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Li L, Babawale O, Yennu A, Trowbridge C, Hulla R, Gatchel RJ, Liu H. Whole-cortical graphical networks at wakeful rest in young and older adults revealed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:035004. [PMID: 30137882 PMCID: PMC6063133 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A good understanding of age-dependent changes and modifications in brain networks is crucial for fully exploring the effects of aging on the human brain. Few reports have been found in studies of functional brain networks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Moreover, little is known about the feasibility of using fNIRS to assess age-related changes in brain connectomes. This study applied whole brain fNIRS measurement, combined with graph theory analysis, to assess the age-dependent changes in resting-state brain networks. Five to eight minutes of resting-state brain hemodynamic signals were recorded from 48 participants (18 young adults and 30 older adults) with 133 optical channels covering the majority of the cortical regions. Both local and global graph metrics were computed to identify the age-related changes of topographical brain networks. Older adults showed an overall decline of both global and local efficiency compared to young adults, as well as the decline of small-worldness. In addition, young adults showed the abundance of hubs in the prefrontal cortex, whereas older adults revealed the hub shifts to the sensorimotor cortex. These obvious shifts of hubs may potentially indicate decreases of the decision-making, memory, and other high-order functions as people age. Our results showed consistent findings with published literature and also demonstrated the feasibility of whole-head fNIRS measurements to assess age-dependent changes in resting-state brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Olajide Babawale
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Amarnath Yennu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Cynthia Trowbridge
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Kinesiology, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Ryan Hulla
- University of Texas at Arlington, College of Science, Department of Psychology, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J. Gatchel
- University of Texas at Arlington, College of Science, Department of Psychology, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Hanli Liu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Hanli Liu, E-mail:
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202
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Hunter CL, Oei JL, Suzuki K, Lui K, Schindler T. Patterns of use of near-infrared spectroscopy in neonatal intensive care units: international usage survey. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:1198-1204. [PMID: 29430749 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess uptake and applications of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) by neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). METHODS A pre-piloted online questionnaire was distributed in May 2015 to 12 perinatal societies in Asia, Europe, Australasia, North America and Middle East for dissemination to NICUs. Questions surveyed demographics, NIRS research/clinical applications, usage frequency, training approaches and target infant populations. RESULTS In total, 255 responses from 235 NICUs were obtained. Of these, 85 (36%) owned a NIRS device. Australian and New Zealand NICUs were more likely to own NIRS technology than Asian (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.38-3.37) and North American (OR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.07-6.45) NICUs. A total of 69 (71%) used NIRS within clinical or mixed clinical-research settings, however routine reliance for management and prognostication was low (9% and 3%, respectively). Of those without NIRS technology, 96 (64%) had no acquisition intentions. The main limiting factors were controversial evidence on efficacy (59%) and financial considerations (50%). About 51% of respondents received in-house NIRS training and 32% had access to written guidelines. CONCLUSION There is considerable geographical variation in NIRS usage in NICUs that is, on the whole, limited by consumer perception of lack of evidence for its clinical utility. This knowledge gap should be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Lu Hunter
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Ju Lee Oei
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Paediatrics; Tokai University School of Medicine; Isehara Japan
| | - Kei Lui
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Timothy Schindler
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
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203
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Hong KS, Khan MJ, Hong MJ. Feature Extraction and Classification Methods for Hybrid fNIRS-EEG Brain-Computer Interfaces. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:246. [PMID: 30002623 PMCID: PMC6032997 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a brain-computer interface (BCI) framework for hybrid functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) for locked-in syndrome (LIS) patients is investigated. Brain tasks, channel selection methods, and feature extraction and classification algorithms available in the literature are reviewed. First, we categorize various types of patients with cognitive and motor impairments to assess the suitability of BCI for each of them. The prefrontal cortex is identified as a suitable brain region for imaging. Second, the brain activity that contributes to the generation of hemodynamic signals is reviewed. Mental arithmetic and word formation tasks are found to be suitable for use with LIS patients. Third, since a specific targeted brain region is needed for BCI, methods for determining the region of interest are reviewed. The combination of a bundled-optode configuration and threshold-integrated vector phase analysis turns out to be a promising solution. Fourth, the usable fNIRS features and EEG features are reviewed. For hybrid BCI, a combination of the signal peak and mean fNIRS signals and the highest band powers of EEG signals is promising. For classification, linear discriminant analysis has been most widely used. However, further research on vector phase analysis as a classifier for multiple commands is desirable. Overall, proper brain region identification and proper selection of features will improve classification accuracy. In conclusion, five future research issues are identified, and a new BCI scheme, including brain therapy for LIS patients and using the framework of hybrid fNIRS-EEG BCI, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum-Shik Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - M Jawad Khan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Melissa J Hong
- Early Learning, FIRST 5 Santa Clara County, San Jose, CA, United States
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204
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Hocke LM, Oni IK, Duszynski CC, Corrigan AV, Frederick BD, Dunn JF. Automated Processing of fNIRS Data-A Visual Guide to the Pitfalls and Consequences. ALGORITHMS 2018; 11. [PMID: 30906511 PMCID: PMC6428450 DOI: 10.3390/a11050067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid increase in new fNIRS users employing commercial software, there is a concern that many studies are biased by suboptimal processing methods. The purpose of this study is to provide a visual reference showing the effects of different processing methods, to help inform researchers in setting up and evaluating a processing pipeline. We show the significant impact of pre- and post-processing choices and stress again how important it is to combine data from both hemoglobin species in order to make accurate inferences about the activation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M Hocke
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ibukunoluwa K Oni
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Chris C Duszynski
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Alex V Corrigan
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Blaise deB Frederick
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- Experimental Imaging Lab, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; (I.K.O.); (C.C.D.); (A.V.C.); (J.F.D.)
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
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205
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Delgado Reyes LM, Bohache K, Wijeakumar S, Spencer JP. Evaluating motion processing algorithms for use with functional near-infrared spectroscopy data from young children. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:025008. [PMID: 29845087 PMCID: PMC5963607 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.2.025008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Motion artifacts are often a significant component of the measured signal in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments. A variety of methods have been proposed to address this issue, including principal components analysis (PCA), correlation-based signal improvement (CBSI), wavelet filtering, and spline interpolation. The efficacy of these techniques has been compared using simulated data; however, our understanding of how these techniques fare when dealing with task-based cognitive data is limited. Brigadoi et al. compared motion correction techniques in a sample of adult data measured during a simple cognitive task. Wavelet filtering showed the most promise as an optimal technique for motion correction. Given that fNIRS is often used with infants and young children, it is critical to evaluate the effectiveness of motion correction techniques directly with data from these age groups. This study addresses that problem by evaluating motion correction algorithms implemented in HomER2. The efficacy of each technique was compared quantitatively using objective metrics related to the physiological properties of the hemodynamic response. Results showed that targeted PCA (tPCA), spline, and CBSI retained a higher number of trials. These techniques also performed well in direct head-to-head comparisons with the other approaches using quantitative metrics. The CBSI method corrected many of the artifacts present in our data; however, this approach produced sometimes unstable HRFs. The targeted PCA and spline methods proved to be the most robust, performing well across all comparison metrics. When compared head to head, tPCA consistently outperformed spline. We conclude, therefore, that tPCA is an effective technique for correcting motion artifacts in fNIRS data from young children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John P. Spencer
- University of East Anglia, School of Psychology, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to: John P. Spencer, E-mail:
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206
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Hocke LM, Duszynski CC, Debert CT, Dleikan D, Dunn JF. Reduced Functional Connectivity in Adults with Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:1224-1232. [PMID: 29373947 PMCID: PMC5962910 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), accounts for ∼80% of all TBIs across North America. The majority of mTBI patients recover within days to weeks; however, 14-36% of the time, acute mTBI symptoms persist for months or even years and develop into persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). There is a need to find biomarkers in patients with PPCS, to improve prognostic ability and to provide insight into the pathophysiology underlying chronic symptoms. Recent research has pointed toward impaired network integrity and cortical communication as a biomarker. In this study we investigated functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as a technique to assess cortical communication deficits in adults with PPCS. Specifically, we aimed to identify cortical communication patterns in prefrontal and motor areas during rest and task, in adult patients with persistent symptoms. We found that (1) the PPCS group showed reduced connectivity compared with healthy controls, (2) increased symptom severity correlated with reduced coherence, and (3) connectivity differences were best distinguishable during task and in particular during the working memory task (n-back task) in the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These data show that reduced brain communication may be associated with the pathophysiology of mTBI and that fNIRS, with a relatively simple acquisition paradigm, may provide a useful biomarker of this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M Hocke
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,2 Department of Radiology, Experimental Imaging Lab , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,4 Cumming School of Medicine Calgary , Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris C Duszynski
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,2 Department of Radiology, Experimental Imaging Lab , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,4 Cumming School of Medicine Calgary , Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantel T Debert
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,4 Cumming School of Medicine Calgary , Alberta, Canada
| | - Diane Dleikan
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,2 Department of Radiology, Experimental Imaging Lab , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,4 Cumming School of Medicine Calgary , Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff F Dunn
- 1 Hotchkiss Brain Institute , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,2 Department of Radiology, Experimental Imaging Lab , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Centre , Calgary, Alberta, Canada .,4 Cumming School of Medicine Calgary , Alberta, Canada
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207
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Non-invasive imaging modalities to study neurodegenerative diseases of aging brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 95:54-69. [PMID: 29474853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to highlight current approaches for imaging elderly brain, indispensable for cognitive neuroscience research with emphasis on the basic physical principles of various non-invasive neuroimaging techniques. The first part of this article presents a quick overview of the primary non-invasive neuroimaging modalities used by cognitive neuroscientists such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), Profusion imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) along with tractography and connectomics. The second part provides a comprehensive overview of different multimodality imaging techniques for various cognitive neuroscience studies of aging brain.
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208
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Pfeifer MD, Scholkmann F, Labruyère R. Signal Processing in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): Methodological Differences Lead to Different Statistical Results. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:641. [PMID: 29358912 PMCID: PMC5766679 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though research in the field of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been performed for more than 20 years, consensus on signal processing methods is still lacking. A significant knowledge gap exists between established researchers and those entering the field. One major issue regularly observed in publications from researchers new to the field is the failure to consider possible signal contamination by hemodynamic changes unrelated to neurovascular coupling (i.e., scalp blood flow and systemic blood flow). This might be due to the fact that these researchers use the signal processing methods provided by the manufacturers of their measurement device without an advanced understanding of the performed steps. The aim of the present study was to investigate how different signal processing approaches (including and excluding approaches that partially correct for the possible signal contamination) affect the results of a typical functional neuroimaging study performed with fNIRS. In particular, we evaluated one standard signal processing method provided by a commercial company and compared it to three customized approaches. We thereby investigated the influence of the chosen method on the statistical outcome of a clinical data set (task-evoked motor cortex activity). No short-channels were used in the present study and therefore two types of multi-channel corrections based on multiple long-channels were applied. The choice of the signal processing method had a considerable influence on the outcome of the study. While methods that ignored the contamination of the fNIRS signals by task-evoked physiological noise yielded several significant hemodynamic responses over the whole head, the statistical significance of these findings disappeared when accounting for part of the contamination using a multi-channel regression. We conclude that adopting signal processing methods that correct for physiological confounding effects might yield more realistic results in cases where multi-distance measurements are not possible. Furthermore, we recommend using manufacturers' standard signal processing methods only in case the user has an advanced understanding of every signal processing step performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa D. Pfeifer
- Rehabilitation Center for Children and Adolescents, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Affoltern am Albis, Switzerland
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rob Labruyère
- Rehabilitation Center for Children and Adolescents, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Affoltern am Albis, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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209
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Draghici AE, Potart D, Hollmann JL, Pera V, Fang Q, DiMarzio CA, Taylor JA, Niedre MJ, Shefelbine SJ. Near infrared spectroscopy for measuring changes in bone hemoglobin content after exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:183-191. [PMID: 28561268 PMCID: PMC5711624 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone blood perfusion has an essential role in maintaining a healthy bone. However, current methods for measuring bone blood perfusion are expensive and highly invasive. This study presents a custom built near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument to measure changes in bone blood perfusion. We demonstrated the efficacy of this device by monitoring oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin changes in the human tibia during and after exercise in able-bodied and in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), a population with known impaired peripheral blood perfusion. Nine able-bodied individuals and six volunteers with SCI performed a 10 min rowing exercise (functional electrical stimulation rowing for those with SCI). With exercise, during rowing, able-bodied showed an increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin in the tibia. Post rowing, able-bodied showed an increase in total blood content, characterized by an increase in total hemoglobin content due primarily to an increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin. During rowing and post-rowing, those with SCI showed no change in total blood content in the tibia. The current study demonstrates that NIRS can non-invasively detect changes in hemoglobin concentration in the tibia. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:183-191, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina E. Draghici
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane Potart
- Université de Technologie Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | | | - Vivian Pera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A. DiMarzio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Andrew Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark J. Niedre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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210
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Jahani S, Setarehdan SK, Boas DA, Yücel MA. Motion artifact detection and correction in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: a new hybrid method based on spline interpolation method and Savitzky-Golay filtering. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:015003. [PMID: 29430471 PMCID: PMC5803523 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Motion artifact contamination in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data has become an important challenge in realizing the full potential of NIRS for real-life applications. Various motion correction algorithms have been used to alleviate the effect of motion artifacts on the estimation of the hemodynamic response function. While smoothing methods, such as wavelet filtering, are excellent in removing motion-induced sharp spikes, the baseline shifts in the signal remain after this type of filtering. Methods, such as spline interpolation, on the other hand, can properly correct baseline shifts; however, they leave residual high-frequency spikes. We propose a hybrid method that takes advantage of different correction algorithms. This method first identifies the baseline shifts and corrects them using a spline interpolation method or targeted principal component analysis. The remaining spikes, on the other hand, are corrected by smoothing methods: Savitzky-Golay (SG) filtering or robust locally weighted regression and smoothing. We have compared our new approach with the existing correction algorithms in terms of hemodynamic response function estimation using the following metrics: mean-squared error, peak-to-peak error ([Formula: see text]), Pearson's correlation ([Formula: see text]), and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve. We found that spline-SG hybrid method provides reasonable improvements in all these metrics with a relatively short computational time. The dataset and the code used in this study are made available online for the use of all interested researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Jahani
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- University of Tehran, College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed K. Setarehdan
- University of Tehran, College of Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, Tehran, Iran
| | - David A. Boas
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Meryem A. Yücel
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Meryem A. Yücel, E-mail:
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211
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Zhao H, Cooper RJ. Review of recent progress toward a fiberless, whole-scalp diffuse optical tomography system. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011012. [PMID: 28983490 PMCID: PMC5613216 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of a whole-scalp, high sampling-density diffuse optical tomography (DOT) system is a critical next step in the evolution of the field of diffuse optics. To achieve this with optical fiber bundles is extremely challenging, simply because of the sheer number of bundles required, and the associated challenges of weight and ergonomics. Dispensing with optical fiber bundles and moving to head-mounted optoelectronics can potentially facilitate the advent of a new generation of wearable, whole-scalp technologies that will open up a range of new experimental and clinical applications for diffuse optical measurements. Here, we present a concise review of the significant progress that has been made toward achieving a wearable, fiberless, high-density, whole-scalp DOT system. We identify the key limitations of current technologies and discuss the possible opportunities for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubin Zhao
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Cooper
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
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212
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Eken A, Kara M, Baskak B, Baltacı A, Gökçay D. Differential efficiency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dominant versus nondominant hands in fibromyalgia: placebo-controlled functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011005. [PMID: 28894759 PMCID: PMC5584730 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), modulation of hemodynamic responses by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) during delivery of nociceptive stimulation was investigated in fibromyalgia (FM) patients and healthy controls for both hands. Two experiments were conducted: (1) median nerve stimulation with TENS and (2) painful stimulation using electronic von Frey filaments with TENS/placebo TENS. Mean [Formula: see text] brain activity was compared across groups and conditions using factorial ANOVA. Dominant (right) hand stimulation indicated significant interactions between group and condition in both hemispheres. Post hoc results revealed that FM patients showed an increased activation in "pain + TENS" condition compared to the "pain + placebo TENS" condition while the brain activity patterns for these conditions in controls were reversed. Left-hand stimulation resulted in similar TENS effects (reduced activation for "pain + TENS" than "pain + placebo TENS") in both groups. TENS effects in FM patients might be manipulated by the stimulation side. While the nondominant hand was responsive to TENS treatment, the dominant hand was not. These results indicate that stimulation side might be an effective factor in FM treatment by using TENS. Future studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Eken
- Düzce University, Faculty of Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Department, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Murat Kara
- Hacettepe University Medical School, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bora Baskak
- Ankara University Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University, Brain Research and Application Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Baltacı
- Yenimahalle Education and Research Hospital, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Gökçay
- Middle East Technical University, Informatics Institute, Department of Health Informatics, Ankara, Turkey
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213
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Dravida S, Noah JA, Zhang X, Hirsch J. Comparison of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin signal reliability with and without global mean removal for digit manipulation motor tasks. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011006. [PMID: 28924566 PMCID: PMC5597778 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) could be well suited for clinical use, such as measuring neural activity before and after treatment; however, reliability and specificity of fNIRS signals must be ensured so that differences can be attributed to the intervention. This study compared the test-retest and longitudinal reliability of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin signals before and after spatial filtering. In the test-retest experiment, 14 participants were scanned on 2 days while performing four right-handed digit-manipulation tasks. Group results revealed greater test-retest reliability for oxyhemoglobin than deoxyhemoglobin signals and greater spatial specificity for the deoxyhemoglobin signals. To further characterize reliability, a longitudinal experiment was conducted in which two participants repeated the same motor tasks for 10 days. Beta values from the two tasks with the lowest and highest test-retest reliability, respectively, in the spatially filtered deoxyhemoglobin signal are reported as representative findings. Both test-retest and longitudinal methods confirmed that task and signal type influence reliability. Oxyhemoglobin signals were more reliable overall than deoxyhemoglobin, and removal of the global mean reduced reliability of both signals. Findings are consistent with the suggestion that systemic components most prevalent in the oxyhemoglobin signal may inflate reliability relative to the deoxyhemoglobin signal, which is less influenced by systemic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swethasri Dravida
- Yale School of Medicine, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Jack Adam Noah
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Xian Zhang
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
- Address all correspondence to: Joy Hirsch, E-mail:
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214
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Orihuela-Espina F, Leff DR, James DRC, Darzi AW, Yang GZ. Imperial College near infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging analysis framework. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011011. [PMID: 28948193 PMCID: PMC5603769 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the Imperial College near infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging analysis (ICNNA) software tool for functional near infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging data. ICNNA is a MATLAB-based object-oriented framework encompassing an application programming interface and a graphical user interface. ICNNA incorporates reconstruction based on the modified Beer-Lambert law and basic processing and data validation capabilities. Emphasis is placed on the full experiment rather than individual neuroimages as the central element of analysis. The software offers three types of analyses including classical statistical methods based on comparison of changes in relative concentrations of hemoglobin between the task and baseline periods, graph theory-based metrics of connectivity and, distinctively, an analysis approach based on manifold embedding. This paper presents the different capabilities of ICNNA in its current version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orihuela-Espina
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico
- Address all correspondence to: Felipe Orihuela-Espina, E-mail:
| | - Daniel R. Leff
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
| | - David R. C. James
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
| | - Ara W. Darzi
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Imperial College London, Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, United Kingdom
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215
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Grabell AS, Li Y, Barker JW, Wakschlag LS, Huppert TJ, Perlman SB. Evidence of Non-Linear Associations between Frustration-Related Prefrontal Cortex Activation and the Normal:Abnormal Spectrum of Irritability in Young Children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:137-147. [PMID: 28315125 PMCID: PMC5603348 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Burgeoning interest in early childhood irritability has recently turned toward neuroimaging techniques to better understand normal versus abnormal irritability using dimensional methods. Current accounts largely assume a linear relationship between poor frustration management, an expression of irritability, and its underlying neural circuitry. However, the relationship between these constructs may not be linear (i.e., operate differently at varying points across the irritability spectrum), with implications for how early atypical irritability is identified and treated. Our goal was to examine how the association between frustration-related lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activation and irritability differs across the dimensional spectrum of irritability by testing for non-linear associations. Children (N = 92; ages 3-7) ranging from virtually no irritability to the upper end of the clinical range completed a frustration induction task while we recorded LPFC hemoglobin levels using fNIRS. Children self-rated their emotions during the task and parents rated their child's level of irritability. Whereas a linear model showed no relationship between frustration-related LPFC activation and irritability, a quadratic model revealed frustration-related LPFC activation increased as parent-reported irritability scores increased within the normative range of irritability but decreased with increasing irritability in the severe range, with an apex at the 91st percentile. Complementarily, we found children's self-ratings of emotion during frustration related to concurrent LPFC activation as an inverted U function, such that children who reported mild distress had greater activation than peers reporting no or high distress. Results suggest children with relatively higher irritability who are unimpaired may possess well-developed LPFC support, a mechanism that drops out in the severe end of the irritability dimension. Findings suggest novel avenues for understanding the heterogeneity of early irritability and its clinical sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Grabell
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Child Brain Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Yanwei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Child Brain Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Research Center for Learning Science, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jeff W Barker
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, and the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore J Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Susan B Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory for Child Brain Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Loeffler Building, 121 Meyran Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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216
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de Oliveira SR, de Paula Machado ACC, de Paula JJ, de Moraes PHP, Nahin MJS, Magalhães LDC, Novi SL, Mesquita RC, de Miranda DM, Bouzada MCF. Association between hemodynamic activity and motor performance in six-month-old full-term and preterm infants: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011016. [PMID: 29057284 PMCID: PMC5637226 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess task-induced activation in motor cortex and its association with motor performance in full-term and preterm born infants at six months old. A cross-sectional study of 73 six-month-old infants was conducted (35 full-term and 38 preterm infants). Motor performance was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development third edition-Bayley-III. Brain hemodynamic activity during motor task was measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Motor performance was similar in full-term and preterm infants. However, differences in hemodynamic response were identified. Full terms showed a more homogeneous unilateral and contralateral activated area, whereas in preterm-born the activation response was predominantly bilateral. The full-term group also exhibited a shorter latency for the hemodynamic response than the preterm group. Hemodynamic activity in the left sensorimotor region was positively associated with motor performance measured by Bayley-III. The results highlight the adequacy of fNIRS to assess differences in task-induced activation in sensorimotor cortex between groups. The association between motor performance and the hemodynamic activity require further investigation and suggest that fNIRS can become a suitable auxiliary tool to investigate aspects of neural basis on early development of motor abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Rosa de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Medicine, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Address all correspondence to: Suelen Rosa de Oliveira, E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Lívia de Castro Magalhães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio L. Novi
- University of Campinas, Institute of Physics, Campinas, Brazil
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217
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Funane T, Numata T, Sato H, Hiraizumi S, Hasegawa Y, Kuwabara H, Hasegawa K, Kiguchi M. Rearrangeable and exchangeable optical module with system-on-chip for wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:011007. [PMID: 28924567 PMCID: PMC5591581 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.1.011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We developed a system-on-chip (SoC)-incorporated light-emitting diode (LED) and avalanche photodiode (APD) modules to improve the usability and flexibility of a fiberless wearable functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system. The SoC has a microprocessing unit and programmable circuits. The time division method and the lock-in method were used for separately detecting signals from different positions and signals of different wavelengths, respectively. Each module autonomously works for this time-divided-lock-in measurement with a high sensitivity for haired regions. By supplying [Formula: see text] of power and base and data clocks, the LED module emits both 730- and 855-nm wavelengths of light, amplitudes of which are modulated in each lock-in frequency generated from the base clock, and the APD module provides the lock-in detected signals synchronizing with the data clock. The SoC provided many functions, including automatic-power-control of the LED, automatic judgment of detected power level, and automatic-gain-control of the programmable gain amplifier. The number and the arrangement of modules can be adaptively changed by connecting this exchangeable modules in a daisy chain and setting the parameters dependent on the probing position. Therefore, users can configure a variety of arrangements (single- or multidistance combinations) of them with this module-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Funane
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
- Address all correspondence to: Tsukasa Funane, E-mail:
| | - Takashi Numata
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Masashi Kiguchi
- Hitachi, Ltd., Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan
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218
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Wan N, Hancock AS, Moon TK, Gillam RB. A functional near-infrared spectroscopic investigation of speech production during reading. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:1428-1437. [PMID: 29266623 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to test the extent to which speaking processes related to articulation and voicing influence Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures of cortical hemodynamics and functional connectivity. Participants read passages in three conditions (oral reading, silent mouthing, and silent reading) while undergoing fNIRS imaging. Area under the curve (AUC) analyses of the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemodynamic response function concentration values were compared for each task across five regions of interest. There were significant region main effects for both oxy and deoxy AUC analyses, and a significant region × task interaction for deoxy AUC favoring the oral reading condition over the silent reading condition for two nonmotor regions. Assessment of functional connectivity using Granger Causality revealed stronger networks between motor areas during oral reading and stronger networks between language areas during silent reading. There was no evidence that the hemodynamic flow from motor areas during oral reading compromised measures of language-related neural activity in nonmotor areas. However, speech movements had small, but measurable effects on fNIRS measures of neural connections between motor and nonmotor brain areas across the perisylvian region, even after wavelet filtering. Therefore, researchers studying speech processes with fNIRS should use wavelet filtering during preprocessing to reduce speech motion artifacts, incorporate a nonspeech communication or language control task into the research design, and conduct a connectivity analysis to adequately assess the impact of functional speech on the hemodynamic response across the perisylvian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wan
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84321
| | - Allison S Hancock
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Emma Eccles Jones Early Childhood Education and Research Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84321
| | - Todd K Moon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84321
| | - Ronald B Gillam
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Emma Eccles Jones Early Childhood Education and Research Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84321
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219
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Wang X, Tian F, Reddy DD, Nalawade SS, Barrett DW, Gonzalez-Lima F, Liu H. Up-regulation of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemodynamics by transcranial infrared laser stimulation: A broadband near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3789-3802. [PMID: 28178891 PMCID: PMC5718323 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17691783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS) is a noninvasive form of brain photobiomulation. Cytochrome-c-oxidase (CCO), the terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, is hypothesized to be the primary intracellular photoacceptor. We hypothesized that TILS up-regulates cerebral CCO and causes hemodynamic changes. We delivered 1064-nm laser stimulation to the forehead of healthy participants ( n = 11), while broadband near-infrared spectroscopy was utilized to acquire light reflectance from the TILS-treated cortical region before, during, and after TILS. Placebo experiments were also performed for accurate comparison. Time course of spectroscopic readings were analyzed and fitted to the modified Beer-Lambert law. With respect to the placebo readings, we observed (1) significant increases in cerebral concentrations of oxidized CCO (Δ[CCO]; >0.08 µM; p < 0.01), oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[HbO]; >0.8 µM; p < 0.01), and total hemoglobin (Δ[HbT]; >0.5 µM; p < 0.01) during and after TILS, and (2) linear interplays between Δ[CCO] versus Δ[HbO] and between Δ[CCO] versus Δ[HbT]. Ratios of Δ[CCO]/Δ[HbO] and Δ[CCO]/Δ[HbT] were introduced as TILS-induced metabolic-hemodynamic coupling indices to quantify the coupling strength between TILS-enhanced cerebral metabolism and blood oxygen supply. This study provides the first demonstration that TILS causes up-regulation of oxidized CCO in the human brain, and contributes important insight into the physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,2 Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Fenghua Tian
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,2 Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Divya D Reddy
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,2 Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Sahil S Nalawade
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,2 Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Douglas W Barrett
- 3 Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Lima
- 3 Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hanli Liu
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,2 Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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220
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Yücel MA, Selb JJ, Huppert TJ, Franceschini MA, Boas DA. Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Enabling Routine Functional Brain Imaging. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 4:78-86. [PMID: 29457144 PMCID: PMC5810962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) maps human brain function by measuring and imaging local changes in hemoglobin concentrations in the brain that arise from the modulation of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism by neural activity. Since its advent over 20 years ago, researchers have exploited and continuously advanced the ability of near infrared light to penetrate through the scalp and skull in order to non-invasively monitor changes in cerebral hemoglobin concentrations that reflect brain activity. We review recent advances in signal processing and hardware that significantly improve the capabilities of fNIRS by reducing the impact of confounding signals to improve statistical robustness of the brain signals and by enhancing the density, spatial coverage, and wearability of measuring devices respectively. We then summarize the application areas that are experiencing rapid growth as fNIRS begins to enable routine functional brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem A. Yücel
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Juliette J. Selb
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- Department of Radiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Maria Angela Franceschini
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David A. Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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221
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Kassab A, Le Lan J, Tremblay J, Vannasing P, Dehbozorgi M, Pouliot P, Gallagher A, Lesage F, Sawan M, Nguyen DK. Multichannel wearable fNIRS-EEG system for long-term clinical monitoring. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:7-23. [PMID: 29058341 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous brain imaging techniques can be beneficial for the monitoring of neurological pathologies (such as epilepsy or stroke) and neuroimaging protocols involving movement. Among existing ones, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) have the advantage of being noninvasive, nonobstructive, inexpensive, yield portable solutions, and offer complementary monitoring of electrical and local hemodynamic activities. This article presents a novel system with 128 fNIRS channels and 32 EEG channels with the potential to cover a larger fraction of the adult superficial cortex than earlier works, is integrated with 32 EEG channels, is light and battery-powered to improve portability, and can transmit data wirelessly to an interface for real-time display of electrical and hemodynamic activities. A novel fNIRS-EEG stretchable cap, two analog channels for auxiliary data (e.g., electrocardiogram), eight digital triggers for event-related protocols and an internal accelerometer for movement artifacts removal contribute to improve data acquisition quality. The system can run continuously for 24 h. Following instrumentation validation and reliability on a solid phantom, performance was evaluated on (1) 12 healthy participants during either a visual (checkerboard) task at rest or while pedalling on a stationary bicycle or a cognitive (language) task and (2) 4 patients admitted either to the epilepsy (n = 3) or stroke (n = 1) units. Data analysis confirmed expected hemodynamic variations during validation recordings and useful clinical information during in-hospital testing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a wearable wireless multichannel fNIRS-EEG monitoring system in patients with neurological conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 39:7-23, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kassab
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérôme Le Lan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julie Tremblay
- Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Phetsamone Vannasing
- Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Mahya Dehbozorgi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Anne Gallagher
- Research Center, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C4, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada.,Department of Neurology, Hôpital Notre-Dame (Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, H2L 4M1, Canada
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222
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Huppert TJ, Karim H, Lin CC, Alqahtani BA, Greenspan SL, Sparto PJ. Functional imaging of cognition in an old-old population: A case for portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184918. [PMID: 29023452 PMCID: PMC5638236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record brain activation during cognitive testing in older individuals (88±6yo; N = 19) living in residential care communities. This population, which is often associated with loss of personal independence due to physical or cognitive decline associated with aging, is also often under-represented in neuroscience research because of a limited means to participate in studies which often take place in large urban or university centers. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility and initial results using a portable 8-source by 4-detector fNIRS system to measure brain activity from participants within residential care community centers. Using fNIRS, brain signals were recorded during a series of computerized cognitive tests, including a Symbol Digit Coding test (SDC), Stroop Test (ST), and Shifting Attention Test (SAT). The SDC and SAT elicited greater activity in the left middle frontal region of interest. Three components of the ST produced increases in the right middle frontal and superior frontal, and left superior frontal regions. An association between advanced age and increased activation in the right middle frontal region was observed during the incongruent ST. Although none of the participants had clinical dementia based on the short portable mental status questionnaire, the group performance was slightly below age-normed values on these cognitive tests. These results demonstrate the capability for obtaining functional neuroimaging measures in residential settings, which ultimately may aid in prognosis and care related to dementia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Helmet Karim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bader A. Alqahtani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Greenspan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Sparto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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223
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Spinelli L, Zucchelli L, Contini D, Caffini M, Mehler J, Fló A, Ferry AL, Filippin L, Macagno F, Cattarossi L, Torricelli A. In vivo measure of neonate brain optical properties and hemodynamic parameters by time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:041414. [PMID: 28840165 PMCID: PMC5561670 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.041414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
By exploiting a multichannel portable instrument for time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS), we characterized healthy neonates' brains in term of optical properties and hemodynamic parameters. In particular, we assessed the absolute values of the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients at two wavelengths, together with oxy-, deoxy- and total hemoglobin concentrations, and the blood oxygen saturation of the neonates' brains. In this study, 33 healthy full-term neonates were tested, obtaining the following median values: 0.28 and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] at 690 and 820 nm, respectively; 5.8 and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] at 690 and 820 nm, respectively; [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]; 72% for [Formula: see text]. In general, the agreement of these values with the sparse existing literature appears not always consistent. These findings demonstrate the first measurements of optical properties of the healthy neonate brain using TD-NIRS and show the need for clarification of optical properties across methods and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Spinelli
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milano, Italy
- Address all correspondence to: Lorenzo Spinelli, E-mail:
| | - Lucia Zucchelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Caffini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
| | - Jacques Mehler
- SISSA, Language, Cognition, and Development Laboratory, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ana Fló
- SISSA, Language, Cognition, and Development Laboratory, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alissa L. Ferry
- SISSA, Language, Cognition, and Development Laboratory, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Filippin
- SISSA, Language, Cognition, and Development Laboratory, Trieste, Italy
- CNRS-EHESS-ENS, Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Macagno
- Presidio Ospedaliero Universitario “Santa Maria della Misericordia,” Neonatology Unit, Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattarossi
- Presidio Ospedaliero Universitario “Santa Maria della Misericordia,” Neonatology Unit, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Milano, Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
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Chiarelli AM, Zappasodi F, Di Pompeo F, Merla A. Simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography for monitoring of human brain activity and oxygenation: a review. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:041411. [PMID: 28840162 PMCID: PMC5566595 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.041411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal monitoring has become particularly common in the study of human brain function. In this context, combined, synchronous measurements of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) are getting increased interest. Because of the absence of electro-optical interference, it is quite simple to integrate these two noninvasive recording procedures of brain activity. fNIRS and EEG are both scalp-located procedures. fNIRS estimates brain hemodynamic fluctuations relying on spectroscopic measurements, whereas EEG captures the macroscopic temporal dynamics of brain electrical activity through passive voltages evaluations. The "orthogonal" neurophysiological information provided by the two technologies and the increasing interest in the neurovascular coupling phenomenon further encourage their integration. This review provides, together with an introduction regarding the principles and future directions of the two technologies, an evaluation of major clinical and nonclinical applications of this flexible, low-cost combination of neuroimaging modalities. fNIRS-EEG systems exploit the ability of the two technologies to be conducted in an environment or experimental setting and/or on subjects that are generally not suited for other neuroimaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetoencephalography. fNIRS-EEG brain monitoring settles itself as a useful multimodal tool for brain electrical and hemodynamic activity investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Chiarelli
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Beckman Institute, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Filippo Zappasodi
- Università G. d’Annunzio, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chieti, Italy
- Università G. d’Annunzio, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Pompeo
- Università G. d’Annunzio, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chieti, Italy
- Università G. d’Annunzio, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Chieti, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Università G. d’Annunzio, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chieti, Italy
- Università G. d’Annunzio, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Chieti, Italy
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225
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Zhang X, Noah JA, Dravida S, Hirsch J. Signal processing of functional NIRS data acquired during overt speaking. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:041409. [PMID: 28924564 PMCID: PMC5592780 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.041409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers an advantage over traditional functional imaging methods [such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)] by allowing participants to move and speak relatively freely. However, neuroimaging while actively speaking has proven to be particularly challenging due to the systemic artifacts that tend to be located in the critical brain areas. To overcome these limitations and enhance the utility of fNIRS, we describe methods for investigating cortical activity during spoken language tasks through refinement of deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) signals with principal component analysis (PCA) spatial filtering to remove global components. We studied overt picture naming and compared oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyHb signals with and without global component removal using general linear model approaches. Activity in Broca's region and supplementary motor cortex was observed only when the filter was applied to the deoxyHb signal and was shown to be spatially comparable to fMRI data acquired using a similar task and to meta-analysis data. oxyHb signals did not yield expected activity in Broca's region with or without global component removal. This study demonstrates the utility of a PCA spatial filter on the deoxyHb signal in revealing neural activity related to a spoken language task and extends applications of fNIRS to natural and ecologically valid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Jack Adam Noah
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Swethasri Dravida
- Yale School of Medicine, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
- Address all Correspondence to Joy Hirsch, E-mail:
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226
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Baker JM, Rojas-Valverde D, Gutiérrez R, Winkler M, Fuhrimann S, Eskenazi B, Reiss AL, Mora AM. Portable Functional Neuroimaging as an Environmental Epidemiology Tool: A How-To Guide for the Use of fNIRS in Field Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:094502. [PMID: 28937962 PMCID: PMC5915206 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY The widespread application of functional neuroimaging within the field of environmental epidemiology has the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of how environmental toxicants affect brain function. Because many epidemiological studies take place in remote and frequently changing environments, it is necessary that the primary neuroimaging approach adopted by the epidemiology community be robust to many environments, easy to use, and, preferably, mobile. Here, we outline our use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to collect functional brain imaging data from Costa Rican farm workers enrolled in an epidemiological study on the health effects of chronic pesticide exposure. While couched in this perspective, we focus on the methodological considerations that are necessary to conduct a mobile fNIRS study in a diverse range of environments. Thus, this guide is intended to be generalizable to all research scenarios and projects in which fNIRS may be used to collect functional brain imaging data in epidemiological field surveys. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Baker
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Randall Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Mirko Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
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227
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Li R, Potter T, Huang W, Zhang Y. Enhancing Performance of a Hybrid EEG-fNIRS System Using Channel Selection and Early Temporal Features. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:462. [PMID: 28966581 PMCID: PMC5605645 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) techniques hold a great promise for neuroprosthetic applications. A desirable BCI system should be portable, minimally invasive, and feature high classification accuracy and efficiency. As two commonly used non-invasive brain imaging modalities, Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) BCI system have often been incorporated in the development of hybrid BCI systems, largely due to their complimentary properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the early temporal information extracted from singular EEG and fNIRS channels on each hemisphere can be used to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of a hybrid EEG-fNIRS BCI system. Eleven healthy volunteers were recruited and underwent simultaneous EEG-fNIRS recording during a motor execution task that included left and right hand movements. Singular EEG and fNIRS channels corresponding to the motor cortices of each hemisphere were selected using a general linear model. Early temporal information was extracted from the EEG channel (0–1 s) along with initial hemodynamic dip information from fNIRS (0–2 s) for classification using a support vector machine (SVM). Results demonstrated a lofty classification accuracy using a minimal number of channels and features derived from early temporal information. In conclusion, a hybrid EEG-fNIRS BCI system can achieve higher classification accuracy (91.02 ± 4.08%) and efficiency by integrating their complimentary properties, compared to using EEG (85.64 ± 7.4%) or fNIRS alone (85.55 ± 10.72%). Such a hybrid system can also achieve minimal response lag in application by focusing on rapidly-evolving brain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Potter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, United States
| | - Weitian Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Work-Injury Rehabilitation HospitalGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of HoustonHouston, TX, United States.,Guangdong Provincial Work-Injury Rehabilitation HospitalGuangzhou, China
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228
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Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging Using Solid-State Detectors: Characteristics, Present Status, and Research Challenges. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092115. [PMID: 28906462 PMCID: PMC5621067 DOI: 10.3390/s17092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) are emerging non-invasive imaging modalities that have wide spread potential applications in many fields, particularly for structural and functional imaging in medicine. In this article, we review time-resolved diffuse optical imaging (TR-DOI) systems using solid-state detectors with a special focus on Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). These TR-DOI systems can be categorized into two types based on the operation mode of the detector (free-running or time-gated). For the TR-DOI prototypes, the physical concepts, main components, figures-of-merit of detectors, and evaluation parameters are described. The performance of TR-DOI prototypes is evaluated according to the parameters used in common protocols to test DOI systems particularly basic instrumental performance (BIP). In addition, the potential features of SPADs and SiPMs to improve TR-DOI systems and expand their applications in the foreseeable future are discussed. Lastly, research challenges and future developments for TR-DOI are discussed for each component in the prototype separately and also for the entire system.
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229
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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to Complex Systems and Human Hyperscanning Networking. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7090922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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230
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Prefrontal cortical responses in children with prenatal alcohol-related neurodevelopmental impairment: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2099-2109. [PMID: 28914230 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruption in the neural activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in modulating arousal was explored in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), who have known neurobehavioral impairment. METHODS During a task that elicits frustration, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure PFC activation, specifically levels of oxygenated (HBO) and deoxygenated (HBR) hemoglobin, in children with PAE (n=18) relative to typically developing Controls (n=12) and a Clinical Contrast group with other neurodevelopmental or behavioral problems (n=14). RESULTS Children with PAE had less activation during conditions with positive emotional arousal, as indicated by lower levels of HBO in the medial areas of the PFC and higher levels of HBR in all areas of the PFC sampled relative to both other groups. Children in the Control group demonstrated greater differentiation of PFC activity than did children with PAE. Children in the Clinical Contrast group demonstrated the greatest differences in PFC activity between valences of task conditions. CONCLUSIONS Specific patterns of PFC activation differentiated children with PAE from typically developing children and children with other clinical problems. SIGNIFICANCE FNIRS assessments of PFC activity provide new insights regarding the mechanisms of commonly seen neurobehavioral dysfunction in children with PAE.
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231
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Agbangla NF, Audiffren M, Albinet CT. Use of near-infrared spectroscopy in the investigation of brain activation during cognitive aging: A systematic review of an emerging area of research. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 38:52-66. [PMID: 28755870 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive neuroscience of aging is a growing and stimulating research area. The development of neuroimaging techniques in the past two decades has considerably increased our understanding of the brain mechanisms that might underlie cognitive performance and resulting changes due to normal aging. Beside traditional metabolic neuroimaging techniques, such as Positron Emission Tomography and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical imaging technique allowing to monitor real-time cerebral blood oxygenation, has gained recent interest in this field. The aim of the present review paper, after briefly presenting the NIRS technique, is to review and to summarize the recent results of neuroimaging studies using this technique in the field of cognitive aging. The reviewed literature shows that, despite low spatial resolution and cerebral depth penetration, this technique provides consistent findings on the reduced hemodynamic activity as a function of chronological age, mainly in the prefrontal cortex. Important moderators of brain hemodynamics, such as cognitive load, subjects' characteristics and experimental conditions, for which the NIRS technique is sensitive, are discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of functional NIRS in the field of cognitive aging are presented and finally, novel perspectives of research are proposed.
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232
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fNIRS can robustly measure brain activity during memory encoding and retrieval in healthy subjects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9533. [PMID: 28842618 PMCID: PMC5572719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early intervention in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) requires novel biomarkers that can capture changes in brain activity at an early stage. Current AD biomarkers are expensive and/or invasive and therefore unsuitable for use as screening tools, but a non-invasive, inexpensive, easily accessible screening method could be useful in both clinical and research settings. Prior studies suggest that especially paired-associate learning tasks may be useful in detecting the earliest memory impairment in AD. Here, we investigated the utility of functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy in measuring brain activity from prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortices of healthy adults (n = 19) during memory encoding and retrieval under a face-name paired-associate learning task. Our findings demonstrate that encoding of novel face-name pairs compared to baseline as well as compared to repeated face-name pairs resulted in significant activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while recalling resulted in activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally. Moreover, brain response to recalling was significantly higher than encoding in medial, superior and middle frontal cortices for novel faces. Overall, this study shows that fNIRS can reliably measure cortical brain activation during a face-name paired-associate learning task. Future work will include similar measurements in populations with progressing memory deficits.
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233
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Scarapicchia V, Brown C, Mayo C, Gawryluk JR. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Insights from Combined Recording Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:419. [PMID: 28867998 PMCID: PMC5563305 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a widely available, non-invasive technique that offers excellent spatial resolution, it remains limited by practical constraints imposed by the scanner environment. More recently, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as an alternative hemodynamic-based approach that possesses a number of strengths where fMRI is limited, most notably in portability and higher tolerance for motion. To date, fNIRS has shown promise in its ability to shed light on the functioning of the human brain in populations and contexts previously inaccessible to fMRI. Notable contributions include infant neuroimaging studies and studies examining full-body behaviors, such as exercise. However, much like fMRI, fNIRS has technical constraints that have limited its application to clinical settings, including a lower spatial resolution and limited depth of recording. Thus, by combining fMRI and fNIRS in such a way that the two methods complement each other, a multimodal imaging approach may allow for more complex research paradigms than is feasible with either technique alone. In light of these issues, the purpose of the current review is to: (1) provide an overview of fMRI and fNIRS and their associated strengths and limitations; (2) review existing combined fMRI-fNIRS recording studies; and (3) discuss how their combined use in future research practices may aid in advancing modern investigations of human brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassandra Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chantel Mayo
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jodie R Gawryluk
- Department of Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
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234
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Hirsch J, Zhang X, Noah JA, Ono Y. Frontal temporal and parietal systems synchronize within and across brains during live eye-to-eye contact. Neuroimage 2017; 157:314-330. [PMID: 28619652 PMCID: PMC5863547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human eye-to-eye contact is a primary source of social cues and communication. In spite of the biological significance of this interpersonal interaction, the underlying neural processes are not well-understood. This knowledge gap, in part, reflects limitations of conventional neuroimaging methods, including solitary confinement in the bore of a scanner and minimal tolerance of head movement that constrain investigations of natural, two-person interactions. However, these limitations are substantially resolved by recent technical developments in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive spectral absorbance technique that detects changes in blood oxygen levels in the brain by using surface-mounted optical sensors. Functional NIRS is tolerant of limited head motion and enables simultaneous acquisitions of neural signals from two interacting partners in natural conditions. We employ fNIRS to advance a data-driven theoretical framework for two-person neuroscience motivated by the Interactive Brain Hypothesis which proposes that interpersonal interaction between individuals evokes neural mechanisms not engaged during solo, non-interactive, behaviors. Within this context, two specific hypotheses related to eye-to-eye contact, functional specificity and functional synchrony, were tested. The functional specificity hypothesis proposes that eye-to-eye contact engages specialized, within-brain, neural systems; and the functional synchrony hypothesis proposes that eye-to-eye contact engages specialized, across-brain, neural processors that are synchronized between dyads. Signals acquired during eye-to-eye contact between partners (interactive condition) were compared to signals acquired during mutual gaze at the eyes of a picture-face (non-interactive condition). In accordance with the specificity hypothesis, responses during eye-to-eye contact were greater than eye-to-picture gaze for a left frontal cluster that included pars opercularis (associated with canonical language production functions known as Broca's region), pre- and supplementary motor cortices (associated with articulatory systems), as well as the subcentral area. This frontal cluster was also functionally connected to a cluster located in the left superior temporal gyrus (associated with canonical language receptive functions known as Wernicke's region), primary somatosensory cortex, and the subcentral area. In accordance with the functional synchrony hypothesis, cross-brain coherence during eye-to-eye contact relative to eye-to-picture gaze increased for signals originating within left superior temporal, middle temporal, and supramarginal gyri as well as the pre- and supplementary motor cortices of both interacting brains. These synchronous cross-brain regions are also associated with known language functions, and were partner-specific (i.e., disappeared with randomly assigned partners). Together, both within and across-brain neural correlates of eye-to-eye contact included components of previously established productive and receptive language systems. These findings reveal a left frontal, temporal, and parietal long-range network that mediates neural responses during eye-to-eye contact between dyads, and advance insight into elemental mechanisms of social and interpersonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Hirsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Adam Noah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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235
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Wijayasiri P, Hartley DE, Wiggins IM. Brain activity underlying the recovery of meaning from degraded speech: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Hear Res 2017; 351:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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236
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Kim HY, Seo K, Jeon HJ, Lee U, Lee H. Application of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to the Study of Brain Function in Humans and Animal Models. Mol Cells 2017; 40:523-532. [PMID: 28835022 PMCID: PMC5582298 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive optical imaging technique that indirectly assesses neuronal activity by measuring changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in tissues using near-infrared light. fNIRS has been used not only to investigate cortical activity in healthy human subjects and animals but also to reveal abnormalities in brain function in patients suffering from neurological and psychiatric disorders and in animals that exhibit disease conditions. Because of its safety, quietness, resistance to motion artifacts, and portability, fNIRS has become a tool to complement conventional imaging techniques in measuring hemodynamic responses while a subject performs diverse cognitive and behavioral tasks in test settings that are more ecologically relevant and involve social interaction. In this review, we introduce the basic principles of fNIRS and discuss the application of this technique in human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Yeong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Kain Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul 06351,
Korea
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hallym University, Kangwon 24252,
Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988,
Korea
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237
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Hong KS, Khan MJ. Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface Techniques for Improved Classification Accuracy and Increased Number of Commands: A Review. Front Neurorobot 2017; 11:35. [PMID: 28790910 PMCID: PMC5522881 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, non-invasive hybrid brain-computer interface (hBCI) technologies for improving classification accuracy and increasing the number of commands are reviewed. Hybridization combining more than two modalities is a new trend in brain imaging and prosthesis control. Electroencephalography (EEG), due to its easy use and fast temporal resolution, is most widely utilized in combination with other brain/non-brain signal acquisition modalities, for instance, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), electromyography (EMG), electrooculography (EOG), and eye tracker. Three main purposes of hybridization are to increase the number of control commands, improve classification accuracy and reduce the signal detection time. Currently, such combinations of EEG + fNIRS and EEG + EOG are most commonly employed. Four principal components (i.e., hardware, paradigm, classifiers, and features) relevant to accuracy improvement are discussed. In the case of brain signals, motor imagination/movement tasks are combined with cognitive tasks to increase active brain-computer interface (BCI) accuracy. Active and reactive tasks sometimes are combined: motor imagination with steady-state evoked visual potentials (SSVEP) and motor imagination with P300. In the case of reactive tasks, SSVEP is most widely combined with P300 to increase the number of commands. Passive BCIs, however, are rare. After discussing the hardware and strategies involved in the development of hBCI, the second part examines the approaches used to increase the number of control commands and to enhance classification accuracy. The future prospects and the extension of hBCI in real-time applications for daily life scenarios are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keum-Shik Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.,Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Jawad Khan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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238
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Hunter CL, Oei JL, Lui K, Schindler T. Cerebral oxygenation as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in neonatal intensive care: correlation with arterial oxygenation. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:1073-1078. [PMID: 28349556 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess correlation between cerebral oxygenation (rScO2 ), as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and arterial oxygenation (PaO2 ), as measured by arterial blood gases, in preterm neonates. METHODS Preterm neonates <37 weeks gestation with an indwelling arterial vascular catheter were recruited between April and August 2015 from the neonatal intensive care unit of the Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick NSW, Australia. The NIRS sensor was placed on the frontolateral aspect of the head prior to arterial gas sampling. NIRS, blood gas and clinical observation data were analysed using mixed linear modelling. RESULTS Twenty-two neonates between 24 and 31 weeks gestation (mean 27.6 weeks) were recruited, and 75 readings obtained. No significant correlation was identified between cerebral oxygenation (rScO2 ) and arterial oxygenation (PaO2 ) (p = 0.37). There was also no significant correlation between rScO2 and clinically relevant parameters of SaO2 (p = 0.06), SpO2 (p = 0.44) and PaCO2 (p = 0.79). CONCLUSION This study did not demonstrate any correlation between NIRS values and arterial oxygenation in clinically stable preterm infants. These results highlight some of the difficulties in clinical interpretation of NIRS values in neonatal intensive care, and further evaluation is needed to determine the applicability of NIRS to management of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Lu Hunter
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Ju Lee Oei
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Kei Lui
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Timothy Schindler
- Department of Newborn Care; Royal Hospital for Women; Randwick NSW Australia
- Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
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239
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Does ventrolateral prefrontal cortex help in searching for the lost key? Evidence from an fNIRS study. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:785-797. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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240
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Kumar V, Shivakumar V, Chhabra H, Bose A, Venkatasubramanian G, Gangadhar BN. Functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) in schizophrenia: A review. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 27:18-31. [PMID: 28558892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The research on the alterations in functional connectivity in schizophrenia has been facilitated by development of an array of functional neuroimaging techniques. Functional Near Infra Red Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel diffuse optical neuromonitring method with its own advantages and limitations. The advantages of fNIRS have made it to be frequently used as a research tool by medical community in different settings. In fNIRS the property of haemoglobin to absorb near infrared light is used to measure brain activity. It provides the indirect measurement of the neuronal activity in the areas of interest. The advantage of fNIRS being less restrictive has made it to be used more commonly in the research of psychiatric disorders in general, schizophrenia in particular. The fNIRS studies on patients with schizophrenia have shown haemodynamic hypo activation primarily in the prefrontal cortex during various cognitive tasks. In this review, initially we have briefly explained the basic principles of fNIRS followed by detailed review of fNIRS findings in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Harleen Chhabra
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Anushree Bose
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- The Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry & Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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241
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Anesthesia, brain changes, and behavior: Insights from neural systems biology. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:121-160. [PMID: 28189740 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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242
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Rahoui N, Jiang B, Taloub N, Huang YD. Spatio-temporal control strategy of drug delivery systems based nano structures. J Control Release 2017; 255:176-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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243
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Balardin JB, Zimeo Morais GA, Furucho RA, Trambaiolli L, Vanzella P, Biazoli C, Sato JR. Imaging Brain Function with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Unconstrained Environments. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:258. [PMID: 28567011 PMCID: PMC5434677 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the neural correlates of motor and cognitive processes under naturalistic experimentation is challenging due to the movement constraints of traditional brain imaging technologies. The recent advent of portable technologies that are less sensitive to motion artifacts such as Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) have been made possible the study of brain function in freely-moving participants. In this paper, we describe a series of proof-of-concept experiments examining the potential of fNIRS in assessing the neural correlates of cognitive and motor processes in unconstrained environments. We show illustrative applications for practicing a sport (i.e., table tennis), playing a musical instrument (i.e., piano and violin) alone or in duo and performing daily activities for many hours (i.e., continuous monitoring). Our results expand upon previous research on the feasibility and robustness of fNIRS to monitor brain hemodynamic changes in different real life settings. We believe that these preliminary results showing the flexibility and robustness of fNIRS measurements may contribute by inspiring future work in the field of applied neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana B Balardin
- Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABCSão Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Instituto do Cérebro, Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério A Furucho
- Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABCSão Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Trambaiolli
- Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABCSão Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Vanzella
- Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABCSão Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Claudinei Biazoli
- Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABCSão Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - João R Sato
- Center of Mathematics Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABCSão Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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244
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Pinti P, Merla A, Aichelburg C, Lind F, Power S, Swingler E, Hamilton A, Gilbert S, Burgess PW, Tachtsidis I. A novel GLM-based method for the Automatic IDentification of functional Events (AIDE) in fNIRS data recorded in naturalistic environments. Neuroimage 2017; 155:291-304. [PMID: 28476662 PMCID: PMC5518772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have allowed the development of portable functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) devices that can be used to perform neuroimaging in the real-world. However, as real-world experiments are designed to mimic everyday life situations, the identification of event onsets can be extremely challenging and time-consuming. Here, we present a novel analysis method based on the general linear model (GLM) least square fit analysis for the Automatic IDentification of functional Events (or AIDE) directly from real-world fNIRS neuroimaging data. In order to investigate the accuracy and feasibility of this method, as a proof-of-principle we applied the algorithm to (i) synthetic fNIRS data simulating both block-, event-related and mixed-design experiments and (ii) experimental fNIRS data recorded during a conventional lab-based task (involving maths). AIDE was able to recover functional events from simulated fNIRS data with an accuracy of 89%, 97% and 91% for the simulated block-, event-related and mixed-design experiments respectively. For the lab-based experiment, AIDE recovered more than the 66.7% of the functional events from the fNIRS experimental measured data. To illustrate the strength of this method, we then applied AIDE to fNIRS data recorded by a wearable system on one participant during a complex real-world prospective memory experiment conducted outside the lab. As part of the experiment, there were four and six events (actions where participants had to interact with a target) for the two different conditions respectively (condition 1: social-interact with a person; condition 2: non-social-interact with an object). AIDE managed to recover 3/4 events and 3/6 events for conditions 1 and 2 respectively. The identified functional events were then corresponded to behavioural data from the video recordings of the movements and actions of the participant. Our results suggest that "brain-first" rather than "behaviour-first" analysis is possible and that the present method can provide a novel solution to analyse real-world fNIRS data, filling the gap between real-life testing and functional neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pinti
- Infrared Imaging Lab, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technology (ITAB), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK.
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Infrared Imaging Lab, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technology (ITAB), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Frida Lind
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Sarah Power
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
| | | | - Antonia Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Sam Gilbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Paul W Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK
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245
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Lapborisuth P, Zhang X, Noah A, Hirsch J. Neurofeedback-based functional near-infrared spectroscopy upregulates motor cortex activity in imagined motor tasks. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:021107. [PMID: 28680906 PMCID: PMC5482291 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.2.021107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurofeedback is a method for using neural activity displayed on a computer to regulate one's own brain function and has been shown to be a promising technique for training individuals to interact with brain-machine interface applications such as neuroprosthetic limbs. The goal of this study was to develop a user-friendly functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based neurofeedback system to upregulate neural activity associated with motor imagery, which is frequently used in neuroprosthetic applications. We hypothesized that fNIRS neurofeedback would enhance activity in motor cortex during a motor imagery task. Twenty-two participants performed active and imaginary right-handed squeezing movements using an elastic ball while wearing a 98-channel fNIRS device. Neurofeedback traces representing localized cortical hemodynamic responses were graphically presented to participants in real time. Participants were instructed to observe this graphical representation and use the information to increase signal amplitude. Neural activity was compared during active and imaginary squeezing with and without neurofeedback. Active squeezing resulted in activity localized to the left premotor and supplementary motor cortex, and activity in the motor cortex was found to be modulated by neurofeedback. Activity in the motor cortex was also shown in the imaginary squeezing condition only in the presence of neurofeedback. These findings demonstrate that real-time fNIRS neurofeedback is a viable platform for brain-machine interface applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Lapborisuth
- Columbia University, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, New York, United States
| | - Xian Zhang
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Adam Noah
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
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246
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Magnetoencephalography for brain electrophysiology and imaging. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:327-339. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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247
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Khan MJ, Hong KS. Hybrid EEG-fNIRS-Based Eight-Command Decoding for BCI: Application to Quadcopter Control. Front Neurorobot 2017; 11:6. [PMID: 28261084 PMCID: PMC5314821 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid electroencephalography–functional near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG–fNIRS) scheme to decode eight active brain commands from the frontal brain region for brain–computer interface is presented. A total of eight commands are decoded by fNIRS, as positioned on the prefrontal cortex, and by EEG, around the frontal, parietal, and visual cortices. Mental arithmetic, mental counting, mental rotation, and word formation tasks are decoded with fNIRS, in which the selected features for classification and command generation are the peak, minimum, and mean ΔHbO values within a 2-s moving window. In the case of EEG, two eyeblinks, three eyeblinks, and eye movement in the up/down and left/right directions are used for four-command generation. The features in this case are the number of peaks and the mean of the EEG signal during 1 s window. We tested the generated commands on a quadcopter in an open space. An average accuracy of 75.6% was achieved with fNIRS for four-command decoding and 86% with EEG for another four-command decoding. The testing results show the possibility of controlling a quadcopter online and in real-time using eight commands from the prefrontal and frontal cortices via the proposed hybrid EEG–fNIRS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Khan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University , Busan , South Korea
| | - Keum-Shik Hong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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248
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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Abnormal Hemodynamics in the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of Menopausal Depression Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:1695930. [PMID: 28293062 PMCID: PMC5331417 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1695930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective. Menopausal depression (MD) is characterized by depressive symptoms along with hormonal fluctuations. We investigate brain function alteration between major depressive disorder (MDD) and MD. Methods. The difference in oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) for the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was compared retrospectively among 90 females presented with 30 MDD, 30 MD, and 30 healthy controls (HCs) using verbal fluency task (VFT) with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results. We observed a significant difference in Oxy-Hb alteration in the left dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) using VFT with NIRS (channel 18, P = 0.007) between the MD and MDD groups. A significant difference in Oxy-Hb levels was observed among the three groups in the bilateral DLPFC (channels 18, 27, 33, 39, 41, and 45; P < 0.05). Compared to the HCs, the MD group presented lower Oxy-Hb activation in the right DLPFC (channel 41; P = 0.048) and the left DLPFC (channels 18, 39, and 45; P < 0.05), and the MDD group presented lower Oxy-Hb activation in the right DLPFC (channels 27, 33, and 41; P < 0.05) and the left DLPFC (channels 39 and 45; P < 0.05). Conclusion. Abnormal hemodynamics of the left DLPFC can differentiate MD from MDD by NIRS.
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249
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Gramigna V, Pellegrino G, Cerasa A, Cutini S, Vasta R, Olivadese G, Martino I, Quattrone A. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Gait Disorders: Is It Time to Begin? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017; 31:402-412. [PMID: 28196453 DOI: 10.1177/1545968317693304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Walking is a complex motor behavior with a special relevance in clinical neurology. Many neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and stroke, are characterized by gait disorders whose neurofunctional correlates are poorly investigated. Indeed, the analysis of real walking with the standard neuroimaging techniques poses strong challenges, and only a few studies on motor imagery or walking observation have been performed so far. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is becoming an important research tool to assess functional activity in neurological populations or for special tasks, such as walking, because it allows investigating brain hemodynamic activity in an ecological setting, without strong immobility constraints. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted on the fNIRS-based examination of gait disorders. Twelve of the initial yield of 489 articles have been included in this review. The lesson learnt from these studies suggest that oxy-hemoglobin levels within the prefrontal and premotor cortices are more sensitive to compensation strategies reflecting postural control and restoration of gait disorders. Although this field of study is in its relative infancy, the evidence provided encourages the translation of fNIRS in clinical practice, as it offers a unique opportunity to explore in depth the activity of the cortical motor system during real walking in neurological patients. We also discuss to what extent fNIRS may be applied for assessing the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Cerasa
- 1 University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,3 Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simone Cutini
- 4 Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Olivadese
- 3 Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Quattrone
- 1 University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.,3 Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
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250
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Wijeakumar S, Huppert TJ, Magnotta VA, Buss AT, Spencer JP. Validating an image-based fNIRS approach with fMRI and a working memory task. Neuroimage 2017; 147:204-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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