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Maghathe T, Miller WK, Mugge L, Mansour TR, Schroeder J. Immunotherapy and potential molecular targets for the treatment of pituitary adenomas resistant to standard therapy: a critical review of potential therapeutic targets and current developments. J Neurosurg Sci 2018; 64:71-83. [PMID: 30014686 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.18.04419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, accounting for as much as 25% of intracranial neoplasms. Although existing remedies show success in treating most PAs, treatment of invasive and non-functioning PAs, in addition to functioning PAs unresponsive to standard therapy, remains challenging. With the continually increasing understanding of biochemical pathways involved in tumorigenesis, immunotherapy stands as a promising alternative therapy for pituitary tumors that are resistant to standard therapy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was conducted of the PubMed database for immunotherapies of PAs. The search yielded a total of 2621 articles, 26 of which were included in our discussion. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Several pathologically expressed molecules could potentially serve as promising targets of current or future immunotherapies for PAs. Programmed death ligand-1, matrix metalloproteinases, EpCAM (Trop1) and Trop2, cancer-testis antigen MAGE-A3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), folate receptor alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and galectin-3 have all been implicated as crucial factors involved with tumor survival and invasion. Inhibition of these pathways may prove efficacious in the management of invasive and treatment-resistant PAs. CONCLUSIONS Rapid advancements in tumor immunology may increase the probability of successful treatment of PAs by exploitation of the normal immune response or by targeting novel proteins. Current research on many of the targets reviewed in this article are successfully being utilized to manage various neoplastic disease including CNS tumors. These therapies may eventually play a key role in the treatment of PAs that do not respond to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Maghathe
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - William K Miller
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Luke Mugge
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tarek R Mansour
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jason Schroeder
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA -
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202
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Gadde R, Cd D, Sheela SR. Placental protein 13: An important biological protein in preeclampsia. J Circ Biomark 2018; 7:1849454418786159. [PMID: 30023011 PMCID: PMC6047241 DOI: 10.1177/1849454418786159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental protein 13 (PP13), a glycan binding protein predominantly expressed in syncytiotrophoblast, dimeric in nature, lacks N-terminal signal peptide, bypasses the endoplasmic reticulum, and secretes into maternal circulation as exosomes or microvesicles. PP13 has jelly roll fold conformation with conserved carbohydrate recognition domain which specifically binds to β-galactosides of the glycan receptors during placentation. PP13 binds to glycosylated receptors on human erythrocytes and brings about hemagglutination by the property of lectin activity; other functions are immunoregulation and vasodilation during placentation and vascularization. The gene LGALS13 located on 19q13.2 comprising four exons expresses a 32-kDa protein with 139 amino acid residues, PP13. Impaired expression due to mutation in the gene leads to a nonfunctional truncated PP13. The low serum levels predict high risk for the onset of preeclampsia or obstetric complications. Hence, PP13 turned to be an early marker for risk assessment of preeclampsia. The recombinant PP13 and monoclonal antibodies availability help for replenishing PP13 in conditions with low serum levels and for detection and prevention of preeclampsia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Gadde
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - Dayanand Cd
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - S R Sheela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
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203
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Al-Obaidi N, Mohan S, Liang S, Zhao Z, Nayak BK, Li B, Sriramarao P, Habib SL. Galectin-1 is a new fibrosis protein in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. FASEB J 2018; 33:373-387. [PMID: 29975570 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800555rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of tubular renal cells to high glucose contributes to tubulointerstitial changes in diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, we identified a new fibrosis gene called galectin-1 (Gal-1), which is highly expressed in tubular cells of kidneys of type 1 and type 2 diabetic mouse models. Gal-1 protein and mRNA expression showed significant increase in kidney cortex of heterozygous Akita+/- and db/db mice compared with wild-type mice. Mouse proximal tubular cells exposed to high glucose showed significant increase in phosphorylation of Akt and Gal-1. We cloned Gal-1 promoter and identified the transcription factor AP4 as binding to the Gal-1 promoter to up-regulate its function. Transfection of cells with plasmid carrying mutations in the binding sites of AP4 to Gal-1 promoter resulted in decreased protein function of Gal-1. In addition, inhibition of Gal-1 by OTX-008 showed significant decrease in p-Akt/AP4 and protein-promoter activity of Gal-1 and fibronectin. Moreover, down-regulation of AP4 by small interfering RNA resulted in a significant decrease in protein expression and promoter activity of Gal-1. We found that kidney of Gal-1-/- mice express very low levels of fibronectin protein. In summary, Gal-1 is highly expressed in kidneys of type 1 and 2 diabetic mice, and AP4 is a major transcription factor that activates Gal-1 under hyperglycemia. Inhibition of Gal-1 by OTX-008 blocks activation of Akt and prevents accumulation of Gal-1, suggesting a novel role of Gal-1 inhibitor as a possible therapeutic target to treat renal fibrosis in diabetes.-Al-Obaidi, N., Mohan, S., Liang, S., Zhao, Z., Nayak, B. K., Li, B., Sriramarao, P., Habib, S. L. Galectin-1 is a new fibrosis protein in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Al-Obaidi
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sumathy Mohan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sitai Liang
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenze Zhao
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bijaya K Nayak
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Boajie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Samy L Habib
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas, Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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204
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Kishor C, Ross RL, Blanchard H. Lactulose as a novel template for anticancer drug development targeting galectins. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1801-1808. [PMID: 29888844 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins), which characteristically bind β-galactosides. Galectins play a role in tumour progression through involvement in proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune evasion and drug resistance. There is need for inhibitors (antagonists) that are specific for distinct galectins and that can interfere with galectin-carbohydrate interactions during cancer progression. Here, we propose that lactulose, a non-digestible galactose-fructose disaccharide, presents a novel inhibitor scaffold for design of inhibitors against galectins. Thermodynamic evaluation displays binding affinity of lactulose against the galectin-1 and galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). Crystal structures of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in complex with lactulose reveal for the first time the molecular basis of the galectin-lactulose interactions. Molecular modelling was implemented to propose novel lactulose derivatives as potent anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kishor
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Renee L Ross
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Blanchard
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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205
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Huang M, Zhou T, Wu Y, Fei H, Wang G, Li Z, Lei Y, Liu Q, Sun C, Lv Z, Xu XW. Characterisation and functional comparison of single-CRD and multidomain containing galectins CgGal-2 and CgGal-3 from oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:238-247. [PMID: 29678793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside binding lectins that play crucial roles in innate immunity in vertebrates and invertebrates through their conserved carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs). In the present study, single- and four-CRD-containing galectins were identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated CgGal-2 and CgGal-3). The open reading frames (ORFs) of CgGal-2 and CgGal-3 encode polypeptides of 200 and 555 amino acids, respectively. All CRDs of CgGal-3 include two consensus motifs essential for ligand-binding, and a novel motif is present in CgGal-2. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) profiles were determined for recombinant rCgGal-2 and rCgGal-3, and rCgGal-2 displayed low binding affinity for PAMPs, while rCgGal-3 bound various PAMPs including glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and peptidoglycan (PGN) with relatively high affinity. Furthermore, rCgGal-2 and rCgGal-3 exhibited different microbe binding profiles; rCgGal-2 bound to Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Vibrio vulnificus) and fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris), while rCgGal-3 bound to these microbes but also to Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus). In addition, rCgGal-3 possessed microbial agglutinating activity and coagulation activity against fungi and erythrocytes, respectively, but rCgGal-2 lacked any agglutinating activity. Carbohydrate binding specificity analysis showed that rCgGal-3 specifically bound D-galactose. Furthermore, rCgGal-2 and rCgGal-3 functioned as opsonin participating in the clearance against invaders in C. gigas. Thus, CgGal-2 with one CRD and CgGal-3 with four CRDs are new members of the galectin family involved in immune responses against bacterial infection. Differences in the organisation and amino acid sequences of CRDs may affect their specificity and affinity for nonself substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Gaoyang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yutong Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Cong Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhengbing Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Xue-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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206
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Rao XJ, Zhan MY, Pan YM, Liu S, Yang PJ, Yang LL, Yu XQ. Immune functions of insect βGRPs and their potential application. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:80-88. [PMID: 29229443 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insects rely completely on the innate immune system to sense the foreign bodies and to mount the immune responses. Germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors play crucial roles in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among them, β-1,3-glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) and gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs) belong to the same pattern recognition receptor family, which can recognize β-1,3-glucans. Typical insect βGRPs are comprised of a tandem carbohydrate-binding module in the N-terminal and a glucanase-like domain in the C-terminal. The former can recognize triple-helical β-1,3-glucans, whereas the latter, which normally lacks the enzymatic activity, can recruit adapter proteins to initiate the protease cascade. According to studies, insect βGRPs possess at least three types of functions. Firstly, some βGRPs cooperate with peptidoglycan recognition proteins to recognize the lysine-type peptidoglycans upstream of the Toll pathway. Secondly, some directly recognize fungal β-1,3-glucans to activate the Toll pathway and melanization. Thirdly, some form the 'attack complexes' with other immune effectors to promote the antifungal defenses. The current review will focus on the discovery of insect βGRPs, functions of some well-characterized members, structure-function studies and their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Ming-Yue Zhan
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yue-Min Pan
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Pei-Jin Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Li-Ling Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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207
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wu X. The Role of Galectins in Cervical Cancer Biology and Progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2175927. [PMID: 29854732 PMCID: PMC5964433 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2175927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the malignant tumors with high incidence and high mortality among women in developing countries. The main factors affecting the prognosis of cervical cancer are the late recurrence and metastasis and the effective adjuvant treatment, which is radiation and chemotherapy or combination therapy. Galectins, a family containing many carbohydrate binding proteins, are closely involved in the occurrence and development of tumor. They are involved in tumor cells transformation, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape, and sensitivity against radiation and chemotherapy. Therefore, galectins are deemed as the targets of multifunctional cancer treatment. In this review, we mainly focus on the role of galectins, especially galectin-1, galectin-3, galectin-7, and galectin-9 in cervical cancer, and provide theoretical basis for potential targeted treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanshi Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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208
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Selective glycosidase inhibitors: A patent review (2012–present). Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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209
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Zhou X, Sun L, Jing D, Xu G, Zhang J, Lin L, Zhao J, Yao Z, Lin H. Galectin-9 Expression Predicts Favorable Clinical Outcome in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:452. [PMID: 29765332 PMCID: PMC5939667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is one of the galectin family members which are known as proteins with β-galactoside-binding affinity. Accumulative evidence suggest that Gal-9 plays multifaceted roles in tumor biology. However, the prognostic significance of Gal-9 in solid cancer patients remains controversial. The objective of the study was to clarify the prognostic significance of Gal-9 in solid tumors via meta-analysis. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library for studies that report the correlation between Gal-9 expression and prognosis or clinicopathological parameters in solid cancer patients from inception to October 2017, with no language restriction. We calculated pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to investigate the prognostic significance of Gal-9 expression in solid tumors. We also calculated Odds ratio (OR) to explore the association between Gal-9 expression and clinicopathological features. Results: We included Fourteen studies with 2326 patients in our meta-analysis. The synthetic results revealed that high Gal-9 expression indicated improved overall survival (OS; HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.51-0.71, P = 0.006) but had no correlation with disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.51-1.41, P = 0.527) in solid tumors. In stratified analyses, high Gal-9 expression was significantly correlated with improved OS in hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancer and with improved DFS/RFS in gastric cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. In addition, ethnicity and the method of data extraction didn't affect the positive prognostic values of high Gal-9 expression. Moreover, high Gal-9 expression was significantly correlated with a smaller depth of invasion (TI/TII vs. TIII/TIV, OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.97-3.96, P < 0.001), an earlier histopathological stage (I/II vs. III/IV, OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 2.04-4.42, P < 0.001), negative lymph node metastasis (Presence vs. Absence, OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.89, P = 0.020) and negative distal tumor metastasis (Presence vs. Absence, OR = 13.85, 95% CI = 3.50-54.76, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Gal-9 expression indicates beneficial outcome in patients with solid tumors and is correlated with the pathogenesis of solid tumors. Gal-9 may serve as a prognostic biomarker and an emerging therapeutic target against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lejia Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Jing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhuoran Yao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfeng Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
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210
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Zhang H, Laaf D, Elling L, Pieters RJ. Thiodigalactoside-Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugates as High-Potency Inhibitors of Galectin-3: An Outstanding Example of Multivalent Presentation of Small Molecule Inhibitors. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1266-1275. [PMID: 29474087 PMCID: PMC5909177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Galectin inhibitors
are urgently needed to understand the mode
of action and druggability of different galectins, but potent and
selective agents still evade researchers. Small-sized inhibitors based
on thiodigalactoside (TDG) have shown their potential while modifications
at their C3 position indicated a strategy to improve selectivity and
potency. Considering the role of galectins as glycoprotein traffic
police, involved in multivalent bridging interactions, we aimed to
create multivalent versions of the potent TDG inhibitors. We herein
present for the first time the multivalent attachment of a TDG derivative
using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the scaffold. An efficient synthetic
method is presented to obtain a novel type of neoglycosylated proteins
loaded with different numbers of TDG moieties. A polyethylene glycol
(PEG)-spacer is introduced between the TDG and the protein scaffold
maintaining appropriate accessibility for an adequate galectin interaction.
The novel conjugates were evaluated in galectin binding and inhibition
studies in vitro. The conjugate with a moderate density
of 19 conjugated TDGs was identified as one of the most potent multivalent
Gal-3 inhibitors so far, with a clear demonstration of the benefit
of a multivalent ligand presentation. The described method may facilitate
the development of specific galectin inhibitors and their application
in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering , RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstrasse 20 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering , RWTH Aachen University , Pauwelsstrasse 20 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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212
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Lai J, Lu D, Zhang C, Zhu H, Gao L, Wang Y, Bao R, Zhao Y, Jia B, Wang F, Yang Z, Liu Z. Noninvasive small-animal imaging of galectin-1 upregulation for predicting tumor resistance to radiotherapy. Biomaterials 2018; 158:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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213
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Weng IC, Chen HL, Lo TH, Lin WH, Chen HY, Hsu DK, Liu FT. Cytosolic galectin-3 and -8 regulate antibacterial autophagy through differential recognition of host glycans on damaged phagosomes. Glycobiology 2018; 28:392-405. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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214
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O'Brien MJ, Shu Q, Stinson WA, Tsou PS, Ruth JH, Isozaki T, Campbell PL, Ohara RA, Koch AE, Fox DA, Amin MA. A unique role for galectin-9 in angiogenesis and inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:31. [PMID: 29433546 PMCID: PMC5809993 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a mammalian lectin secreted by endothelial cells that is highly expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues and synovial fluid. Roles have been proposed for galectins in the regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. Therefore, we examined the contribution of Gal-9 to angiogenesis and inflammation in arthritis. Methods To determine the role of Gal-9 in angiogenesis, we performed human dermal microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) chemotaxis, Matrigel tube formation, and mouse Matrigel plug angiogenesis assays. We also examined the role of signaling molecules in Gal-9-induced angiogenesis by using signaling inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). We performed monocyte (MN) migration assays in a modified Boyden chamber and assessed the arthritogenicity of Gal-9 by injecting Gal-9 into mouse knees. Results Gal-9 significantly increased HMVEC migration, which was decreased by inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulating kinases 1/2 (Erk1/2), p38, Janus kinase (Jnk), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Gal-9 HMVEC-induced tube formation was reduced by Erk1/2, p38, and Jnk inhibitors, and this was confirmed by siRNA knockdown. In mouse Matrigel plug assays, plugs containing Gal-9 induced significantly higher angiogenesis, which was attenuated by a Jnk inhibitor. Gal-9 also induced MN migration, and there was a marked increase in MN ingress when C57BL/6 mouse knees were injected with Gal-9 compared with the control, pointing to a proinflammatory role for Gal-9. Conclusions Gal-9 mediates angiogenesis, increases MN migration in vitro, and induces acute inflammatory arthritis in mice, suggesting a novel role for Gal-9 in angiogenesis, joint inflammation, and possibly other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J O'Brien
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Qiang Shu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, China.,Rheumatology Department, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - W Alexander Stinson
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Ruth
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Takeo Isozaki
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Phillip L Campbell
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ray A Ohara
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Alisa E Koch
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - M Asif Amin
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4368 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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215
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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216
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Chen YJ, Wang SF, Weng IC, Hong MH, Lo TH, Jan JT, Hsu LC, Chen HY, Liu FT. Galectin-3 Enhances Avian H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation by Promoting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1031-1042. [PMID: 29366678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus causes pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. Virus-induced excessive inflammatory response contributes to severe disease and high mortality rates. Galectin-3, a β-galactoside-binding protein widely distributed in immune and epithelial cells, regulates various immune functions and modulates microbial infections. Here, we describe galectin-3 up-regulation in mouse lung tissue after challenges with the H5N1 influenza virus. We investigated the effects of endogenous galectin-3 on H5N1 infection and found that survival of galectin-3 knockout (Gal-3KO) mice was comparable with wild-type (WT) mice after infections. Compared with infected WT mice, infected Gal-3KO mice exhibited less inflammation in the lungs and reduced IL-1β levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from Gal-3KO mice exhibited reduced oligomerization of apoptosis-associated speck-like proteins containing caspase-associated recruitment domains and secreted less IL-1β compared with BMMs from WT mice. However, similar levels of the inflammasome component of nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) were observed in two genotypes of BMMs. Co-immunoprecipitation data indicated galectin-3 and NLRP3 interaction in BMMs infected with H5N1. An association was also observed between galectin-3 and NLRP3/apoptosis-associated speck-like proteins containing caspase-associated recruitment domain complex. Combined, our results suggest that endogenous galectin-3 enhances the effects of H5N1 infection by promoting host inflammatory responses and regulating IL-1β production by macrophages via interaction with NLRP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Han Lo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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217
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Abstract
Abstract
Heart failure is nowadays a common condition associated with high mortality and increased healthcare-related costs. Over the years, the research on heart failure management has been extensive in order to better diagnose and treat the condition. Since the progression of left ventricular dysfunction is a consequence of myocardial inflammation, apopotosis, and fibrosis leading to myocardium remodelling, several molecules that are involved in the inflammation pathways have been explored as possible biomarkers for the condition. The study of biomarkers and their key roles in inflammation could allow early identification of patients with heart failure, improve prognostic assessment, and provide a target for future therapies. Among currently studied biomarkers, extensive research has been conducted on galectin-3, a galactoside-binding lectin, which is synthetised and secreted when cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts are submitted to mechanical stress. Accordingly, it has been hypothesised that galectin-3 could be a promoter of left ventricular dysfunction. Galectin-3 has been shown to mediate inflammation by several different pathways which are further detailed in the current review. Also, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of existing evidence on the utility of galectin-3 in clinical settings associated with heart failure.
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218
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Schulz H, Kuhn C, Hofmann S, Mayr D, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Schmoeckel E. Overall Survival of Ovarian Cancer Patients Is Determined by Expression of Galectins-8 and -9. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010323. [PMID: 29361803 PMCID: PMC5796266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of new prognostic factors that can be targeted in ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy is of the utmost importance. Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins with various implications in cancer biology. In this study, the presence of galectin (Gal)-8 and -9 was investigated in 156 ovarian cancer samples using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Staining was evaluated using semi-quantitative immunoreactivity (IR) scores and correlated to clinical and pathological data. Different types of galectin expression were compared with respect to disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Gal-8 served as a new positive prognostic factor for the OS and DFS of ovarian cancer patients. Gal-9 expression determined the DFS and OS of ovarian cancer patients in two opposing ways—moderate Gal-9 expression was correlated with a reduced outcome as compared to Gal-9 negative cases, while patients with high Gal-9 expression showed the best outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schulz
- LMU Munich, University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christina Kuhn
- LMU Munich, University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Simone Hofmann
- LMU Munich, University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Doris Mayr
- LMU Munich, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sven Mahner
- LMU Munich, University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- LMU Munich, University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- LMU Munich, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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219
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Galectin Targeted Therapy in Oncology: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010210. [PMID: 29320431 PMCID: PMC5796159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of cancer have increased over the past decades. Significant progress has been made in understanding the underpinnings of this disease and developing therapies. Despite this, cancer still remains a major therapeutic challenge. Current therapeutic research has targeted several aspects of the disease such as cancer development, growth, angiogenesis and metastases. Many molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unknown and current therapies have so far failed to meet their intended potential. Recent studies show that glycans, especially oligosaccharide chains, may play a role in carcinogenesis as recognition patterns for galectins. Galectins are members of the lectin family, which show high affinity for β-galactosides. The galectin–glycan conjugate plays a fundamental role in metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor immunity, proliferation and apoptosis. Galectins’ action is mediated by a structure containing at least one carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). The potential prognostic value of galectins has been described in several neoplasms and helps clinicians predict disease outcome and determine therapeutic interventions. Currently, new therapeutic strategies involve the use of inhibitors such as competitive carbohydrates, small non-carbohydrate binding molecules and antibodies. This review outlines our current knowledge regarding the mechanism of action and potential therapy implications of galectins in cancer.
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220
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Su J, Gao J, Si Y, Cui L, Song C, Wang Y, Wu R, Tai G, Zhou Y. Galectin-10: a new structural type of prototype galectin dimer and effects on saccharide ligand binding. Glycobiology 2017; 28:159-168. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Su
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yunlong Si
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Linlin Cui
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Chenyang Song
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Runjie Wu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guihua Tai
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, The School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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221
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Galectin-7 in Epithelial Homeostasis and Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122760. [PMID: 29257082 PMCID: PMC5751359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are small unglycosylated soluble lectins distributed both inside and outside the cells. They share a conserved domain for the recognition of carbohydrates (CRD). Although galectins have a common affinity for β-galatosides, they exhibit different binding preferences for complex glycans. First described twenty years ago, galectin-7 is a prototypic galectin, with a single CRD, able to form divalent homodimers. This lectin, which is mainly expressed in stratified epithelia, has been described in epithelial tissues as being involved in apoptotic responses, in proliferation and differentiation but also in cell adhesion and migration. Most members of the galectins family have been associated with cancer biology. One of the main functions of galectins in cancer is their immunomodulating potential and anti-angiogenic activity. Indeed, galectin-1 and -3, are already targeted in clinical trials. Another relevant function of galectins in tumour progression is their ability to regulate cell migration and cell adhesion. Among these galectins, galectin-7 is abnormally expressed in various cancers, most prominently in carcinomas, and is involved in cancer progression and metastasis but its precise functions in tumour biology remain poorly understood. In this issue, we will focus on the physiological functions of galectin-7 in epithelia and present the alterations of galectin-7 expression in carcinomas with the aim to describe its possible functions in tumour progression.
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222
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Advedissian T, Proux-Gillardeaux V, Nkosi R, Peyret G, Nguyen T, Poirier F, Viguier M, Deshayes F. E-cadherin dynamics is regulated by galectin-7 at epithelial cell surface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17086. [PMID: 29213102 PMCID: PMC5719072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-epithelialisation of wounded epidermis is ensured by collective cell migration of keratinocytes. Efficient collective migration requires the maintenance of intercellular adhesion, notably through adherens junctions, to favour cell communication, support tension forces and coordinated movement . Galectin-7, a soluble lectin expressed in stratified epithelia, has been previously implicated in cell migration and intercellular adhesion. Here, we revealed a new function of galectin-7 in the control of directionality and collective behaviour in migrating keratinocytes. Consistently, we identified galectin-7 as a direct partner of E-cadherin, a key component of adherens junctions. Unexpectedly, this interaction does not require glycosylation motifs. Focusing on the underlying mechanisms, we showed that galectin-7 stabilizes E-cadherin at the plasma membrane, restraining its endocytosis. Interestingly, galectin-7 silencing decreases E-cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion. Consequently, this study not only identifies a new stabilizer of adherens junctions but also emphasises the importance of the interplay between E-cadherin turnover and intercellular adhesion strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Advedissian
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Proux-Gillardeaux
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.,Team Membrane Traffic in Health & Disease, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Nkosi
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Peyret
- Team Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Team Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Viguier
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Frédérique Deshayes
- Team Morphogenesis, Homeostasis and Pathologies, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.
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223
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van Vark LC, Lesman-Leegte I, Baart SJ, Postmus D, Pinto YM, de Boer RA, Asselbergs FW, Wajon EMCJ, Orsel JG, Boersma E, Hillege HL, Akkerhuis KM. Prognostic Value of Serial Galectin-3 Measurements in Patients With Acute Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.003700. [PMID: 29187387 PMCID: PMC5778986 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical studies have evaluated the association between galectin-3 levels and outcome in patients with heart failure (HF). However, little is known about the predictive value of repeated galectin-3 measurements. This study evaluates the prognostic value of repeated time-dependent galectin-3 measurements in acute HF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In the TRIUMPH (Translational Initiative on Unique and Novel Strategies for Management of Patients with Heart Failure) clinical cohort study, 496 acute HF patients were enrolled in 14 hospitals in The Netherlands, between 2009 and 2014. Repeated blood samples (7) were drawn during 1-year follow-up. Associations between repeated biomarker measurements and the primary end point were assessed using a joint model. Median age was 74 years and 37% were women. The primary end point, composite of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization, was reached in 188 patients (40%), during a median follow-up of 325 days (interquartile range 85-401). The median baseline galectin-3 level was 24 ng/mL (interquartile range 18-34). The mean number of galectin-3 measurements available per patient was 4.3. After adjustment for clinical factors and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, there was a weak association between baseline galectin-3 and risk of the primary end point. When repeated measurements were taken into account, the adjusted hazard ratio per 1 SD increase of the galectin-3 level (on the log2 scale) at any time point increased to 1.67 (95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.23, P<0.001). After additional adjustment for repeated N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurements, the association remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Repeated galectin-3 measurements appeared to be a strong predictor of outcome in acute HF patients, independent of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Hence, galectin-3 may be helpful in clinical practice for prognostication and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C van Vark
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands .,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus MC (COEUR), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Lesman-Leegte
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara J Baart
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus MC (COEUR), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe Postmus
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yigal M Pinto
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherland
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elly M C J Wajon
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joke G Orsel
- Department of Precision and Decentralized Diagnostics, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Boersma
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus MC (COEUR), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans L Hillege
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Martijn Akkerhuis
- Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research School Erasmus MC (COEUR), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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224
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Laaf D, Steffens H, Pelantová H, Bojarová P, Křen V, Elling L. Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of BranchedN-Acetyllactosamine Glycan Oligomers for Galectin-3 Inhibition. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Hanna Steffens
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology; Czech Academy of Sciences; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology; Czech Academy of Sciences; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology; Czech Academy of Sciences; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstrasse 20 52074 Aachen Germany
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225
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García Calavia P, Chambrier I, Cook MJ, Haines AH, Field RA, Russell DA. Targeted photodynamic therapy of breast cancer cells using lactose-phthalocyanine functionalized gold nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 512:249-259. [PMID: 29073466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which have been widely used for the delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer, can be dispersed in aqueous solutions improving the delivery of the hydrophobic photosensitizer into the body. Furthermore, the large surface of AuNPs can be functionalized with a variety of ligands, including proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates, that allow selective targeting to cancer tissue. In this study, gold nanoparticles were functionalized with a mixed monolayer of a zinc phthalocyanine and a lactose derivative. For the first time, a carbohydrate was used with a dual purpose, as the stabilizing agent of the gold nanoparticles in aqueous solutions and as the targeting agent for breast cancer cells. The functionalization of the phthalocyanine-AuNPs with lactose led to the production of water-dispersible nanoparticles that are able to generate singlet oxygen and effect cell death upon irradiation. The targeting ability of lactose of the lactose-phthalocyanine functionalized AuNPs was studied in vitro towards the galectin-1 receptor on the surface of breast cancer cells. The targeting studies showed the exciting potential of lactose as a specific targeting agent for galactose-binding receptors overexpressed on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula García Calavia
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Isabelle Chambrier
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Michael J Cook
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alan H Haines
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David A Russell
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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226
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Kamili NA, Arthur CM, Gerner-Smidt C, Tafesse E, Blenda A, Dias-Baruffi M, Stowell SR. Key regulators of galectin-glycan interactions. Proteomics 2017; 16:3111-3125. [PMID: 27582340 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein-ligand interactions serve as fundamental regulators of numerous biological processes. Among protein-ligand pairs, glycan binding proteins (GBPs) and the glycans they recognize represent unique and highly complex interactions implicated in a broad range of regulatory activities. With few exceptions, cell surface receptors and secreted proteins are heavily glycosylated. As these glycans often represent highly regulatable post-translational modifications, alterations in glycosylation can fundamentally impact GBP recognition. Among GBPs, galectins in particular appear to engage a diverse set of glycan determinants to impact a broad range of biological processes. In this review, we will explore factors that impact galectin activity, including the effect of glycan modification on galectin-glycan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourine A Kamili
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Gerner-Smidt
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eden Tafesse
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anna Blenda
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Biology, Erskine College, Due West, SC, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Estevam RB, Wood da Silva NMJ, Wood da Silva, Fonseca FM, Oliveira AGD, Nogueira, Pereira SADL, Pereira TL, Adad SJ, Rodrigues VJ, Rodrigues DBR. Modulation of Galectin-3 and Galectin 9 in gastric mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis and positive Helicobacter pylori infection. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:1276-1281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Serum galectin-3, but not galectin-1, levels are elevated in schizophrenia: implications for the role of inflammation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2919-2927. [PMID: 28698921 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that galectin-3 is involved in inflammatory processes in the central nervous system and that neuroinflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, the link between schizophrenia and various galectins is unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to determine whether galectin, a well-known lectin protein that binds to μ-galactoside, is associated with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS Thirty-six patients with schizophrenia and 36 healthy controls participated in this study. Schizophrenia symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS). Serum galectin-1 and galectin-3 levels were evaluated using ELISA and compared between the participant groups. Correlation analyses were also performed to examine the relationship between BPRS scores and each galectin level. RESULTS Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than they were in controls (p = 0.009, d = 0.640); however, serum galectin-1 levels were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.513). No significant correlation was identified between serum galectin-3 level and the total BPRS score; however, a significant positive correlation was found between the serum galectin-3 level and the positive symptom score of the BPRS (ρ = 0.355; p = 0.033). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was identified between serum galectin-3 levels and the negative symptom score of the BPRS (ρ = -0.387; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Given the high serum levels of galectin-3 found in patients with schizophrenia compared with that in controls, these findings may support the inflammation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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Rebholz CM, Selvin E, Liang M, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Aguilar D, McEvoy JW, Grams ME, Coresh J. Plasma galectin-3 levels are associated with the risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2017; 93:252-259. [PMID: 28865675 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been proposed as a novel biomarker of heart failure and cardiac fibrosis, and may also be associated with fibrosis of other organs such as the kidney. To determine this, we prospectively analyzed data from 9,148 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study participants with measured plasma galectin-3 levels (baseline, visit 4, 1996-98) and without prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD) or heart failure. We identified 1,983 incident CKD cases through December 31, 2013 over a median follow-up of 16 years. At baseline, galectin-3 was cross-sectionally associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; both significant. The results were adjusted for age, sex, race-center, education, physical activity, smoking status, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, anti-hypertensive medication use, history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, fasting blood glucose, and rs4644 (a single nucleotide polymorphism of galactin-3). There was a significant, graded, and positive association between galectin-3 and incident CKD (quartile 4 vs. 1 hazard ratio: 2.22 [95% confidence interval: 1.89, 2.60]). The association was attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, troponin T, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (quartile 4 vs. 1 hazard ratio: 1.75 [95% confidence interval: 1.49, 2.06]), and was stronger among those with hypertension at baseline (significant interaction). Thus, in this community-based population, higher plasma galectin-3 levels were associated with an elevated risk of developing incident CKD, particularly among those with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Menglu Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ron C Hoogeveen
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Aguilar
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John W McEvoy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Morgan E Grams
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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230
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Tang M, You J, Wang W, Lu Y, Hu X, Wang C, Liu A, Zhu Y. Impact of Galectin-1 on Trophoblast Stem Cell Differentiation and Invasion in In Vitro Implantation Model. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:700-711. [PMID: 28826368 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117725816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) differentiate in an orderly manner, which plays an important role in the process of embryo implantation, placentation, and early pregnancy maintenance. At the maternal-fetal interface, the dialogue is crucial between trophoblast cells and endometrial epithelial cells. Previous studies suggested that galectin-1 (Gal-1) may play an important role in placental development. In this study, we used Ishikawa (IK) cells-TSC coculture model to simulate the maternal-fetal interface and induce the differentiation of TSCs by differentiation media. The messenger RNA level of each cell type markers, fusion markers, and Gal-1 was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction during the differentiation of TSCs. Wound healing and transwell invasion assays were used to detect the migration and invasion ability in each group. We found that coculture with IK cells or conditioned media from IK cells could promote the differentiation and invasion of TSCs and increase Gal-1 expression in TSCs. Furthermore, recombinant Gal-1 could also promote the differentiation and invasion of TSCs, suggesting that some of IK cells secretion increase the expression of Gal-1 in TSCs during implantation, which then induced trophoblast differentiation and invasion in vitro. These findings provide significant insights into the biology of embryo-maternal interactions with the importance of Gal-1 in TSCs for the successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyue Tang
- 1 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiali You
- 1 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- 1 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongchao Lu
- 1 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- 1 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- 2 Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, The Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,3 Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aixia Liu
- 1 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- 1 Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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231
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Souza BMPDS, Lambert SM, Nishi SM, Benavides MV, Berne MEA, Madruga CR, Almeida MAOD. Galectins and collectinis expression are increased in Haemonchus contortus-infected corriedale sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:317-23. [PMID: 26444062 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Galectins and collectins are proteins classified in the lectin family that have the ability to recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens. Studies on cattle have demonstrated high expression of these proteins during infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the level of Haemonchus contortus infection would alter the expression of galectins (Gal11 and Gal14) and collectins (SPA and CGN) in sheep. Twelve Corriedale sheep exposed to natural infection with nematodes were divided into two groups: group 1 (G1, n = 7) and group 2 (G2, n = 5), with low and high parasite burdens, respectively, based on fecal egg counts and abomasal parasite counts. The fecal egg counts and abomasal parasite counts were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the groups. Galectin and collectin gene expression was observed in all sheep abomasal samples. However, animals with lower infection levels showed lower expression of the genes Gal14, SPA and CGN (p < 0.05). Expression of lectins was associated with the abomasal H. contortus burden, thus suggesting that these proteins may have a role in controlling of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Mota Lambert
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, BR
| | - Sandra Mayumi Nishi
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, BR
| | | | | | - Claudio Roberto Madruga
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, BR
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232
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Stiasny A, Freier CP, Kuhn C, Schulze S, Mayr D, Alexiou C, Janko C, Wiest I, Dannecker C, Jeschke U, Kost BP. The involvement of E6, p53, p16, MDM2 and Gal-3 in the clinical outcome of patients with cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4467-4476. [PMID: 29085443 PMCID: PMC5649573 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer. HPV oncogenes are responsible for the development of malignancy, and the E6 oncoprotein that HPV expresses induces the degradation of tumour suppressor protein p53 (p53). This degradation leads to the upregulation of p16; however, unidentified proteins may also serve a role in the development and progression of cervical cancer. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyse the expression levels of E6, p53, p16, MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2) and galectin-3 (gal-3) in cervical cancer specimens. A total of 250 cervical cancer tissue slides were used. The expression of E6, p53, p16, MDM2 and gal-3 was analysed with immunohistochemical methods and a semi-quantitative scoring. SPSS software was used for the statistical evaluation of staining results and survival analysis of patients with cervical cancer. Cervical cancer specimens demonstrated significantly increased E6 staining with advanced T-status and increased International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classification. E6, p53 and p16 demonstrated significantly different expression levels in squamous epithelial tissue compared with adenocarcinomas. MDM2 and gal-3 demonstrated positively correlated expression levels in cervical cancer. In addition, gal-3 expression was correlated with poor prognosis in p16-negative cases. A negative correlation between the expression of E6 and a mutated form of p53 was also identified in cervical cancer. p53 mutation was demonstrated to be common in cervical cancer, and gal-3 and MDM2 appeared to act in a combined manner in this type of tumour. As gal-3 is overexpressed in the cervical cancer tissue of patients with poor prognosis, the use of gal-3 inhibitors should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Stiasny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph P Freier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Schulze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irmi Wiest
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Dannecker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd P Kost
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, D-80337 Munich, Germany
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233
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Fischöder T, Laaf D, Dey C, Elling L. Enzymatic Synthesis of N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) Type 1 Oligomers and Characterization as Multivalent Galectin Ligands. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081320. [PMID: 28796164 PMCID: PMC6152129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeats of the disaccharide unit N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) occur as type 1 (Galβ1, 3GlcNAc) and type 2 (Galβ1, 4GlcNAc) glycosylation motifs on glycoproteins and glycolipids. The LacNAc motif acts as binding ligand for lectins and is involved in many biological recognition events. To the best of our knowledge, we present, for the first time, the synthesis of LacNAc type 1 oligomers using recombinant β1,3-galactosyltransferase from Escherichia coli and β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltranferase from Helicobacter pylori. Tetrasaccharide glycans presenting LacNAc type 1 repeats or LacNAc type 1 at the reducing or non-reducing end, respectively, were conjugated to bovine serum albumin as a protein scaffold by squarate linker chemistry. The resulting multivalent LacNAc type 1 presenting neo-glycoproteins were further studied for specific binding of the tumor-associated human galectin 3 (Gal-3) and its truncated counterpart Gal-3∆ in an enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). We observed a significantly increased affinity of Gal-3∆ towards the multivalent neo-glycoprotein presenting LacNAc type 1 repeating units. This is the first evidence for differences in glycan selectivity of Gal-3∆ and Gal-3 and may be further utilized for tracing Gal-3∆ during tumor progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominic Laaf
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carina Dey
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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234
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Gupta RK, Gupta K, Sharma A, Das M, Ansari IA, Dwivedi PD. Maillard reaction in food allergy: Pros and cons. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:208-226. [PMID: 26980434 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1152949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food allergens have a notable potential to induce various health concerns in susceptible individuals. The majority of allergenic foods are usually subjected to thermal processing prior to their consumption. However, during thermal processing and long storage of foods, Maillard reaction (MR) often takes place. The MR is a non-enzymatic glycation reaction between the carbonyl group of reducing sugars and compounds having free amino groups. MR may sometimes be beneficial by damaging epitope of allergens and reducing allergenic potential, while exacerbation in allergic reactions may also occur due to changes in the motifs of epitopes or neoallergen generation. Apart from these modulations, non-enzymatic glycation can also modify the food protein(s) with various type of advance glycation end products (AGEs) such as Nϵ-(carboxymethyl-)lysine (CML), pentosidine, pyrraline, and methylglyoxal-H1 derived from MR. These Maillard products may act as immunogen by inducing the activation and proliferation of various immune cells. Literature is available to understand pathogenesis of glycation in the context of various diseases but there is hardly any review that can provide a thorough insight on the impact of glycation in food allergy. Therefore, present review explores the pathogenesis with special reference to food allergy caused by non-enzymatic glycation as well as AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinkesh Kumar Gupta
- a Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Lucknow -, India.,b Department of Biosciences , Integral University , Lucknow , India
| | - Kriti Gupta
- a Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Lucknow -, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- a Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Lucknow -, India.,c Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Capmus , Lucknow , India
| | - Mukul Das
- a Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Lucknow -, India
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235
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Chen YC, Ma YL, Lin CH, Cheng SJ, Hsu WL, Lee EHY. Galectin-3 Negatively Regulates Hippocampus-Dependent Memory Formation through Inhibition of Integrin Signaling and Galectin-3 Phosphorylation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:217. [PMID: 28744198 PMCID: PMC5504160 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a member of the galectin protein family, has been found to regulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and promote inflammatory responses. Galectin-3 is also expressed in the adult rat hippocampus, but its role in learning and memory function is not known. Here, we found that contextual fear-conditioning training, spatial training or injection of NMDA into the rat CA1 area each dramatically decreased the level of endogenous galectin-3 expression. Overexpression of galectin-3 impaired fear memory, whereas galectin-3 knockout (KO) enhanced fear retention, spatial memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation. Galectin-3 was further found to associate with integrin α3, an association that was decreased after fear-conditioning training. Transfection of the rat CA1 area with small interfering RNA against galectin-3 facilitated fear memory and increased phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) levels, effects that were blocked by co-transfection of the FAK phosphorylation-defective mutant Flag-FAKY397F. Notably, levels of serine-phosphorylated galectin-3 were decreased by fear conditioning training. In addition, blockade of galectin-3 phosphorylation at Ser-6 facilitated fear memory, whereas constitutive activation of galectin-3 at Ser-6 impaired fear memory. Interestingly galectin-1 plays a role in fear-memory formation similar to that of galectin-3. Collectively, our data provide the first demonstration that galectin-3 is a novel negative regulator of memory formation that exerts its effects through both extracellular and intracellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Li Ma
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Program in Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Eminy H-Y Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
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236
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Migration ofFasciola hepaticanewly excysted juveniles is inhibited by high-mannose and oligomannose-typeN-glycan-binding lectins. Parasitology 2017; 144:1708-1717. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201700124x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYFasciola hepaticahas both zoonotic importance and high economic impact in livestock worldwide. After ingestion by the definitive host, the Newly Excysted Juveniles (NEJ) penetrate the intestine before reaching the peritoneal cavity. The role of some NEJ-derived proteins in invasion has been documented, but the role of NEJ glycans or lectin-binding receptors during initial infection in the gut is still unknown. To address these questions, the migration of NEJ through rat intestine was recorded at 30 min intervals up to 150 min by twoex vivomethods. Firstly, jejunal sheets were challenged with NEJ incubated with biotinylated lectins. Secondly, untreated NEJ were incubated with distal jejunum pre-treated with lectins. BothConcanavalin A(ConA) andGalanthus nivalis(GNL), which recognize mannose-typeN-glycans, significantly inhibited NEJ migration across the jejunum. Most of the lectins bound to the tegument and oral sucker of the NEJ, but only ConA and GNL maintained this interaction over 150 min. None of the lectins examined significantly reduced NEJ migration when pre-incubated with jejunal sheets, suggesting that host glycans might not be essential for initial binding/recognition of the gut by NEJ. Agents capable of blocking mannose-typeN-glycans on the NEJ tegument may have potential for disrupting infection.
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237
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Bertleff-Zieschang N, Bechold J, Grimm C, Reutlinger M, Schneider P, Schneider G, Seibel J. Exploring the Structural Space of the Galectin-1-Ligand Interaction. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1477-1481. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Bertleff-Zieschang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Julian Bechold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Clemens Grimm
- Biozentrum der Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Reutlinger
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH); Department Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Petra Schneider
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH); Department Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH); Department Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Julius Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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238
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Schulz H, Schmoeckel E, Kuhn C, Hofmann S, Mayr D, Mahner S, Jeschke U. Galectins-1, -3, and -7 Are Prognostic Markers for Survival of Ovarian Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061230. [PMID: 28594391 PMCID: PMC5486053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a tremendous need for developing new useful prognostic factors in ovarian cancer. Galectins are a family of carbohydrate binding proteins which have been suggested to serve as prognostic factors for various cancer types. In this study, the presence of Galectin-1, -3, and -7 was investigated in 156 ovarian cancer specimens by immunochemical staining. Staining was evaluated in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells as well as the peritumoral stroma using a semi quantitative score (Remmele (IR) score). Patients’ overall survival was compared between different groups of Galectin expression. Galectin (Gal)-1 and -3 staining was observed in the peritumoral stroma as well as the nucleus and cytoplasm of tumor cells, while Gal-7 was only present in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. Patients with Gal-1 expression in the cytoplasm or high Gal-1 expression in the peritumoral stroma showed reduced overall survival. Nuclear Gal-3 staining correlated with a better outcome. We observed a significantly reduced overall survival for cases with high Gal-7 expression and a better survival for Gal-7 negative cases, when compared to cases with low expression of Gal-7. We were able to show that both tumor and stroma staining of Gal-1 could serve as negative prognostic factors for ovarian cancer. We were able to confirm cytoplasmic Gal-7 as a negative prognostic factor. Gal-3 staining in the nucleus could be a new positive prognosticator for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schulz
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Großhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany.
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- LMU Munich, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, Munich 80337, Germany.
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Großhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany.
| | - Simone Hofmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Großhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany.
| | - Doris Mayr
- LMU Munich, Department of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 142, Munich 80337, Germany.
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Großhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Großhadern: Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich and Campus Innenstadt: Maistr. 11, Munich 80337, Germany.
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239
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Vinnai JR, Cumming RC, Thompson GJ, Timoshenko AV. The association between oxidative stress-induced galectins and differentiation of human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 355:113-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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240
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Louka ML, Said H, El Sayed S, El-Shinawi M. Galectin 1 overexpression in breast cancer tissues: Relation to serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 activity. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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241
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Biophysical and structural characterization of mono/di-arylated lactosamine derivatives interaction with human galectin-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:281-286. [PMID: 28554839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Combination of biophysical and structural techniques allowed characterizing and uncovering the mechanisms underlying increased binding affinity of lactosamine derivatives for galectin 3. In particular, complementing information gathered from X-ray crystallography, native mass spectrometry and isothermal microcalorimetry showed favorable enthalpic contribution of cation-π interaction between lactosamine aryl substitutions and arginine residues from the carbohydrate recognition domain, which resulted in two log increase in compound binding affinity. This incrementing strategy allowed individual contribution of galectin inhibitor moieties to be dissected. Altogether, our results suggest that core and substituents of these saccharide-based inhibitors can be optimized separately, providing valuable tools to study the role of galectins in diseases.
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242
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Fort-Gallifa I, Hernández-Aguilera A, García-Heredia A, Cabré N, Luciano-Mateo F, Simó JM, Martín-Paredero V, Camps J, Joven J. Galectin-3 in Peripheral Artery Disease. Relationships with Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050973. [PMID: 28471381 PMCID: PMC5454886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a modulator of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis involved in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. The present study sought to characterize, in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), the localization of galectin-3 in arterial tissue, and to analyze the relationships between the circulating levels of galectin-3 and oxidative stress and inflammation. It also sought to compare the diagnostic accuracy of galectin-3 with that of other biochemical markers of this disease. We analyzed femoral or popliteal arteries from 50 PAD patients, and four control arteries. Plasma from 86 patients was compared with that from 72 control subjects. We observed differences in the expression of galectin-3 in normal arteries, and arteries from patients with PAD, with a displacement of the expression from the adventitia to the media, and the intima. In addition, plasma galectin-3 concentration was increased in PAD patients, and correlated with serologic markers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes), and inflammation [chemokine (C−C motif) ligand 2, C-reactive protein, β-2-microglobulin]. We conclude that the determination of galectin-3 has good diagnostic accuracy in the assessment of PAD and compares well with other analytical parameters currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fort-Gallifa
- Biochemical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, Reus, 43201 Catalonia, Spain.
- Reference Laboratory of Catalonia South, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Cambra de Comerç 42, Reus, 43204 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Biochemical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, Reus, 43201 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Anabel García-Heredia
- Biochemical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, Reus, 43201 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Noemí Cabré
- Biochemical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, Reus, 43201 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Fedra Luciano-Mateo
- Biochemical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, Reus, 43201 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Josep M Simó
- Reference Laboratory of Catalonia South, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Cambra de Comerç 42, Reus, 43204 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Martín-Paredero
- Service of Angiology, Vascular Surgery and Endosurgery, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Dr. Mallafré Guasch 4, Tarragona, 43005 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Camps
- Biochemical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, Reus, 43201 Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Joven
- Biochemical Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, Reus, 43201 Catalonia, Spain.
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243
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Li P, Liu S, Lu M, Bandyopadhyay G, Oh D, Imamura T, Johnson AMF, Sears D, Shen Z, Cui B, Kong L, Hou S, Liang X, Iovino S, Watkins SM, Ying W, Osborn O, Wollam J, Brenner M, Olefsky JM. Hematopoietic-Derived Galectin-3 Causes Cellular and Systemic Insulin Resistance. Cell 2017; 167:973-984.e12. [PMID: 27814523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In obesity, macrophages and other immune cells accumulate in insulin target tissues, promoting a chronic inflammatory state and insulin resistance. Galectin-3 (Gal3), a lectin mainly secreted by macrophages, is elevated in both obese subjects and mice. Administration of Gal3 to mice causes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, whereas inhibition of Gal3, through either genetic or pharmacologic loss of function, improved insulin sensitivity in obese mice. In vitro treatment with Gal3 directly enhanced macrophage chemotaxis, reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in myocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes and impaired insulin-mediated suppression of glucose output in primary mouse hepatocytes. Importantly, we found that Gal3 can bind directly to the insulin receptor (IR) and inhibit downstream IR signaling. These observations elucidate a novel role for Gal3 in hepatocyte, adipocyte, and myocyte insulin resistance, suggesting that Gal3 can link inflammation to decreased insulin sensitivity. Inhibition of Gal3 could be a new approach to treat insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Shuainan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Min Lu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Diabetes Early Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gautum Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dayoung Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, 1 Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu-city, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Andrew M F Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dorothy Sears
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lijuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shaocong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Salvatore Iovino
- Diabetes Early Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Brenner
- Diabetes Early Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UC, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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244
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Sun R, Wang J, Zheng Y, Li X, Xie T, Li R, Liu M, Cao Y, Lu L, Zhang Q, Zhang P. Traditional Chinese medicine baoxin decoction improves cardiac fibrosis of rats with dilated cardiomyopathy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1900-1906. [PMID: 28565783 PMCID: PMC5443197 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of baoxin decoction (BXD) on myocardial fibrosis and clarified the possible mechanism of action. Dilated myocardiopathy was induced by doxorubicin injected intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. Rats that demonstrated dilated myocardiopathy were randomly divided into five groups plus a control group. Three groups were treated with BXD (7.5/kg, 15 g/kg and 30 g/kg) daily for 4 weeks. One group was treated with 8.75 g/kg of captopril (positive control), and with physiologic saline (negative control). Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography. Hematoxylin and eosin, and Massons trichrome staining were performed, PICP and PIIINP were assessed by ELISA, the expression of galectin-3 and collagen types I and III was evaluated with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and interrelated proteins were detected by western blot analysis. BXD downregulated galectin-3, collagen I and III and was correlated with a high expression of fibrosis markers. It also significantly decreased myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF), together with markedly preventing the upregulation of collagen I and III. In addition, BXD downregulated the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in the myocardial fibrosis rats. Therefore, BXD treatment significantly improved cardiac function and alleviated myocardial fibrosis in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is the mechanism that may be associated with inhibiting the TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Sun
- Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jiangbo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Xianchi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Peiying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical School of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Arasu A, Kumaresan V, Palanisamy R, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Ganesh MR, Arockiaraj J. Bacterial membrane binding and pore formation abilities of carbohydrate recognition domain of fish lectin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:202-212. [PMID: 27729229 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are innate molecules that are found in a wide variety of species ranging from bacteria to humans. In recent years, excessive usage of antibiotics resulted in development of multi-drug resistant pathogens which made researchers to focus on AMPs as potential substitute for antibiotics. Lily type mannose-binding lectin is an extended super-family of structurally and evolutionarily related sugar binding proteins. These lectins are well-known AMPs which play important roles in fish defense mechanism. Here, we report a full-length lily type lectin-2 (LTL-2) identified from the cDNA library of striped murrel, Channa striatus (Cs). CsLTL-2 protein contained B-lectin domain along with three carbohydrate binding sites which is a prominent characteristic functional feature of LTL. The mRNA transcripts of CsLTL-2 were predominantly expressed in gills and considerably up-regulated upon infection with fungus (Aphanomyces invadans) and bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila). To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the carbohydrate binding region of CsLTL-2, the region was synthesized (QP13) and its bactericidal activity was analyzed. In addition, QP13 was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and its binding affinity with the bacterial cell membranes was analyzed. Minimum inhibitory concentration assay revealed that QP13 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli at a concentration of 80 μM/ml. Confocal microscopic observation showed that FITC tagged QP13 specifically bound to the bacterial membrane. Fluorescence assisted cell sorter (FACS) assay showed that QP13 reduced the bacterial cell count drastically. Therefore, the mechanism of action of QP13 on E. coli cells was determined by propidium iodide internalization assay which confirmed that QP13 induced bacterial membrane disruption. Moreover, the peptide did not show any cytotoxicity towards fish peripheral blood leucocytes. Taken together, these results support the potentiality of QP13 that can be used as an antimicrobial agent against the tested pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Arasu
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Microbiology, SRM Arts & Science College, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Palanisamy
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munuswamy-Ramanujam Ganesh
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Al-Maghrabi J, Abdelrahman AS, Ghabrah T, Butt NS, Al-Maghrabi B, Khabaz MN. Immunohistochemical expression of galectin-3 is significantly associated with grade, stage and differentiation of endometrial carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:348-352. [PMID: 28215640 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study describes galectin-3 immunohistochemical phenotype and its association with clinicopathological factors in the carcinoma of endometrium. Seventy one cases of endometrial carcinoma and 30 cases of benign and normal endometrium were employed for the detection of galectin-3 protein using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry staining. Thirty nine (55%) cases, including 54.2% of endometrioid adenocarcinomas and 55.5% serous carcinomas, were positively stained for galectin-3. Brown granular expression of this glycoprotein was detected in transformed epithelial cells of 36 cases including 28 cases with membranous and cytoplasmic staining and 8 cases with only cytoplasmic staining; nuclear expression was present in stromal cells of the remaining 3 cases. Twenty-four (80%) control cases showed granular cytoplasmic and membranous expression, and six control cases were negative. Tumor grade, stage and differentiation were significantly associated with galectin-3 immunoreactivity (p-values are 0.043, 0.016, and 0.044 respectively), cases with membranous and cytoplasmic staining is significantly associated with grade I and stage II, while cases with loss of staining are more frequent in grade II, III and poorly differentiated tumors. No significant association of galectin-3 staining was observed with age, diagnosis, recurrence and alive status. The current study supports the tumor suppression role of galectin-3 in endometrial carcinoma. Greater galectin-3 immunostaining has been found in control endometrial tissues compared to endometrial tumors. Loss or decreased galectin-3 immunoexpression gives a sign for poor prognoses in endometrial carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Shafie Abdelrahman
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawfik Ghabrah
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Shafique Butt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80205, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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247
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Eliaz I, Patil A, Navarro-Alvarez N, Wang Z, Eliaz A, Weil E, Wilk B, Sachs DH, Huang CA. Methods for the detection and serum depletion of porcine galectin-3. J Clin Apher 2017; 32:335-341. [PMID: 28083958 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating galectin-3 (Gal-3) is elevated in systemic inflammatory disorders, fibrotic diseases, and in cancers. Gal-3 is a promising cancer target where it promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis, as well as in renal, pulmonary, hepatic, and cardiovascular diseases, because of its role as a driver of fibrotic remodeling. This reports goal was to establish methods for the detection and removal of porcine Gal-3 that will enable further studies of the therapeutic potential of Gal-3 depletion by apheresis in porcine disease models. The long-term aim is to develop a safe, effective method of removing Gal-3 via apheresis as a standalone therapeutic tool and as an adjuvant to other therapies. METHODS Purified recombinant porcine Gal-3 was prepared and used as the standard for development of a porcine Gal-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Different affinity column matrices that incorporated either a rat IgG2a anti-Gal-3 monoclonal antibody or carbohydrate ligand were assessed for depletion of Gal-3 from porcine serum. RESULTS A porcine Gal-3 ELISA with a linear range from 0.3 to 20 ng/mL was able to detect native porcine Gal-3 in both fetal (∼150-200 ng/mL) and juvenile (∼5-15 ng/mL) porcine serum samples. Use of an anti-Gal-3 monoclonal antibody affinity column depleted Gal-3 from porcine serum to at least 313 pg/mL, the limit of ELISA detection. CONCLUSIONS Methods have been developed for the detection and depletion of porcine Gal-3. These methods will be used to study the specific effects of Gal-3 depletion via apheresis in porcine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eliaz
- Eliaz Therapeutics Inc, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Aarti Patil
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amity Eliaz
- University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elaine Weil
- Eliaz Therapeutics Inc, Santa Rosa, California
| | - Barry Wilk
- Eliaz Therapeutics Inc, Santa Rosa, California
| | - David H Sachs
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christene A Huang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Evolution of protein N-glycosylation process in Golgi apparatus which shapes diversity of protein N-glycan structures in plants, animals and fungi. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40301. [PMID: 28074929 PMCID: PMC5225481 DOI: 10.1038/srep40301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation (PNG) is crucial for protein folding and enzymatic activities, and has remarkable diversity among eukaryotic species. Little is known of how unique PNG mechanisms arose and evolved in eukaryotes. Here we demonstrate a picture of onset and evolution of PNG components in Golgi apparatus that shaped diversity of eukaryotic protein N-glycan structures, with an emphasis on roles that domain emergence and combination played on PNG evolution. 23 domains were identified from 24 known PNG genes, most of which could be classified into a single clan, indicating a single evolutionary source for the majority of the genes. From 153 species, 4491 sequences containing the domains were retrieved, based on which we analyzed distribution of domains among eukaryotic species. Two domains in GnTV are restricted to specific eukaryotic domains, while 10 domains distribute not only in species where certain unique PNG reactions occur and thus genes harboring these domains are supoosed to be present, but in other ehkaryotic lineages. Notably, two domains harbored by β-1,3 galactosyltransferase, an essential enzyme in forming plant-specific Lea structure, were present in separated genes in fungi and animals, suggesting its emergence as a result of domain shuffling.
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Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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Amoroso G, Ventura T, Cobcroft JM, Adams MB, Elizur A, Carter CG. Multigenic Delineation of Lower Jaw Deformity in Triploid Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168454. [PMID: 27977809 PMCID: PMC5158070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower jaw deformity (LJD) is a skeletal anomaly affecting farmed triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) which leads to considerable economic losses for industry and has animal welfare implications. The present study employed transcriptome analysis in parallel with real-time qPCR techniques to characterise for the first time the LJD condition in triploid Atlantic salmon juveniles using two independent sample sets: experimentally-sourced salmon (60 g) and commercially produced salmon (100 g). A total of eleven genes, some detected/identified through the transcriptome analysis (fbn2, gal and gphb5) and others previously determined to be related to skeletal physiology (alp, bmp4, col1a1, col2a1, fgf23, igf1, mmp13, ocn), were tested in the two independent sample sets. Gphb5, a recently discovered hormone, was significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in LJD affected fish in both sample sets, suggesting a possible hormonal involvement. In-situ hybridization detected gphb5 expression in oral epithelium, teeth and skin of the lower jaw. Col2a1 showed the same consistent significant (P < 0.05) down-regulation in LJD suggesting a possible cartilaginous impairment as a distinctive feature of the condition. Significant (P < 0.05) differential expression of other genes found in either one or the other sample set highlighted the possible effect of stage of development or condition progression on transcription and showed that anomalous bone development, likely driven by cartilage impairment, is more evident at larger fish sizes. The present study improved our understanding of LJD suggesting that a cartilage impairment likely underlies the condition and col2a1 may be a marker. In addition, the involvement of gphb5 urges further investigation of a hormonal role in LJD and skeletal physiology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Amoroso
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Cobcroft
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark B. Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris G. Carter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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