201
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Zhou Y, Hu Y, Sun Q, Xie N. Non-coding RNA in Fragile X Syndrome and Converging Mechanisms Shared by Related Disorders. Front Genet 2019; 10:139. [PMID: 30881383 PMCID: PMC6405884 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common forms of hereditary intellectual disability. It is also a well-known monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Repetitive trinucleotide expansion of CGG repeats in the 5'-UTR of FMR1 is the pathological mutation. Full mutation CGG repeats epigenetically silence FMR1 and thus lead to the absence of its product, fragile mental retardation protein (FMRP), which is an indispensable translational regulator at synapsis. Loss of FMRP causes abnormal neural morphology, dysregulated protein translation, and distorted synaptic plasticity, giving rise to FXS phenotypes. Non-coding RNAs, including siRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA, are transcribed from DNA but not meant for protein translation. They are not junk sequence but play indispensable roles in diverse cellular processes. FXS is the first neurological disorder being linked to miRNA pathway dysfunction. Since then, insightful knowledge has been gained in this field. In this review, we mainly focus on how non-coding RNAs, especially the siRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs, are involved in FXS pathogenesis. We would also like to discuss several potential mechanisms mediated by non-coding RNAs that may be shared by FXS and other related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yacen Hu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nina Xie
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
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202
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Synaptic retinoic acid receptor signaling mediates mTOR-dependent metaplasticity that controls hippocampal learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7113-7122. [PMID: 30782829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820690116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a stabilizing mechanism engaged by neural circuits in response to prolonged perturbation of network activity. The non-Hebbian nature of homeostatic synaptic plasticity is thought to contribute to network stability by preventing "runaway" Hebbian plasticity at individual synapses. However, whether blocking homeostatic synaptic plasticity indeed induces runaway Hebbian plasticity in an intact neural circuit has not been explored. Furthermore, how compromised homeostatic synaptic plasticity impacts animal learning remains unclear. Here, we show in mice that the experience of an enriched environment (EE) engaged homeostatic synaptic plasticity in hippocampal circuits, thereby reducing excitatory synaptic transmission. This process required RARα, a nuclear retinoic acid receptor that doubles as a cytoplasmic retinoic acid-induced postsynaptic regulator of protein synthesis. Blocking RARα-dependent homeostatic synaptic plasticity during an EE experience by ablating RARα signaling induced runaway Hebbian plasticity, as evidenced by greatly enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP). As a consequence, RARα deletion in hippocampal circuits during an EE experience resulted in enhanced spatial learning but suppressed learning flexibility. In the absence of RARα, moreover, EE experience superactivated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, causing a shift in protein translation that enhanced the expression levels of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Treatment of mice with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin during an EE experience not only restored normal AMPA-receptor expression levels but also reversed the increases in runaway Hebbian plasticity and learning after hippocampal RARα deletion. Thus, our findings reveal an RARα- and mTOR-dependent mechanism by which homeostatic plasticity controls Hebbian plasticity and learning.
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203
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Specchia V, Puricella A, D'Attis S, Massari S, Giangrande A, Bozzetti MP. Drosophila melanogaster as a Model to Study the Multiple Phenotypes, Related to Genome Stability of the Fragile-X Syndrome. Front Genet 2019; 10:10. [PMID: 30815010 PMCID: PMC6381874 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile-X syndrome is one of the most common forms of inherited mental retardation and autistic behaviors. The reduction/absence of the functional FMRP protein, coded by the X-linked Fmr1 gene in humans, is responsible for the syndrome. Patients exhibit a variety of symptoms predominantly linked to the function of FMRP protein in the nervous system like autistic behavior and mild-to-severe intellectual disability. Fragile-X (FraX) individuals also display cellular and morphological traits including branched dendritic spines, large ears, and macroorchidism. The dFmr1 gene is the Drosophila ortholog of the human Fmr1 gene. dFmr1 mutant flies exhibit synaptic abnormalities, behavioral defects as well as an altered germline development, resembling the phenotypes observed in FraX patients. Therefore, Drosophila melanogaster is considered a good model to study the physiopathological mechanisms underlying the Fragile-X syndrome. In this review, we explore how the multifaceted roles of the FMRP protein have been addressed in the Drosophila model and how the gained knowledge may open novel perspectives for understanding the molecular defects causing the disease and for identifying novel therapeutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Specchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonietta Puricella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Simona D'Attis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Serafina Massari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Angela Giangrande
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maria Pia Bozzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, DiSTeBA, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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204
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Kumari D, Gazy I, Usdin K. Pharmacological Reactivation of the Silenced FMR1 Gene as a Targeted Therapeutic Approach for Fragile X Syndrome. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9020039. [PMID: 30759772 PMCID: PMC6406686 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than ~200 CGG repeats in the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene results in transcriptional silencing and the absence of the FMR1 encoded protein, FMRP. FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the transport and translation of a variety of brain mRNAs in an activity-dependent manner. The loss of FMRP causes dysregulation of many neuronal pathways and results in an intellectual disability disorder, fragile X syndrome (FXS). Currently, there is no effective treatment for FXS. In this review, we discuss reactivation of the FMR1 gene as a potential approach for FXS treatment with an emphasis on the use of small molecules to inhibit the pathways important for gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Kumari
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Inbal Gazy
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Karen Usdin
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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205
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Danesi C, Keinänen K, Castrén ML. Dysregulated Ca 2+-Permeable AMPA Receptor Signaling in Neural Progenitors Modeling Fragile X Syndrome. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:2. [PMID: 30800064 PMCID: PMC6375879 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that represents a common cause of intellectual disability and is a variant of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Studies that have searched for similarities in syndromic and non-syndromic forms of ASD have paid special attention to alterations of maturation and function of glutamatergic synapses. Copy number variations (CNVs) in the loci containing genes encoding alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) subunits are associated with ASD in genetic studies. In FXS, dysregulated AMPAR subunit expression and trafficking affect neural progenitor differentiation and synapse formation and neuronal plasticity in the mature brain. Decreased expression of GluA2, the AMPAR subunit that critically controls Ca2+-permeability, and a concomitant increase in Ca2+-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) in human and mouse FXS neural progenitors parallels changes in expression of GluA2-targeting microRNAs (miRNAs). Thus, posttranscriptional regulation of GluA2 by miRNAs and subsequent alterations in calcium signaling may contribute to abnormal synaptic function in FXS and, by implication, in some forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Danesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Keinänen
- Research Program in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija L Castrén
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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206
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hnRNP Q Regulates Internal Ribosome Entry Site-Mediated fmr1 Translation in Neurons. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00371-18. [PMID: 30478144 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00371-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) caused by loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability. Numerous studies show that FMRP is an RNA binding protein that regulates translation of its binding targets and plays key roles in neuronal functions. However, the regulatory mechanism for FMRP expression is incompletely understood. Conflicting results regarding internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated fmr1 translation have been reported. Here, we unambiguously demonstrate that the fmr1 gene, which encodes FMRP, exploits both IRES-mediated translation and canonical cap-dependent translation. Furthermore, we find that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q) acts as an IRES-transacting factor (ITAF) for IRES-mediated fmr1 translation in neurons. We also show that semaphorin 3A (Sema3A)-induced axonal growth cone collapse is due to upregulation of hnRNP Q and subsequent IRES-mediated expression of FMRP. These data elucidate the regulatory mechanism of FMRP expression and its role in axonal growth cone collapse.
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207
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Hong MP, Eckert EM, Pedapati EV, Shaffer RC, Dominick KC, Wink LK, Sweeney JA, Erickson CA. Differentiating social preference and social anxiety phenotypes in fragile X syndrome using an eye gaze analysis: a pilot study. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:1. [PMID: 30665413 PMCID: PMC6340178 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited cause of autism spectrum disorder, but there remains debate regarding the clinical presentation of social deficits in FXS. The aim of this study was to compare individuals with FXS to typically developing controls (TDC) and individuals with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across two social eye tracking paradigms. Methods Individuals with FXS and age- and gender-matched TDC and individuals with idiopathic ASD completed emotional face and social preference eye tracking tasks to evaluate gaze aversion and social interest, respectively. Participants completed a battery of cognitive testing and caregiver-reported measures for neurobehavioral characterization. Results Individuals with FXS exhibited reduced eye and increased mouth gaze to emotional faces compared to TDC. Gaze aversive findings were found to correlate with measures of anxiety, social communication deficits, and behavioral problems. In the social interest task, while individuals with idiopathic ASD showed significantly less social preference, individuals with FXS displayed social preference similar to TDC. Conclusions These findings suggest fragile X syndrome social deficits center on social anxiety without the prominent reduction in social interest associated with autism spectrum disorder. Specifically designed eye tracking techniques clarify the nature of social deficits in fragile X syndrome and may have applications to improve phenotyping and evaluate interventions targeting social functioning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hong
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Eleanor M Eckert
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ernest V Pedapati
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Rebecca C Shaffer
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Kelli C Dominick
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Logan K Wink
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Craig A Erickson
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA. .,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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208
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Bie B, Wu J, Foss JF, Naguib M. Activation of mGluR1 Mediates C1q-Dependent Microglial Phagocytosis of Glutamatergic Synapses in Alzheimer's Rodent Models. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5568-5585. [PMID: 30652266 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and complements appear to be involved in the synaptic and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, utilizing two types of rodent model of AD, we reported increased complement C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses, which led to synaptic and cognitive deficits. We also found increased activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in hippocampal CA1 in the modeled rodents. Artificial activation of mGluR1 signaling promoted dephosphorylation of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and facilitated the local translation machinery of synaptic C1q mRNA, thus mimicking the C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses and synaptic and cognitive deficiency in the modeled rodents. However, suppression of mGluR1 signaling inhibited the dephosphorylation of FMRP and repressed the local translation of synaptic C1q mRNA, which consequently alleviated microglial phagocytosis of synapses and restored the synaptic and cognitive function in the rodent models. These findings illustrate a novel molecular mechanism underlying C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joseph F Foss
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mohamed Naguib
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave., Mail Code NB3-78, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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209
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Schmitt LM, Shaffer RC, Hessl D, Erickson C. Executive Function in Fragile X Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E15. [PMID: 30654486 PMCID: PMC6356760 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) supports goal-directed behavior and includes key aspects such as working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, attention, processing speed, and planning. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited monogenic cause of intellectual disability and is phenotypically characterized by EF deficits beyond what is expected given general cognitive impairments. Yet, a systematic review of behavioral studies using performance-based measures is needed to provide a summary of EF deficits across domains in males and females with FXS, discuss clinical and biological correlates of these EF deficits, identify critical limitations in available research, and offer suggestions for future studies in this area. Ultimately, this review aims to advance our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to EF in FXS and to inform the development of outcome measures of EF and identification of new treatment targets in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Schmitt
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Shaffer
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - David Hessl
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Craig Erickson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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210
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Goswami S, Cavalier S, Sridhar V, Huber KM, Gibson JR. Local cortical circuit correlates of altered EEG in the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:563-572. [PMID: 30639292 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings in Fragile X syndrome (FXS) patients have revealed enhanced sensory responses, enhanced resting "gamma frequency" (30-100 Hz) activity, and a decreased ability for sensory stimuli to modulate cortical activity at gamma frequencies. Similar changes are observed in the FXS model mouse - the Fmr1 knockout. These alterations may become effective biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of FXS. Therefore, it is critical to better understand what circuit properties underlie these changes. We employed Channelrhodopsin2 to optically activate local circuits in the auditory cortical region in brain slices to examine how changes in local circuit function may be related to EEG changes. We focused on layers 2/3 and 5 (L2/3 and L5). In Fmr1 knockout mice, light-driven excitation of L2/3 revealed hyperexcitability and increased gamma frequency power in both local L2/3 and L5 circuits. Moreover, there is increased synchrony in the gamma frequency band between L2/3 and L5. Hyperexcitability and increased gamma power were not observed in L5 with L5 light-driven excitation, indicating that these changes were layer-specific. A component of L2/3 network hyperexcitability is independent of ionotropic receptor mediated synaptic transmission and may be mediated by increased intrinsic excitability of L2/3 neurons. Finally, lovastatin, a candidate therapeutic compound for FXS that targets ERK signaling did not normalize changes in gamma activity. In conclusion, hyperactivity and increased gamma activity in local neocortical circuits, together with increased gamma synchrony between circuits, provide a putative substrate for EEG alterations observed in both FXS patients and the FXS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Goswami
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Sheridan Cavalier
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Vinay Sridhar
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Kimberly M Huber
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
| | - Jay R Gibson
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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211
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RNA Granules and Their Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1203:195-245. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31434-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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212
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D'Souza MN, Gowda NKC, Tiwari V, Babu RO, Anand P, Dastidar SG, Singh R, James OG, Selvaraj B, Pal R, Ramesh A, Chattarji S, Chandran S, Gulyani A, Palakodeti D, Muddashetty RS. FMRP Interacts with C/D Box snoRNA in the Nucleus and Regulates Ribosomal RNA Methylation. iScience 2018; 9:399-411. [PMID: 30469012 PMCID: PMC6249352 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that is known to localize in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Here, we have identified an interaction of FMRP with a specific set of C/D box snoRNAs in the nucleus. C/D box snoRNAs guide 2’O methylations of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) on defined sites, and this modification regulates rRNA folding and assembly of ribosomes. 2’O methylation of rRNA is partial on several sites in human embryonic stem cells, which results in ribosomes with differential methylation patterns. FMRP-snoRNA interaction affects rRNA methylation on several of these sites, and in the absence of FMRP, differential methylation pattern of rRNA is significantly altered. We found that FMRP recognizes ribosomes carrying specific methylation patterns on rRNA and the recognition of methylation pattern by FMRP may potentially determine the translation status of its target mRNAs. Thus, FMRP integrates its function in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. FMRP binds to C/D Box snoRNAs in the nucleus Differential 2’O-methylation on rRNA contributes to ribosome heterogeneity in a cell 2’O-Methylation pattern on ribosomal RNA is altered in the absence of FMRP FMRP recognizes 2’O-methylation on rRNA, which may determine interaction with ribosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ninochka D'Souza
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences & Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | | | - Vishal Tiwari
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
| | | | - Praveen Anand
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Sudhriti Ghosh Dastidar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Owen G James
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Bhuvaneish Selvaraj
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Rakhi Pal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Arati Ramesh
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Ravi S Muddashetty
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru 560065, India.
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213
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Li Y, Shen M, Stockton ME, Zhao X. Hippocampal deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 165:106945. [PMID: 30321651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders result from impaired development or maturation of the central nervous system. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders; however, the exact causes are frequently complex and unclear. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders may have deficits with diverse manifestations, including challenges with sensory function, motor function, learning, memory, executive function, emotion, anxiety, and social ability. Although these functions are mediated by multiple brain regions, many of them are dependent on the hippocampus. Extensive research supports important roles of the mammalian hippocampus in learning and cognition. In addition, with its high levels of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and lifelong neurogenesis, the hippocampus is sensitive to experience and exposure and susceptible to disease and injury. In this review, we first summarize hippocampal deficits seen in several human neurodevelopmental disorders, and then discuss hippocampal impairment including hippocampus-dependent behavioral deficits found in animal models of these neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Minjie Shen
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael E Stockton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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214
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Impaired GABA Neural Circuits Are Critical for Fragile X Syndrome. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:8423420. [PMID: 30402088 PMCID: PMC6192167 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8423420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inheritable neuropsychological disease caused by silence of the fmr1 gene and the deficiency of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Patients present neuronal alterations that lead to severe intellectual disability and altered sleep rhythms. However, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying FXS remain unclear. Previous studies have suggested that metabolic glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors/circuits are two counter-balanced factors involved in FXS pathophysiology. More and more studies demonstrated that attenuated GABAergic circuits in the absence of FMRP are critical for abnormal progression of FXS. Here, we reviewed the changes of GABA neural circuits that were attributed to intellectual-deficient FXS, from several aspects including deregulated GABA metabolism, decreased expressions of GABA receptor subunits, and impaired GABAergic neural circuits. Furthermore, the activities of GABA neural circuits are modulated by circadian rhythm of FMRP metabolism and reviewed the abnormal condition of FXS mice or patients.
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215
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Lundbye CJ, Toft AKH, Banke TG. Inhibition of GluN2A NMDA receptors ameliorates synaptic plasticity deficits in the Fmr1 -/y mouse model. J Physiol 2018; 596:5017-5031. [PMID: 30132892 DOI: 10.1113/jp276304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic condition that is the most common form of inherited intellectual impairment and causes a range of neurodevelopmental complications including learning disabilities and intellectual disability and shares many characteristics with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the FXS mouse model, Fmr1-/y , impaired synaptic plasticity was restored by pharmacologically inhibiting GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors but not GluN2B-containing receptors. Similar results were obtained by crossing Fmr1-/y with GluN2A knock-out (Grin2A-/- ) mice. These results suggest that dampening the elevated levels of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors in Fmr1-/y mice has the potential to restore hyperexcitability of the neural circuitry to (a more) normal-like level of brain activity. ABSTRACT NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in synaptic plasticity at central excitatory synapses, and dysregulation of their function may lead to severe disorders such Fragile X syndrome (FXS). FXS is caused by transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene followed by lack of the encoding protein. Here we examined the effects of pharmacological and genetic manipulation of hippocampal NMDAR functions in long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). We found impaired NMDAR-dependent LTP in the Fmr1-deficient mice, which could be fully restored when GluN2A-containing NMDARs was pharmacological inhibited. Interestingly, similar LTP effects were observed when the GluN2A gene (Grin2a) was deleted in Fmr1-/y mice (Fmr1-/y /Grin2a-/- double knockout). In addition, GluN2A inhibition improved elevated mGluR5-dependent LTD to normal level in the Fmr1-/y mouse. These findings suggest that GluN2A is a promising target in FXS research that could help us better understand the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Lundbye
- Institute of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Karina H Toft
- Institute of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tue G Banke
- Institute of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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216
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Parvin S, Takeda R, Sugiura Y, Neyazaki M, Nogi T, Sasaki Y. Fragile X mental retardation protein regulates accumulation of the active zone protein Munc18-1 in presynapses via local translation in axons during synaptogenesis. Neurosci Res 2018; 146:36-47. [PMID: 30240639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a causative gene (FMR1) product of Fragile X syndrome (FXS), is an RNA-binding protein to regulate local protein synthesis in dendrites for postsynaptic functions. However, involvement of FMRP in local protein synthesis in axons for presynaptic functions remains unclear. Here we investigated role of FMRP in local translation of the active zone protein Munc18-1 during presynapse formation. We found that leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal 2 (LRRTM2)-conjugated beads, which promotes synchronized presynapse formation, induced simultaneous accumulation of FMRP and Munc18-1 in presynapses of axons of mouse cortical neurons in neuronal cell aggregate culture. The LRRTM2-induced accumulation of Munc18-1 in presynapses was observed in axons protein-synthesis-dependently, even physically separated from cell bodies. The accumulation of Munc18-1 was enhanced in Fmr1-knockout (KO) axons as compared to wild type (WT), suggesting FMRP-regulated suppression for local translation of Munc18-1 in axons during presynapse formation. Using naturally formed synapses of dissociated culture, structured illumination microscope revealed that accumulation of Munc18-1 puncta in Fmr1-KO neurons increased significantly at 19 days in vitro, as compared to WT. Our findings lead the possibility that excessive accumulation of Munc18-1 in presynapses at early stage of synaptic development in Fmr1-KO neurons may have a critical role in impaired presynaptic functions in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaia Parvin
- Functional Structure Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ward, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Renoma Takeda
- Functional Structure Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ward, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yu Sugiura
- Functional Structure Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ward, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makiko Neyazaki
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ward, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Terukazu Nogi
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ward, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukio Sasaki
- Functional Structure Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ward, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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217
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Cheng Y, Li Z, Manupipatpong S, Lin L, Li X, Xu T, Jiang YH, Shu Q, Wu H, Jin P. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine alterations in the human postmortem brains of autism spectrum disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2955-2964. [PMID: 29790956 PMCID: PMC6097011 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) include a group of syndromes characterized by impaired language, social and communication skills, in addition to restrictive behaviors or stereotypes. However, with a prevalence of 1.5% in developed countries and high comorbidity rates, no clear underlying mechanism that unifies the heterogeneous phenotypes of ASD exists. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is highly enriched in the brain and recognized as an essential epigenetic mark in developmental and brain disorders. To explore the role of 5hmC in ASD, we used the genomic DNA isolated from the postmortem cerebellum of both ASD patients and age-matched controls to profile genome-wide distribution of 5hmC. We identified 797 age-dependent differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) in the young group (age ≤ 18), while no significant DhMR was identified in the groups over 18 years of age. Pathway and disease association analyses demonstrated that the intragenic DhMRs were in the genes involved in cell-cell communication and neurological disorders. Also, we saw significant 5hmC changes in the larger group of psychiatric genes. Interestingly, we found that the predicted cis functions of non-coding intergenic DhMRs strikingly associate with ASD and intellectual disorders. A significant fraction of intergenic DhMRs overlapped with topologically associating domains. These results together suggest that 5hmC alteration is associated with ASD, particularly in the early development stage, and could contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sasicha Manupipatpong
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children’s Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Tianlei Xu
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children’s Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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218
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Duncan A, Klassen E, Srivastava A. Statistical shape analysis of simplified neuronal trees. Ann Appl Stat 2018. [DOI: 10.1214/17-aoas1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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219
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Mably AJ, Colgin LL. Gamma oscillations in cognitive disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:182-187. [PMID: 30121451 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gamma oscillations (∼25-100 Hz) are believed to play a role in cognition. Accordingly, aberrant gamma oscillations have been observed in several cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Fragile X syndrome. Here, we review how recent results showing abnormal gamma rhythms in Alzheimer's disease and Fragile X syndrome help reveal links between cellular disturbances and cognitive impairments. We also discuss how gamma results from rodent models of Alzheimer's disease and Fragile X syndrome may provide insights about unique functions of distinct slow (∼25-50 Hz) and fast gamma (∼55-100 Hz) subtypes. Finally, we consider studies employing brain stimulation paradigms in Alzheimer's disease and discuss how such studies may reveal causal relationships between gamma impairments and memory disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Mably
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station Stop C7000, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Laura Lee Colgin
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station Stop C7000, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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220
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Wegiel J, Brown WT, La Fauci G, Adayev T, Kascsak R, Kascsak R, Flory M, Kaczmarski W, Kuchna I, Nowicki K, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Wisniewski T, Wegiel J. The role of reduced expression of fragile X mental retardation protein in neurons and increased expression in astrocytes in idiopathic and syndromic autism (duplications 15q11.2-q13). Autism Res 2018; 11:1316-1331. [PMID: 30107092 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), is associated with a high prevalence of autism. The deficit of FMRP reported in idiopathic autism suggests a mechanistic overlap between FXS and autism. The overall goal of this study is to detect neuropathological commonalities of FMRP deficits in the brains of people with idiopathic autism and with syndromic autism caused by dup15q11.2-q13 (dup15). This study tests the hypothesis based on our preliminary data that both idiopathic and syndromic autism are associated with brain region-specific deficits of neuronal FMRP and structural changes of the affected neurons. This immunocytochemical study revealed neuronal FMRP deficits and shrinkage of deficient neurons in the cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and cerebellum in subjects with idiopathic and dup(15)/autism. Neuronal FMRP deficit coexists with surprising infiltration of the brains of autistic children and adults with FMRP-positive astrocytes known to be typical only for the fetal and short postnatal periods. In the examined autistic subjects, these astrocytes selectively infiltrate the border between white and gray matter in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex, the molecular layer of the cortex, part of the amygdala and thalamus, central cerebellar white matter, and dentate nucleus. Astrocyte pathology results in an additional local loss of FMRP in neurons and their shrinkage. Neuronal deficit of FMRP and shrinkage of affected neurons in structures free of FMRP-positive astrocytes and regions infiltrated with FMRP-expressing astrocytes appear to reflect mechanistic, neuropathological, and functional commonalities of FMRP abnormalities in FXS and autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1316-1331. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Immunocytochemistry reveals a deficit of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in neurons of cortical and subcortical brain structures but increased FMRP expression in astrocytes infiltrating gray and white matter. The detected shrinkage of FMRP-deficient neurons may provide a mechanistic explanation of reported neuronal structural and functional changes in autism. This study contributes to growing evidence of mechanistic commonalities between fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarek Wegiel
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - W Ted Brown
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Giuseppe La Fauci
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Tatyana Adayev
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Richard Kascsak
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Regina Kascsak
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Michael Flory
- Research Design and Analysis Service, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Wojciech Kaczmarski
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Izabela Kuchna
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Krzysztof Nowicki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jerzy Wegiel
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York
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221
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van den Hurk M, Erwin JA, Yeo GW, Gage FH, Bardy C. Patch-Seq Protocol to Analyze the Electrophysiology, Morphology and Transcriptome of Whole Single Neurons Derived From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:261. [PMID: 30147644 PMCID: PMC6096303 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is composed of a complex assembly of about 171 billion heterogeneous cellular units (86 billion neurons and 85 billion non-neuronal glia cells). A comprehensive description of brain cells is necessary to understand the nervous system in health and disease. Recently, advances in genomics have permitted the accurate analysis of the full transcriptome of single cells (scRNA-seq). We have built upon such technical progress to combine scRNA-seq with patch-clamping electrophysiological recording and morphological analysis of single human neurons in vitro. This new powerful method, referred to as Patch-seq, enables a thorough, multimodal profiling of neurons and permits us to expose the links between functional properties, morphology, and gene expression. Here, we present a detailed Patch-seq protocol for isolating single neurons from in vitro neuronal cultures. We have validated the Patch-seq whole-transcriptome profiling method with human neurons generated from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs/iPSCs) derived from healthy subjects, but the procedure may be applied to any kind of cell type in vitro. Patch-seq may be used on neurons in vitro to profile cell types and states in depth to unravel the human molecular basis of neuronal diversity and investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van den Hurk
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Mind and Brain, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Erwin
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fred H. Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cedric Bardy
- Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Mind and Brain, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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222
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Zhang Z, Marro SG, Zhang Y, Arendt KL, Patzke C, Zhou B, Fair T, Yang N, Südhof TC, Wernig M, Chen L. The fragile X mutation impairs homeostatic plasticity in human neurons by blocking synaptic retinoic acid signaling. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar4338. [PMID: 30068571 PMCID: PMC6317709 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an X chromosome-linked disease leading to severe intellectual disabilities. FXS is caused by inactivation of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene, but how FMR1 inactivation induces FXS remains unclear. Using human neurons generated from control and FXS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells or from embryonic stem cells carrying conditional FMR1 mutations, we show here that loss of FMR1 function specifically abolished homeostatic synaptic plasticity without affecting basal synaptic transmission. We demonstrated that, in human neurons, homeostatic plasticity induced by synaptic silencing was mediated by retinoic acid, which regulated both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength. FMR1 inactivation impaired homeostatic plasticity by blocking retinoic acid-mediated regulation of synaptic strength. Repairing the genetic mutation in the FMR1 gene in an FXS patient cell line restored fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression and fully rescued synaptic retinoic acid signaling. Thus, our study reveals a robust functional impairment caused by FMR1 mutations that might contribute to neuronal dysfunction in FXS. In addition, our results suggest that FXS patient iPS cell-derived neurons might be useful for studying the mechanisms mediating functional abnormalities in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Samuele G Marro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Yingsha Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Kristin L Arendt
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Christopher Patzke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Tyler Fair
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5453, USA.
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223
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Widagdo J, Anggono V. The m6A-epitranscriptomic signature in neurobiology: from neurodevelopment to brain plasticity. J Neurochem 2018; 147:137-152. [PMID: 29873074 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past decade has provided strong support for the importance of various epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA and histone modifications in regulating activity-dependent gene expression in the mammalian central nervous system. More recently, the emerging field of epitranscriptomics revealed an equally important role of post-transcriptional RNA modifications in shaping the transcriptomic landscape of the brain. This review will focus on the methylation of the adenosine base at the N6 position, termed N6 methyladenosine (m6A), which is the most abundant internal modification that decorates eukaryotic messenger RNAs. Given its prevalence and dynamic regulation in the adult brain, the m6A-epitranscriptome provides an additional layer of regulation on RNA that can be controlled in a context- and stimulus-dependent manner. Conceptually, m6A serves as a molecular switch that regulates various aspects of RNA function, including splicing, stability, localization, or translational control. The versatility of m6A function is typically determined through interaction or disengagement with specific classes of m6A-interacting proteins. Here we review recent advances in the field and provide insights into the roles of m6A in regulating brain function, from development to synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. We also discuss how aberrant m6A signaling may contribute to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Widagdo
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Victor Anggono
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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224
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Taylor SE, Taylor RD, Price J, Andreae LC. Single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization reveals that human SHANK3 mRNA expression varies during development and in autism-associated SHANK3 heterozygosity. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 30064494 PMCID: PMC6069870 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletions and mutations in the SHANK3 gene are strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder and underlie the autism-associated disorder Phelan-McDermid syndrome. SHANK3 is a scaffolding protein found at the post-synaptic membrane of excitatory neurons. METHODS Single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization (smFISH) allows the visualization of single mRNA transcripts in vitro. Here we perform and quantify smFISH in human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical neurons, targeting the SHANK3 transcript. RESULTS Both smFISH and conventional immunofluorescence staining demonstrated a developmental increase in SHANK3 mRNA and protein, respectively, in control human cortical neurons. Analysis of single SHANK3 mRNA molecules in neurons derived from an autistic individual heterozygous for SHANK3 indicated that while the number of SHANK3 mRNA transcripts remained comparable with control levels in the cell soma, there was a 50% reduction within neuronal processes, suggesting that local, dendritic targeting of SHANK3 mRNA may be specifically affected in SHANK3 haploinsufficiency. CONCLUSION Human SHANK3 mRNA shows developmentally regulated dendritic localization in hiPSC-derived neurons, which is reduced in neurons generated from a haploinsufficient individual with autism. Although further replication is needed, given the importance of local mRNA translation in synaptic function, this could represent an important early abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Taylor
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth D Taylor
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Price
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Laura C Andreae
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.
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225
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Neuroligin 1, 2, and 3 Regulation at the Synapse: FMRP-Dependent Translation and Activity-Induced Proteolytic Cleavage. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2741-2759. [PMID: 30056576 PMCID: PMC6459971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins (NLGNs) are cell adhesion molecules located on the postsynaptic side of the synapse that interact with their presynaptic partners neurexins to maintain trans-synaptic connection. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common neurodevelopmental disease that often co-occurs with autism and is caused by the lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression. To gain an insight into the molecular interactions between the autism-related genes, we sought to determine whether FMRP controls the synaptic levels of NLGNs. We show evidences that FMRP associates with Nlgn1, Nlgn2, and Nlgn3 mRNAs in vitro in both synaptoneurosomes and neuronal cultures. Next, we confirm local translation of Nlgn1, Nlgn2, and Nlgn3 mRNAs to be synaptically regulated by FMRP. As a consequence of elevated Nlgns mRNA translation Fmr1 KO mice exhibit increased incorporation of NLGN1 and NLGN3 into the postsynaptic membrane. Finally, we show that neuroligins synaptic level is precisely and dynamically regulated by their rapid proteolytic cleavage upon NMDA receptor stimulation in both wild type and Fmr1 KO mice. In aggregate, our study provides a novel approach to understand the molecular basis of FXS by linking the dysregulated synaptic expression of NLGNs with FMRP.
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226
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Handling FMRP and its molecular partners: Structural insights into Fragile X Syndrome. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 141:3-14. [PMID: 30905341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) is a RNA-binding protein (RBP) known to control different steps of mRNA metabolism, even though its complete function is not fully understood yet. Lack or mutations of FMRP lead to Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and a leading monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is well established that FMRP has a multi-domain architecture, a feature that allows this RBP to be engaged in a large interaction network with numerous proteins and mRNAs or non-coding RNAs. Insights into the three-dimensional (3D) structure of parts of its three domains (N-terminus, central domain and C-terminus) were obtained using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray diffraction, but the complete 3D arrangement of each domain with respect to the others is still missing. Here, we review the structural features of FMRP and of the network of its protein and RNA interactions. Understanding these aspects is the first necessary step towards the design of novel compounds for new therapeutic interventions in FXS.
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227
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Michaelsen‐Preusse K, Feuge J, Korte M. Imbalance of synaptic actin dynamics as a key to fragile X syndrome? J Physiol 2018; 596:2773-2782. [PMID: 29380377 PMCID: PMC6046079 DOI: 10.1113/jp275571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Our experiences and memories define who we are, and evidence has accumulated that memory formation is dependent on functional and structural adaptations of synaptic structures in our brain. Especially dendritic spines, the postsynaptic compartments of synapses show a strong structure-to-function relationship and a high degree of structural plasticity. Although the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, it is known that these modifications are highly dependent on the actin cytoskeleton, the major cytoskeletal component of the spine. Given the crucial involvement of actin in these mechanisms, dysregulations of spine actin dynamics (reflected by alterations in dendritic spine morphology) can be found in a variety of neurological disorders ranging from schizophrenia to several forms of autism spectrum disorders such as fragile X syndrome (FXS). FXS is caused by a single mutation leading to an inactivation of the X-linked fragile X mental retardation 1 gene and loss of its gene product, the RNA-binding protein fragile X mental retardation protein 1 (FMRP), which normally can be found both pre- and postsynaptically. FMRP is involved in mRNA transport as well as regulation of local translation at the synapse, and although hundreds of FMRP-target mRNAs could be identified only a very few interactions between FMRP and actin-regulating proteins have been reported and validated. In this review we give an overview of recent work by our lab and others providing evidence that dysregulated actin dynamics might indeed be at the very base of a deeper understanding of neurological disorders ranging from cognitive impairment to the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Michaelsen‐Preusse
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular NeurobiologyTU BraunschweigSpielmannstr. 7Braunschweig38106Germany
| | - Jonas Feuge
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular NeurobiologyTU BraunschweigSpielmannstr. 7Braunschweig38106Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division of Cellular NeurobiologyTU BraunschweigSpielmannstr. 7Braunschweig38106Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchAG NINDInhoffenstr. 7Braunschweig38124Germany
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228
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Merkurjev D, Hong WT, Iida K, Oomoto I, Goldie BJ, Yamaguti H, Ohara T, Kawaguchi SY, Hirano T, Martin KC, Pellegrini M, Wang DO. Synaptic N6-methyladenosine (m6A) epitranscriptome reveals functional partitioning of localized transcripts. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1004-1014. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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229
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Joensuu M, Lanoue V, Hotulainen P. Dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton in autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:362-381. [PMID: 28870634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small actin-rich protrusions from neuronal dendrites that form the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses. Changes in the shape and size of dendritic spines correlate with the functional changes in excitatory synapses and are heavily dependent on the remodeling of the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Recent evidence implicates synapses at dendritic spines as important substrates of pathogenesis in neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although synaptic perturbations are not the only alterations relevant for these diseases, understanding the molecular underpinnings of the spine and synapse pathology may provide insight into their etiologies and could reveal new drug targets. In this review, we will discuss recent findings of defective actin regulation in dendritic spines associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Joensuu
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vanessa Lanoue
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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230
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Stefanik MT, Sakas C, Lee D, Wolf ME. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors regulate protein translation in co-cultured nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex neurons. Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:62-75. [PMID: 30077883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of protein translation by glutamate receptors and its role in plasticity have been extensively studied in the hippocampus. In contrast, very little is known about glutamatergic regulation of translation in nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons (MSN), despite their critical role in addiction-related plasticity and recent evidence that protein translation contributes to this plasticity. We used a co-culture system, containing NAc MSNs and prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons, and fluorescent non-canonical amino acid tagging (FUNCAT) to visualize newly synthesized proteins in neuronal processes of NAc MSNs and PFC pyramidal neurons. First, we verified that the FUNCAT signal reflects new protein translation. Next, we examined the regulation of translation by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and ionotropic glutamate receptors by incubating co-cultures with agonists or antagonists during the 2-h period of non-canonical amino acid labeling. In NAc MSNs, basal translation was modestly reduced by blocking Ca2+-permeable AMPARs whereas blocking all AMPARs or suppressing constitutive mGluR5 signaling enhanced translation. Activating group I mGluRs with dihydroxyphenylglycine increased translation in an mGluR1-dependent manner in NAc MSNs and PFC pyramidal neurons. Disinhibiting excitatory transmission with bicuculline also increased translation. In MSNs, this was reversed by antagonists of mGluR1, mGluR5, AMPARs or NMDARs. In PFC neurons, AMPAR or NMDAR antagonists blocked bicuculline-stimulated translation. Our study, the first to examine glutamatergic regulation of translation in MSNs, demonstrates regulatory mechanisms specific to MSNs that depend on the level of neuronal activation. This sets the stage for understanding how translation may be altered in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Stefanik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Courtney Sakas
- Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Dennis Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Marina E Wolf
- Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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231
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Dockendorff TC, Labrador M. The Fragile X Protein and Genome Function. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:711-721. [PMID: 29796988 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fragile X syndrome (FXS) arises from loss of expression or function of the FMR1 gene and is one of the most common monogenic forms of intellectual disability and autism. During the past two decades of FXS research, the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) has been primarily characterized as a cytoplasmic RNA binding protein that facilitates transport of select RNA substrates through neural projections and regulation of translation within synaptic compartments, with the protein products of such mRNAs then modulating cognitive functions. However, the presence of a small fraction of FMRP in the nucleus has long been recognized. Accordingly, recent studies have uncovered several mechanisms or pathways by which FMRP influences nuclear gene expression and genome function. Some of these pathways appear to be independent of the classical role for FMRP as a regulator of translation and point to novel functions, including the possibility that FMRP directly participates in the DNA damage response and in the maintenance of genome stability. In this review, we highlight these advances and discuss how these new findings could contribute to our understanding of FMRP in brain development and function, the neural pathology of fragile X syndrome, and perhaps impact of future therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Dockendorff
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Mariano Labrador
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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232
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Newpher TM, Harris S, Pringle J, Hamilton C, Soderling S. Regulation of spine structural plasticity by Arc/Arg3.1. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 77:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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233
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Bienkowski RS, Banerjee A, Rounds JC, Rha J, Omotade OF, Gross C, Morris KJ, Leung SW, Pak C, Jones SK, Santoro MR, Warren ST, Zheng JQ, Bassell GJ, Corbett AH, Moberg KH. The Conserved, Disease-Associated RNA Binding Protein dNab2 Interacts with the Fragile X Protein Ortholog in Drosophila Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1372-1384. [PMID: 28793261 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila dNab2 protein is an ortholog of human ZC3H14, a poly(A) RNA binding protein required for intellectual function. dNab2 supports memory and axon projection, but its molecular role in neurons is undefined. Here, we present a network of interactions that links dNab2 to cytoplasmic control of neuronal mRNAs in conjunction with the fragile X protein ortholog dFMRP. dNab2 and dfmr1 interact genetically in control of neurodevelopment and olfactory memory, and their encoded proteins co-localize in puncta within neuronal processes. dNab2 regulates CaMKII, but not futsch, implying a selective role in control of dFMRP-bound transcripts. Reciprocally, dFMRP and vertebrate FMRP restrict mRNA poly(A) tail length, similar to dNab2/ZC3H14. Parallel studies of murine hippocampal neurons indicate that ZC3H14 is also a cytoplasmic regulator of neuronal mRNAs. Altogether, these findings suggest that dNab2 represses expression of a subset of dFMRP-target mRNAs, which could underlie brain-specific defects in patients lacking ZC3H14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick S Bienkowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ayan Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - J Christopher Rounds
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer Rha
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Omotola F Omotade
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kevin J Morris
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara W Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - ChangHui Pak
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie K Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael R Santoro
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen T Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James Q Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kenneth H Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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234
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Landowska A, Rzońca S, Bal J, Gos M. [Fragile X syndrome and FMR1-dependent diseases - clinical presentation, epidemiology and molecular background]. DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD MEDICINE 2018; 22. [PMID: 29641417 PMCID: PMC8522919 DOI: 10.34763/devperiodmed.20182201.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the second most common inherited cause of intellectual disability (ID), after Down syndrome. The severity of ID in FXS patients varies and depends mainly on the patient's sex. Besides intellectual disorders, additional symptoms, such as psychomotor delay, a specific behavioral phenotype, or emotional problems are present in FXS patients. In over 99% of the cases, the disease is caused by the presence of a dynamic mutation in the FMR1 gene localized on the X chromosome. Due to the expansion of CGG nucleotides (over 200 repeats), FMR1 gene expression is decreased and results in the significant reduction of the FMRP protein level. The CGG expansion to premutation range (55-200 CGG repeats) is equivalent to the FXS carrier status and may cause FMR1-dependent disorders - fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). In contrast to FXS, clinical symptoms of these diseases occur later in adulthood. The aim of the article is to present the knowledge about the molecular background and epidemiology of fragile X syndrome and other FMR1-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Landowska
- Zakład Genetyki Medycznej, Instytut Matki i Dziecka, Warszawa, Polska,Aleksandra Landowska Zakład Genetyki Medycznej, Instytut Matki i Dziecka ul. Kasprzaka 17a, 01-211 Warszawa tel. (+48 22) 327-71-76
| | - Sylwia Rzońca
- Zakład Genetyki Medycznej, Instytut Matki i Dziecka, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Jerzy Bal
- Zakład Genetyki Medycznej, Instytut Matki i Dziecka, Warszawa, Polska
| | - Monika Gos
- Zakład Genetyki Medycznej, Instytut Matki i Dziecka, Warszawa, Polska
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235
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Hu G, Niu F, Humburg BA, Liao K, Bendi S, Callen S, Fox HS, Buch S. Molecular mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs and their role in disease pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:18648-18663. [PMID: 29719633 PMCID: PMC5915100 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LncRNAs are long non-coding regulatory RNAs that are longer than 200 nucleotides. One of the major functions of lncRNAs is the regulation of specific gene expression at multiple steps including, recruitment and expression of basal transcription machinery, post-transcriptional modifications and epigenetics [1]. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNAs also play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis during physiological and pathological conditions, lipid homeostasis, as well as epithelial and smooth muscle cell homeostasis, a topic that has been elegantly reviewed [2-5]. While aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been implicated in several disease conditions, there is paucity of information about their contribution to the etiology of diseases [6]. Several studies have compared the expression of lncRNAs under normal and cancerous conditions and found differential expression of several lncRNAs, suggesting thereby an involvement of lncRNAs in disease processes [7, 8]. Furthermore, the ability of lncRNAs to influence epigenetic changes also underlies their role in disease pathogenesis since epigenetic regulation is known to play a critical role in many human diseases [1]. LncRNAs thus are not only involved in homeostatic functioning but also play a vital role in the progression of many diseases, thereby underscoring their potential as novel therapeutic targets for the alleviation of a variety of human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bree A. Humburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sunil Bendi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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236
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Regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking and exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:3-9. [PMID: 29545119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of the brain is its ability to modify its function in response to its own activity. This ability for self-modification depends to a large extent on synaptic plasticity. It is now appreciated that for excitatory synapses, a significant part of synaptic plasticity depends upon changes in the post synaptic response to glutamate released from nerve terminals. Modification of the post synaptic response depends, in turn, on changes in the abundances of AMPA receptors in the post synaptic membrane. In this review, we consider mechanisms of trafficking of AMPA receptors to and from synapses that take place in the early trafficking stages, starting in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and continuing into the secretory pathway. We consider mechanisms of AMPA receptor assembly in the ER, highlighting the role of protein synthesis and the selective properties of specific AMPA receptor subunits, as well as regulation of ER exit, including the roles of chaperones and accessory proteins and the incorporation of AMPA receptors into COPII vesicles. We consider these processes in the context of the mechanism of mGluR LTD and discuss a compelling role for the dendritic ER membrane that is found proximal to synapses. The review illustrates the important, yet little studied, contribution of the early stages of AMPA receptor trafficking to synaptic plasticity.
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237
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Xing Z, Zeng M, Hu H, Zhang H, Hao Z, Long Y, Chen S, Su H, Yuan Z, Xu M, Chen J. Fragile X mental retardation protein promotes astrocytoma proliferation via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75394-75406. [PMID: 27683117 PMCID: PMC5342749 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) expression and astrocytoma characteristics. Methods Pathologic grade and expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki67 (proliferation marker), and FMRP were determined in astrocytoma specimens from 74 patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was undertaken. Pathologic grade and protein levels of FMRP were determined in 24 additional patients with astrocytoma and 6 controls (cerebral trauma). In cultured U251 and U87 cell lines, the effects of FMRP knock-down on cell proliferation, AKT/mTOR/GSK-3β and MEK/ERK signaling were studied. The effects of FMRP knock-down on the volumes and weights of U251 cell-derived orthotopic tumors in mice were investigated. Results In patients, FMRP expression was increased in grade IV (5.1-fold, P<0.01) and grade III (3.2-fold, P<0.05) astrocytoma, compared with controls. FMRP and Ki67 expressions were positively correlated (R2=0.877, P<0.001). Up-regulation of FMRP was associated with poorer survival among patients with FMRP integrated optical density >30 (P<0.01). In astrocytoma cell lines, FMRP knock-down slowed proliferation (P<0.05), inhibited total MEK levels P<0.05, and reduced phosphorylation of MEK (Ser217/221) and ERK (Thr202/Tyr204) (P<0.05). In mice with orthotopic tumors, FMRP knock-down decreased FMRP and Ki67 expressions, and reduced tumor volume and weight (36.3% or 61.5% on day 15, both P<0.01). Also, phosphorylation of MEK (Ser217/221) and ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), and total MEK in xenografts were decreased in sh-FMRP xenografts compared with non-transfected ones (all P<0.05). Conclusion Enhanced FMRP expression in astrocytoma may promote proliferation through activation of MEK/ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xing
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Minling Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Huixian Hu
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofang Hao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuesheng Long
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengqiang Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Su
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmin Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China
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238
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Protein Translation in the Nucleus Accumbens Is Dysregulated during Cocaine Withdrawal and Required for Expression of Incubation of Cocaine Craving. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2683-2697. [PMID: 29431650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2412-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to drug-associated cues can induce drug craving and relapse in abstinent addicts. Cue-induced craving that progressively intensifies ("incubates") during withdrawal from cocaine has been observed in both rats and humans. Building on recent evidence that aberrant protein translation underlies incubation-related adaptations in the NAc, we used male rats to test the hypothesis that translation is dysregulated during cocaine withdrawal and/or when rats express incubated cocaine craving. We found that intra-NAc infusion of anisomycin, a general protein translation inhibitor, or rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, reduced the expression of incubated cocaine craving, consistent with previous results showing that inhibition of translation in slices normalized the adaptations that maintain incubation. We then examined signaling pathways involved in protein translation using NAc synaptoneurosomes prepared after >47 d of withdrawal from cocaine or saline self-administration, or after withdrawal plus a cue-induced seeking test. The most robust changes were observed following seeking tests. Most notably, we found that eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) are dephosphorylated when cocaine rats undergo a cue-induced seeking test; both effects are consistent with increased translation during the test. Blocking eIF2α dephosphorylation and thereby restoring its inhibitory influence on translation, via intra-NAc injection of Sal003 just before the test, substantially reduced cocaine seeking. These results are consistent with dysregulation of protein translation in the NAc during cocaine withdrawal, enabling cocaine cues to elicit an aberrant increase in translation that is required for the expression of incubated cocaine craving.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cue-induced cocaine craving progressively intensifies (incubates) during withdrawal in both humans and rats. This may contribute to persistent vulnerability to relapse. We previously demonstrated a role for protein translation in synaptic adaptations in the NAc closely linked to incubation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that translation is dysregulated during cocaine withdrawal, and this contributes to incubated craving. Analysis of signaling pathways regulating translation suggested that translation is enhanced when "incubated" rats undergo a cue-induced seeking test. Furthermore, intra-NAc infusions of drugs that inhibit protein translation through different mechanisms reduced expression of incubated cue-induced cocaine seeking. These results demonstrate that the expression of incubation depends on an acute increase in translation that may result from dysregulation of several pathways.
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239
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Normal CA1 Place Fields but Discoordinated Network Discharge in a Fmr1-Null Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Neuron 2018; 97:684-697.e4. [PMID: 29358017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silence of FMR1 causes loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and dysregulated translation at synapses, resulting in the intellectual disability and autistic symptoms of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Synaptic dysfunction hypotheses for how intellectual disabilities like cognitive inflexibility arise in FXS predict impaired neural coding in the absence of FMRP. We tested the prediction by comparing hippocampus place cells in wild-type and FXS-model mice. Experience-driven CA1 synaptic function and synaptic plasticity changes are excessive in Fmr1-null mice, but CA1 place fields are normal. However, Fmr1-null discharge relationships to local field potential oscillations are abnormally weak, stereotyped, and homogeneous; also, discharge coordination within Fmr1-null place cell networks is weaker and less reliable than wild-type. Rather than disruption of single-cell neural codes, these findings point to invariant tuning of single-cell responses and inadequate discharge coordination within neural ensembles as a pathophysiological basis of cognitive inflexibility in FXS. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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240
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Achuta VS, Möykkynen T, Peteri UK, Turconi G, Rivera C, Keinänen K, Castrén ML. Functional changes of AMPA responses in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors in fragile X syndrome. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/513/eaan8784. [PMID: 29339535 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan8784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Altered neuronal network formation and function involving dysregulated excitatory and inhibitory circuits are associated with fragile X syndrome (FXS). We examined functional maturation of the excitatory transmission system in FXS by investigating the response of FXS patient-derived neural progenitor cells to the glutamate analog (AMPA). Neural progenitors derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines generated from boys with FXS had augmented intracellular Ca2+ responses to AMPA and kainate that were mediated by Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) lacking the GluA2 subunit. Together with the enhanced differentiation of glutamate-responsive cells, the proportion of CP-AMPAR and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-coexpressing cells was increased in human FXS progenitors. Differentiation of cells lacking GluA2 was also increased and paralleled the increased inward rectification in neural progenitors derived from Fmr1-knockout mice (the FXS mouse model). Human FXS progenitors had increased the expression of the precursor and mature forms of miR-181a, a microRNA that represses translation of the transcript encoding GluA2. Blocking GluA2-lacking, CP-AMPARs reduced the neurite length of human iPSC-derived control progenitors and further reduced the shortened length of neurites in human FXS progenitors, supporting the contribution of CP-AMPARs to the regulation of progenitor differentiation. Furthermore, we observed reduced expression of Gria2 (the GluA2-encoding gene) in the frontal lobe of FXS mice, consistent with functional changes of AMPARs in FXS. Increased Ca2+ influx through CP-AMPARs may increase the vulnerability and affect the differentiation and migration of distinct cell populations, which may interfere with normal circuit formation in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat Swaroop Achuta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Möykkynen
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla-Kaisa Peteri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giorgio Turconi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudio Rivera
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, INSERM, Unité 901, 13009 Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Kari Keinänen
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija L Castrén
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. .,Rinnekoti Foundation, Rinnekodintie 10, FIN-02980 Espoo, Finland.,Autism Foundation, Kuortaneenkatu 7B, FIN-00520 Helsinki, Finland
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241
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Freitas BC, Mei A, Mendes APD, Beltrão-Braga PCB, Marchetto MC. Modeling Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders Using Stem Cells. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:394. [PMID: 30619789 PMCID: PMC6299043 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports show an increase in the incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) to 1 in every 59 children up to 8 years old in 11 states in North America. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a groundbreaking platform for the study of polygenic neurodevelopmental disorders in live cells. Robust inflammation states and immune system dysfunctions are associated with ASD and several cell types participate on triggering and sustaining these processes. In this review, we will examine the contribution of neuroinflammation to the development of autistic features and discuss potential therapeutic approaches. We will review the available tools, emphasizing stem cell modeling as a technology to investigate the various molecular pathways and different cell types involved in the process of neuroinflammation in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C Freitas
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arianna Mei
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Patricia C B Beltrão-Braga
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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242
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Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluRs): Ins and Outs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1112:163-175. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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243
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Dynamic landscape of the local translation at activated synapses. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:107-114. [PMID: 29203851 PMCID: PMC5754473 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is the central regulator of cap-dependent translation at the synapse. Disturbances in mTOR pathway have been associated with several neurological diseases, such as autism and epilepsy. RNA-binding protein FMRP, a negative regulator of translation initiation, is one of the key components of the local translation system. Activation and inactivation of FMRP occurs via phosphorylation by S6 kinase and dephosphorylation by PP2A phosphatase, respectively. S6 kinase and PP2A phosphatase are activated in response to mGluR receptor stimulation through different signaling pathways and at different rates. The dynamic aspects of this system are poorly understood. We developed a mathematical model of FMRP-dependent regulation of postsynaptic density (PSD) protein synthesis in response to mGluR receptor stimulation and conducted in silico experiments to study the regulatory circuit functioning. The modeling results revealed the possibility of generating oscillatory (cyclic and quasi-cyclic), chaotic and even hyperchaotic dynamics of postsynaptic protein synthesis as well as the presence of multiple attractors in a wide range of parameters of the local translation system. The results suggest that autistic disorders associated with mTOR pathway hyperactivation may be due to impaired proteome stability associated with the formation of complex dynamic regimes of PSD protein synthesis in response to stimulation of mGluR receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses on pyramidal hippocampal cells.
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244
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Developmental Emergence of Phenotypes in the Auditory Brainstem Nuclei of Fmr1 Knockout Mice. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0264-17. [PMID: 29291238 PMCID: PMC5744645 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0264-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common monogenic cause of autism, is often associated with hypersensitivity to sound. Several studies have shown abnormalities in the auditory brainstem in FXS; however, the emergence of these auditory phenotypes during development has not been described. Here, we investigated the development of phenotypes in FXS model [Fmr1 knockout (KO)] mice in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), and lateral superior olive (LSO). We studied features of the brainstem known to be altered in FXS or Fmr1 KO mice, including cell size and expression of markers for excitatory (VGLUT) and inhibitory (VGAT) synapses. We found that cell size was reduced in the nuclei with different time courses. VCN cell size is normal until after hearing onset, while MNTB and LSO show decreases earlier. VGAT expression was elevated relative to VGLUT in the Fmr1 KO mouse MNTB by P6, before hearing onset. Because glial cells influence development and are altered in FXS, we investigated their emergence in the developing Fmr1 KO brainstem. The number of microglia developed normally in all three nuclei in Fmr1 KO mice, but we found elevated numbers of astrocytes in Fmr1 KO in VCN and LSO at P14. The results indicate that some phenotypes are evident before spontaneous or auditory activity, while others emerge later, and suggest that Fmr1 acts at multiple sites and time points in auditory system development.
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245
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Munshi K, Pawlowski K, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Picker JD. Review of Salient Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:850-863. [PMID: 28475355 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, in addition to being the commonest diagnosable cause of autism. The identification of the biochemical mechanism underlying this disorder has provided amenable targets for therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of investigational drug therapies for FXS. METHODS The authors carried out a search of clinical and preclinical trials for FXS in PubMed and on the U.S. National Institutes of Health index of clinical trials ( www.clinicaltrials.gov ). We limited our review to Phase II trials or more preliminary and reviewed the associated publications for these studies, complemented by a review of the literature on PubMed. RESULTS The review of the preclinical, Phase I, and Phase II trials of agents with therapeutic potential in FXS revolves around an understanding of the putative pathways in the pathogenesis of FXS. While there is significant overlap between some of these pathways, the agents can be categorized as modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor system, GABAergic agents, and miscellaneous modulators affecting other pathways. CONCLUSION As trials involving agents targeting different aspects of the molecular biology proceed, common themes have emerged. With the great hope came great disappointment as the initial trials failed to demonstrate sufficient significance. In particular, the differences in outcome between the animal models and humans have highlighted the unique challenges of carrying out trials in these cognitively and behaviorally challenged individuals, as well as a dearth of clinically relevant outcome measures for use in medication trials. However, in reviewing and reframing the studies of the last decade, many important lessons have been learned, which will ultimately have a greater impact on therapeutic research in the field of developmental delay as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizad Munshi
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Pawlowski
- 3 Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan D Picker
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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246
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Sitzmann AF, Hagelstrom RT, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ, Butler MG. Rare FMR1 gene mutations causing fragile X syndrome: A review. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:11-18. [PMID: 29178241 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability, typically due to CGG-repeat expansions in the FMR1 gene leading to lack of expression. We identified a rare FMR1 gene mutation (c.413G>A), previously reported in a single patient and reviewed the literature for other rare FMR1 mutations. Our patient at 10 years of age presented with the classical findings of FXS including intellectual disability, autism, craniofacial findings, hyperextensibility, fleshy hands, flat feet, unsteady gait, and seizures but without the typical CGG-repeat expansion. He had more features of FXS than the previously reported patient with the same mutation. Twenty individuals reported previously with rare missense or nonsense mutations or other coding disturbances of the FMR1 gene ranged in age from infancy to 50 years; most were verbal with limited speech, had autism and hyperactivity, and all had intellectual disability. Four of the 20 individuals had a mutation within exon 15, three within exon 5, and two within exon 2. The FMR1 missense mutation (c.413G>A) is the same as in a previously reported male where it was shown that there was preservation of the post-synaptic function of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the encoded protein of the FMR1 gene was preserved. Both patients with this missense mutation had physical, cognitive, and behavioral features similarly seen in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Sitzmann
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Robert T Hagelstrom
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.,MIND Institute, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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247
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Costa CJ, Willis DE. To the end of the line: Axonal mRNA transport and local translation in health and neurodegenerative disease. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:209-220. [PMID: 29115051 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Axons and growth cones, by their very nature far removed from the cell body, encounter unique environments and require distinct populations of proteins. It seems only natural, then, that they have developed mechanisms to locally synthesize a host of proteins required to perform their specialized functions. Acceptance of this ability has taken decades; however, there is now consensus that axons do indeed have the capacity for local translation, and that this capacity is even retained into adulthood. Accumulating evidence supports the role of locally synthesized proteins in the proper development, maintenance, and function of neurons, and newly emerging studies also suggest that disruption in this process has implications in a number of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we briefly review the long history of axonal mRNA localization and local translation, and the role that these locally synthesized proteins play in normal neuronal function. Additionally, we highlight the emerging evidence that dysregulation in these processes contributes to a wide range of pathophysiology, including neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's, and motor neuron diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop. Neurobiol 78: 209-220, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dianna E Willis
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, 10605.,Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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248
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Expression of BC1 Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory in Alzheimer's Disease Via APP Translation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6007-6020. [PMID: 29134514 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are the cleavage products of amyloid precursor protein (APP), is a major pathological hallmark in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Now, we know little about the roles of APP translation in the disease progression of AD. Here, we show that BC1, a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), is expressed in the brain of AD mice. BC1 induces APP mRNA translation via association with a fragile X syndrome protein (FMRP). Inhibition of BC1 or BC1-FMRP association in AD mice blocks aggregation of Aβ in the brain and protects against the spatial learning and memory deficits. Expression of exogenous BC1 in excitatory pyramidal neurons of mice induces Aβ peptides accumulation and the spatial learning and memory impairments. This study provides a novel mechanism underlying aggregation of Aβ peptides via BC1 induction of APP mRNA translation and hence warrants a promising target for AD therapy.
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249
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Santini E, Huynh TN, Longo F, Koo SY, Mojica E, D'Andrea L, Bagni C, Klann E. Reducing eIF4E-eIF4G interactions restores the balance between protein synthesis and actin dynamics in fragile X syndrome model mice. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/504/eaan0665. [PMID: 29114037 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. FXS is caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene, which encodes fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an mRNA-binding protein that represses the translation of its target mRNAs. One mechanism by which FMRP represses translation is through its association with cytoplasmic FMRP-interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1), which subsequently sequesters and inhibits eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). CYFIP1 shuttles between the FMRP-eIF4E complex and the Rac1-Wave regulatory complex, thereby connecting translational regulation to actin dynamics and dendritic spine morphology, which are dysregulated in FXS model mice that lack FMRP. Treating FXS mice with 4EGI-1, which blocks interactions between eIF4E and eIF4G, a critical interaction partner for translational initiation, reversed defects in hippocampus-dependent memory and spine morphology. We also found that 4EGI-1 normalized the phenotypes of enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated long-term depression (LTD), enhanced Rac1-p21-activated kinase (PAK)-cofilin signaling, altered actin dynamics, and dysregulated CYFIP1/eIF4E and CYFIP1/Rac1 interactions in FXS mice. Our findings are consistent with the idea that an imbalance in protein synthesis and actin dynamics contributes to pathophysiology in FXS mice, and suggest that targeting eIF4E may be a strategy for treating FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Santini
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Thu N Huynh
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Francesco Longo
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - So Yeon Koo
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Edward Mojica
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Laura D'Andrea
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Bagni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Rome, Italy.,Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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250
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Dear ML, Shilts J, Broadie K. Neuronal activity drives FMRP- and HSPG-dependent matrix metalloproteinase function required for rapid synaptogenesis. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaan3181. [PMID: 29114039 PMCID: PMC5743058 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) functions modulate synapse formation and activity-dependent plasticity. Aberrant MMP activity is implicated in fragile X syndrome (FXS), a disease caused by the loss of the RNA-binding protein FMRP and characterized by neurological dysfunction and intellectual disability. Gene expression studies in Drosophila suggest that Mmps cooperate with the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican co-receptor Dally-like protein (Dlp) to restrict trans-synaptic Wnt signaling and that synaptogenic defects in the fly model of FXS are alleviated by either inhibition of Mmp or genetic reduction of Dlp. We used the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) glutamatergic synapse to test activity-dependent Dlp and Mmp intersections in the context of FXS. We found that rapid, activity-dependent synaptic bouton formation depended on secreted Mmp1. Acute neuronal stimulation reduced the abundance of Mmp2 but increased that of both Mmp1 and Dlp, as well as enhanced the colocalization of Dlp and Mmp1 at the synapse. Dlp function promoted Mmp1 abundance, localization, and proteolytic activity around synapses. Dlp glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains mediated this functional interaction with Mmp1. In the FXS fly model, activity-dependent increases in Mmp1 abundance and activity were lost but were restored by reducing the amount of synaptic Dlp. The data suggest that neuronal activity-induced, HSPG-dependent Mmp regulation drives activity-dependent synaptogenesis and that this is impaired in FXS. Thus, exploring this mechanism further may reveal therapeutic targets that have the potential to restore synaptogenesis in FXS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Dear
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jarrod Shilts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University and Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University and Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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