201
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Sarabi MT, Aoki R, Tsumura K, Keerativittayayut R, Jimura K, Nakahara K. Visual perceptual training reconfigures post-task resting-state functional connectivity with a feature-representation region. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196866. [PMID: 29742133 PMCID: PMC5942817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying visual perceptual learning (VPL) have typically been studied by examining changes in task-related brain activation after training. However, the relationship between post-task "offline" processes and VPL remains unclear. The present study examined this question by obtaining resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of human brains before and after a task-fMRI session involving visual perceptual training. During the task-fMRI session, participants performed a motion coherence discrimination task in which they judged the direction of moving dots with a coherence level that varied between trials (20, 40, and 80%). We found that stimulus-induced activation increased with motion coherence in the middle temporal cortex (MT+), a feature-specific region representing visual motion. On the other hand, stimulus-induced activation decreased with motion coherence in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and bilateral insula, regions involved in decision making under perceptual ambiguity. Moreover, by comparing pre-task and post-task rest periods, we revealed that resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) with the MT+ was significantly increased after training in widespread cortical regions including the bilateral sensorimotor and temporal cortices. In contrast, rs-FC with the MT+ was significantly decreased in subcortical regions including the thalamus and putamen. Importantly, the training-induced change in rs-FC was observed only with the MT+, but not with the dACC or insula. Thus, our findings suggest that perceptual training induces plastic changes in offline functional connectivity specifically in brain regions representing the trained visual feature, emphasising the distinct roles of feature-representation regions and decision-related regions in VPL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryuta Aoki
- Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Kochi, Japan
| | - Kaho Tsumura
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Koji Jimura
- Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nakahara
- School of Information, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Kochi, Japan
- Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, Kami-city, Kochi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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202
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Ma Z, Ma Y, Zhang N. Development of brain-wide connectivity architecture in awake rats. Neuroimage 2018; 176:380-389. [PMID: 29738909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood and adolescence are both critical developmental periods, evidenced by complex neurophysiological changes the brain undergoes and high occurrence rates of neuropsychiatric disorders during these periods. Despite substantial progress in elucidating the developmental trajectories of individual neural circuits, our knowledge of developmental changes of whole-brain connectivity architecture in animals is sparse. To fill this gap, here we longitudinally acquired rsfMRI data in awake rats during five developmental stages from juvenile to adulthood. We found that the maturation timelines of brain circuits were heterogeneous and system specific. Functional connectivity (FC) tended to decrease in subcortical circuits, but increase in cortical circuits during development. In addition, the developing brain exhibited hemispheric functional specialization, evidenced by reduced inter-hemispheric FC between homotopic regions, and lower similarity of region-to-region FC patterns between the two hemispheres. Finally, we showed that whole-brain network development was characterized by reduced clustering (i.e. local communication) but increased integration (distant communication). Taken together, the present study has systematically characterized the development of brain-wide connectivity architecture from juvenile to adulthood in awake rats. It also serves as a critical reference point for understanding circuit- and network-level changes in animal models of brain development-related disorders. Furthermore, FC data during brain development in awake rodents contain high translational value and can shed light onto comparative neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuncong Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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203
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Alarcón G, Pfeifer JH, Fair DA, Nagel BJ. Adolescent Gender Differences in Cognitive Control Performance and Functional Connectivity Between Default Mode and Fronto-Parietal Networks Within a Self-Referential Context. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:73. [PMID: 29740292 PMCID: PMC5924772 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ineffective reduction of functional connectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN) during cognitive control can interfere with performance in healthy individuals—a phenomenon present in psychiatric disorders, such as depression. Here, this mechanism is studied in healthy adolescents by examining gender differences in task-regressed functional connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a novel task designed to place the DMN—supporting self-referential processing (SRP)—and FPN—supporting cognitive control—into conflict. Compared to boys, girls showed stronger functional connectivity between DMN and FPN during cognitive control in an SRP context (n = 40; boys = 20), a context that also elicited more errors of omission in girls. The gender difference in errors of omission was mediated by higher self-reported co-rumination—the extensive and repetitive discussion of problems and focus on negative feelings with a same-gender peer—by girls, compared to boys. These findings indicate that placing internal and external attentional demands in conflict lead to persistent functional connectivity between FPN and DMN in girls, but not boys; however, deficits in performance during this context were explained by co-rumination, such that youth with higher co-rumination displayed the largest performance deficits. Previous research shows that co-rumination predicts depressive symptoms during adolescence; thus, gender differences in the mechanisms involved with transitioning from internal to external processing may be relevant for understanding heightened vulnerability for depression in adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alarcón
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer H Pfeifer
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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204
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Rohr CS, Arora A, Cho IYK, Katlariwala P, Dimond D, Dewey D, Bray S. Functional network integration and attention skills in young children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:200-211. [PMID: 29587178 PMCID: PMC6969078 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children acquire attention skills rapidly during early childhood as their brains undergo vast neural development. Attention is well studied in the adult brain, yet due to the challenges associated with scanning young children, investigations in early childhood are sparse. Here, we examined the relationship between age, attention and functional connectivity (FC) during passive viewing in multiple intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) in 60 typically developing girls between 4 and 7 years whose sustained, selective and executive attention skills were assessed. Visual, auditory, sensorimotor, default mode (DMN), dorsal attention (DAN), ventral attention (VAN), salience, and frontoparietal ICNs were identified via Independent Component Analysis and subjected to a dual regression. Individual spatial maps were regressed against age and attention skills, controlling for age. All ICNs except the VAN showed regions of increasing FC with age. Attention skills were associated with FC in distinct networks after controlling for age: selective attention positively related to FC in the DAN; sustained attention positively related to FC in visual and auditory ICNs; and executive attention positively related to FC in the DMN and visual ICN. These findings suggest distributed network integration across this age range and highlight how multiple ICNs contribute to attention skills in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S Rohr
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Anish Arora
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ivy Y K Cho
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prayash Katlariwala
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Dimond
- Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Signe Bray
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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205
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Achterberg M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH, van der Meulen M, Tottenham N, Crone EA. Distinctive heritability patterns of subcortical-prefrontal cortex resting state connectivity in childhood: A twin study. Neuroimage 2018; 175:138-149. [PMID: 29614348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Connectivity between limbic/subcortical and prefrontal-cortical brain regions develops considerably across childhood, but less is known about the heritability of these networks at this age. We tested the heritability of limbic/subcortical-cortical and limbic/subcortical-subcortical functional brain connectivity in 7- to 9-year-old twins (N = 220), focusing on two key limbic/subcortical structures: the ventral striatum and the amygdala, given their combined influence on changing incentivised behavior during childhood and adolescence. Whole brain analyses with ventral striatum (VS) and amygdala as seeds in genetically independent groups showed replicable functional connectivity patterns. The behavioral genetic analyses revealed that in general VS and amygdala connectivity showed distinct influences of genetics and environment. VS-prefrontal cortex connections were best described by genetic and unique environmental factors (the latter including measurement error), whereas amygdala-prefrontal cortex connectivity was mainly explained by environmental influences. Similarities were also found: connectivity between both the VS and amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) showed influences of shared environment, while connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) showed heritability. These findings may inform future interventions that target behavioral control and emotion regulation, by taking into account genetic dispositions as well as shared and unique environmental factors such as child rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Achterberg
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mara van der Meulen
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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206
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Masuda N, Sakaki M, Ezaki T, Watanabe T. Clustering Coefficients for Correlation Networks. Front Neuroinform 2018; 12:7. [PMID: 29599714 PMCID: PMC5863042 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graph theory is a useful tool for deciphering structural and functional networks of the brain on various spatial and temporal scales. The clustering coefficient quantifies the abundance of connected triangles in a network and is a major descriptive statistics of networks. For example, it finds an application in the assessment of small-worldness of brain networks, which is affected by attentional and cognitive conditions, age, psychiatric disorders and so forth. However, it remains unclear how the clustering coefficient should be measured in a correlation-based network, which is among major representations of brain networks. In the present article, we propose clustering coefficients tailored to correlation matrices. The key idea is to use three-way partial correlation or partial mutual information to measure the strength of the association between the two neighboring nodes of a focal node relative to the amount of pseudo-correlation expected from indirect paths between the nodes. Our method avoids the difficulties of previous applications of clustering coefficient (and other) measures in defining correlational networks, i.e., thresholding on the correlation value, discarding of negative correlation values, the pseudo-correlation problem and full partial correlation matrices whose estimation is computationally difficult. For proof of concept, we apply the proposed clustering coefficient measures to functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from healthy participants of various ages and compare them with conventional clustering coefficients. We show that the clustering coefficients decline with the age. The proposed clustering coefficients are more strongly correlated with age than the conventional ones are. We also show that the local variants of the proposed clustering coefficients (i.e., abundance of triangles around a focal node) are useful in characterizing individual nodes. In contrast, the conventional local clustering coefficients were strongly correlated with and therefore may be confounded by the node's connectivity. The proposed methods are expected to help us to understand clustering and lack thereof in correlational brain networks, such as those derived from functional time series and across-participant correlation in neuroanatomical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Masuda
- Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michiko Sakaki
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.,Research Institute, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ezaki
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Watanabe
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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207
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Chang SE, Angstadt M, Chow HM, Etchell AC, Garnett EO, Choo AL, Kessler D, Welsh RC, Sripada C. Anomalous network architecture of the resting brain in children who stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 55:46-67. [PMID: 28214015 PMCID: PMC5526749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We combined a large longitudinal neuroimaging dataset that includes children who do and do not stutter and a whole-brain network analysis in order to examine the intra- and inter-network connectivity changes associated with stuttering. Additionally, we asked whether whole brain connectivity patterns observed at the initial year of scanning could predict persistent stuttering in later years. METHODS A total of 224 high-quality resting state fMRI scans collected from 84 children (42 stuttering, 42 controls) were entered into an independent component analysis (ICA), yielding a number of distinct network connectivity maps ("components") as well as expression scores for each component that quantified the degree to which it is expressed for each child. These expression scores were compared between stuttering and control groups' first scans. In a second analysis, we examined whether the components that were most predictive of stuttering status also predicted persistence in stuttering. RESULTS Stuttering status, as well as stuttering persistence, were associated with aberrant network connectivity involving the default mode network and its connectivity with attention, somatomotor, and frontoparietal networks. The results suggest developmental alterations in the balance of integration and segregation of large-scale neural networks that support proficient task performance including fluent speech motor control. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the view that stuttering is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder and provides comprehensive brain network maps that substantiate past theories emphasizing the importance of considering situational, emotional, attentional and linguistic factors in explaining the basis for stuttering onset, persistence, and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Eun Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Michael Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ho Ming Chow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew C Etchell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily O Garnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ai Leen Choo
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Kessler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert C Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Chandra Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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208
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Müller-Oehring EM, Kwon D, Nagel BJ, Sullivan EV, Chu W, Rohlfing T, Prouty D, Nichols BN, Poline JB, Tapert SF, Brown SA, Cummins K, Brumback T, Colrain IM, Baker FC, De Bellis MD, Voyvodic JT, Clark DB, Pfefferbaum A, Pohl KM. Influences of Age, Sex, and Moderate Alcohol Drinking on the Intrinsic Functional Architecture of Adolescent Brains. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:1049-1063. [PMID: 28168274 PMCID: PMC6059181 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from adolescent to adult cognition and emotional control requires neurodevelopmental maturation likely involving intrinsic functional networks (IFNs). Normal neurodevelopment may be vulnerable to disruption from environmental insult such as alcohol consumption commonly initiated during adolescence. To test potential disruption to IFN maturation, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in 581 no-to-low alcohol-consuming and 117 moderate-to-high-drinking youth. Functional seed-to-voxel connectivity analysis assessed age, sex, and moderate alcohol drinking on default-mode, executive-control, salience, reward, and emotion networks and tested cognitive and motor coordination correlates of network connectivity. Among no-to-low alcohol-consuming adolescents, executive-control frontolimbicstriatal connectivity was stronger in older than younger adolescents, particularly boys, and predicted better ability in balance, memory, and impulse control. Connectivity patterns in moderate-to-high-drinking youth were tested mainly in late adolescence when drinking was initiated. Implicated was the emotion network with attenuated connectivity to default-mode network regions. Our cross-sectional rs-fMRI findings from this large cohort of adolescents show sexual dimorphism in connectivity and suggest neurodevelopmental rewiring toward stronger and spatially more distributed executive-control networking in older than younger adolescents. Functional network rewiring in moderate-to-high-drinking adolescents may impede maturation of affective and self-reflection systems and obscure maturation of complex social and emotional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Müller-Oehring
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dongjin Kwon
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weiwei Chu
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Torsten Rohlfing
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Devin Prouty
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - B Nolan Nichols
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Poline
- Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin Cummins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ty Brumback
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ian M Colrain
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael D De Bellis
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James T Voyvodic
- Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Duncan B Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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209
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Rosenberg MD, Casey BJ, Holmes AJ. Prediction complements explanation in understanding the developing brain. Nat Commun 2018; 9:589. [PMID: 29467408 PMCID: PMC5821815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A central aim of human neuroscience is understanding the neurobiology of cognition and behavior. Although we have made significant progress towards this goal, reliance on group-level studies of the developed adult brain has limited our ability to explain population variability and developmental changes in neural circuitry and behavior. In this review, we suggest that predictive modeling, a method for predicting individual differences in behavior from brain features, can complement descriptive approaches and provide new ways to account for this variability. Highlighting the outsized scientific and clinical benefits of prediction in developmental populations including adolescence, we show that predictive brain-based models are already providing new insights on adolescent-specific risk-related behaviors. Together with large-scale developmental neuroimaging datasets and complementary analytic approaches, predictive modeling affords us the opportunity and obligation to identify novel treatment targets and individually tailor the course of interventions for developmental psychopathologies that impact so many young people today.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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210
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Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have shown that local brain lesions could result in abnormal information transfer far from the lesion site in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients; yet, little is known about alternations of the topological organization of whole-brain networks in AIS. By using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and graph theory analysis, we systematically investigated the topological properties of the functional brain networks of 28 healthy controls (HC, age: 56.9 ± 0.45 years) and 29 AIS (age: 57.6 ± 0.21 years) with proximal anterior circulation occlusion within 12 h of symptom onset. In our results, both the AIS and HC groups exhibited small-world network organization, suggesting a functional balance between local specialization and global integration. However, compared with the HC, the AIS patients had a lower shortest path length and higher global efficiency, indicating a tendency of randomization in patients' functional brain networks. The AIS patients had an increased nodal degree in the precuneus (PCUN), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), medial part of the superior frontal gyrus (SFGmed), orbital part of the middle frontal gyrus, and the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, and increased nodal efficiency in the PUCN, MFG, SFGmed, and the angular gyrus. The decreased nodal degree in AIS was found in the heschl gyrus (HES), and no significant decreased nodal efficiency was observed. The dysfunctional connections were mainly concentrated in the HES and prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, the altered nodal centrality of the MFG and abnormal functional connectivity in AIS were associated with patients' Mini-Mental State Examination scores. These results suggested that interrupted functional connectivity in language system organization after focal brain lesions could also result in disruptions in the topological organization of other brain circuits, and this may contribute to disturbances in cognition in AIS patients.
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211
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Girgis F, Lee DJ, Goodarzi A, Ditterich J. Toward a Neuroscience of Adult Cognitive Developmental Theory. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:4. [PMID: 29410608 PMCID: PMC5787085 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Piaget's genetic epistemology has provided the constructivist approach upon which child developmental theories were founded, in that infants are thought to progress through distinct cognitive stages until they reach maturity in their early 20's. However, it is now well established that cognition continues to develop after early adulthood, and several “neo-Piagetian” theories have emerged in an attempt to better characterize adult cognitive development. For example, Kegan's Constructive Developmental Theory (CDT) argues that the thought processes used by adults to construct their reality change over time, and reaching higher stages of cognitive development entails becoming objectively aware of emotions and beliefs that were previously in the realm of the subconscious. In recent years, neuroscience has shown a growing interest in the biological substrates and neural mechanisms encompassing adult cognitive development, because psychological and psychiatric disorders can arise from deficiencies therein. In this article, we will use Kegan's CDT as a framework to discuss adult cognitive development in relation to closely correlated existing constructs underlying social processing, such as the perception of self and others. We will review the functional imaging and electrophysiologic evidence behind two key concepts relating to these posited developmental changes. These include self-related processing, a field that distinguishes between having conscious experiences (“being a self”) and being aware of oneself having conscious experiences (“being aware of being a self”); and theory of mind, which is the objective awareness of possessing mental states such as beliefs and desires (i.e., having a “mind”) and the understanding that others possess mental states that can be different from one's own. We shall see that cortical midline structures, including the medial prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus, as well as the temporal lobe, are associated with psychological tasks that test these models. In addition, we will review computational modeling approaches to cognitive development, and show how mathematical modeling can provide insights into how sometimes continuous changes in the neural processing substrate can give rise to relatively discrete developmental stages. Because deficiencies in adult cognitive development can result in disorders such as autism and depression, bridging the gaps between developmental psychology, neuroscience, and modeling has potential implications for clinical practice. As neuromodulation techniques such as deep brain and transcranial stimulation continue to advance, interfacing with these systems may lead to the emergence of novel investigational methods and therapeutic strategies in adults suffering from developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Girgis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Darrin J Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir Goodarzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jochen Ditterich
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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212
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Ho TC, Dennis EL, Thompson PM, Gotlib IH. Network-based approaches to examining stress in the adolescent brain. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:147-157. [PMID: 29888310 PMCID: PMC5991327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stress, particularly in periods of rapid brain maturation such as adolescence, can profoundly influence developmental processes that undergird the organization of structural and functional brain networks and that may mediate the association between stressful experiences and maladaptive outcomes. While studies in translational developmental neuroscience often focus on how specific brain regions or targeted connections are altered by stress and psychiatric disease, the emerging field of network science may be especially valuable for elucidating the impact of stress on the intricate connectomics of the adolescent brain. Here we review recent studies that use graph theory and other network science approaches to understand normative adolescent brain development, effects of childhood maltreatment on the brain, and disorders characterized by pathological responses to stress in adolescents. Overall, these studies demonstrate that graph theory can be useful in identifying and quantifying developmental processes related to segregation, integration, and localized hub influence that are affected by stress exposure and that may lead to psychopathology. Finally, we discuss limitations in the current application of graph theory in this area and suggest what we believe are important directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily L. Dennis
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mary and Mark Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
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213
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Geib BR, Stanley ML, Wing EA, Laurienti PJ, Cabeza R. Hippocampal Contributions to the Large-Scale Episodic Memory Network Predict Vivid Visual Memories. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:680-693. [PMID: 26523034 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach in memory research is to isolate the function(s) of individual brain regions, such as the hippocampus, without addressing how those regions interact with the larger network. To investigate the properties of the hippocampus embedded within large-scale networks, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and graph theory to characterize complex hippocampal interactions during the active retrieval of vivid versus dim visual memories. The study yielded 4 main findings. First, the right hippocampus displayed greater communication efficiency with the network (shorter path length) and became a more convergent structure for information integration (higher centrality measures) for vivid than dim memories. Second, vivid minus dim differences in our graph theory measures of interest were greater in magnitude for the right hippocampus than for any other region in the 90-region network. Moreover, the right hippocampus significantly reorganized its set of direct connections from dim to vivid memory retrieval. Finally, beyond the hippocampus, communication throughout the whole-brain network was more efficient (shorter global path length) for vivid than dim memories. In sum, our findings illustrate how multivariate network analyses can be used to investigate the roles of specific regions within the large-scale network, while also accounting for global network changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Geib
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Matthew L Stanley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Erik A Wing
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Paul J Laurienti
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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214
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Toich JTF, Taylor PA, Holmes MJ, Gohel S, Cotton MF, Dobbels E, Laughton B, Little F, van der Kouwe AJW, Biswal B, Meintjes EM. Functional Connectivity Alterations between Networks and Associations with Infant Immune Health within Networks in HIV Infected Children on Early Treatment: A Study at 7 Years. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:635. [PMID: 29375341 PMCID: PMC5768628 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV has been shown to impact brain connectivity in adults and youth, it is not yet known to what extent long-term early antiretroviral therapy (ART) may alter these effects, especially during rapid brain development in early childhood. Using both independent component analysis (ICA) and seed-based correlation analysis (SCA), we examine the effects of HIV infection in conjunction with early ART on resting state functional connectivity (FC) in 7 year old children. HIV infected (HIV+) children were from the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy (CHER) trial and all initiated ART before 18 months; uninfected children were recruited from an interlinking vaccine trial. To better understand the effects of current and early immune health on the developing brain, we also investigated among HIV+ children the association of FC at 7 years with CD4 count and CD4%, both in infancy (6–8 weeks) and at scan. Although we found no differences within any ICA-generated resting state networks (RSNs) between HIV+ and uninfected children (27 HIV+, 18 uninfected), whole brain connectivity to seeds located at RSN connectivity peaks revealed several loci of FC differences, predominantly from seeds in midline regions (posterior cingulate cortex, paracentral lobule, cuneus, and anterior cingulate). Reduced long-range connectivity and increased short-range connectivity suggest developmental delay. Within the HIV+ children, clinical measures at age 7 years were not associated with FC values in any of the RSNs; however, poor immune health during infancy was associated with localized FC increases in the somatosensory, salience and basal ganglia networks. Together these findings suggest that HIV may affect brain development from its earliest stages and persist into childhood, despite early ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadrana T F Toich
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul A Taylor
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa.,Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martha J Holmes
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suril Gohel
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Els Dobbels
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Francesca Little
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Bharat Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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215
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Redcay E, Warnell KR. A Social-Interactive Neuroscience Approach to Understanding the Developing Brain. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 54:1-44. [PMID: 29455860 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
From birth onward, social interaction is central to our everyday lives. Our ability to seek out social partners, flexibly navigate and learn from social interactions, and develop social relationships is critically important for our social and cognitive development and for our mental and physical health. Despite the importance of our social interactions, the neurodevelopmental bases of such interactions are underexplored, as most research examines social processing in noninteractive contexts. We begin this chapter with evidence from behavioral work and adult neuroimaging studies demonstrating how social-interactive context fundamentally alters cognitive and neural processing. We then highlight four brain networks that play key roles in social interaction and, drawing on existing developmental neuroscience literature, posit the functional roles these networks may play in social-interactive development. We conclude by discussing how a social-interactive neuroscience approach holds great promise for advancing our understanding of both typical and atypical social development.
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216
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Rubin LH, Yao L, Keedy SK, Reilly JL, Bishop JR, Carter CS, Pournajafi-Nazarloo H, Drogos LL, Tamminga CA, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Clementz BA, Hill SK, Liao W, Ji GJ, Lui S, Sweeney JA. Sex differences in associations of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin with resting-state functional brain connectivity. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:576-586. [PMID: 27870395 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) exert robust and sexually dimorphic influences on cognition and emotion. How these hormones regulate relevant functional brain systems is not well understood. OT and AVP serum concentrations were assayed in 60 healthy individuals (36 women). Brain functional networks assessed with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were constructed with graph theory-based approaches that characterize brain networks as connected nodes. Sex differences were demonstrated in rs-fMRI. Men showed higher nodal degree (connectedness) and efficiency (information propagation capacity) in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) and higher nodal degree in left rolandic operculum. Women showed higher nodal betweenness (being part of paths between nodes) in right putamen and left inferior parietal gyrus (IPG). Higher hormone levels were associated with less intrinsic connectivity. In men, higher AVP was associated with lower nodal degree and efficiency in left IFG (pars orbitalis) and left STG and less efficiency in left IFG (pars triangularis). In women, higher AVP was associated with lower betweenness in left IPG, and higher OT was associated with lower nodal degree in left IFG (pars orbitalis). Hormones differentially correlate with brain networks that are important for emotion processing and cognition in men and women. AVP in men and OT in women may regulate orbital frontal cortex connectivity, which is important in emotion processing. Hormone associations with STG and pars triangularis in men and parietal cortex in women may account for well-established sex differences in verbal and visuospatial abilities, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah H Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey R Bishop
- Pharmacy and Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Lauren L Drogos
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University and Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Scot K Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wei Liao
- Center for Information in Biomedicine, Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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217
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Liu X, Gao Y, Di Q, Hu J, Lu C, Nan Y, Booth JR, Liu L. Differences between child and adult large-scale functional brain networks for reading tasks. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:662-679. [PMID: 29124823 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is an important high-level cognitive function of the human brain, requiring interaction among multiple brain regions. Revealing differences between children's large-scale functional brain networks for reading tasks and those of adults helps us to understand how the functional network changes over reading development. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 17 adults (19-28 years old) and 16 children (11-13 years old), and graph theoretical analyses to investigate age-related changes in large-scale functional networks during rhyming and meaning judgment tasks on pairs of visually presented Chinese characters. We found that: (1) adults had stronger inter-regional connectivity and nodal degree in occipital regions, while children had stronger inter-regional connectivity in temporal regions, suggesting that adults rely more on visual orthographic processing whereas children rely more on auditory phonological processing during reading. (2) Only adults showed between-task differences in inter-regional connectivity and nodal degree, whereas children showed no task differences, suggesting the topological organization of adults' reading network is more specialized. (3) Children showed greater inter-regional connectivity and nodal degree than adults in multiple subcortical regions; the hubs in children were more distributed in subcortical regions while the hubs in adults were more distributed in cortical regions. These findings suggest that reading development is manifested by a shift from reliance on subcortical to cortical regions. Taken together, our study suggests that Chinese reading development is supported by developmental changes in brain connectivity properties, and some of these changes may be domain-general while others may be specific to the reading domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yue Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qiqi Di
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiali Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunming Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yun Nan
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37203
| | - Li Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern, Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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218
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Alcauter S, García-Mondragón L, Gracia-Tabuenca Z, Moreno MB, Ortiz JJ, Barrios FA. Resting state functional connectivity of the anterior striatum and prefrontal cortex predicts reading performance in school-age children. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 174:94-102. [PMID: 28806599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the neural basis of reading performance in 60 school-age Spanish-speaking children, aged 6 to 9years. By using a data-driven approach and an automated matching procedure, we identified a left-lateralized resting state network that included typical language regions (Wernicke's and Broca's regions), prefrontal cortex, pre- and post-central gyri, superior and middle temporal gyri, cerebellum, and subcortical regions, and explored its relevance for reading performance (accuracy, comprehension and speed). Functional connectivity of the left frontal and temporal cortices and subcortical regions predicted reading speed. These results extend previous findings on the relationship between functional connectivity and reading competence in children, providing new evidence about such relationships in previously unexplored regions in the resting brain, including the left caudate, putamen and thalamus. This work highlights the relevance of a broad network, functionally synchronized in the resting state, for the acquisition and perfecting of reading abilities in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarael Alcauter
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Liliana García-Mondragón
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zeus Gracia-Tabuenca
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Martha B Moreno
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Juan J Ortiz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando A Barrios
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
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219
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Inflexible Functional Connectivity of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2434-2445. [PMID: 28553837 PMCID: PMC5645733 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) maturation during adolescence contributes to or underlies the development of major depressive disorder (MDD) during this sensitive period. The ACC is a structure that sits at the intersection of several task-positive networks (eg, central executive network, CEN), which are still developing during adolescence. While recent work using seed-based approaches indicate that depressed adolescents show limited task-evoked vs resting-state connectivity (termed 'inflexibility') between the ACC and task-negative networks, no study has used network-based approaches to investigate inflexibility of the ACC in task-positive networks to understand adolescent MDD. Here, we used graph theory to compare flexibility of network-level topology in eight subregions of the ACC (spanning three task-positive networks) in 42 unmedicated adolescents with MDD and 53 well-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent fMRI scanning during resting state and a response inhibition task that robustly engages task-positive networks. Relative to controls, depressed adolescents were characterized by inflexibility in local efficiency of a key ACC node in the CEN: right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/medial frontal gyrus (R dACC/MFG). Furthermore, individual differences in flexibility of local efficiency of R dACC/MFG significantly predicted inhibition performance, consistent with current literature demonstrating that flexible network organization affords successful cognitive control. Finally, reduced local efficiency of dACC/MFG during the task was significantly associated with an earlier age of depression onset, consistent with prior work suggesting that MDD may alter functional network development. Our results support a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of MDD wherein dysfunctional self-regulation is potentially reflected by altered ACC maturation.
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220
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Outline effects of functional neuroimaging on neuropsychology over the past 25 years. METHOD Functional neuroimaging methods and studies will be described that provide a historical context, offer examples of the utility of neuroimaging in specific domains, and discuss the limitations and future directions of neuroimaging in neuropsychology. RESULTS Tracking the history of publications on functional neuroimaging related to neuropsychology indicates early involvement of neuropsychologists in the development of these methodologies. Initial progress in neuropsychological application of functional neuroimaging has been hampered by costs and the exposure to ionizing radiation. With rapid evolution of functional methods-in particular functional MRI (fMRI)-neuroimaging has profoundly transformed our knowledge of the brain. Its current applications span the spectrum of normative development to clinical applications. The field is moving toward applying sophisticated statistical approaches that will help elucidate distinct neural activation networks associated with specific behavioral domains. The impact of functional neuroimaging on clinical neuropsychology is more circumscribed, but the prospects remain enticing. CONCLUSIONS The theoretical insights and empirical findings of functional neuroimaging have been led by many neuropsychologists and have transformed the field of behavioral neuroscience. Thus far they have had limited effects on the clinical practices of neuropsychologists. Perhaps it is time to add training in functional neuroimaging to the clinical neuropsychologist's toolkit and from there to the clinic or bedside. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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221
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Grayson DS, Fair DA. Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature. Neuroimage 2017; 160:15-31. [PMID: 28161313 PMCID: PMC5538933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of human cognition results from the emergence of coordinated activity between distant brain areas. Network science, combined with non-invasive functional imaging, has generated unprecedented insights regarding the adult brain's functional organization, and promises to help elucidate the development of functional architectures supporting complex behavior. Here we review what is known about functional network development from birth until adulthood, particularly as understood through the use of resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI). We attempt to synthesize rs-fcMRI findings with other functional imaging techniques, with macro-scale structural connectivity, and with knowledge regarding the development of micro-scale structure. We highlight a number of outstanding conceptual and technical barriers that need to be addressed, as well as previous developmental findings that may need to be revisited. Finally, we discuss key areas ripe for future research in order to (1) better characterize normative developmental trajectories, (2) link these trajectories to biologic mechanistic events, as well as component behaviors and (3) better understand the clinical implications and pathophysiological basis of aberrant network development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Grayson
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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222
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Song L, Mishra V, Ouyang M, Peng Q, Slinger M, Liu S, Huang H. Human Fetal Brain Connectome: Structural Network Development from Middle Fetal Stage to Birth. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:561. [PMID: 29081731 PMCID: PMC5645529 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complicated molecular and cellular processes take place in a spatiotemporally heterogeneous and precisely regulated pattern in the human fetal brain, yielding not only dramatic morphological and microstructural changes, but also macroscale connectomic transitions. As the underlying substrate of the fetal brain structural network, both dynamic neuronal migration pathways and rapid developing fetal white matter (WM) fibers could fundamentally reshape early fetal brain connectome. Quantifying structural connectome development can not only shed light on the brain reconfiguration in this critical yet rarely studied developmental period, but also reveal alterations of the connectome under neuropathological conditions. However, transition of the structural connectome from the mid-fetal stage to birth is not yet known. The contribution of different types of neural fibers to the structural network in the mid-fetal brain is not known, either. In this study, diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI or DTI) of 10 fetal brain specimens at the age of 20 postmenstrual weeks (PMW), 12 in vivo brains at 35 PMW, and 12 in vivo brains at term (40 PMW) were acquired. The structural connectome of each brain was established with evenly parcellated cortical regions as network nodes and traced fiber pathways based on DTI tractography as network edges. Two groups of fibers were categorized based on the fiber terminal locations in the cerebral wall in the 20 PMW fetal brains. We found that fetal brain networks become stronger and more efficient during 20–40 PMW. Furthermore, network strength and global efficiency increase more rapidly during 20–35 PMW than during 35–40 PMW. Visualization of the whole brain fiber distribution by the lengths suggested that the network reconfiguration in this developmental period could be associated with a significant increase of major long association WM fibers. In addition, non-WM neural fibers could be a major contributor to the structural network configuration at 20 PMW and small-world network organization could exist as early as 20 PMW. These findings offer a preliminary record of the fetal brain structural connectome maturation from the middle fetal stage to birth and reveal the critical role of non-WM neural fibers in structural network configuration in the middle fetal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Virendra Mishra
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Minhui Ouyang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qinmu Peng
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michelle Slinger
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Radiology Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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223
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Attentional control underlies the perceptual load effect: Evidence from voxel-wise degree centrality and resting-state functional connectivity. Neuroscience 2017; 362:257-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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224
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Impact of early life adversity and tryptophan depletion on functional connectivity in menopausal women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 84:197-205. [PMID: 28755550 PMCID: PMC5609529 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the menopause transition, women are at increased risk of subjective symptoms of executive dysfunction. Evidence from animal and human participant studies suggests adverse childhood experiences (ACE) may be a risk factor for executive complaints during this hormonal transition. Preclinical literature indicates early life adversity effects on serotonin function may play a role in this increased susceptibility. However, the mechanisms underlying this increase in vulnerability in human participants remain relatively unknown. Here we examined the impact of ACE and tryptophan depletion (TD), a paradigm used to lower central serotonin levels, on functional network connectivity in discovery and replication datasets. We hypothesized that ACE would be associated with decreased within-network connectivity. We predicted that TD would further lower connectivity in women with high levels of early adversity, but have no effect in women with low levels of early adversity. Forty women underwent two functional imaging sequences at two time points (141 total scans) in a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. The effects of ACE and TD were evaluated using generalized estimating equations (GEE). As predicted, ACE was associated with lower within-network connectivity. While TD had no effect on connectivity in the low ACE group, TD increased connectivity in the high ACE group. The robust effect of ACE remained significant in the replication dataset, though the ACE×TD interaction did not. Together, these results suggest that early life adversity has lasting impacts on large-scale functional networks underlying executive function. Alterations in functional network connectivity may be one mechanism by which early life adversity increases the risk of cognitive disorders during menopause.
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225
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Keunen K, Counsell SJ, Benders MJ. The emergence of functional architecture during early brain development. Neuroimage 2017; 160:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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226
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Davis SW, Luber B, Murphy DLK, Lisanby SH, Cabeza R. Frequency-specific neuromodulation of local and distant connectivity in aging and episodic memory function. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5987-6004. [PMID: 28885757 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing literature has focused on the brain's ability to augment processing in local regions by recruiting distant communities of neurons in response to neural decline or insult. In particular, both younger and older adult populations recruit bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a means of compensating for increasing neural effort to maintain successful cognitive function. However, it remains unclear how local changes in neural activity affect the recruitment of this adaptive mechanism. To address this problem, we combined graph theoretical measures from functional MRI with diffusion weighted imaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to resolve a central hypothesis: how do aged brains flexibly adapt to local changes in cortical activity? Specifically, we applied neuromodulation to increase or decrease local activity in a cortical region supporting successful memory encoding (left dorsolateral PFC or DLPFC) using 5 or 1 Hz rTMS, respectively. We then assessed a region's local within-module degree, or the distributed between-module degree (BMD) between distant cortical communities. We predicted that (1) local stimulation-related deficits may be counteracted by boosting BMD between bilateral PFC, and that this effect should be (2) positively correlated with structural connectivity. Both predictions were confirmed; 5 Hz rTMS increased local success-related activity and local increases in PFC connectivity, while 1 Hz rTMS decreases local activity and triggered a more distributed pattern of bilateral PFC connectivity to compensate for this local inhibitory effect. These results provide an integrated, causal explanation for the network interactions associated with successful memory encoding in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5987-6004, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Davis
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bruce Luber
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David L K Murphy
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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227
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Lifespan Development of the Human Brain Revealed by Large-Scale Network Eigen-Entropy. ENTROPY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/e19090471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Imaging connectomics based on graph theory has become an effective and unique methodological framework for studying functional connectivity patterns of the developing and aging brain. Normal brain development is characterized by continuous and significant network evolution through infancy, childhood, and adolescence, following specific maturational patterns. Normal aging is related to some resting state brain networks disruption, which are associated with certain cognitive decline. It is a big challenge to design an integral metric to track connectome evolution patterns across the lifespan, which is to understand the principles of network organization in the human brain. In this study, we first defined a brain network eigen-entropy (NEE) based on the energy probability (EP) of each brain node. Next, we used the NEE to characterize the lifespan orderness trajectory of the whole-brain functional connectivity of 173 healthy individuals ranging in age from 7 to 85 years. The results revealed that during the lifespan, the whole-brain NEE exhibited a significant non-linear decrease and that the EP distribution shifted from concentration to wide dispersion, implying orderness enhancement of functional connectome over age. Furthermore, brain regions with significant EP changes from the flourishing (7–20 years) to the youth period (23–38 years) were mainly located in the right prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, and were involved in emotion regulation and executive function in coordination with the action of the sensory system, implying that self-awareness and voluntary control performance significantly changed during neurodevelopment. However, the changes from the youth period to middle age (40–59 years) were located in the mesial temporal lobe and caudate, which are associated with long-term memory, implying that the memory of the human brain begins to decline with age during this period. Overall, the findings suggested that the human connectome shifted from a relatively anatomical driven state to an orderly organized state with lower entropy.
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228
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Padmanabhan A, Lynch CJ, Schaer M, Menon V. The Default Mode Network in Autism. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:476-486. [PMID: 29034353 PMCID: PMC5635856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction. Since its discovery as a major functional brain system, the default mode network (DMN) has been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders, including ASD. Here we review converging multimodal evidence for DMN dysfunction in the context of specific components of social cognitive dysfunction in ASD: 'self-referential processing' - the ability to process social information relative to oneself and 'theory of mind' or 'mentalizing' - the ability to infer the mental states such as beliefs, intentions, and emotions of others. We show that altered functional and structural organization of the DMN, and its atypical developmental trajectory, are prominent neurobiological features of ASD. We integrate findings on atypical cytoarchitectonic organization and imbalance in excitatory-inhibitory circuits, which alter local and global brain signaling, to scrutinize putative mechanisms underlying DMN dysfunction in ASD. Our synthesis of the extant literature suggests that aberrancies in key nodes of the DMN and their dynamic functional interactions contribute to atypical integration of information about the self in relation to 'other', as well as impairments in the ability to flexibly attend to socially relevant stimuli. We conclude by highlighting open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Marie Schaer
- University of Geneva, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Program in Neuroscience, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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229
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Chirles TJ, Reiter K, Weiss LR, Alfini AJ, Nielson KA, Smith JC. Exercise Training and Functional Connectivity Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Elders. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:845-856. [PMID: 28304298 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective interventions are needed to improve brain function in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus is a hub of the default mode network (DMN) and is preferentially vulnerable to disruption of functional connectivity in MCI and AD. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether 12 weeks of aerobic exercise could enhance functional connectivity of the PCC/precuneus in MCI and healthy elders. METHODS Sixteen MCI and 16 healthy elders (age range = 60-88) engaged in a supervised 12-week walking exercise intervention. Functional MRI was acquired at rest; the PCC/precuneus was used as a seed for correlated brain activity maps. RESULTS A linear mixed effects model revealed a significant interaction in the right parietal lobe: the MCI group showed increased connectivity while the healthy elders showed decreased connectivity. In addition, both groups showed increased connectivity with the left postcentral gyrus. Comparing pre to post intervention changes within each group, the MCI group showed increased connectivity in 10 regions spanning frontal, parietal, temporal and insular lobes, and the cerebellum. Healthy elders did not demonstrate any significant connectivity changes. CONCLUSION The observed results show increased functional connectivity of the PCC/precuneus in individuals with MCI after 12 weeks of moderate intensity walking exercise training. The protective effects of exercise training on cognition may be realized through the enhancement of neural recruitment mechanisms, which may possibly increase cognitive reserve. Whether these effects of exercise training may delay further cognitive decline in patients diagnosed with MCI remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristy A Nielson
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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230
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Park J, Mori H, Okuyama Y, Asada M. Chaotic itinerancy within the coupled dynamics between a physical body and neural oscillator networks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182518. [PMID: 28796797 PMCID: PMC5552128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaotic itinerancy is a phenomenon in which the state of a nonlinear dynamical system spontaneously explores and attracts certain states in a state space. From this perspective, the diverse behavior of animals and its spontaneous transitions lead to a complex coupled dynamical system, including a physical body and a brain. Herein, a series of simulations using different types of non-linear oscillator networks (i.e., regular, small-world, scale-free, random) with a musculoskeletal model (i.e., a snake-like robot) as a physical body are conducted to understand how the chaotic itinerancy of bodily behavior emerges from the coupled dynamics between the body and the brain. A behavior analysis (behavior clustering) and network analysis for the classified behavior are then applied. The former consists of feature vector extraction from the motions and classification of the movement patterns that emerged from the coupled dynamics. The network structures behind the classified movement patterns are revealed by estimating the “information networks” different from the given non-linear oscillator networks based on the transfer entropy which finds the information flow among neurons. The experimental results show that: (1) the number of movement patterns and their duration depend on the sensor ratio to control the balance of strength between the body and the brain dynamics and on the type of the given non-linear oscillator networks; and (2) two kinds of information networks are found behind two kinds movement patterns with different durations by utilizing the complex network measures, clustering coefficient and the shortest path length with a negative and a positive relationship with the duration periods of movement patterns. The current results seem promising for a future extension of the method to a more complicated body and environment. Several requirements are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Park
- Department of Adaptive Machine Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroki Mori
- Department of Intermedia Art and Science, School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Okuyama
- Department of Adaptive Machine Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Asada
- Department of Adaptive Machine Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Systems Intelligence Division, Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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231
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The Temporal Pattern of a Lesion Modulates the Functional Network Topology of Remote Brain Regions. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3530723. [PMID: 28845308 PMCID: PMC5560088 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3530723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal brain lesions can alter the morphology and function of remote brain areas. When the damage is inflicted more slowly, the functional compensation by and structural reshaping of these areas seem to be more effective. It remains unclear, however, whether the momentum of lesion development also modulates the functional network topology of the remote brain areas. In this study, we compared resting-state functional connectivity data of patients with a slowly growing low-grade glioma (LGG) with that of patients with a faster-growing high-grade glioma (HGG). Using graph theory, we examined whether the tumour growth velocity modulated the functional network topology of remote areas, more specifically of the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. We observed that the contralesional network topology characteristics differed between patient groups. Based only on the connectivity of the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion, patients could be classified in the correct tumour-grade group with 70% accuracy. Additionally, LGG patients showed smaller contralesional intramodular connectivity, smaller contralesional ratio between intra- and intermodular connectivity, and larger contralesional intermodular connectivity than HGG patients. These results suggest that, in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion, there is a lower capacity for local, specialized information processing coupled to a higher capacity for distributed information processing in LGG patients. These results underline the utility of a network perspective in evaluating effects of focal brain injury.
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232
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Tóth B, Urbán G, Háden GP, Márk M, Török M, Stam CJ, Winkler I. Large-scale network organization of EEG functional connectivity in newborn infants. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4019-4033. [PMID: 28488308 PMCID: PMC6867159 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of functional brain networks changes across human lifespan. The present study analyzed functional brain networks in healthy full-term infants (N = 139) within 1-6 days from birth by measuring neural synchrony in EEG recordings during quiet sleep. Large-scale phase synchronization was measured in six frequency bands with the Phase Lag Index. Macroscopic network organization characteristics were quantified by constructing unweighted minimum spanning tree graphs. The cortical networks in early infancy were found to be significantly more hierarchical and had a more cost-efficient organization compared with MST of random control networks, more so in the theta and alpha than in other frequency bands. Frontal and parietal sites acted as the main hubs of these networks, the topological characteristics of which were associated with gestation age (GA). This suggests that individual differences in network topology are related to cortical maturation during the prenatal period, when functional networks shift from strictly centralized toward segregated configurations. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4019-4033, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Gábor Urbán
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
- Department of Cognitive ScienceFaculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and EconomicsBudapestHungary
| | - Gábor P. Háden
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Molnár Márk
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Miklós Török
- Department of Obstetrics‐Gynaecology and Perinatal Intensive Care UnitMilitary HospitalBudapestHungary
| | - Cornelis Jan Stam
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - István Winkler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
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233
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Takahashi T, Yamanishi T, Nobukawa S, Kasakawa S, Yoshimura Y, Hiraishi H, Hasegawa C, Ikeda T, Hirosawa T, Munesue T, Higashida H, Minabe Y, Kikuchi M. Band-specific atypical functional connectivity pattern in childhood autism spectrum disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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234
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Gu S, Yang M, Medaglia JD, Gur RC, Gur RE, Satterthwaite TD, Bassett DS. Functional hypergraph uncovers novel covariant structures over neurodevelopment. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3823-3835. [PMID: 28493536 PMCID: PMC6323637 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain development during adolescence is marked by substantial changes in brain structure and function, leading to a stable network topology in adulthood. However, most prior work has examined the data through the lens of brain areas connected to one another in large-scale functional networks. Here, we apply a recently developed hypergraph approach that treats network connections (edges) rather than brain regions as the unit of interest, allowing us to describe functional network topology from a fundamentally different perspective. Capitalizing on a sample of 780 youth imaged as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, this hypergraph representation of resting-state functional MRI data reveals three distinct classes of subnetworks (hyperedges): clusters, bridges, and stars, which respectively represent homogeneously connected, bipartite, and focal architectures. Cluster hyperedges show a strong resemblance to previously-described functional modules of the brain including somatomotor, visual, default mode, and salience systems. In contrast, star hyperedges represent highly localized subnetworks centered on a small set of regions, and are distributed across the entire cortex. Finally, bridge hyperedges link clusters and stars in a core-periphery organization. Notably, developmental changes within hyperedges are ordered in a similar core-periphery fashion, with the greatest developmental effects occurring in networked hyperedges within the functional core. Taken together, these results reveal a novel decomposition of the network organization of human brain, and further provide a new perspective on the role of local structures that emerge across neurodevelopment. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3823-3835, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Gu
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of Electrical and Systems EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Muzhi Yang
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Graduate GroupUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | | | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | | | - Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of Electrical and Systems EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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235
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Abstract
Culture suffuses all aspects of human life. It shapes our minds and bodies and has provided a cumulative inheritance of knowledge, skills, institutions, and artifacts that allows us to truly stand on the shoulders of giants. No other species approaches the extent, diversity, and complexity of human culture, but we remain unsure how this came to be. The very uniqueness of human culture is both a puzzle and a problem. It is puzzling as to why more species have not adopted this manifestly beneficial strategy and problematic because the comparative methods of evolutionary biology are ill suited to explain unique events. Here, we develop a more particularistic and mechanistic evolutionary neuroscience approach to cumulative culture, taking into account experimental, developmental, comparative, and archaeological evidence. This approach reconciles currently competing accounts of the origins of human culture and develops the concept of a uniquely human technological niche rooted in a shared primate heritage of visuomotor coordination and dexterous manipulation.
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236
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Age-related functional brain changes in young children. Neuroimage 2017; 155:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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237
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Hutton JS, Phelan K, Horowitz-Kraus T, Dudley J, Altaye M, DeWitt T, Holland SK. Story time turbocharger? Child engagement during shared reading and cerebellar activation and connectivity in preschool-age children listening to stories. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177398. [PMID: 28562619 PMCID: PMC5451016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding behavioral and neurobiological evidence affirms benefits of shared (especially parent-child) reading on cognitive development during early childhood. However, the majority of this evidence involves factors under caregiver control, the influence of those intrinsic to the child, such as interest or engagement in reading, largely indirect or unclear. The cerebellum is increasingly recognized as playing a "smoothing" role in higher-level cognitive processing and learning, via feedback loops with language, limbic and association cortices. We utilized functional MRI to explore the relationship between child engagement during a mother-child reading observation and neural activation and connectivity during a story listening task, in a sample of 4-year old girls. Children exhibiting greater interest and engagement in the narrative showed increased activation in right-sided cerebellar association areas during the task, and greater functional connectivity between this activation cluster and language and executive function areas. Our findings suggest a potential cerebellar "boost" mechanism responsive to child engagement level that may contribute to emergent literacy development during early childhood, and synergy between caregiver and child factors during story sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Hutton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kieran Phelan
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Education Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jonathan Dudley
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas DeWitt
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott K. Holland
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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238
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Del Rio-Bermudez C, Kim J, Sokoloff G, Blumberg MS. Theta Oscillations during Active Sleep Synchronize the Developing Rubro-Hippocampal Sensorimotor Network. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1413-1424.e4. [PMID: 28479324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal oscillations comprise a fundamental mechanism by which distant neural structures establish and express functional connectivity. Long-range functional connectivity between the hippocampus and other forebrain structures is enabled by theta oscillations. Here, we show for the first time that the infant rat red nucleus (RN)-a brainstem sensorimotor structure-exhibits theta (4-7 Hz) oscillations restricted primarily to periods of active (REM) sleep. At postnatal day 8 (P8), theta is expressed as brief bursts immediately following myoclonic twitches; by P12, theta oscillations are expressed continuously across bouts of active sleep. Simultaneous recordings from the hippocampus and RN at P12 show that theta oscillations in both structures are coherent, co-modulated, and mutually interactive during active sleep. Critically, at P12, inactivation of the medial septum eliminates theta in both structures. The developmental emergence of theta-dependent functional coupling between the hippocampus and RN parallels that between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Accordingly, disruptions in the early expression of theta could underlie the cognitive and sensorimotor deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Del Rio-Bermudez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jangjin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Greta Sokoloff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark S Blumberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; DeLTA Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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239
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Ray KL, Lesh TA, Howell AM, Salo TP, Ragland JD, MacDonald AW, Gold JM, Silverstein SM, Barch DM, Carter CS. Functional network changes and cognitive control in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 15:161-170. [PMID: 28529872 PMCID: PMC5429248 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is a cognitive and neural mechanism that contributes to managing the complex demands of day-to-day life. Studies have suggested that functional impairments in cognitive control associated brain circuitry contribute to a broad range of higher cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. To examine this issue, we assessed functional connectivity networks in healthy adults and individuals with schizophrenia performing tasks from two distinct cognitive domains that varied in demands for cognitive control, the RiSE episodic memory task and DPX goal maintenance task. We characterized general and cognitive control-specific effects of schizophrenia on functional connectivity within an expanded frontal parietal network (FPN) and quantified network topology properties using graph analysis. Using the network based statistic (NBS), we observed greater network functional connectivity in cognitive control demanding conditions during both tasks in both groups in the FPN, and demonstrated cognitive control FPN specificity against a task independent auditory network. NBS analyses also revealed widespread connectivity deficits in schizophrenia patients across all tasks. Furthermore, quantitative changes in network topology associated with diagnostic status and task demand were observed. The present findings, in an analysis that was limited to correct trials only, ensuring that subjects are on task, provide critical insights into network connections crucial for cognitive control and the manner in which brain networks reorganize to support such control. Impairments in this mechanism are present in schizophrenia and these results highlight how cognitive control deficits contribute to the pathophysiology of this illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Ray
- Department of Psychiatry, Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry, Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Amber M Howell
- Department of Psychiatry, Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Taylor P Salo
- Department of Psychiatry, Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry, Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Angus W MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Deana M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences and Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, Imaging Research Center, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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240
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Chorlian DB, Rangaswamy M, Manz N, Meyers JL, Kang SJ, Kamarajan C, Pandey AK, Wang JC, Wetherill L, Edenberg H, Porjesz B. Genetic correlates of the development of theta event related oscillations in adolescents and young adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 115:24-39. [PMID: 27847216 PMCID: PMC5456461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The developmental trajectories of theta band (4-7Hz) event-related oscillations (EROs), a key neurophysiological constituent of the P3 response, were assessed in 2170 adolescents and young adults ages 12 to 25. The theta EROs occurring in the P3 response, important indicators of neurocognitive function, were elicited during the evaluation of task-relevant target stimuli in visual and auditory oddball tasks. Associations between the theta EROs and genotypic variants of 4 KCNJ6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to vary with age, sex, scalp location, and task modality. Three of the four KCNJ6 SNPs studied here were found to be significantly associated with the same theta EROs in adults in a previous family genome wide association study. Since measures of the P3 response have been found to be a useful endophenotypes for the study of a number of clinical and behavioral disorders, studies of genetic effects on its development in adolescents and young adults may illuminate neurophysiological factors contributing to the onset of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Chorlian
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | | | - Niklas Manz
- Department of Physics, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sun J Kang
- Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ashwini K Pandey
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Leah Wetherill
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Howard Edenberg
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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241
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Rudolph MD, Miranda-Domínguez O, Cohen AO, Breiner K, Steinberg L, Bonnie RJ, Scott ES, Taylor-Thompson K, Chein J, Fettich KC, Richeson JA, Dellarco DV, Galván A, Casey BJ, Fair DA. At risk of being risky: The relationship between "brain age" under emotional states and risk preference. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 24:93-106. [PMID: 28279917 PMCID: PMC5849238 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental differences regarding decision making are often reported in the absence of emotional stimuli and without context, failing to explain why some individuals are more likely to have a greater inclination toward risk. The current study (N=212; 10-25y) examined the influence of emotional context on underlying functional brain connectivity over development and its impact on risk preference. Using functional imaging data in a neutral brain-state we first identify the "brain age" of a given individual then validate it with an independent measure of cortical thickness. We then show, on average, that "brain age" across the group during the teen years has the propensity to look younger in emotional contexts. Further, we show this phenotype (i.e. a younger brain age in emotional contexts) relates to a group mean difference in risk perception - a pattern exemplified greatest in young-adults (ages 18-21). The results are suggestive of a specified functional brain phenotype that relates to being at "risk to be risky."
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Rudolph
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Oscar Miranda-Domínguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alexandra O Cohen
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Breiner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Richard J Bonnie
- University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Jason Chein
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karla C Fettich
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Richeson
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven CT, United States
| | - Danielle V Dellarco
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - B J Casey
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven CT, United States
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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242
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Anderson JAE, Sarraf S, Amer T, Bellana B, Man V, Campbell KL, Hasher L, Grady CL. Task-linked Diurnal Brain Network Reorganization in Older Adults: A Graph Theoretical Approach. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:560-572. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Testing older adults in the morning generally improves behavioral performance relative to afternoon testing. Morning testing is also associated with brain activity similar to that of young adults. Here, we used graph theory to explore how time of day (TOD) affects the organization of brain networks in older adults across rest and task states. We used nodes from the automated anatomical labeling atlas to construct participant-specific correlation matrices of fMRI data obtained during 1-back tasks with interference and rest. We computed pairwise group differences for key graph metrics, including small-worldness and modularity. We found that older adults tested in the morning and young adults did not differ on any graph metric. Both of these groups differed from older adults tested in the afternoon during the tasks—but not rest. Specifically, the latter group had lower modularity and small-worldness (indices of more efficient network organization). Across all groups, higher modularity and small-worldness strongly correlated with reduced distractibility on an implicit priming task. Increasingly, TOD is seen as important for interpreting and reproducing neuroimaging results. Our study emphasizes how TOD affects brain network organization and executive control in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tarek Amer
- 1University of Toronto
- 2Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Buddhika Bellana
- 1University of Toronto
- 2Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Lynn Hasher
- 1University of Toronto
- 2Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Grady
- 1University of Toronto
- 2Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
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243
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McAuliffe K, Blake PR, Steinbeis N, Warneken F. The developmental foundations of human fairness. Nat Hum Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-016-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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244
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Blankenship SL, Redcay E, Dougherty LR, Riggins T. Development of hippocampal functional connectivity during childhood. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:182-201. [PMID: 27585371 PMCID: PMC6866850 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a medial temporal lobe structure involved in memory, spatial navigation, and regulation of stress responses, making it a structure critical to daily functioning. However, little is known about the functional development of the hippocampus during childhood due to methodological challenges of acquiring neuroimaging data in young participants. This is a critical gap given evidence that hippocampally-mediated behaviors (e.g., episodic memory) undergo rapid and important changes during childhood. To address this gap, the present investigation collected resting-state fMRI scans in 97, 4- to 10-year-old children. Whole brain seed-based analyses of anterior, posterior, and whole hippocampal connectivity were performed to identify regions demonstrating stable (i.e., age-controlled) connectivity profiles as well as age-related differences in connectivity. Results reveal that the hippocampus is a highly connected structure of the brain and that most of the major components of the adult network are evident during childhood, including both unique and overlapping connectivity between anterior and posterior regions. Despite widespread age-controlled connectivity, the strength of hippocampal connectivity with regions of lateral temporal lobes and the anterior cingulate increased throughout the studied age range. These findings have implications for future investigations of the development of hippocampally-mediated behaviors and methodological applications for the appropriateness of whole versus segmented hippocampal seeds in connectivity analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 38:182-201, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Blankenship
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - Elizabeth Redcay
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - Lea R. Dougherty
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
| | - Tracy Riggins
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
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245
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Lopez-Larson MP, Shah LM, Weeks HR, King JB, Mallik AK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Anderson JS. Abnormal Functional Connectivity Between Default and Salience Networks in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:85-93. [PMID: 29560889 PMCID: PMC6422527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) (occurring prior to 18 years of age) is a developmental brain disorder that is among the most severe and disabling psychiatric conditions affecting youth. Despite increasing evidence that brain connectivity is atypical in adults with bipolar disorder, it is not clear how brain connectivity may be altered in youths with PBD. METHODS This cross-sectional resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study included 80 participants recruited over 4 years: 32 youths with PBD, currently euthymic (13 males; 15.1 years old), and 48 healthy control (HC) subjects (27 males; 14.5 years old). Functional connectivity between eight major intrinsic connectivity networks, along with connectivity measurements between 333 brain regions, was compared between PBD and HC subjects. Additionally, connectivity differences were evaluated between PBD and HC samples in negatively correlated connections, as defined by 839 subjects of the Human Connectome Project dataset. RESULTS We found increased inter- but not intranetwork functional connectivity in PBD between the default mode and salience networks (p = .0017). Throughout the brain, atypical connections showed failure to develop anticorrelation with age during adolescence in PBD but not HC samples among connections that exhibit negative correlation in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Youths with PBD demonstrate reduced anticorrelation between default mode and salience networks. Further evaluation of the interaction between these networks is needed in development and with other mood states such as depression and mania to clarify if this atypical connectivity is a PBD trait biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa P Lopez-Larson
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Lubdha M Shah
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Howard R Weeks
- University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jace B King
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Atul K Mallik
- Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Deborah A Yurgelun-Todd
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; VISN 19 MIRECC, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeffrey S Anderson
- The Brain Institute, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Radiology, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Bioengineering, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Utah, University of Utah Medical School, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utah
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246
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Resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala and longitudinal changes in depression severity in adolescent depression. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:86-94. [PMID: 27716542 PMCID: PMC5149416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) rises during adolescence, yet the neural mechanisms of MDD during this key developmental period are unclear. Altered amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) has been associated with both adolescent and adult MDD, as well as symptom improvement in response to treatment in adults. However, no study to date has examined whether amygdala RSFC is associated with changes in depressive symptom severity in adolescents. METHOD We examined group differences in amygdala RSFC between medication-naïve depressed adolescents (N=48) and well-matched healthy controls (N=53) cross-sectionally. We then longitudinally examined whether baseline amygdala RSFC was associated with change in depression symptoms three months later in a subset of the MDD group (N=24). RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, depressed adolescents showed reduced amygdala-based RSFC with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Within the depressed group, more positive baseline RSFC between the amygdala and insulae was associated with greater reduction in depression symptoms three months later. LIMITATIONS Only a subset of depressed participants was assessed at follow-up and treatment type and delivery were not standardized. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent depression may be characterized by dysfunction of frontolimbic circuits (amygdala-DLPFC, amygdala-VMPFC) underpinning emotional regulation, whereas those circuits (amygdala-insula) subserving affective integration may index changes in depression symptom severity and may therefore potentially serve as a candidate biomarker for treatment response. Furthermore, these results suggest that the biomarkers of MDD presence are distinct from those associated with change in depression symptoms over time.
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247
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Efficient hubs in the intelligent brain: Nodal efficiency of hub regions in the salience network is associated with general intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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248
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Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Human Connectome Project: Current Status and Relevance to Understanding Psychopathology. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2017; 25:209-217. [PMID: 28816791 PMCID: PMC5644502 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A key tenet of modern psychiatry is that psychiatric disorders arise from abnormalities in brain circuits that support human behavior. Our ability to examine hypotheses around circuit-level abnormalities in psychiatric disorders has been made possible by advances in human neuroimaging technologies. These advances have provided the basis for recent efforts to develop a more complex understanding of the function of brain circuits in health and of their relationship to behavior-providing, in turn, a foundation for our understanding of how disruptions in such circuits contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on the use of resting-state functional connectivity MRI to assess brain circuits, on the advances generated by the Human Connectome Project, and on how these advances potentially contribute to understanding neural circuit dysfunction in psychopathology. The review gives particular attention to the methods developed by the Human Connectome Project that may be especially relevant to studies of psychopathology; it outlines some of the key findings about what constitutes a brain region; and it highlights new information about the nature and stability of brain circuits. Some of the Human Connectome Project's new findings particularly relevant to psychopathology-about neural circuits and their relationships to behavior-are also presented. The review ends by discussing the extension of Human Connectome Project methods across the lifespan and into manifest illness. Potential treatment implications are also considered.
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249
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Ryali S, Supekar K, Chen T, Kochalka J, Cai W, Nicholas J, Padmanabhan A, Menon V. Temporal Dynamics and Developmental Maturation of Salience, Default and Central-Executive Network Interactions Revealed by Variational Bayes Hidden Markov Modeling. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005138. [PMID: 27959921 PMCID: PMC5154470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is currently known about dynamic brain networks involved in high-level cognition and their ontological basis. Here we develop a novel Variational Bayesian Hidden Markov Model (VB-HMM) to investigate dynamic temporal properties of interactions between salience (SN), default mode (DMN), and central executive (CEN) networks—three brain systems that play a critical role in human cognition. In contrast to conventional models, VB-HMM revealed multiple short-lived states characterized by rapid switching and transient connectivity between SN, CEN, and DMN. Furthermore, the three “static” networks occurred in a segregated state only intermittently. Findings were replicated in two adult cohorts from the Human Connectome Project. VB-HMM further revealed immature dynamic interactions between SN, CEN, and DMN in children, characterized by higher mean lifetimes in individual states, reduced switching probability between states and less differentiated connectivity across states. Our computational techniques provide new insights into human brain network dynamics and its maturation with development. Characterizing the temporal dynamics of functional interactions between distributed brain regions is of fundamental importance for understanding human brain organization and its development. Progress in the field has been hampered both by a lack of strong computational techniques to investigate brain dynamics and an inadequate focus on core brain systems involved in higher-order cognition. Here we address these gaps by developing a novel variational Bayesian Hidden Markov Model (VB-HMM) that uncovers non-stationary dynamical functional networks in human fMRI data. In two cohorts of adults, VB-HMM revealed multiple short-lived states characterized by rapid switching and transient connectivity between the salience (SN), default mode (DMN), and central executive (CEN) networks—three brain systems critical for higher-order cognition. In children, relative to adults, VB-HMM revealed immature dynamic interactions between SN, CEN, and DMN, characterized by higher mean lifetimes in individual states, reduced switching probability between states and less differentiated connectivity across states. Our findings suggest that the flexibility of switching between distinct brain states is weaker in childhood, and they provide a novel framework for modeling immature brain network organization in children. More generally, the approach used here may prove useful to the investigation of dynamic brain organization in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SR); (KS); (VM)
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SR); (KS); (VM)
| | - Tianwen Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
| | - John Kochalka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Nicholas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Aarthi Padmanabhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SR); (KS); (VM)
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250
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Development of brain networks and relevance of environmental and genetic factors: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:215-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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