activity modulates diet effects on cerebrospinal amyloid-β levels in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 28:137-46. [PMID: 21971406 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ(42)) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were markedly altered in response to a 4-week dietary intervention in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Here, we re-examined the data to assess whether diet-induced effects on CSF Aβ(42) were modulated by high intensity physical activity (hi-PA). Normal older adults (n = 18, mean age = 68.6 ± 7.4 y) and adults with amnestic MCI (n = 23, mean age = 68.0 ± 6.5 y) received a low saturated fat/low glycemic index (LOW) diet or a high saturated fat/high glycemic index (HIGH) diet, and CSF levels of Aβ(42), tau, and IL-8 were measured at baseline and week 4. Pre-study activity levels were assessed using a 7-d questionnaire, and weekly duration of hi-PA was quantified. At baseline, increased hi-PA in normals predicted lower CSF levels of tau (r = -0.54, p = 0.020) and IL-8 (r = -0.70, p = 0.025). Diet-induced effects on CSF Aβ(42) during the intervention study were modulated by hi-PA, and the nature of this effect differed for normals and MCI (ANOVA, p = 0.039). That is, for normal adults, increased hi-PA attenuated the effects of the HIGH diet on CSF Aβ(42) whereas in MCI, increased hi-PA potentiated the effects of the LOW diet. Our results suggest that normal adults who engage in hi-PA are less vulnerable to the pathological effects of an unhealthy diet, while in MCI, the benefit of a healthy diet on Aβ modulation is greatest when paired with hi-PA. Exercise may thus interact with diet to alter pathological processes that ultimately modify risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Baker
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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225
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Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Salah HA, Abu Rashid BE. The Combined Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Western Diet on Spatial Learning and Memory: Role of BDNF and Oxidative Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:124-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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226
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Raghavan S, Subramaniyam G, Shanmugam N. Proinflammatory effects of malondialdehyde in lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:1055-67. [PMID: 22956781 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1211617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is an inflammatory disease promoted by alterations in immune cell function. Animal study indicates that T cells are important mediators of inflammation in diabetes. Lipid peroxidation by reactive oxygen species leads to the formation of highly reactive malondialdehyde (MDA), and extensive MDA is found in diabetes. However, the biological functions of MDA have not been studied yet. We hypothesized that increased MDA, as in diabetes, can regulate inflammatory cytokines via specific signaling pathways. This could then result in increased lymphocyte activation and skewing a particular inflammatory subset thereby exacerbates diabetes complications. Commercial cytokine antibody and RT(2)-PCR array profiling were performed with Jurkat T cells grown with or without MDA. Ingenuity pathways analysis (IPA) and pharmacological inhibitors were used for networks and signaling pathway identification, respectively. For validation, real-time PCR, RT-PCR, and Western blots were performed. MDA induced significant increases in 47 key proinflammatory molecules such as IL-25, IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1, and light mRNA in Jurkat T cells and primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLCs). A significant 2-fold increase in serum MDA also correlated the increased IL-25 and IL-8 mRNA in PBLCs of diabetic patients. Pharmacological inhibitor studies showed that MDA induced its effect via p38MAPK and protein kinase C pathways. Furthermore, IPA uncovered 5 groups of inflammatory networks and placed our candidate genes in canonical IL-6 and NF-κB signaling pathways and also suggested 5 toxic lists and 3 major toxic functions, namely cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. These new results suggest that MDA can promote lymphocyte activation via induction of inflammatory pathways and networks.
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227
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the last 8 years, emerging studies bridging the gap between nutrition and mental health have resolutely established that learning and memory abilities as well as mood can be influenced by diet. However, the mechanisms by which diet modulates mental health are still not well understood. Sources of data In this article, a review of the literature was conducted using PubMed to identify studies that provide functional implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and its modulation by diet. AREAS OF AGREEMENT One of the brain structures associated with learning and memory as well as mood is the hippocampus. Importantly, the hippocampus is one of the two structures in the adult brain where the formation of newborn neurons, or neurogenesis, persists. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The exact roles of these newborn neurons in learning, memory formation and mood regulation remain elusive. GROWING POINTS Nevertheless, there has been accumulating evidence linking cognition and mood to neurogenesis occurring in the adult hippocampus. Therefore, modulation of AHN by diet emerges as a possible mechanism by which nutrition impacts on mental health. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH This area of investigation is new and needs attention because a better understanding of the neurological mechanisms by which nutrition affect mental health may lead to novel dietary approaches for disease prevention, healthier ageing and discovery of new therapeutic targets for mental illnesses.
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228
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Kurosawa Y, DeGrauw TJ, Lindquist DM, Blanco VM, Pyne-Geithman GJ, Daikoku T, Chambers JB, Benoit SC, Clark JF. Cyclocreatine treatment improves cognition in mice with creatine transporter deficiency. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2837-46. [PMID: 22751104 PMCID: PMC3408730 DOI: 10.1172/jci59373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The second-largest cause of X-linked mental retardation is a deficiency in creatine transporter (CRT; encoded by SLC6A8), which leads to speech and language disorders with severe cognitive impairment. This syndrome, caused by the absence of creatine in the brain, is currently untreatable because CRT is required for creatine entry into brain cells. Here, we developed a brain-specific Slc6a8 knockout mouse (Slc6a8-/y) as an animal model of human CRT deficiency in order to explore potential therapies for this syndrome. The phenotype of the Slc6a8-/y mouse was comparable to that of human patients. We successfully treated the Slc6a8-/y mice with the creatine analog cyclocreatine. Brain cyclocreatine and cyclocreatine phosphate were detected after 9 weeks of cyclocreatine treatment in Slc6a8-/y mice, in contrast to the same mice treated with creatine or placebo. Cyclocreatine-treated Slc6a8-/y mice also exhibited a profound improvement in cognitive abilities, as seen with novel object recognition as well as spatial learning and memory tests. Thus, cyclocreatine appears promising as a potential therapy for CRT deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ton J. DeGrauw
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Diana M. Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Victor M. Blanco
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gail J. Pyne-Geithman
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James B. Chambers
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen C. Benoit
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph F. Clark
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Neurology and
Department of Radiology and Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Emergency Medicine and
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Division of Reproductive Science, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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229
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Mastinu A, Pira M, Pani L, Pinna GA, Lazzari P. NESS038C6, a novel selective CB1 antagonist agent with anti-obesity activity and improved molecular profile. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:192-204. [PMID: 22771813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims to study the effects induced by a chronic treatment with a novel CB1 antagonist (NESS038C6) in C57BL/6N diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. Mice treated with NESS038C6 and fed with a fat diet (NESS038C6 FD) were compared with the following three reference experimental groups: DIO mice fed with the same fat diet used for NESS038C6 and treated with vehicle or the reference CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant, "VH FD" and "SR141716 FD", respectively; DIO mice treated with vehicle and switched to a normal diet (VH ND). NESS038C6 chronic treatment (30 mg/kg/day for 31 days) determined a significant reduction in DIO mice weight relative to that of VH FD. The entity of the effect was comparable to that detected in both SR141716 FD and VH ND groups. Moreover, if compared to VH FD, NESS038C6 FD evidenced: (i) improvement of cardiovascular risk factors; (ii) significant decrease in adipose tissue leptin expression; (iii) increase in mRNA expression of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides and a decrease of anorexigenic peptides; (iv) expression increase of metabolic enzymes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in the liver; (v) normalization of monoaminergic transporters and neurotrophic expression in mesolimbic area. However, in contrast to the case of rimonabant, the novel CB1 antagonist improved the disrupted expression profile of genes linked to the hunger-satiety circuit, without altering monoaminergic transmission. In conclusion, the novel CB1 antagonist compound NESS038C6 may represent a useful candidate agent for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications, without or with reduced side effects relative to those instead observed with rimonabant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mastinu
- CNR, Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS Cagliari, Edificio 5, Loc. Piscinamanna, 09010 Pula, Italy.
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230
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Garza JC, Guo M, Zhang W, Lu XY. Leptin restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis in a chronic unpredictable stress model of depression and reverses glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:790-808. [PMID: 22182938 PMCID: PMC3368076 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stress and glucocorticoid stress hormones inhibit neurogenesis, whereas antidepressants increase neurogenesis and block stress-induced decrease in neurogenesis. Our previous studies have shown that leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone with antidepressant-like properties, promotes baseline neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. This study aimed to determine whether leptin is able to restore suppression of neurogenesis in a rat chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model of depression. Chronic treatment with leptin reversed the CUS-induced reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis and depression-like behaviors. Leptin treatment elicited a delayed long-lasting antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim behavioral despair test, and this effect was blocked by ablation of neurogenesis with X-irradiation. The functional isoform of the leptin receptor, LepRb, and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) were colocalized in hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells in vivo and in vitro. Leptin treatment reversed the GR agonist dexamethasone (DEX)-induced reduction of proliferation of cultured neural stem/progenitor cells from adult hippocampus. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that leptin and DEX converged on glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and β-catenin. While DEX decreased Ser9 phosphorylation and increased Tyr216 phosphorylation of GSK-3β, leptin increased Ser9 phosphorylation and attenuated the effects of DEX at both Ser9 and Tyr216 phosphorylation sites of GSK-3β. Moreover, leptin increased total level and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, a primary substrate of GSK-3β and a key regulator in controlling hippocampal neural progenitor cell proliferation, and reversed the inhibitory effects of DEX on β-catenin. Taken together, our results suggest that adult neurogenesis is involved in the delayed long-lasting antidepressant-like behavioral effects of leptin, and leptin treatment counteracts chronic stress and glucocorticoid-induced suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis via activating the GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Garza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Xin-Yun Lu, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, Phone: 210-567-0803, Fax : 210-567-4303,:
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Sharma S, Zhuang Y, Gomez-Pinilla F. High-fat diet transition reduces brain DHA levels associated with altered brain plasticity and behaviour. Sci Rep 2012; 2:431. [PMID: 22666534 PMCID: PMC3362800 DOI: 10.1038/srep00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess how the shift from a healthy diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids to a diet rich in saturated fatty acid affects the substrates for brain plasticity and function, we used pregnant rats fed with omega-3 supplemented diet from their 2nd day of gestation period as well as their male pups for 12 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were randomly assigned to either a group fed on the same diet or a group fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fats for 3 weeks. We found that the HFD increased vulnerability for anxiety-like behavior, and that these modifications harmonized with changes in the anxiety-related NPY1 receptor and the reduced levels of BDNF, and its signalling receptor pTrkB, as well as the CREB protein. Brain DHA contents were significantly associated with the levels of anxiety-like behavior in these rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sharma
- Dept. Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yumei Zhuang
- Dept. Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Dept. Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Div. of Neurosurgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Centre, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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232
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Wang J, Zhao X, He M. Is BDNF biological link between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus? Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:255-8. [PMID: 22626954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated a strong association between depression and diabetes. Of note, depression is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while most patients with T2DM also have depression. Despite the abundance of evidence showing an epidemiological link between depression and T2DM, the cause of this association is still unknown. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely expressed in the brain. Biological and clinical studies have repeatedly shown that BDNF is important in the pathogenesis of depression and T2DM. Therefore, we propose that BDNF may play an important role linking depression and T2DM. Studies examining the components of the BDNF system in patients with T2DM and depression may provide new understanding into the link between depression and T2DM. Such studies might also help us to identify potential treatment targets for these two common disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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233
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Boitard C, Etchamendy N, Sauvant J, Aubert A, Tronel S, Marighetto A, Layé S, Ferreira G. Juvenile, but not adult exposure to high-fat diet impairs relational memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Hippocampus 2012; 22:2095-100. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Spaeth AM, Kanoski SE, Hayes MR, Grill HJ. TrkB receptor signaling in the nucleus tractus solitarius mediates the food intake-suppressive effects of hindbrain BDNF and leptin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1252-60. [PMID: 22374757 PMCID: PMC3361983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00025.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB receptor signaling contribute to the central nervous system (CNS) control of energy balance. The role of hindbrain BDNF/TrkB receptor signaling in energy balance regulation is examined here. Hindbrain ventricular BDNF suppressed body weight through reductions in overall food intake and meal size and by increasing core temperature. To localize the neurons mediating the energy balance effects of hindbrain ventricle-delivered BDNF, ventricle subthreshold doses were delivered directly to medial nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS). mNTS BDNF administration reduced food intake significantly, and this effect was blocked by preadministration of a highly selective TrkB receptor antagonist {[N2-2-2-Oxoazepan-3-yl amino]carbonyl phenyl benzo (b)thiophene-2-carboxamide (ANA-12)}, suggesting that TrkB receptor activation mediates hindbrain BDNF's effect on food intake. Because both BDNF and leptin interact with melanocortin signaling to reduce food intake, we also examined whether the intake inhibitory effects of hindbrain leptin involve hindbrain-specific BDNF/TrkB activation. BDNF protein content within the dorsal vagal complex of the hindbrain was increased significantly by hindbrain leptin delivery. To assess if BDNF/TrkB receptor signaling acts downstream of leptin signaling in the control of energy balance, leptin and ANA-12 were coadministered into the mNTS. Administration of the TrkB receptor antagonist attenuated the intake-suppressive effects of leptin, suggesting that mNTS TrkB receptor activation contributes to the mediation of the anorexigenic effects of hindbrain leptin. Collectively, these results indicate that TrkB-mediated signaling in the mNTS negatively regulates food intake and, in part, the intake inhibitory effects of leptin administered into the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Spaeth
- Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 3720 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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235
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Darsalia V, Mansouri S, Ortsäter H, Olverling A, Nozadze N, Kappe C, Iverfeldt K, Tracy L, Grankvist N, Sjöholm Å, Patrone C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation reduces ischaemic brain damage following stroke in Type 2 diabetic rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 122:473-83. [PMID: 22150224 PMCID: PMC3268352 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a strong risk factor for premature and severe stroke. The GLP-1R (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor) agonist Ex-4 (exendin-4) is a drug for the treatment of T2D (Type 2 diabetes) that may also have neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of Ex-4 against stroke in diabetes by using a diabetic animal model, a drug administration paradigm and a dose that mimics a diabetic patient on Ex-4 therapy. Furthermore, we investigated inflammation and neurogenesis as potential cellular mechanisms underlying the Ex-4 efficacy. A total of seven 9-month-old Type 2 diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats were treated peripherally for 4 weeks with Ex-4 at 0.1, 1 or 5 μg/kg of body weight before inducing stroke by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and for 2–4 weeks thereafter. The severity of ischaemic damage was measured by evaluation of stroke volume and by stereological counting of neurons in the striatum and cortex. We also quantitatively evaluated stroke-induced inflammation, stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis. We show a profound anti-stroke efficacy of the clinical dose of Ex-4 in diabetic rats, an arrested microglia infiltration and an increase of stroke-induced neural stem cell proliferation and neuroblast formation, while stroke-induced neurogenesis was not affected by Ex-4. The results show a pronounced anti-stroke, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of peripheral and chronic Ex-4 treatment in middle-aged diabetic animals in a preclinical setting that has the potential to mimic the clinical treatment. Our results should provide strong impetus to further investigate GLP-1R agonists for their neuroprotective action in diabetes, and for their possible use as anti-stroke medication in non-diabetic conditions.
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Key Words
- exendin-4 (ex-4)
- goto–kakizaki (gk) rat
- middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao)
- neurogenesis
- neuroprotection
- brdu, bromodeoxyuridine
- bw, body weight
- cns, central nervous system
- dapi, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- dcx, doublecortin
- ex-4, exendin-4
- gk, goto–kakizaki
- glp-1r, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
- ihc, immunohistochemistry
- mca, middle cerebral artery
- mcao, mca occlusion
- svz, subventricular zone
- t2d, type 2 diabetes
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimer Darsalia
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shiva Mansouri
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ortsäter
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Olverling
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nino Nozadze
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Kappe
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Iverfeldt
- †Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda M. Tracy
- †Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Grankvist
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Sjöholm
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- *Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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236
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Steiner B, Witte V, Flöel A. [Lifestyle and cognition: what do we know from the aging and neurodegenerative brain?]. DER NERVENARZT 2012; 82:1566-77. [PMID: 21842331 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-011-3353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrated positive effects of continuous physical activity and balanced diet on cardiovascular fitness. In chronic neurodegenerative disorders, e.g. Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, physical activity has become a successful supportive symptomatic therapy. However, it has become evident that physical activity not only improves motor symptoms but also has high impact on cognition in both (elderly) healthy brain and neurodegenerative alterations in the CNS. Nutrition also has been reported to exert positive effects on brain function.Animal studies indicate an increased endogenous plasticity as the underlying mechanism in terms of activation of neuronal precursor cells in different brain areas, leading to improved brain function.First experimental studies in humans also show that physical activity and balanced nutrition increase the release of neurotrophic factors in the brain, increase the volume of grey matter in learning- and memory-associated brain regions and improve cognitive function. This phenomenon opens up noninvasive causal therapeutic options in neurodegenerative disorders and during aging-associated cognitive decline by inducing changes in lifestyle. This option could provide a socioeconomically and ethically reasonable treatment for neurodegenerative disorders.The presented article summarizes the current knowledge from animal experiments and studies in humans. It provides an overview of potential cellular and molecular candidate mechanisms and discusses novel translational clinical studies and first clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Steiner
- Klinik für Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Deutschland.
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237
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Modarresi F, Faghihi MA, Lopez-Toledano MA, Fatemi RP, Magistri M, Brothers SP, van der Brug MP, Wahlestedt C. Inhibition of natural antisense transcripts in vivo results in gene-specific transcriptional upregulation. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 30:453-9. [PMID: 22446693 PMCID: PMC4144683 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that natural antisense transcripts (NATs), which are abundant in mammalian genomes, can function as repressors of specific genomic loci and that their removal or inhibition by AntagoNAT oligonucleotides leads to transient and reversible upregulation of sense gene expression. As one example, we show that Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is under the control of a conserved noncoding antisense RNA transcript, BDNF-AS, both in vitro and in vivo. BDNF-AS tonically represses BDNF sense RNA transcription by altering chromatin structure at the BDNF locus, which in turn reduces endogenous BDNF protein and function. By providing additional and analogous examples of endogenous mRNA upregulation, we suggest that antisense RNA mediated transcriptional suppression is a common phenomenon. In sum, we demonstrate a novel pharmacological strategy by which endogenous gene expression can be upregulated in a locus-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Modarresi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Therapeutic Innovation, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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238
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Yoo DY, Kim W, Yoo KY, Nam SM, Chung JY, Yoon YS, Won MH, Hwang IK. Effects of pyridoxine on a high-fat diet-induced reduction of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation depend on cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein in the mouse dentate gyrus. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1615-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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239
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LENNOX RACHAELR, MOFFETT CHARLOTTE, PORTER DAVIDW, IRWIN NIGEL, GAULT VICTORA, FLATT PETERR. Effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor knockout and a high-fat diet on cognitive function and hippocampal gene expression in mice. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:1544-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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240
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Davison KM, Kaplan BJ. Food intake and blood cholesterol levels of community-based adults with mood disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:10. [PMID: 22333556 PMCID: PMC3315405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature links nutrition to mood, especially in epidemiological surveys, but there is little information characterizing food intake in people with diagnosed mood disorders. METHODS Food intake obtained from 3-day food records was evaluated in 97 adults with mood disorders, whose diagnoses were confirmed in structured interviews. Information from a population nutrition survey, national guidelines for nutritional intakes (Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide) and North American dietary guidelines (Dietary Reference Intakes) was utilized to evaluate the quality of their food intake. RESULTS Compared to the regional nutrition survey data and national guidelines, a greater proportion of study participants consumed fewer of the recommended servings of grains (p < 0.001) and vegetables and fruits (p < 0.05), and less than the lower boundary of the Adequate Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for α-linolenic acid (p < 0.001). The study sample also had greater intakes of high-fat whole grain products (p < 0.01), processed meats (p < 0.00001), and higher sugar, fat or salty foods (p < 0.00001). Of the 1746 total meals and snacks consumed, 39% were from sources outside the home, suggesting a lack of time devoted to meal preparation. Finally, a subsample of 48 participants agreed to have blood tests: 44% had mild hypercholesterolemia (> 5.2 and ≤ 6.2 mmol/L) and 21% had hypercholesterolemia (> 6.2 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS Much research has proposed multiple ways in which healthier diets may exert protective effects on mental health. The results of this study suggest that adults with mood disorders could benefit from nutritional interventions to improve diet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Davison
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- IMPART Program, British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bonnie J Kaplan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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241
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Effects of a high-fat diet and bamboo extract supplement on anxiety- and depression-like neurobehaviours in mice. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1143-9. [PMID: 22313665 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet is a major causative factor of overweight and obesity, which are associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric diseases, such as anxiety and depression. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of bamboo extract (BEX) on anxiety- and depression-like neurobehaviours in mice treated with a high-fat diet. Male mice with CD-1 genetic background were treated for 2 months with either a standard or a high-fat diet (10 or 45 % energy from fat, respectively), with or without the BEX supplement (11 g dry mass per 17 MJ). The anxiety levels of mice were evaluated using open-field and hole-board tests, and depression was measured using the force-swimming test. The anxiety responses of the animals were found significantly increased after the high-fat diet treatment, and this elevation was effectively abolished by the BEX supplement. The high-fat diet seemed to have an anti-depressive effect in mice at the tested time point, but the effect of the BEX supplement on the depression level of the animals was not conclusive. The high-fat diet significantly decreased total glutathione content in the blood while the BEX supplement increased glutathione oxidation. In summary, the present study shows that decreased total glutathione concentration in the blood co-occurred with a high-fat treatment, high anxiety level and low depression level in mice, and when supplemented in a high-fat diet, BEX had an anxiolytic effect in mice.
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242
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Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Kowalska I, Nikołajuk A, Adamska A, Zielińska M, Kamińska N, Otziomek E, Górska M, Strączkowski M. Circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration is downregulated by intralipid/heparin infusion or high-fat meal in young healthy male subjects. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:358-62. [PMID: 22210566 PMCID: PMC3263867 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity, and its decreased levels are supposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders. The aim of the current study was to estimate the effects of hyperinsulinemia and serum free fatty acids (FFA) elevation on circulating BDNF concentration in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 18 healthy male subjects (mean age 25.6 ± 3.0 years; mean BMI 26.6 ± 4.8 kg/m(2)). Serum and plasma BDNF concentration was measured in the baseline state and in the 120 and 360 min of euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp with or without intralipid/heparin infusion. Furthermore, plasma BDNF was measured in 20 male subjects (mean age 22.7 ± 2.3 years; mean BMI 24.9 ± 1.5 kg/m(2)) 360 min after a high-fat meal. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity was reduced by ~40% after 6 h of intralipid/heparin infusion (P < 0.001). During both clamps, serum and plasma BDNF followed the same pattern. Hyperinsulinemia had no effect on circulating BDNF. Raising FFA had no effect on circulating BDNF in 120 min; however, it resulted in a significant decrease by 43% in serum and by 35% in plasma BDNF after 360 min (P = 0.005 and 0.006, respectively). High-fat meal also resulted in a decrease by 27.8% in plasma BDNF (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our data show that raising FFA decreases circulating BDNF. This might indicate a potential link between FFA-induced insulin resistance and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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243
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Pipatpiboon N, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. PPARγ agonist improves neuronal insulin receptor function in hippocampus and brain mitochondria function in rats with insulin resistance induced by long term high-fat diets. Endocrinology 2012; 153:329-38. [PMID: 22109891 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a high-fat diet (HFD) consumption can cause not only peripheral insulin resistance, but also neuronal insulin resistance. Moreover, the consumption of an HFD has been shown to cause mitochondrial dysfunction in both the skeletal muscle and liver. Rosiglitazone, a peroxizome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand, is a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent studies suggested that rosiglitazone can improve learning and memory in both human and animal models. However, the effects of rosiglitazone on neuronal insulin resistance and brain mitochondria after the HFD consumption have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that rosiglitazone improves neuronal insulin resistance caused by a HFD via attenuating the dysfunction of neuronal insulin receptors and brain mitochondria. Rosiglitazone (5 mg/kg · d) was given for 14 d to rats that were fed with either a HFD or normal diet for 12 wk. After the 14(th) week, all animals were euthanized, and their brains were removed and examined for insulin-induced long-term depression, neuronal insulin signaling, and brain mitochondrial function. We found that rosiglitazone significantly improved peripheral insulin resistance and insulin-induced long-term depression and increased neuronal Akt/PKB-ser phosphorylation in response to insulin. Furthermore, rosiglitazone prevented brain mitochondrial conformational changes and attenuated brain mitochondrial swelling, brain mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and brain mitochondrial ROS production. Our data suggest that neuronal insulin resistance and the impairment of brain mitochondria caused by a 12-wk HFD consumption can be reversed by rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppamas Pipatpiboon
- Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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244
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de la Monte SM. Triangulated mal-signaling in Alzheimer's disease: roles of neurotoxic ceramides, ER stress, and insulin resistance reviewed. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 30 Suppl 2:S231-49. [PMID: 22337830 PMCID: PMC4550324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are lipid signaling molecules that cause cytotoxicity and cell death mediated by insulin resistance, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, insulin resistance dysregulates lipid metabolism, which promotes ceramide accumulation with attendant inflammation and ER stress. Herein, we discuss two major pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic, that converge and often overlap in propagating AD-type neurodegeneration via a triangulated mal-signaling network. First, we review evidence that systemic insulin resistance diseases linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis promote neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, we propose that toxic ceramides generated in extra-CNS tissues (e.g., liver) get released into peripheral blood, and subsequently transit across the blood-brain barrier into the brain where they induce brain insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell death (extrinsic pathway). Then we discuss the role of the intrinsic pathway of neurodegeneration which is mediated by endogenous or primary brain insulin/IGF resistance, and impairs neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival, energy metabolism, membrane integrity, cytoskeletal function, and AβPP-Aβ secretion. The end result is increased ER stress and ceramide generation, which exacerbate brain insulin resistance, cell death, myelin degeneration, and neuroinflammation. Altogether, the data suggest that the triangulated mal-signaling network mediated by toxic ceramides, ER stress, and insulin resistance should be targeted to disrupt positive feedback loops that drive the AD neurodegeneration cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. SuzanneDeLaMonte
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245
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McNay DEG, Briançon N, Kokoeva MV, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS. Remodeling of the arcuate nucleus energy-balance circuit is inhibited in obese mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:142-52. [PMID: 22201680 DOI: 10.1172/jci43134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the CNS, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARN) energy-balance circuit plays a key role in regulating body weight. Recent studies have shown that neurogenesis occurs in the adult hypothalamus, revealing that the ARN energy-balance circuit is more plastic than originally believed. Changes in diet result in altered gene expression and neuronal activity in the ARN, some of which may reflect hypothalamic plasticity. To explore this possibility, we examined the turnover of hypothalamic neurons in mice with obesity secondary to either high-fat diet (HFD) consumption or leptin deficiency. We found substantial turnover of neurons in the ARN that resulted in ongoing cellular remodeling. Feeding mice HFD suppressed neurogenesis, as demonstrated by the observation that these mice both generated fewer new neurons and retained more old neurons. This suppression of neuronal turnover was associated with increased apoptosis of newborn neurons. Leptin-deficient mice also generated fewer new neurons, an observation that was explained in part by a loss of hypothalamic neural stem cells. These data demonstrate that there is substantial postnatal turnover of the arcuate neuronal circuitry in the mouse and reveal the unexpected capacity of diet and leptin deficiency to inhibit this neuronal remodeling. This insight has important implications for our understanding of nutritional regulation of energy balance and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E G McNay
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mansouri S, Ortsäter H, Pintor Gallego O, Darsalia V, Sjöholm A, Patrone C. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide counteracts the impaired adult neural stem cell viability induced by palmitate. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:759-68. [PMID: 22183970 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are characterized by hyperlipidemia and represent risk factors for premature neurological disorders. Diabetic/obese animals have impaired adult neurogenesis. We hypothesize that lipotoxicity leading to neurogenesis impairment plays a role in the development of neurological complications. If so, normalizing neurogenesis in diabetes/obesity could be therapeutically useful in counteracting neurological dysfunction. The goal of this study was to determine the potential of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) to protect adult neural stem cells (NSCs) from lipotoxicity and to study the expression of PACAP receptors in NSCs under lipotoxic conditions in vitro and in the subventricular zone in vivo. The viability of NSCs isolated from the adult mouse brain subventricular zone was assessed in the presence of a high-fat milieu, as mimicked by palmitate, which characterizes diabetic lipotoxicity. Regulation studies of PACAP receptors were performed by quantitative PCR on NSCs in vitro or on subventricular tissues isolated from obese ob/ob mice and their lean littermates. We show that palmitate impairs NSC viability by promoting lipoapoptosis. We also show that PACAP counteracts lipotoxicity via PAC-1 receptor activation. Studies on PACAP receptor expression revealed that PAC-1 and VPAC-2 are expressed by NSC in vitro and are upregulated by palmitate treatment and that PAC-1, VPAC-1, and VPAC-2 are expressed in the subventricular zone/striatum in vivo and are upregulated in ob/ob mice. The present study reveals a previously uncharacterized role of PACAP to protect NSC from lipotoxicity and suggests a potential therapeutic role for PACAP receptor agonists in the treatment of neurological complications in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mansouri
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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247
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Toups MS, Trivedi MH. Role of metabolic dysfunction in treatment resistance of major depressive disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.11.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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248
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Bousquet M, St-Amour I, Vandal M, Julien P, Cicchetti F, Calon F. High-fat diet exacerbates MPTP-induced dopaminergic degeneration in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:529-38. [PMID: 21971528 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of modifiable nutritional risk factors is highly relevant to the development of preventive strategies for neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, adult C57BL/6 mice were fed either a control (CD-12%kcal) or a high-fat diet (HFD-60%kcal) for 8 weeks prior to MPTP exposure, a toxin which recreates a number of pathological features of PD. HFD-fed mice significantly gained weight (+41%), developed insulin resistance and a systemic immune response characterized by an increase in circulating leukocytes and plasmatic cytokines/chemokines (interleukin-1α, MCP-1, MIP-1α). As expected, the MPTP treatment produced nigral dopaminergic degeneration as evidenced by the loss of striatal dopamine and the decreased number of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine transporter-expressing neurons (23% and 25%, respectively). However, exposure to HFD exacerbated the effects of MPTP on striatal TH (23%) and dopamine levels (32%), indicating that diet-induced obesity is associated with a reduced capacity of nigral dopaminergic terminals to cope with MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. Since high-fat consumption is commonplace in our modern society, dietary fat intake may represent an important modifiable risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bousquet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL (CHUQ), Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada
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249
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Nutrient control of neural stem cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:724-9. [PMID: 21930368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The physiological status of an organism is able to influence stem cell behaviour to ensure that stem cells meet the needs of the organism during growth, and in response to injury and environmental changes. In particular, the brain is sensitive to metabolic fluctuations. Here we discuss how nutritional status is able to regulate systemic and local insulin/IGF signalling so as to control aspects of neural stem behaviour. Recent results have begun to reveal how systemic signals are relayed to neural stem cells through local interactions with a glial niche. Although much still remains to be discovered, emerging parallels between the regulation of Drosophila and mammalian stem cells suggest a conserved mechanism for how the brain responds to changes in nutritional state.
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250
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Kokaia Z, Darsalia V. Neural stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:272-8. [PMID: 24323649 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based approaches for the treatment of stroke have been the subject of intensive research over the past decade. Based on accumulated experimental evidence, stem cell-based therapy is a very promising prospect for the development of a novel treatment to restore stroke-damaged brain and impaired neurological function. Studies performed on experimental animal models of stroke employed a variety of stem cell types from diverse sources and have demonstrated their ability to replace lost neurons and functionally integrate into the brain, modulate inflammation, and stimulate angiogenesis and neurogenesis from an endogenous stem cell pool, most likely through trophic actions. A few clinical trials in stroke patients using stem cell transplantation have been completed or are on-going but the results have not yet proven the effectiveness of the stem cell-based approaches. A joint effort of stroke researchers and clinicians is needed to further optimize treatment protocols using safe and reproducible stem cell sources tested in relevant animal models of stroke and showing substantial neurological recovery of stroke-impaired function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden,
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