201
|
|
202
|
Roudier MP, Bain SD, Dougall WC. Effects of the RANKL inhibitor, osteoprotegerin, on the pain and histopathology of bone cancer in rats. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 23:167-75. [PMID: 16912914 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of the receptor activator for nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG), on tumor-induced allodynia, osteolysis, and bone histology in the mammary tumor (MRMT-1) rat model for bone cancer pain. METHODS Rats (n = 8/group) were inoculated with MRMT-1 or culture medium in the proximal right tibia, injected with OPG or vehicle subcutaneously 2-3 times weekly, evaluated for mechanical allodynia with von Frey paw stimulation, and euthanized on Day 20 for necropsy. Three groups were evaluated starting on Day 5 and received the following interventions beginning on Day 1: tumor and OPG, tumor and vehicle, or culture medium and vehicle. Three additional groups received the same interventions but were evaluated starting on Day 3. A seventh group started OPG on Day 8 after tumor inoculation. RESULTS Starting OPG on Day 1 reduced allodynia significantly compared with vehicle injections; pain relief was observed within 5-6 days after tumor inoculation and lasted throughout follow-up. Starting OPG on Day 8 did not reverse allodynia significantly compared with the tumor control group. Regardless of treatment start time, OPG treatment reduced osteoclast number and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels, increased bone mineral density, preserved normal bone volume and integrity on micro-computed tomography, reduced relative tumor volume in the bone, and reduced staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS RANKL inhibition with OPG reduced bone resorption and bone pain in rats with malignant bone disease; further study is warranted to determine if RANKL inhibition has similar benefits in humans.
Collapse
|
203
|
Mao-Ying QL, Zhao J, Dong ZQ, Wang J, Yu J, Yan MF, Zhang YQ, Wu GC, Wang YQ. A rat model of bone cancer pain induced by intra-tibia inoculation of Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1292-8. [PMID: 16725112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study described a modified rat model of bone cancer pain. Syngeneic Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells were injected into the tibia medullary cavity via intercondylar eminence. Series of tests were carried out including bone radiology, bone histology, ambulatory pain, thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, weight bearing ability, and electrophysiological recording from primary afferent fibers. The rats inoculated with carcinoma cells showed significant ambulatory pain, mechanical allodynia, and reduction in weight bearing, as well as increased incidence of spontaneous activity in Abeta fibers in affected limb, whereas PBS (vehicle) or heat-killed cells (sham) injected rats showed no significant difference in comparison to normal rats. The pain hypersensitive behaviors were aggravated with time and destruction of bone. Interestingly, mechanical allodynia was also observed in the contralateral limb, indicating the involvement of 'mirror image' pain in bone cancer pain. In summary, the present study provided a useful and easily established rat model of bone cancer pain which will contribute to further study of the mechanisms underlying cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Mao-Ying
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Goblirsch M, Zwolak P, Ramnaraine ML, Pan W, Lynch C, Alaei P, Clohisy DR. Novel Cytosine Deaminase Fusion Gene Enhances the Effect of Radiation on Breast Cancer in Bone by Reducing Tumor Burden, Osteolysis, and Skeletal Fracture. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3168-76. [PMID: 16707617 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful breast carcinoma metastases in bone are a common manifestation of malignant disease. Eradication of these tumors can be evasive, and as a result, skeletal morbidity increases with disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The treatment potential of cytosine deaminase (CD) gene therapy combined with radiation treatment was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using a 4T1 murine breast carcinoma model. 4T1 carcinoma cells were transduced with a fusion gene encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the human nerve growth factor receptor and the cytoplasmic portion of the yeast CD gene (NGFR-CD(y)). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS CD-expressing tumor cells (4TCD(y)) were highly sensitive to treatment by 5-fluorocytosine prodrug (P < 0.0001). 5-Fluorocytosine treatment of 4TCD(y), but not 4T1 cells, enhanced the effects of radiation in vitro (P < 0.0001). 5-Fluorocytosine prodrug treatment also increased the therapeutic potential of radiation in vivo. Mice with 4TCD(y) intrafemoral tumors showed increased effectiveness of radiation based on improved reductions in tumor size, reductions in tumorigenic osteolysis, and a decrease in skeletal fractures (P < 0.01).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goblirsch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Blouin S, Baslé MF, Chappard D. Rat models of bone metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2006; 22:605-14. [PMID: 16670964 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases occur frequently in patients with advanced breast or prostate cancer. Bone metastases can be predominantly osteolytic, osteoblastic or mixed. Studies with animal models allow advances in understanding the molecular basis for bone metastases and provide new targets for therapy. Several animal models have been developed in rat with different pathophysiologies; they required injection or implantation of neoplastic cells into orthotopic locations, bones or the left ventricle of the heart. Several specific strains of rat have an increased incidence of spontaneous tumors. Carcinomas can be induced by either chemicals or physical agents. However, the most used and convenient way to induce bone metastases is a syngeneic transmission. MAT-Ly-Lu cells have been used in several models using Copenhagen rats to induce osteoblastic bone lesions. PA-III cells derived from Pollard tumors can also produce a combination of osteolytic and osteoblastic reactions at the site of transplantation. Osteolytic bone lesions can be obtained with an injection of Walker cells. The use of 13762 or c-SST2 cells allows also leads to osteolysis. Human xenografts can only be used in nude animals. It is essential to validate and correctly interpret the lesions in several models of bone metastasis. No animal model is sufficient by itself to represent the clinical findings observed in humans. The use of models developed in different species should be more predictive and bring a beam of arguments for a better knowledge of pathophysiological and therapeutic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Blouin
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM, EMI 0335-LHEA, 49045 ANGERS Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Prommer E. Rotating Methadone to Other Opioids: A Lesson in the Mechanisms of Opioid Tolerance and Opioid-Induced Pain. J Palliat Med 2006; 9:488-93. [PMID: 16629581 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2006.9.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Prommer
- UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, VIP Palliative Care Program, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare, 90073, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Whiteside GT, Boulet JM, Sellers R, Bunton TE, Walker K. Neuropathy-induced osteopenia in rats is not due to a reduction in weight born on the affected limb. Bone 2006; 38:387-93. [PMID: 16203196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in bone mineral density (BMD) are associated with clinical neuropathies. Following nerve injury in the rat, there is a loss of BMD, which may be related to nerve injury or reduced mechanical loading. The purpose of this study was to investigate if altered mechanical loading is solely responsible for the observed loss of BMD in neuropathic pain models. In addition, we sought to study the action of chronic bisphosphonate treatment on both neuropathy-induced osteopenia and pain. We therefore had two hypotheses: firstly, that nerve injuries can have variable effects on hind limb bone loss in rats which are not attributable to differences in the extent of hind limb disuse and, secondly, that bisphosphonate treatment can reverse bone loss in a rat mononeuropathy model, and this is not attributable to bisphosphonate effects on nociception or hind paw unweighting. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to chronic constriction injury (CCI), partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSN) or L5 + L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Loss of BMD, defined as a numerically lower BMD as compared to control animals, was extreme following CCI (maximum ipsilateral/contralateral difference of 0.023 +/- 0.011); BMD loss following either PSN or SNL in the rat was subtle (0.010 +/- 0.002 and 0.013 +/- 0.012 g/cm2, respectively), significant only at early time points and had resolved by 7 weeks post-surgery. Chronic bisphosphonate treatment significantly inhibited CCI-induced osteopenia in the rat without inhibiting the reduction in weight-bearing tactile allodynia or mechanical hyperalgesia. Loss of BMD is observed in rats in a variety of neuropathic pain models. Lack of correlation between neuropathy-induced bone loss and weight bearing demonstrates that the bone loss is not simply a function of reduced mechanical loading and suggests that altered bone-nerve signaling is involved. Furthermore, chronic bisphosphonate treatment inhibits neuropathy-induced osteopenia without affecting behavioral measurements of neuropathic pain. This indicates that osteopenia is not directly related to neuropathic pain behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth T Whiteside
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Purdue Pharma Discovery Research, 6 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Abstract
Experimental animal models of bone cancer pain have emerged and findings have provided a unique glimpse into unraveling the mechanism that drives this debilitating condition. Key contributors to the generation and maintenance of bone cancer pain are tumor-induced osteolysis, tumor itself, and production of nociceptive mediators in the bone-tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Goblirsch
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Vit JP, Ohara PT, Tien DA, Fike JR, Eikmeier L, Beitz A, Wilcox GL, Jasmin L. The analgesic effect of low dose focal irradiation in a mouse model of bone cancer is associated with spinal changes in neuro-mediators of nociception. Pain 2006; 120:188-201. [PMID: 16360279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of radiotherapy to treat painful bone metastases, the mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of low dose ionizing radiation is unknown. Bone cancer pain is mostly associated with an inflammatory response dominated by local activation of osteoclasts and by astrogliosis in the spinal cord. We determined the effects of a 6 Gy irradiation given focally on osteolytic sarcoma cells inoculated in humeri of mice. Pain behavior was assessed using the rota-rod and the grip force test. Seven days post-irradiation (day 17 post-tumor implantation) the performance of mice markedly improved on the rotarod (non-irradiated, 67+/-16s vs irradiated, 223 +/- 22 s; P = 0.0005), and the grip force test (non-irradiated, 34 +/- 4 g vs irradiated, 55 +/- 2 g; P = 0.001). This improvement was similar to the analgesia achieved with 30 mg/kg of the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor ketorolac (Rota-rod, 67 +/- 16 s vs 178 +/- 35 s; P = 0.01: grip force test, 34 +/- 4 g, vs 60 +/- 5 g; P = 0.003). Following irradiation, the tumor mass and the number of osteoclasts did not decrease while the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) increased. Tumor irradiation led to clear differences in the spinal cord. These include a decrease in glial activity (astrocytes and microglial cells) as well as pain mediators such as dynorphin, COX-2 and chemotactic cytokine receptor (CCR2). We conclude that the analgesic effect of low dose irradiation of bone cancer is associated with the alteration of nociceptive transmission in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Departments of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Dermatology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Donovan-Rodriguez T, Urch CE, Dickenson AH. Evidence of a role for descending serotonergic facilitation in a rat model of cancer-induced bone pain. Neurosci Lett 2006; 393:237-42. [PMID: 16256273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Descending modulation of spinal processing plays an important role in chronic pain states. Monoamine pathways comprise a major component of descending controls from the brainstem to the spinal cord. Recent emphasis has been on facilitatory actions mediated by the 5-HT3 receptor. We investigated the effects of spinally administered ondansetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on electrical- and natural-evoked dorsal horn (DH) neuronal responses in a rat model of cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). Injection of MRMT-1 cells into the tibiae of Sprague-Dawley rats was used to model CIBP, whilst sham-operated rats were injected with the cell medium alone. Behavioural testing at regular intervals monitored the development of mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, and ambulatory-evoked pain. In vivo electrophysiology experiments were carried out 15-17 days after surgery, when there were significant behavioural and neuronal alterations in the cancer animals. Spinally administered ondansetron (10, 50, and 100 microg) had no effect on electrical-evoked neuronal responses, but significantly reduced mechanical- and thermal-evoked responses in both the groups of animals. Furthermore, the effects of ondansetron were significantly greater in cancer animals compared to shams. These results therefore suggest a role for descending serotonergic facilitation in CIBP.
Collapse
|
211
|
Cahana A, Seium Y, Diby M, Martin JB, Ruefenacht D, Dietrich PY. Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in Octogenarians: Results and Follow-Up. Pain Pract 2005; 5:316-23. [PMID: 17177764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2005.00049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine pain relief, performance status, morbidity, and mortality associated with percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal pain in patients aged 80 years and older. DESIGN Prospective, descriptive, third-party independent interview, clinical audit. SETTING University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS Patients aged 80 years and older who underwent vertebroplasty between August 1997 and August 2004 because of vertebral fractures from osteoporotic or malignant etiologies. METHODS Primary outcome measures were verbal rating scale (VRS) (0--no pain, 5--intolerable) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status scale (0--normal activity, 4--unable to get out of bed) before and after procedure. Patients were interviewed 8 to 35 months post treatment (mean 25), independently assessed for pain relief, analgesic consumption, and overall satisfaction by using the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Outcome Measures questionnaire. RESULTS Mean VRS scores significantly decreased from 4.86 +/- 0.64 to 2.39 +/- 1.14 (P < 0.05), and mean ECOG performance scores improved from 1.87 +/- 0.97 to 1.29 +/- 1.06 (P < 0.05) after treatment. When patients were analyzed by etiology (group 1--cancer; group 2--osteoporosis), both groups significantly reduced their VRS (P < 0.05); however, only group I significantly improved their performance (P < 0.05; P = 0.334, respectively). Nine patients answered the ASA questionnaire (18 deceased, 1 demented, 1 lost to follow-up) and reported an improvement in their ability to perform daily tasks. No early or late complications were observed; none of the deaths were procedure-related. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a safe, minimally invasive, well-tolerated analgesic procedure among octogenarians suffering from spinal pain, permitting increased activities of daily living. Pain reduction is significant regardless of the etiology; performance scores are significantly improved in cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cahana
- Interventional Pain Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Saito O, Aoe T, Yamamoto T. Analgesic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and morphine in a mouse model of bone cancer pain. J Anesth 2005; 19:218-24. [PMID: 16032450 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-005-0323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone metastasis is one of the major causes of cancer-related pain, and not all bone cancer pain can be effectively treated. Recently, a mouse model of bone cancer pain was introduced. To test the analgesic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on bone cancer pain, the authors examined the effects of oral administration of a cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) selective inhibitor (SC560), a COX-2 selective inhibitor (celecoxib), and a nonselective COX inhibitor (indomethacin) on bone cancer pain and compared these effects to the effect of orally administered acetaminophen and morphine. METHODS An animal model of bone cancer pain was induced by injecting osteolytic murine sarcoma cells in the mouse femur. Drugs were administered orally 2 weeks after tumor-cell implantation, and the level of bone cancer pain was assessed 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after drug administration. RESULTS Oral administration of acetaminophen, indomethacin, and morphine, but not of SC560 or celecoxib, produced an analgesic effect on bone cancer pain. Co-administration of a subanalgesic does of morphine with acetaminophen enhanced the analgesic effect of acetaminophen. CONCLUSION These data suggest that bone cancer pain is effectively treated by oral administration of indomethacin, acetaminophen, and morphine and that the co-administration of acetaminophen and an opioid provides a beneficial effect when treating of bone cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Halvorson KG, Kubota K, Sevcik MA, Lindsay TH, Sotillo JE, Ghilardi JR, Rosol TJ, Boustany L, Shelton DL, Mantyh PW. A Blocking Antibody to Nerve Growth Factor Attenuates Skeletal Pain Induced by Prostate Tumor Cells Growing in Bone. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9426-35. [PMID: 16230406 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is unique in that bone is often the only clinically detectable site of metastasis. Prostate tumors that have metastasized to bone frequently induce bone pain which can be difficult to fully control as it seems to be driven simultaneously by inflammatory, neuropathic, and tumorigenic mechanisms. As nerve growth factor (NGF) has been shown to modulate inflammatory and some neuropathic pain states in animal models, an NGF-sequestering antibody was administered in a prostate model of bone cancer where significant bone formation and bone destruction occur simultaneously in the mouse femur. Administration of a blocking antibody to NGF produced a significant reduction in both early and late stage bone cancer pain-related behaviors that was greater than or equivalent to that achieved with acute administration of 10 or 30 mg/kg of morphine sulfate. In contrast, this therapy did not influence tumor-induced bone remodeling, osteoblast proliferation, osteoclastogenesis, tumor growth, or markers of sensory or sympathetic innervation in the skin or bone. One rather unique aspect of the sensory innervation of bone, that may partially explain the analgesic efficacy of anti-NGF therapy in relieving prostate cancer-induced bone pain, is that nearly all nerve fibers that innervate the bone express trkA and p75, and these are the receptors through which NGF sensitizes and/or activates nociceptors. The present results suggest that anti-NGF therapy may be effective in reducing pain and enhancing the quality of life in patients with prostate tumor-induced bone cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Halvorson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Zhang RX, Liu B, Wang L, Ren K, Qiao JT, Berman BM, Lao L. Spinal glial activation in a new rat model of bone cancer pain produced by prostate cancer cell inoculation of the tibia. Pain 2005; 118:125-36. [PMID: 16154703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord are involved in the development of persistent pain induced by tissue inflammation and nerve injury. However, the role of glial cells in bone cancer pain is not well understood. The present study evaluated the spinal glial activation in a novel rat model of bone cancer pain produced by injecting AT-3.1 prostate cancer cells into the unilateral tibia of male Copenhagen rats. The structural damage to the tibia was monitored by radiological analysis. The thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, and spontaneous flinch were measured. The results showed that: (1) inoculation of prostate cancer cells, but not the vehicle Hank's solution, induced progressive bone destruction at the proximal epiphysis of the tibia from day 7-20 post inoculation; (2) the inoculation also induced progressive thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and spontaneous flinches; (3) astrocytes and microglia were significantly activated in the spinal cord ipsilateral to the cancer leg, characterized by enhanced immunostaining of both glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrocyte marker) and OX-42 (microglial marker); (4) IL-1beta was up-regulated in the ipsilateral spinal cord, evidenced by an increase of IL-1beta immunostained astrocytes. These results demonstrate that injection of AT-3.1 prostate cancer cells into the tibia produces progressive hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with the progression of tibia destruction, indicating the successful establishment of a novel male rat model of bone cancer pain. Further, bone cancer activates spinal glial cells, which may release IL-1beta and other cytokines and contribute to hyperalgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Zhang
- Center For Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 3rd Floor, James Kernan Hospital Mansion, 2200 Kernan Drive, Baltimore, MD 21207, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
El Mouedden M, Meert TF. Evaluation of pain-related behavior, bone destruction and effectiveness of fentanyl, sufentanil, and morphine in a murine model of cancer pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 82:109-19. [PMID: 16125759 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the pain development and bone destruction during bone cancer growth in a murine model of bone cancer pain and to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of fentanyl, sufentanil, and morphine in this model. C3H/HeNCrl mice were inoculated into the intramedullary space of the femur with osteolytic NCTC 2472 fibrosarcoma cells, and followed during a 3-week period to assess pain behaviors (spontaneous lifting and limb-use during forced ambulation on rotarod) and bone destruction (parameters indicative of bone lesions determined by microCT-scans of the tumor-bearing bones) during bone cancer growth. The results showed that in this murine model of cancer-induced bone pain, behavioural manifestations of pain emerge in parallel with the progression of bone destruction. The subcutaneous administration of fentanyl (0.025-0.64 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.005-0.04 mg/kg), and morphine (2.5-40 mg/kg) on the test days 15 and 22 post-inoculation reduced pain-related behaviors in a dose dependent manner. A complete relief from pain-related behaviors was achieved with the following doses: > or =0.16 mg/kg fentanyl, 0.02 mg/kg sufentanil, and 20 mg/kg morphine. In conclusion, the results showed a clear link between tumor growth-induced bone destruction and behavioral pain manifestations, the latter was effectively controlled by the opioids fentanyl, sufentanil, and morphine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Mouedden
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Sun YN, Luo JY, Rao ZR, Lan L, Duan L. GFAP and Fos immunoreactivity in lumbo-sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata after chronic colonic inflammation in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4827-32. [PMID: 16097052 PMCID: PMC4398730 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i31.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the response of astrocytes and neurons in rat lumbo-sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata induced by chronic colonic inflammation, and the relationship between them.
METHODS: Thirty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (n = 17), colonic inflammation was induced by intra-luminal administration of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS); control group (n = 16), saline was administered intra-luminally. After 3, 7, 14, and 28 d of administration, the lumbo-sacral spinal cord and medulla oblongata were removed and processed for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Fos and GFAP/Fos immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Activated astrocytes positive for GFAP were mainly distributed in the superficial laminae (laminae I-II) of dorsal horn, intermediolateral nucleus (laminae V), posterior commissural nucleus (laminae X) and anterolateral nucleus (laminae IX). Fos-IR (Fos-immunoreactive) neurons were mainly distributed in the deeper laminae of the spinal cord (laminae III-IV, V-VI). In the medulla oblongata, both GFAP-IR astrocytes and Fos-IR neurons were mainly distributed in the medullary visceral zone (MVZ). The density of GFAP in the spinal cord of experimental rats was significantly higher after 3, 7, and 14 d of TNBS administration compared with the controls (50.4±16.8, 29.2±6.5, 24.1±5.6, P<0.05). The density of GFAP in MVZ was significantly higher after 3 d of TNBS administration (34.3±2.5, P<0.05). After 28 d of TNBS administration, the density of GFAP in the spinal cord and MVZ decreased and became comparable to that of the controls (18.0±4.9, 14.6±6.4, P>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Astrocytes in spinal cord and medulla oblongata can be activated by colonic inflammation. The activated astrocytes are closely related to Fos-IR neurons. With the recovery of colonic inflammation, the activity of astrocytes in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata is reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Wacnik PW, Baker CM, Herron MJ, Kren BT, Blazar BR, Wilcox GL, Hordinsky MK, Beitz AJ, Ericson ME. Tumor-induced mechanical hyperalgesia involves CGRP receptors and altered innervation and vascularization of DsRed2 fluorescent hindpaw tumors. Pain 2005; 115:95-106. [PMID: 15836973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional and anatomical relationships among primary afferent fibers, blood vessels, and cancers are poorly understood. However, recent evidence suggests that physical and biochemical interactions between these peripheral components are important to both tumor biology and cancer-associated pain. To determine the role of these peripheral components in a mouse model of cancer pain, we quantified the change in nerve and blood vessel density within a fibrosarcoma tumor mass using stereological analysis of serial confocal optical sections of immunostained hind paw. To this end we introduced the Discoma coral-derived red fluorescent protein (DsRed2) into the NCTC 2472 fibrosarcoma line using the Sleeping Beauty transposon methodology, thus providing a unique opportunity to visualize tumor-nerve-vessel associations in context with behavioral assessment of tumor-associated hyperalgesia. Tumors from hyperalgesic mice are more densely innervated with calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers and less densely vascularized than tumors from non-hyperalgesic mice. As hyperalgesia increased from Day 5 to 12 post-implantation, the density of protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5)-immunoreactive nerves and CD31-immunoreactive blood vessels in tumors decreased, whereas CGRP-immunoreactive nerve density remained unchanged. Importantly, intra-tumor injection of a CGRP1 receptor antagonist (CGRP 8-37) partially blocked the tumor-associated mechanical hyperalgesia, indicating that local production of CGRP may contribute to tumor-induced nociception through a receptor-mediated process. The results describe for the first time the interaction among sensory nerves, blood vessels and tumor cells in otherwise healthy tissue, and our assessment supports the hypothesis that direct tumor cell-axon communication may underlie, at least in part, the occurrence of cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Wacnik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Abstract
Pain is a major symptom in cancer patients, and most cancer patients with advanced or terminal cancers suffer from chronic pain related to treatment failure and/or tumor progression. In the present study, we examined the development of cancer pain in mice. Murine hepatocarcinoma cells, HCa-1, were inoculated unilaterally into the thigh or the dorsum of the foot of male C3H/HeJ mice. Four weeks after inoculation, behavioral signs were observed for mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, and hyperalgesia using a von Frey filament, acetone, and radiant heat, respectively. Bone invasion by the tumor commenced from 7 days after inoculation of tumor cells and was evident from 14 days after inoculation. Cold allodynia but neither mechanical allodynia nor hyperalgesia was observed in mice that received an inoculation into the thigh. On the contrary, mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia, but not hyperalgesia, were developed in mice with an inoculation into the foot. Sometimes, mirror-image pain was developed in these animals. These results suggest that carcinoma cells injected into the foot of mice may develop severe chronic pain related to cancer. This animal model of pain would be useful to elucidate the mechanisms of cancer pain in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bae Hwan Lee
- Medical Research Center, Department of Physiology, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinsil Seong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Un Jeng Kim
- Medical Research Center, Department of Physiology, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ran Won
- Medical Research Center, Department of Physiology, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Zhu CZ, Hsieh G, Ei-Kouhen O, Wilson SG, Mikusa JP, Hollingsworth PR, Chang R, Moreland RB, Brioni J, Decker MW, Honore P. Role of central and peripheral mGluR5 receptors in post-operative pain in rats. Pain 2005; 114:195-202. [PMID: 15733645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have previously been shown to play a role in pain transmission during inflammatory or neuropathic pain states. However, the role of mGluR5 in post-operative pain remains to be fully investigated. The present study was conducted to characterize analgesic activity of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) in the skin-incision-induced post-operative pain model in rats. MPEP is a potent and selective mGluR5 antagonist with high affinity (K(i)=6.3+/-0.9 nM) in rat cortex using [(3)H]-MPEP as a radioligand, while not competing with the mGluR1-selective radioligand [(3)H]-R214127 (K(i)>10,000 nM) in rat cerebellum. Post-operative pain was examined 2 h following surgery using weight-bearing (WB) difference between injured and uninjured paws as a measure of non-evoked pain. In this model, MPEP, as morphine, showed dose-dependent effects and full efficacy after systemic administration (ED(50)=15 mg/kg, i.p. for MPEP, ED(50)=1.3 mg/kg, s.c. for morphine). In addition, intrathecal (i.t.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) MPEP reduced WB difference (ED(50)=65 microg/rat i.t. and ED(50)=200 microg/rat i.c.v.). Interestingly, intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of MPEP either before or after surgery induced a similar reduction in WB difference (ED(50)=90 microg/rat, i.pl.) while contralateral i.pl. MPEP injection did not produce any effect. These results demonstrate that both peripheral and central mGluR5 receptors play a role in nociceptive transmission observed during post-operative pain. In addition, the data suggest that mGluR5 antagonists could offer a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of post-operative pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Z Zhu
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-3500, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Pomonis JD, Boulet JM, Gottshall SL, Phillips S, Sellers R, Bunton T, Walker K. Development and pharmacological characterization of a rat model of osteoarthritis pain. Pain 2004; 114:339-346. [PMID: 15777859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and is associated with chronic pain. Although several experimental models of OA have been employed to investigate the underlying etiologies of the disease, there has been relatively little investigation into development of animal models of OA to study the pain associated with the condition. In the present study, we investigated OA induced by injection of either iodoacetate or papain into the knee joint of rats, and assessed the joint degeneration with radiographic analyses and measured pain behavior using hind limb weight bearing. We found that injection of iodoacetate, but not papain, resulted in a chronic joint degeneration as measured by decreased bone mineral content and bone mineral density, necrosis of articular cartilage and osteophyte formation. These pathological changes were associated with pain that manifested as time- and concentration-dependent alterations in hind limb weight bearing. These alterations in hind limb weight bearing were reversed with morphine, but were not significantly affected by acute administration of either indomethacin or celecoxib. However, administration of 30 mg/kg celecoxib twice daily for 10 days resulted in a significant restoration of hind limb weight bearing. We conclude that the iodoacetate model of OA is a relevant animal model to study pain associated with OA, and can be used to test potential therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Pomonis
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma, L.P., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Mercadante S, Villari P, Ferrera P, Casuccio A. Optimization of opioid therapy for preventing incident pain associated with bone metastases. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004; 28:505-10. [PMID: 15504626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breakthrough pain is a transitory flare of pain superimposed on an otherwise stable pain pattern in patients treated with opioids. One form of breakthrough pain is incident pain, which is due to movement and is commonly associated with bone metastases. The development of this pain is rapid and no medication, administered "as needed," has such a rapid onset that it parallels this temporal pattern of pain. This study used a construct based on the prevention of this event, and implemented a new experimental paradigm. Specifically, the study determined whether increasing the opioid doses above those sufficient to control pain at rest would reduce the occurrence of these pains. Twenty-five consecutive patients with movement-related episodic pain associated with bone metastases, and no evident fractures, were selected for the study. They received a rapid intravenous titration of the opioid dose to obtain pain relief at rest. Then, opioid doses were increased to challenge the therapeutic window. The dose ceiling was determined by the development of limiting adverse effects, rather than optimal pain control at rest. Opioid dose increases were then stopped, or doses were even reduced, according to patients' satisfaction or development of adverse effects with moderate-severe intensity. Basal pain intensity and pain induced by movement were measured using a numerical scale from 0-10. Opioid-related symptoms were assessed using a scale from 0 to 3 (absent, slight, moderate, severe), and global daily doses of oral morphine and other symptomatic drugs were also recorded at daily intervals, and at time of discharge, when the best balance was presumed to be reached. Basal pain control was achieved after rapid intravenous titration. The day after, pain induced by movement significantly improved using mean doses of oral morphine equivalents of 102 mg. In the following days, the subsequent increase in opioid doses prescribed despite optimal basal pain control allowed an acceptable level of incident pain intensity until patients' discharge. A minority of patients developed adverse effects with an intensity of 2-3 on the scale, requiring symptomatic treatment or decreases in opioid doses. Data from this study suggest that the intensity of incident pain may be reduced by increasing the opioid dose above that effective for controlling pain at rest. This approach is based on experimental bone models showing a hypersensitivity to some innocuous stimuli, such as movement, requiring pre-emptive higher doses of basal opioid medication to reduce the increased pain input.
Collapse
|
222
|
Milligan ED, Zapata V, Chacur M, Schoeniger D, Biedenkapp J, O'Connor KA, Verge GM, Chapman G, Green P, Foster AC, Naeve GS, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Evidence that exogenous and endogenous fractalkine can induce spinal nociceptive facilitation in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2294-302. [PMID: 15525271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that spinal cord glia can contribute to enhanced nociceptive responses. However, the signals that cause glial activation are unknown. Fractalkine (CX3C ligand-1; CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine expressed on the extracellular surface of spinal neurons and spinal sensory afferents. In the dorsal spinal cord, fractalkine receptors are primarily expressed by microglia. As fractalkine can be released from neurons upon strong activation, it has previously been suggested to be a neuron-to-glial signal that induces glial activation. The present series of experiments provide an initial investigation of the spinal pain modulatory effects of fractalkine. Intrathecal fractalkine produced dose-dependent mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. In addition, a single injection of fractalkine receptor antagonist (neutralizing antibody against rat CX3C receptor-1; CX3CR1) delayed the development of mechanical allodynia and/or thermal hyperalgesia in two neuropathic pain models: chronic constriction injury (CCI) and sciatic inflammatory neuropathy. Intriguingly, anti-CX3CR1 reduced nociceptive responses when administered 5-7 days after CCI, suggesting that prolonged release of fractalkine may contribute to the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Taken together, these initial investigations of spinal fractalkine effects suggest that exogenous and endogenous fractalkine are involved in spinal sensitization, including that induced by peripheral neuropathy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cell Communication/drug effects
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Chemokine CX3CL1
- Chemokines, CX3C/administration & dosage
- Chemokines, CX3C/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Injections, Spinal
- Ligation
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Pain/chemically induced
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/metabolism
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/chemically induced
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/physiopathology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E D Milligan
- Department of Psychology & the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Vermeirsch H, Nuydens RM, Salmon PL, Meert TF. Bone cancer pain model in mice: evaluation of pain behavior, bone destruction and morphine sensitivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004; 79:243-51. [PMID: 15501299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of the study was to correlate pain development during bone cancer growth with objectively obtained tumor-induced changes in bone morphology. Additionally morphine sensitivity of this bone pain was evaluated. Mice were injected into the femur with osteolytic NCTC2472 cells, and behaviorally followed during a 3-week period. During the observation period increasing pain behavior was observed in tumor-bearing animals. Tumor mice exhibited spontaneous and movement-evoked lifting, the latter evoked through non-noxious palpation of the tumor. Limb use during forced ambulation on a rotarod decreased to substantial non-use of the affected limb by day 23. On day 23, micro-computer tomography scans of the tumor-bearing bones were evaluated for bone destruction. Different bone parameters indicative of osteolysis or fragmentation were significantly correlated with pain behavior. In a separate group of mice the effects of different morphine doses on pain behavior were evaluated on days 17 and 21 of tumor growth. Spontaneous lifting and movement-evoked lifting were sensitive to morphine treatment, although stress-induced analgesia due to repeated restraint might minimize movement-evoked lifting in mice. Limb use during forced ambulation was only slightly ameliorated by high morphine doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Vermeirsch
- CNS Pain & Alzheimer, J & J Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Donovan-Rodriguez T, Dickenson AH, Urch CE. Superficial dorsal horn neuronal responses and the emergence of behavioural hyperalgesia in a rat model of cancer-induced bone pain. Neurosci Lett 2004; 360:29-32. [PMID: 15082171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of cancer-induced bone pain have revealed a unique neurochemical reorganisation of segments of dorsal horn of the spinal cord receiving nociceptive input from the affected bone, and altered spinal neuronal response patterns. The aim of this investigation was determine correlations between the behavioural hyperalgesia and allodynia observed in these animals and the dorsal horn neuronal changes. The results show that in this rat model of cancer-induced bone pain, behavioural manifestations of pain emerge in parallel with the altered superficial dorsal horn neuronal response. Thus, in this model, the alterations in neuronal responses are a viable substrate for pharmacological studies on suprathreshold stimuli. In addition the clear temporal link between behavioural hyperalgesia and altered neuronal responses may provide an opportunity to investigate changes in dorsal horn gene expression in hyperalgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Donovan-Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a common clinical problem. Although treatment has been revolutionised in the past 10 years with the introduction of bisphosphonates, pain arising spontaneously or from movement, remains a leading cause of unresolved pain in many patients. Until recently little was understood about the peripheral and central mechanisms of bone pain. Insight into the mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast activation, via receptor activator for nuclear factor KB (RANK) dependent and independent mechanisms and a re-evaluation of primary afferent terminals within bone have led to a suggestion that CIBP may be a mixture of inflammatory and neuropathic stimuli. The recently published animal model of localised but progressive bone destruction has allowed greater insight into the peripheral and dorsal horn pathophysiology, which hitherto was precluded. Immunocytochemical markers of neurotransmitters and receptors indicate that CIBP has unique characteristics, unlike neuropathy or inflammation. Evidence for an increased excitability within the dorsal horn, and especially Lamina I, and possible mechanisms underlying this unique pain state will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Urch
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Guzman RE, Evans MG, Bove S, Morenko B, Kilgore K. Mono-iodoacetate-induced histologic changes in subchondral bone and articular cartilage of rat femorotibial joints: an animal model of osteoarthritis. Toxicol Pathol 2004; 31:619-24. [PMID: 14585729 DOI: 10.1080/01926230390241800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by joint pain and a progressive loss of articular cartilage. Studies to elucidate the pathophysiology of OA have been hampered by the lack of a rapid, reproducible animal model that mimics both the histopathology and symptoms associated with the disease. Injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA), an inhibitor of glycolysis, into the femorotibial joint of rodents promotes loss of articular cartilage similar to that noted in human OA. Here, we describe the histopathology in the subchondral bone and cartilage of rat (Wistar) knee joints treated with a single intra articular injection of MIA (1 mg) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days postinjection. Histologically, the early time points (days 1-7) were characterized by areas of chondrocyte degeneration/necrosis sometimes involving the entire thickness of the articular cartilage in the tibial plateaus and femoral condyles. Changes to the subchondral bone, as evidenced by increased numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, were noted at by day 7. By 28 days, there was focal fragmentation and collapse of bony trabeculae with fibrosis and increased osteoclastic activity. By 56 days there were large areas of bone remodeling evidenced by osteoclastic bone resorption and newly formed trabeculae with loss of marrow hematopoietic cells. Subchondral cysts and subchondral sclerosis were present in some rats. In conclusion, intra-articular injection of MIA induces loss of articular cartilage with progression of subchondral bone lesions that mimic those of OA. This model offers a rapid and minimally invasive method to reproduce OA-like lesions in a rodent species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E Guzman
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Urch EC, Donovan-Rodriguez T, Dickenson HA. Alterations in dorsal horn neurones in a rat model of cancer-induced bone pain. Pain 2004; 106:347-356. [PMID: 14659517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain is a major clinical problem. A rat model based on intra-tibial injection of MRMT-1 mammary tumour cells was used to mimic progressive cancer-induced bone pain. At the time of stable behavioural changes (decreased thresholds to mechanical and cold stimuli) and bone destruction, in vivo electrophysiology was used to characterize natural (mechanical, thermal, and cold) and electrical-evoked responses of superficial and deep dorsal horn neurones in halothane-anaesthetized rats. Receptive field size was significantly enlarged for superficial neurones in the MRMT-1 animals. Superficial cells were characterised as either nociceptive specific (NS) or wide dynamic range (WDR). The ratio of WDR to NS cells was substantially different between sham operated (growth media alone) (26:74%) and MRMT-1 injected rats (47:53%). NS cells showed no significant difference in their neuronal responses in MRMT-1-injected compared to sham rats. However, superficial WDR neurones in MRMT-1-injected rats had significantly increased responses to mechanical, thermal and electrical (A beta-, C fibre-, and post-discharge evoked response) stimuli. Deep WDR neurones showed less pronounced changes to the superficial dorsal horn, however, the response to thermal and electrical stimuli, but not mechanical, were significantly increased in the MRMT-1-injected rats. In conclusion, the spinal cord is significantly hyperexcitable with previously superficial NS cells becoming responsive to wide-dynamic range stimuli possibly driving this plasticity via ascending and descending facilitatory pathways. The alterations in superficial dorsal horn neurones have not been reported in neuropathy or inflammation adding to the evidence for cancer-induced bone pain reflecting a unique pain state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Urch
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Fox A, Medhurst S, Courade JP, Glatt M, Dawson J, Urban L, Bevan S, Gonzalez I. Anti-hyperalgesic activity of the cox-2 inhibitor lumiracoxib in a model of bone cancer pain in the rat. Pain 2004; 107:33-40. [PMID: 14715386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain resulting from metastatic bone cancer remains poorly understood and resistant to treatment. Here we have examined the effect of the novel COX-2 enzyme inhibitor lumiracoxib in a model of bone cancer pain in the rat. Lumiracoxib was administered orally twice daily from day 10 to day 20 after injection of MRMT-1 tumour cells into one tibia. Mechanical hyperalgesia, measured as the reduction in weight-bearing of the ipsilateral limb, and the development of static and dynamic allodynia were significantly inhibited by repeated lumaricoxib administration. A similar reduction in hyperalgesia and allodynia was noted after twice daily administration of another COX-2 inhibitor, valdecoxib, whilst a single acute administration of either drug on day 20, produced no anti-nociceptive activity. Bone mineral density measurements, radiological scores and histological analysis showed that chronic lumaricoxib treatment also significantly attenuated bone destruction induced by tumour cell injection. These data indicate that lumiracoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors have potential therapeutic benefit in the treatment of bone cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Fox
- Novartis Institute for Medical Sciences, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Bove SE, Calcaterra SL, Brooker RM, Huber CM, Guzman RE, Juneau PL, Schrier DJ, Kilgore KS. Weight bearing as a measure of disease progression and efficacy of anti-inflammatory compounds in a model of monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:821-30. [PMID: 14609535 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an in vivo model in the rat in which change in weight distribution is used as a measure of disease progression and efficacy of acetaminophen and two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in a model of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Intra-articular injections of MIA and saline were administered to male Wistar rats (175-200 g) into the right and left knee joints, respectively. Changes in hind paw weight distribution between the right (osteoarthritic) and left (contralateral control) limbs were utilized as an index of joint discomfort. Acetaminophen and two archetypal, orally administered NSAIDs, naproxen and rofecoxib, were examined for their ability to decrease MIA-induced change in weight distribution. RESULTS A concentration-dependent increase in change in hind paw weight distribution was noted after intra-articular injection of MIA. Both naproxen and rofecoxib demonstrated the capacity to significantly (P<0.05) decrease hind paw weight distribution in a dose-dependent fashion, indicating that the change in weight distribution associated with MIA injection is susceptible to pharmacological intervention. CONCLUSION The determination of differences in hind paw weight distribution in the rat MIA model of OA is a technically straightforward, reproducible method that is predictive of the effects of anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. This system may be useful for the discovery of novel pharmacologic agents in human OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Bove
- Department of Inflammation Pharmacology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2002 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Sabino MAC, Luger NM, Mach DB, Rogers SD, Schwei MJ, Mantyh PW. Different tumors in bone each give rise to a distinct pattern of skeletal destruction, bone cancer-related pain behaviors and neurochemical changes in the central nervous system. Int J Cancer 2003; 104:550-8. [PMID: 12594809 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pain is the most common presenting symptom in patients with bone cancer and bone cancer pain can be both debilitating and difficult to control fully. To begin to understand the mechanisms involved in the generation and maintenance of bone cancer pain, we implanted 3 well-described murine tumor cell lines, 2472 sarcoma, B16 melanoma and C26 colon adenocarcinoma into the femur of immunocompromised C3H-SCID mice. Although each of the tumor cell lines proliferated and completely filled the intramedullary space of the femur within 3 weeks, the location and extent of bone destruction, the type and severity of the pain behaviors and the neurochemical reorganization of the spinal cord was unique to each tumor cell line injected. These data suggest that bone cancer pain is not caused by a single factor such as increased pressure induced by intramedullary tumor growth, but rather that multiple factors are involved in generating and maintaining bone cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann C Sabino
- Department of Preventive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Kehl LJ, Hamamoto DT, Wacnik PW, Croft DL, Norsted BD, Wilcox GL, Simone DA. A cannabinoid agonist differentially attenuates deep tissue hyperalgesia in animal models of cancer and inflammatory muscle pain. Pain 2003; 103:175-86. [PMID: 12749972 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pain associated with cancer and chronic musculoskeletal disorders can be difficult to control. We used murine models of cancer and inflammatory muscle pain to examine whether the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 reduces hyperalgesia originating in deep tissues. C3H/He mice were anesthetized and implanted with osteolytic NCTC clone 2472 cells into the humeri or injected with 4% carrageenan into the triceps muscles of both forelimbs. At the time of peak hyperalgesia, WIN55,212-2 (1-30mg/kg) or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally and forelimb grip force was measured 0.5-24h later. WIN55,212-2 produced time- and dose-related antihyperalgesia in both models. A 10mg/kg dose of WIN55,212-2 fully reversed carrageenan-evoked muscle hyperalgesia. However, 30mg/kg of WIN55,212-2 attenuated tumor-evoked hyperalgesia only approximately 50%. After controlling for the difference in magnitude of hyperalgesia between the two models, WIN55,212-2 was still more potent at reducing hyperalgesia in the inflammatory model. In the cancer pain model, the antihyperalgesic effect of WIN55,212-2 was partially blocked by pretreatment with the selective CB1 (SR141716A) but not the CB2 (SR144528) receptor antagonist. In contrast, both antagonists blocked antihyperalgesic effects of WIN55,212-2 on carrageenan-evoked muscle hyperalgesia. Catalepsy and loss of motor coordination, known side effects of cannabinoids, did not account for the antihyperalgesia produced by WIN55,212-2. These data show that cannabinoids attenuate deep tissue hyperalgesia produced by both cancer and inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, cannabinoids differentially modulated carrageenan- and tumor-evoked hyperalgesia in terms of potency and receptor subtypes involved suggesting that differences in underlying mechanisms may exist between these two models of deep tissue pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lois J Kehl
- Department of Oral Science, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0217, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Menéndez L, Lastra A, Fresno MF, Llames S, Meana A, Hidalgo A, Baamonde A. Initial thermal heat hypoalgesia and delayed hyperalgesia in a murine model of bone cancer pain. Brain Res 2003; 969:102-9. [PMID: 12676370 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of rodent models of bone cancer pain has started to provide the basis for demonstrating the particular neurochemical and behavioral entity of cancer pain. Behaviourally, both spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia related to mechanical, but not thermal, noxious stimuli have been described in cancer-bearing animals. We have carried out a histological and behavioural study focused on the reactivity to noxious heat in C3H/HeJ mice receiving an intratibial injection of 10(5) NCTC 2472 cells. These cells, able to induce an osteosarcoma, break through bone into soft tissues 2 weeks after cell inoculation, producing a macroscopical increase of the limb size from the fourth week. Thermal reactivity is diminished during the first 2 weeks after cell implantation, this hypoalgesia being reversed by the administration of naloxone (10 mg/kg). In contrast, during the fourth and fifth weeks after NCTC 2472 cell implantation, an increased nociceptive heat reactivity, instead of hypoalgesia, was obtained. This thermal hyperalgesia was prevented by the systemic administration of morphine (15 mg/kg). Throughout the whole period studied, mice showed signs of spontaneous pain behaviour that reached its maximum 3 weeks after inoculation. In conclusion, we show that the presence of thermal heat hyperalgesia is preceded by an initial opioid-mediated hypoalgesic state, in this murine model of bone cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Vrinten DH, Hamers FFT. 'CatWalk' automated quantitative gait analysis as a novel method to assess mechanical allodynia in the rat; a comparison with von Frey testing. Pain 2003; 102:203-9. [PMID: 12620612 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic symptom of neuropathic pain is mechanical allodynia. In animal models of neuropathic pain, mechanical allodynia is often assessed using von Frey filaments. Although the forces applied with these filaments are highly reproducible, there are various disadvantages of using this method. Testing paradigms and definitions of withdrawal threshold are not standardised. Moreover, measurements may be influenced by various conditions, such as ambient temperature, humidity, weight bearing of the limb and stress. We have therefore investigated another technique to assess mechanical allodynia, the 'CatWalk' automated quantitative gait analysis. With this computer-assisted method of locomotor analysis, it is possible to objectively and rapidly quantify several gait parameters, including duration of different phases of the step cycle and pressure applied during locomotion. We tested rats with a chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, a model of neuropathic pain, both with von Frey filaments and the CatWalk method. We demonstrate that these rats minimise contact with the affected paw during locomotion, as demonstrated by a reduction in stance phase and pressure applied during stance. Moreover, these parameters show a high degree of correlation with mechanical withdrawal thresholds as determined by von Frey filaments. We therefore suggest that the CatWalk method might serve as an additional tool in the investigation of mechanical allodynia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien H Vrinten
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Wacnik PW, Kehl LJ, Trempe TM, Ramnaraine ML, Beitz AJ, Wilcox GL. Tumor implantation in mouse humerus evokes movement-related hyperalgesia exceeding that evoked by intramuscular carrageenan. Pain 2003; 101:175-86. [PMID: 12507712 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we compare two innovative models of movement-related pain: tumor-induced nociception following implantation of fibrosarcoma cells into bone and muscle inflammation-induced nociception following injection of the irritant carrageenan into muscle. Importantly, using the grip force test, an assay of movement-related hyperalgesia, both non-malignant and malignant pain are examined in parallel. Movement-related hyperalgesia, known clinically as a specific type of 'breakthrough pain', is a common feature of bone cancer and is thought to be a predictor of poor response to conventional analgesic pharmacotherapy (Bruera et al., 1995, J. Pain Symptom. Manage. 10 (1995) 348; Mercadaute et al., 1992, Pain 50 (1992) 151; Pain 81 (1999) 129). Implantation of NCTC 2472 sarcoma cells in both humeri or injection of carrageenan (4%) in both triceps of C3H/He mice produced apparent forelimb hyperalgesia that was not associated with mechanical hyperalgesia in the forepaw, whereas carrageenan at 6 and 8% did evoke significant cutaneous hyperalgesia of the forepaw as well. Control groups receiving implants of vehicle or no treatment at all did not manifest this forelimb hyperalgesia. B6C3/F1 mice implanted with non-lysis-inducing G3.26 melanoma cells or vehicle did not manifest significant hyperalgesia when compared to B6C3/F1 mice receiving fibrosarcoma cells, indicating a dependence on bone involvement for induction of hyperalgesia in this model. Histological examination at days 3, 7, and 10 post-implantation showed a clear correlation of tumor growth-induced bone destruction with behavioral hyperalgesia. Morphine was more potent in decreasing the maximal hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan than that induced by tumor implantation. Acutely administered morphine (3-100mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated peak hyperalgesia of carrageenan-injected mice (ED(50) 6.9 mg/kg) and tumor-bearing mice (ED(50) 23.9 mg/kg) in a dose-related manner with a difference in potency of 3.5. Tumor-implanted mice with a level of hyperalgesia comparable to that induced by carrageenan required almost three times more morphine (ED(50) 18.5mg/kg) for equivalent attenuation of forelimb hyperalgesia. These animal models of movement-related hyperalgesia may aid in discerning the peripheral and central mechanisms underlying pain that accompanies bone metastases and distinguishing it from the pain associated with muscular inflammation. Importantly, they may also aid in predicting differences in analgesic efficacy in different types of musculoskeletal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Wacnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0217, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
|