201
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Zhu YN, Zhao WM, Yang YF, Liu QF, Zhou Y, Tian J, Ni J, Fu YF, Zhong XG, Tang W, Zhou R, He PL, Li XY, Zuo JP. Periplocoside E, an Effective Compound from Periploca sepium Bge, Inhibited T Cell Activation in Vitro and in Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:662-9. [PMID: 16204471 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.093732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periploca sepium Bge, a traditional Chinese herb medicine, is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis in China. Followed the bioactivity-guided isolation, the most potent immunosuppressive compound, periplocoside E (PSE), a pregnane glycoside, had been identified from P. sepium Bge. We investigated the immunosuppressive effects of PSE in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PSE in a dose-dependent manner significantly inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes induced by concanavalin A and mixed lymphocyte culture reaction at no cytotoxic concentrations (<5 microM). Administration of PSE suppressed a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, and ovalbumin (OVA) induced antigen-specific immune responses in mice. In vivo treatment with PSE dose dependently suppressed OVA-induced proliferation and cytokine [interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma] production from splenocytes in vitro. Purified T cells from OVA-immunized mice with PSE treatment showed its low ability for activation by OVA plus normal antigen presenting cell stimulation again in vitro. Further studies showed PSE dose dependently inhibited anti-CD3-induced primary T cell proliferation, activation for IL-2Ralpha (CD25) expression, and cytokine (IFN-gamma and IL-2) production also at the transcriptional level. PSE was highly specific and significantly inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Jun N-terminal kinase, whereas activation of p38 was not affected in T cells stimulated with anti-CD3. These results demonstrated that PSE is an immunosuppressive compound in P. sepium Bge, which directly inhibits T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. This study provided evidence to understand the therapeutic effects of P. sepium Bge and indicated that this herb is appropriate for treatment of T cell-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Na Zhu
- Laboratories of Immunopharmacology, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, People's Republic of China
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202
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Devries-Seimon T, Li Y, Yao PM, Stone E, Wang Y, Davis RJ, Flavell R, Tabas I. Cholesterol-induced macrophage apoptosis requires ER stress pathways and engagement of the type A scavenger receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 171:61-73. [PMID: 16203857 PMCID: PMC2171235 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200502078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage death in advanced atherosclerosis promotes necrosis and plaque destabilization. A likely cause of macrophage death is accumulation of free cholesterol (FC) in the ER, leading to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-induced apoptosis. Here we show that p38 MAPK signaling is necessary for CHOP induction and apoptosis. Additionally, two other signaling pathways must cooperate with p38-CHOP to effect apoptosis. One involves the type A scavenger receptor (SRA). As evidence, FC loading by non-SRA mechanisms activates p38 and CHOP, but not apoptosis unless the SRA is engaged. The other pathway involves c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)2, which is activated by cholesterol trafficking to the ER, but is independent of CHOP. Thus, FC-induced apoptosis requires cholesterol trafficking to the ER, which triggers p38-CHOP and JNK2, and engagement of the SRA. These findings have important implications for understanding how the UPR, MAPKs, and the SRA might conspire to cause macrophage death, lesional necrosis, and plaque destabilization in advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
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203
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Li F, Meng L, Zhou J, Xing H, Wang S, Xu G, Zhu H, Wang B, Chen G, Lu YP, Ma D. Reversing chemoresistance in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells: A role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:1070-7. [PMID: 16105650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in mediating cisplatin-induced apoptosis and the possibility of induction of JNK activity in triggering relation to DNA damage and drug resistance. We investigated the difference of cisplatin-induced activation of JNK pathway and H2O2 alteration between cisplatin-sensitive human ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780 and its resistant variant A2780/DDP. JNK, p-JNK protein, and extracellular H2O2 levels were determined in both A2780 and A2780/DDP cells which were transfected with dominant negative allele of JNK and recombinant JNK1 separately. Both A2780 and A2780/DDP were treated with CDDP, the JNK pathway was activated and a prolonged JNK activation was maintained for at least 12 h in A2780, and only a transient activation (3 h) was detected in A2780/DDP in response to cisplatin treatment. Inhibition of JNK activity by transfection with a dominant negative allele of JNK blocked CDDP-induced apoptosis significantly in A2780 cells. Selective stimulation of the JNK pathway by lipofectamine-mediated delivery of recombinant JNK1 led to activation of c-Jun and decrease of extracellular H2O2, as well as apoptosis sensitization to CDDP in A2780/DDP cells. We concluded that JNK pathway might play an important role in mediating cisplatin-induced apoptosis in A2780 cells, and the duration of JNK activation might be critical in determining whether cells survive or undergo apoptosis. The resistance to CDDP can be reversed through activating c-Jun and decreasing extracellular generation of H2O2 by pcDNA3(FLAG)-JNK1-wt transfection in A2780/DDP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
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204
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Bonnesen B, Orskov C, Rasmussen S, Holst PJ, Christensen JP, Eriksen KW, Qvortrup K, Odum N, Labuda T. MEK kinase 1 activity is required for definitive erythropoiesis in the mouse fetal liver. Blood 2005; 106:3396-404. [PMID: 16081685 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal to regulated kinase (MEK) kinase 1 (MEKK1) is a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activating kinase known to be implicated in proinflammatory responses and cell motility. Using mice deficient for MEKK1 kinase activity (Mekk1(DeltaKD)) we show a role for MEKK1 in definitive mouse erythropoiesis. Although Mekk1(DeltaKD) mice are alive and fertile on a 129 x C57/BL6 background, the frequency of Mekk1(DeltaKD) embryos that develop past embryonic day (E) 14.5 is dramatically reduced when backcrossed into the C57/BL6 background. At E13.5, Mekk1(DeltaKD) embryos have normal morphology but are anemic due to failure of definitive erythropoiesis. When Mekk1(DeltaKD) fetal liver cells were transferred to lethally irradiated wild-type hosts, mature red blood cells were generated from the mutant cells, suggesting that MEKK1 functions in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Based on immunohistochemical and hemoglobin chain transcription analysis, we propose that the failure of definitive erythropoiesis is due to a deficiency in enucleation activity caused by insufficient macrophage-mediated nuclear DNA destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bonnesen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Physiology, Department of Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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205
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Zhang P, Smith R, Chapkin RS, McMurray DN. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate murine Th1/Th2 balance toward the Th2 pole by suppression of Th1 development. J Nutr 2005; 135:1745-51. [PMID: 15987859 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.7.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that dietary long-chain (n-3) PUFAs present in fish oil (FO) affect CD4(+) T cell proliferation and cytokine production in C57BL/6 mice. To test the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary (n-3) PUFAs could be due to the indirect suppression of T helper (Th)1 cells by cross-regulation of enhanced Th2 activation, mice were fed a wash-out control diet [5% corn oil (CO), (n-6) PUFA] for 1 wk, followed by the control diet or a fish oil diet [1% CO + 4% FO, (n-3) PUFA] for 2 wk. Splenic CD4+ T cells were cultured under both neutral and Th2 polarizing conditions for 2 d. Cells were reactivated and analyzed for interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma by intracellular cytokine staining. Dietary fish oil significantly increased the percentage of Th2 polarized cells and suppressed Th1 cell frequency under neutral conditions. However, under Th2 polarizing conditions, although the suppression of Th1 cells was maintained in FO-fed mice, no effect was observed in Th2 cells. Dietary fish oil increased the Th2/Th1 ratio in the presence of homologous mouse serum under both neutral (P = 0.0009) and Th2 polarizing conditions (P = 0.0185). The FO diet did not significantly affect proliferation under Th2 polarizing conditions. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effects of FO may be explained in part by a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance, due to the direct suppression of Th1 development, and not by enhancement of the propensity of CD4+ T cells to be polarized toward a Th2 phenotype, at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
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206
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Yamashita M, Shinnakasu R, Asou H, Kimura M, Hasegawa A, Hashimoto K, Hatano N, Ogata M, Nakayama T. Ras-ERK MAPK cascade regulates GATA3 stability and Th2 differentiation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29409-19. [PMID: 15975924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502333200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 cells requires protein expression of GATA3. Interleukin-4 induces STAT6 activation and subsequent GATA3 transcription. Little is known, however, on how T cell receptor-mediated signaling regulates GATA3 and Th2 cell differentiation. Here we demonstrated that T cell receptor-mediated activation of the Ras-ERK MAPK cascade stabilizes GATA3 protein in developing Th2 cells through the inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mdm2 was associated with GATA3 and induced ubiquitination on GATA3, suggesting its role as a ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase for GATA3 ubiquitination. Thus, the Ras-ERK MAPK cascade controls GATA3 protein stability by a post-transcriptional mechanism and facilitates GATA3-mediated chromatin remodeling at Th2 cytokine gene loci leading to successful Th2 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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207
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Görgün G, Holderried TAW, Zahrieh D, Neuberg D, Gribben JG. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells induce changes in gene expression of CD4 and CD8 T cells. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1797-805. [PMID: 15965501 PMCID: PMC1150284 DOI: 10.1172/jci24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the impact of tumors on the immune system, we compared global gene expression profiles of peripheral blood T cells from previously untreated patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with those from age-matched healthy donors. Although the cells analyzed were not part of the malignant clone, analysis revealed differentially expressed genes, mainly involved in cell differentiation in CD4 cells and defects in cytoskeleton formation, vesicle trafficking, and cytotoxicity in CD8 cells of the CLL patients. In coculture experiments using CLL cells and T cells from healthy allogeneic donors, similar defects developed in both CD4 and CD8 cells. These changes were induced only with direct contact and were not cytokine mediated. Identification of the specific pathways perturbed in the T cells of cancer-bearing patients will allow us to assess steps to repair these defects, which will likely be required to enhance antitumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Chemokines/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Güllü Görgün
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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208
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Gururajan M, Chui R, Karuppannan AK, Ke J, Jennings CD, Bondada S. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is required for survival and proliferation of B-lymphoma cells. Blood 2005; 106:1382-91. [PMID: 15890690 PMCID: PMC1895189 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several primary murine and human B lymphomas and cell lines were found to constitutively express high levels of the activated form of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family. Proliferation of murine B lymphomas CH31, CH12.Lx, BKS-2, and WEHI-231 and the human B lymphomas BJAB, RAMOS, RAJI, OCI-Ly7, and OCI-Ly10 was strongly inhibited by SP600125, an anthrapyrazolone inhibitor of JNK, in a dose-dependent manner. The lymphoma cells underwent apoptosis and arrested at the G2/M phase of cell cycle. Furthermore, JNK-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited the growth of both murine and human B lymphomas. Thus in the B-lymphoma model, JNK appears to have a unique prosurvival role. Survival signals provided by CD40 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) together reversed the growth inhibition induced by the JNK inhibitor. c-Myc protein levels were reduced in the presence of both SP600125 and JNK-specific siRNA, and CD40 ligation restored c-Myc levels. Moreover, Bcl-xL rescued WEHI-231 cells from apoptosis induced by the JNK inhibitor. The JNK inhibitor also reduced levels of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) protein, and overexpressing Egr-1 partially rescued lymphoma cells from apoptosis. Thus, JNK may act via c-Myc and Egr-1, which were shown to be important for B-lymphoma survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Gururajan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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209
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Jaeschke A, Rincón M, Doran B, Reilly J, Neuberg D, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Rossini AA, Flavell RA, Davis RJ. Disruption of the Jnk2 (Mapk9) gene reduces destructive insulitis and diabetes in a mouse model of type I diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:6931-5. [PMID: 15867147 PMCID: PMC1100789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502143102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase isoform (JNK) 1 is implicated in type 2 diabetes. However, a potential role for the JNK2 protein kinase in diabetes has not been established. Here, we demonstrate that JNK2 may play an important role in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes that is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells. Studies of nonobese diabetic mice demonstrated that disruption of the Mapk9 gene (which encodes the JNK2 protein kinase) decreased destructive insulitis and reduced disease progression to diabetes. CD4(+) T cells from JNK2-deficient nonobese diabetic mice produced less IFN-gamma but significantly increased amounts of IL-4 and IL-5, indicating polarization toward the Th2 phenotype. This role of JNK2 to control the Th1/Th2 balance of the immune response represents a mechanism of protection against autoimmune diabetes. We conclude that JNK protein kinases may have important roles in diabetes, including functions of JNK1 in type 2 diabetes and JNK2 in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Jaeschke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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210
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Karin M, Gallagher E. From JNK to Pay Dirt: Jun Kinases, their Biochemistry, Physiology and Clinical Importance. IUBMB Life 2005; 57:283-95. [PMID: 16036612 DOI: 10.1080/15216540500097111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) were originally identified by their ability to phosphorylate c-Jun in response to UV-irradiation, but now are recognized as critical regulators of various aspects of mammalian physiology, including: cell proliferation, cell survival, cell death, DNA repair and metabolism. JNK-mediated phosphorylation enhances the ability of c-Jun, a component of the AP-1 transcription factor, to activate transcription, in response to a plethora of extracellular stimuli. The JNK activation leads to induction of AP-1-dependent target genes involved in cell proliferation, cell death, inflammation, and DNA repair. The JNKs, which are encoded by three different Jnk loci, are now known to be regulated by many other stimuli, from pro-inflammatory cytokines to obesity, in addition to UV-irradiation. Targeted disruption of the Jnk loci in mice has proved to be a critical tool in better understanding their physiological functions. Such studies revealed that the JNKs play important roles in numerous cellular processes, including: programmed cell death, T cell differentiation, negative regulation of insulin signaling, control of fat deposition, and epithelial sheet migration. Importantly, the JNKs have become prime targets for drug development in several important clinical areas, including: inflammation, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0723, USA.
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211
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Abstract
In order for an immune response to be successful, it must be of the appropriate type and magnitude. Intracellular residing pathogens require a cell-mediated immune response, whereas extracellular pathogens evoke a humoral immune response. T-helper (Th) cells orchestrate the immune response and are divided into two subsets, Th1 and Th2 cells. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of Th2 development with a focus on signal transduction pathways that influence Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Mowen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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212
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Watford WT, Hissong BD, Bream JH, Kanno Y, Muul L, O'Shea JJ. Signaling by IL-12 and IL-23 and the immunoregulatory roles of STAT4. Immunol Rev 2005; 202:139-56. [PMID: 15546391 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Produced in response to a variety of pathogenic organisms, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are key immunoregulatory cytokines that coordinate innate and adaptive immune responses. These dimeric cytokines share a subunit, designated p40, and bind to a common receptor chain, IL-12R beta 1. The receptor for IL-12 is composed of IL-12R beta 1 and IL-12R beta 2, whereas IL-23 binds to a receptor composed of IL-12R beta 1 and IL-23R. Both cytokines activate the Janus kinases Tyk2 and Jak2, the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), as well as other STATs. A major action of IL-12 is to promote the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into T-helper (Th) 1 cells, which produce interferon (IFN)-gamma, and deficiency of IL-12, IL-12R subunits or STAT4 is similar in many respects. In contrast, IL-23 promotes end-stage inflammation. Targeting IL-12, IL-23, and their downstream signaling elements would therefore be logical strategies for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy T Watford
- Molecular Immunology & Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA
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213
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Mishra OP, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Effect of hypoxia on the expression and activity of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and MKP-3 in neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets: the role of nitric oxide. Neuroscience 2005; 129:665-73. [PMID: 15541888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPK-1) and MAPK-3 regulate survival and programmed cell death of neurons under stress conditions. The activity of MAPK-1 and MAPK-3 is regulated by dual specificity phosphatases: MKP-1 and MKP-3. In previous studies, we have shown that cerebral hypoxia results in increased activation of MAPK-1 and MAPK-3. Furthermore, we have shown that the hypoxia-induced activation of MAPK is nitric oxide (NO)-mediated. The present study tested the hypothesis that hypoxia results in altered expression and activity of MKP-1 and MKP-3 in neuronal nuclei and the administration of 7-nitro-indazole (7-NINA; 1 mg/kg, 60 min prior to hypoxia), a selective nNOS inhibitor, will prevent the hypoxia-induced alteration in the expression and activity of MKP-1 and MKP-3. To test this hypothesis expression and activity of MKP-1 and MKP-3 were determined in neuronal nuclei of normoxic (Nx; n=5), hypoxic (Hx; n=5) and 7-NINA-pretreated-hypoxic (7-NINA-Hx; n=5). Hypoxia was achieved by exposing the animals to an FiO2 of 0.07 for 60 min. Cerebral tissue hypoxia was documented biochemically by determining ATP and phosphocreatine levels. Neuronal nuclei were isolated using discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation and purified. Nuclear proteins were analyzed by Western blot using specific antibodies for MKP-1 and MKP-3 (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The protein band density was determined by imaging densitometry and expressed as OD x mm2. The density of MKP-1 was 61.57+/-5.68, 155.86+/-44.02 and 69.88+/-25.54 in the Nx, Hx and 7-NINA-Hx groups, respectively (P<0.05, ANOVA). Similarly, the density of MKP-3 was 66.46+/-5.88, 172.04+/-33.10 and 116.88+/-14.66 in the Nx, Hx and 7-NINA-Hx groups, respectively (P<0.05, ANOVA). The data show an increased expression of MKP-1 and MKP-3 during hypoxia in neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets and the administration of 7-NINA, an nNOS inhibitor, prevented the hypoxia-induced increased expression of MKP-1 and MKP-3. The activity of MKP-1 (pmol/min) was 176.17+/-16.95 in Nx, 97.56+/-10.64 in Hx and 130+/-14.42 in the 7-NINA-Hx groups, respectively (P<0.05, ANOVA). Similarly the activity of MKP-3 was 104.11+/-12.17 in Nx, 36.29+/-16.88 in Hx and 77.89+/-20.18 in the 7-NINA groups, respectively (P<0.05, ANOVA). The results demonstrate that cerebral hypoxia results in increased expression of MKP-1 and MKP-3 expression that was prevented by the administration of 7-NINA. In contrast, hypoxia resulted in decreased activity of MKP-1 and MKP-3 that was prevented by the administration of a nNOS inhibitor. We conclude that hypoxia-induced decrease in MKP-1 and MKP-3 activity is not due to altered expression but due to NO-mediated modification of the cysteine residue at the active site of these dual specificity phosphatases, a mechanism of their inactivation that leads to activation of MAP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, Room 701, 7th Floor Heritage Building, Neonatal Research Laboratory, MCP, Drexel University College of Medicine and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 3300 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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214
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Yang Y, Ochando J, Yopp A, Bromberg JS, Ding Y. IL-6 Plays a Unique Role in Initiating c-Maf Expression during Early Stage of CD4 T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2720-9. [PMID: 15728480 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Maf plays a critical and selective role in IL-4 gene transcription. Little is known about the mechanism that guides c-Maf regulation during early T cell activation. We report that IL-6 but not IL-4 or other cytokines, rapidly up-regulates c-Maf transcription, as early as 3 h after TCR activation in naive CD4(+) T cells. c-Maf induction requires both IL-6- and TCR-initiated signals, and is independent of IL-4/Stat6 signals. Cyclosporin A and FK506, which target calcineurin and thereby inhibit TCR-mediated Ca(2+) signal pathways, block IL-6-mediated c-Maf expression. We show that Stat3 binds the c-maf promoter in CD4 T cells after IL-6 stimulation, and also transactivates the c-maf promoter in reporter gene assays. IL-6 induces similar c-Maf expression in protein kinase Ctheta-deficient CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, IL-6 enhances IL-4 gene expression very early after TCR activation in both wild-type and Stat6-deficient CD4(+) T cells. Our findings suggest that IL-6 plays a unique role in initiating c-Maf expression after TCR engagement, and may subsequently regulate early IL-4 production and Th2 commitment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/genetics
- Calcium Signaling/immunology
- Cell Line
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, The Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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215
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Guan QH, Pei DS, Zhang QG, Hao ZB, Xu TL, Zhang GY. The neuroprotective action of SP600125, a new inhibitor of JNK, on transient brain ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal death in rat hippocampal CA1 via nuclear and non-nuclear pathways. Brain Res 2005; 1035:51-9. [PMID: 15713276 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important kinase mediating neuronal apoptosis in brain ischemia. To further study the roles of JNK activation in hippocampal CA1 neurons in a rat model of transient global ischemia, we assessed the effect of JNK inhibition by SP600125 on the degree of brain injury. Our results demonstrated that SP600125 significantly increased the number of surviving cells in hippocampal CA1 subfield and decreased the activation of p-JNK1/2 and p-JNK3 at 30 min and 3 days after brain ischemia. Moreover, SP600125 significantly diminished the increased levels of phosphorylated-c-Jun (Ser63/73) and phosphorylated-Bcl-2 (Ser87) at 3 h after brain ischemia. These results indicate that SP600125, a new inhibitor of JNK, protected transient brain ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuronal death in rat hippocampal CA1 region at least via suppressing the activation of nuclear substrate (c-Jun) and inactivating non-nuclear substrate (Bcl-2) induced by ischemic insult. Thus, inhibiting JNK activity by SP600125 may represent a new and effective strategy to treat ischemic stoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hua Guan
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
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216
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Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) have been recognized as important enzymes in cellular function. JNK3, which is predominantly found in CNS neurons, has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. In particular, JNK3 has been found to have an upstream role in neuronal ischemic apoptosis. JNK3 is highly expressed and activated in postmortem brains of individuals that suffered from Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, mice that are deficient in JNK3 are more resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,6-tetrahydropyridine (a neurotoxin that mimics the neuropathological characteristics of Parkinson's disease) than their wild-type littermates. Because of the involvement of JNK3 in neuronal diseases, the inhibition of this enzyme is an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Resnick
- Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543-8000, USA.
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217
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Bode AM, Dong Z. Signal transduction pathways in cancer development and as targets for cancer prevention. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 79:237-97. [PMID: 16096030 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(04)79005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
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218
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Farooq A, Zhou MM. Structure and regulation of MAPK phosphatases. Cell Signal 2004; 16:769-79. [PMID: 15115656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinases (MAPKs), which control mitogenic signal transduction in all eukaryotic organisms, are inactivated by dual specificity MAPK phosphatases (DS-MKPs). Recent studies reveal that substrate specificity and enzymatic activity of MKPs are tightly controlled not only by the conserved C-terminal phosphatase domain but also by an N-terminal (NT) kinase-binding domain. Notably, MKPs that consist of a kinase-binding domain and a phosphatase domain exhibit little phosphatase activity in the absence of their physiological substrates. MKP binding to a specific MAPK results in enzymatic activation of the phosphatase in a substrate-induced activation mechanism. This direct coupling of inactivation of an MAPK to activation of an MKP provides a tightly controlled regulation that enables these two key enzymes to keep each other in check, thus guaranteeing the fidelity of signal transduction. This review discusses the recent understanding of structure and regulation of the large family of dual specificity MKPs, which can be divided into four subgroups according to their functional domains and mechanism of substrate recognition and enzymatic regulation. Moreover, detailed comparison of the structural basis between this unique substrate-induced activation mechanism and the common auto-inhibition mechanism is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Farooq
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1677, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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219
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Ricci R, Sumara G, Sumara I, Rozenberg I, Kurrer M, Akhmedov A, Hersberger M, Eriksson U, Eberli FR, Becher B, Borén J, Chen M, Cybulsky MI, Moore KJ, Freeman MW, Wagner EF, Matter CM, Lüscher TF. Requirement of JNK2 for scavenger receptor A-mediated foam cell formation in atherogenesis. Science 2004; 306:1558-61. [PMID: 15567863 DOI: 10.1126/science.1101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies suggest a role for c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in proatherogenic cellular processes. We show that atherosclerosis-prone ApoE-/- mice simultaneously lacking JNK2 (ApoE-/- JNK2-/- mice), but not ApoE-/- JNK1-/- mice, developed less atherosclerosis than do ApoE-/- mice. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK activity efficiently reduced plaque formation. Macrophages lacking JNK2 displayed suppressed foam cell formation caused by defective uptake and degradation of modified lipoproteins and showed increased amounts of the modified lipoprotein-binding and -internalizing scavenger receptor A (SR-A), whose phosphorylation was markedly decreased. Macrophage-restricted deletion of JNK2 was sufficient to decrease atherogenesis. Thus, JNK2-dependent phosphorylation of SR-A promotes uptake of lipids in macrophages, thereby regulating foam cell formation, a critical step in atherogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/chemistry
- Aorta/pathology
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Diet, Atherogenic
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Ricci
- Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, and Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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220
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Sabapathy K, Hochedlinger K, Nam SY, Bauer A, Karin M, Wagner EF. Distinct roles for JNK1 and JNK2 in regulating JNK activity and c-Jun-dependent cell proliferation. Mol Cell 2004; 15:713-25. [PMID: 15350216 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are activated by a plethora of signals and phosphorylate substrates such as c-Jun, which is required for efficient cell cycle progression. Although JNK1 and JNK2 were shown to differentially regulate fibroblast proliferation, the underlying mechanistic basis remains unclear. We found that Jnk2-/- fibroblasts exit G1 and enter S phase earlier than wild-type counterparts, while Jnk1-/- cells show the inverse phenotype. Moreover, Jnk2-/- erythroblasts also exhibit a proliferative advantage. JNK2 deficiency results in elevated c-Jun phosphorylation and stability, whereas the absence of JNK1 reduces c-Jun phosphorylation and stability. Re-expression of JNK2 in Jnk2-/- cells reverses the JNK2 null phenotype, whereas ectopic expression of JNK1 augments it. JNK2 is preferentially bound to c-Jun in unstimulated cells, thereby contributing to c-Jun degradation. In contrast, JNK1 becomes the major c-Jun interacting kinase after cell stimulation. These data provide mechanistic insights into the distinct roles of different JNK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaga Sabapathy
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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221
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, BIL Biomedical Research Center, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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222
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Abstract
Cells are continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses and have to decide 'to be or not to be' depending on the types and strength of stress. Among the many signaling pathways that respond to stress, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members are crucial for the maintenance of cells. Three subfamilies of MAPKs have been identified: extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38-MAPKs. It has been originally shown that ERKs are important for cell survival, whereas JNKs and p38-MAPKs were deemed stress responsive and thus involved in apoptosis. However, the regulation of apoptosis by MAPKs is more complex than initially thought and often controversial. In this review, we discuss MAPKs in apoptosis regulation with attention to mouse genetic models and critically point out the multiple roles of MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiji Wada
- IMBA: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohr-gasse3-5, Vienna A-1030, Austria
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223
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Robson JD, Davidson D, Veillette A. Inhibition of the Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway by SHIP-1, a lipid phosphatase that interacts with the adaptor molecule Dok-3. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:2332-43. [PMID: 14993273 PMCID: PMC355862 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.6.2332-2343.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dok-3 is a Dok-related adaptor expressed in B cells and macrophages. Previously, we reported that Dok-3 is an inhibitor of B-cell activation in A20 B cells and that it associates with SHIP-1, a 5' inositol-specific lipid phosphatase, as well as Csk, a negative regulator of Src kinases. Here, we demonstrate that Dok-3 suppresses B-cell activation by way of its interaction with SHIP-1, rather than Csk. Our biochemical analyses showed that the Dok-3-SHIP-1 complex acts by selectively inhibiting the B-cell receptor (BCR)-evoked activation of the Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) cascade without affecting overall protein tyrosine phosphorylation or activation of previously described SHIP-1 targets like Btk and Akt/PKB. Studies of B cells derived from SHIP-1-deficient mice showed that BCR-triggered activation of JNK is enhanced in the absence of SHIP-1, implying that the Dok-3-SHIP-1 complex (or a related mechanism) is a physiological negative regulator of the JNK cascade in normal B cells. Together, these data elucidate the mechanism by which Dok-3 inhibits B-cell activation. Furthermore, they provide evidence that SHIP-1 can be a negative regulator of JNK signaling in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Robson
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
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224
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Tsitoura DC, Rothman PB. Enhancement of MEK/ERK signaling promotes glucocorticoid resistance in CD4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:619-27. [PMID: 14966571 PMCID: PMC338260 DOI: 10.1172/jci18975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have potent immunosuppressive properties, but their effects are often modulated by the conditions prevailing in the local immune milieu. In this study we determined whether the action of glucocorticoids is influenced by the degree of signaling during T cell activation. We found that dexamethasone (Dex) effectively suppressed T cell receptor-induced (TCR-induced) proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells, through a mechanism involving downregulation of c-Fos expression and inhibition of activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), and NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. However, enhancement of TCR signaling by CD28- or IL-2-mediated costimulation abrogated the suppressive effect of Dex on c-Fos expression and AP-1 function and restored cellular proliferation. The amount of signaling through the MAPK pathway was critical in determining the effect of Dex on T cell activation. In particular, costimulatory signaling via MAPK kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was essential for the development of T cell resistance to Dex. Selective blockade of MEK/ERK signal transduction abolished the costimulation-induced resistance. In contrast, transmission of IL-2 signals via STAT5 and CD28 signals via NF-kappaB remained inhibited by Dex. These results imply that the immune system, by regulating the degree of local costimulation through MEK/ERK, can modify the effect of glucocorticoids on T cells. Moreover, these findings suggest that MAPK inhibitors may offer a therapeutic solution for glucocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne C Tsitoura
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10034, USA
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225
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Mishra OP, Zubrow AB, Ashraf QM. Nitric oxide-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) during hypoxia in cerebral cortical nuclei of newborn piglets. Neuroscience 2004; 123:179-86. [PMID: 14667452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), mediate signal transduction from cell surface receptors to the nucleus and phosphorylate anti-apoptotic proteins thereby regulating programmed cell death. The present study tests the hypotheses that hypoxia activates ERK and JNK in neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets and the hypoxia-induced activation of ERK and JNK is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Activated ERK and JNK were assessed by determining phosphorylated ERK and JNK using immunoblotting in six normoxic (Nx) and 10 hypoxic (Hx) and five N-nitro-L-arginine (a NOS inhibitor, 40 mg/kg,) -pretreated hypoxic (N-nitro-L-arginine [NNLA]-Hx) 3-5 day old piglets. Hypoxia was induced by decreasing inspired oxygen from 21% to 7% for 60 min. Cerebral tissue hypoxia was documented biochemically by determining the tissue levels of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr). Cortical neuronal nuclei were isolated and the nuclear protein was analyzed for activated ERK and JNK using anti-phosphorylated ERK and JNK antibodies. Protein bands were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence method and analyzed by imaging densitometry. Protein density was expressed as absorbance ODxmm(2). ATP levels were 4.57+/-0.45 micromoles/g brain in the Nx group, 1.29+/-0.23 micromoles/g brain in the Hx group (P<0.05 vs Nx) and 1.50+/-0.14 micromoles/g brain in the NNLA-Hx group (P<0.05 vs Nx). PCr levels were 3.77+/-0.36 micromoles/g brain in the Nx group, 0.77+/-0.13 micromoles/g brain in the hypoxic group (P<0.05) and 1.02+/-0.24 in the NNLA-Hx group (P<0.05 vs Nx). Density of phosphorylated ERK protein was 170.5+/-53.7 ODxmm(2) in the Nx group as compared with 419.6+/-63.9 ODxmm(2) in the hypoxic group (P<0.001 vs Nx) and 270.0+/-28.7 in the NNLA-Hx group (P<0.002 vs Hx). Density of phosphorylated JNK protein was 172.8+/-42.8 ODxmm(2) in the normoxic group as compared with 364.6+/-60.1 ODxmm(2) in the Hx group (P<0.002) and 254.8+/-24.8 in the NNLA-Hx group (P<0.002 vs Hx). The data demonstrate increased phosphorylation of ERK and JNK during hypoxia indicating that hypoxia results in activation of ERK and JNK in neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets. The administration of NNLA, a NOS inhibitor, prevented the hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK indicating that the hypoxia-induced activation of ERK and JNK in the cerebral cortical nuclei of newborn piglets is NO-mediated
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, Room 701, 7th Floor Heritage Building, Neonatal Research Laboratory, MCP, Drexel University College of Medicine and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, 3300 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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226
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Fujii N, Boppart MD, Dufresne SD, Crowley PF, Jozsi AC, Sakamoto K, Yu H, Aschenbach WG, Kim S, Miyazaki H, Rui L, White MF, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Overexpression or ablation of JNK in skeletal muscle has no effect on glycogen synthase activity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C200-8. [PMID: 15013949 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00415.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and is robustly activated in response to muscle contraction. Little is known about the biological functions of JNK signaling in terminally differentiated muscle cells, although this protein has been proposed to regulate insulin-stimulated glycogen synthase activity in mouse skeletal muscle. To determine whether JNK signaling regulates contraction-stimulated glycogen synthase activation, we applied an electroporation technique to induce JNK overexpression (O/E) in mouse skeletal muscle. Ten days after electroporation, in situ muscle contraction increased JNK activity 2.6-fold in control muscles and 15-fold in the JNK O/E muscles. Despite the enormous activation of JNK activity in JNK O/E muscles, contraction resulted in similar increases in glycogen synthase activity in control and JNK O/E muscles. Consistent with these findings, basal and contraction-induced glycogen synthase activity was normal in muscles of both JNK1- and JNK2-deficient mice. JNK overexpression in muscle resulted in significant alterations in the basal phosphorylation state of several signaling proteins, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p90 S6 kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3, protein kinase B/Akt, and p70 S6 kinase, in the absence of changes in the expression of these proteins. These data suggest that JNK signaling regulates the phosphorylation state of several kinases in skeletal muscle. JNK activation is unlikely to be the major mechanism by which contractile activity increases glycogen synthase activity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuharu Fujii
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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227
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Bogoyevitch MA, Boehm I, Oakley A, Ketterman AJ, Barr RK. Targeting the JNK MAPK cascade for inhibition: basic science and therapeutic potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1697:89-101. [PMID: 15023353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNKs) form one subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) group of serine/threonine protein kinases. The JNKs were first identified by their activation in response to a variety of extracellular stresses and their ability to phosphorylate the N-terminal transactivation domain of the transcription factor c-Jun. One approach to study the function of the JNKs has included in vivo gene knockouts of each of the three JNK genes. Whilst loss of either JNK1 or JNK2 alone appears to have no serious consequences, their combined knockout is embryonic lethal. In contrast, the loss of JNK3 is not embryonic lethal, but rather protects the adult brain from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. This latter example has generated considerable enthusiasm with JNK3, considered an appropriate target for the treatment of diseases in which neuronal death should be prevented (e.g. stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases). More recently, these gene knockout animals have been used to demonstrate that JNK could provide a suitable target for the protection against obesity and diabetes and that JNKs may act as tumour suppressors. Considerable effort is being directed to the development of chemical inhibitors of the activators of JNKs (e.g. CEP-1347, an inhibitor of the MLK family of JNK pathway activators) or of the JNKs themselves (e.g. SP600125, a direct inhibitor of JNK activity). These most commonly used inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy for use in vivo, with the successful intervention to decrease brain damage in animal models (CEP-1347) or to ameliorate some of the symptoms of arthritis in other animal models (SP600125). Alternative peptide-based inhibitors of JNKs are now also in development. The possible identification of allosteric modifiers rather than direct ATP competitors could lead to inhibitors of unprecedented specificity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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228
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Li LF, Yu L, Quinn DA. Ventilation-induced Neutrophil Infiltration Depends on c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:518-24. [PMID: 14644930 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200305-660oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive pressure ventilation with large VTs has been shown to cause release of cytokines, including macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), a functional equivalent of human interleukin-8. The mechanisms regulating ventilation-induced cytokine production are unclear. Based on our previous in vitro model of lung cell stretch, we hypothesized that high VT ventilation-induced MIP-2 production is dependent on the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We exposed C57BL/6 mice to high VT (30 ml/kg) or low VT (6 ml/kg) mechanical ventilation for 5 hours. High VT ventilation-induced neutrophil migration into the lung, MIP-2 protein production, MIP-2 messenger RNA expression, and JNK activation. Large VT ventilation of JNK knockout mice and pharmacologic JNK inhibition with SP600125 attenuated neutrophil sequestration and blocked MIP-2 messenger RNA expression and MIP-2 production. We conclude that lung cell stretch in vivo results in increased lung neutrophil sequestration and increased MIP-2 production, which was, at least in part, dependent upon the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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229
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Tsitoura DC, Rothman PB. Enhancement of MEK/ERK signaling promotes glucocorticoid resistance in CD4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200418975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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230
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Krishnan S, Farber DL, Tsokos GC. T cell rewiring in differentiation and disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3325-31. [PMID: 14500623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Krishnan
- Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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231
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Garra
- National Institute for Medical Research London NW7 1AA, UK
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232
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Gonzalez Bosc LV, Wilkerson MK, Bradley KN, Eckman DM, Hill-Eubanks DC, Nelson MT. Intraluminal pressure is a stimulus for NFATc3 nuclear accumulation: role of calcium, endothelium-derived nitric oxide, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:10702-9. [PMID: 14688253 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312920200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) is implicated in cardiac hypertrophy and vasculogenesis. NFAT activation, reflecting dephosphorylation by the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, and subsequent nuclear localization, is generally thought to require a sustained increase in intracellular calcium. However, in smooth muscle we have found that elevation of calcium by membrane depolarization fails to induce an increase in nuclear localization of the NFATc3 isoform. Here, we demonstrate that physiological intravascular pressure (100 mm Hg) induces an increase in NFATc3 nuclear localization in mouse cerebral arteries. Pressure-induced NFATc3 nuclear accumulation is abrogated by endothelial denudation and by nitric-oxide synthase, cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG), and voltage-dependent calcium channels inhibition. We further show that exogenous nitric oxide, in combination with an elevation in calcium, is an effective stimulus for NFATc3 nuclear accumulation. c-Jun terminal kinase 2 (JNK) activity, which has been shown to regulate NFATc3 nuclear export, is also reduced by pressure, an effect that is prevented by pretreatment with a PKG inhibitor. Consistent with this, pressure-induced NFATc3 nuclear accumulation is independent of PKG in arteries from JNK2(-/-) mice. Collectively, our results indicate that both activation of the NO/PKG pathway and elevation of smooth muscle calcium are required for NFATc3 nuclear accumulation and that PKG inhibits JNK2 to decrease NFAT nuclear export. Our findings suggest that at physiological intravascular pressures NFATc3 is localized to the nucleus in smooth muscle cells of intact arteries and indicate a novel and unexpected role for nitric oxide/PKG in NFAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA
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233
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Kuan CY, Whitmarsh AJ, Yang DD, Liao G, Schloemer AJ, Dong C, Bao J, Banasiak KJ, Haddad GG, Flavell RA, Davis RJ, Rakic P. A critical role of neural-specific JNK3 for ischemic apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15184-9. [PMID: 14657393 PMCID: PMC299947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2336254100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling is an important contributor to stress-induced apoptosis, but it is unclear whether JNK and its isoforms (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3) have distinct roles in cerebral ischemia. Here we show that JNK1 is the major isoform responsible for the high level of basal JNK activity in the brain. In contrast, targeted deletion of Jnk3 not only reduces the stress-induced JNK activity, but also protects mice from brain injury after cerebral ischemia-hypoxia. The downstream mechanism of JNK3-mediated apoptosis may include the induction of Bim and Fas and the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. These results suggest that JNK3 is a potential target for neuroprotection therapies in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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234
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Han J, Kori R, Shui JW, Chen YR, Yao Z, Tan TH. The SH3 Domain-containing Adaptor HIP-55 Mediates c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Activation in T Cell Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52195-202. [PMID: 14557276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305026200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HIP-55 (hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1)-interacting protein of 55 kDa, also called SH3P7 and mAbp1) is a novel SH3 domain-containing protein. HIP-55 binds to actin filaments both in vitro and in vivo. HIP-55 activates HPK1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which are two important lymphocyte signaling molecules. Until now, the regulation and function of HIP-55 in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling were unknown. We found that HIP-55 was recruited to glycolipid-enriched microdomains upon TCR stimulation, which indicates that HIP-55 is regulated by TCR signaling. HIP-55 interacted with ZAP-70, a critical protein-tyrosine kinase in TCR signaling, and this interaction was induced by TCR signaling. ZAP-70 phosphorylated HIP-55 at Tyr-334 and Tyr-344 in vitro and in vivo, and the HIP-55 mutant (Y334F/Y344F) was not tyrosine-phosphorylated in stimulated T cells. To study its function in T cell activation, HIP-55-deficient Jurkat T cells were established using the RNA interference approach. In the HIP-55-deficient cells, TCR (but not UV)-stimulated JNK activation was decreased. Furthermore, the activation of HPK1, a known JNK upstream activator and HIP-55-interacting protein, was also decreased in the HIP-55-deficient cells. Our data reveal the regulation of HIP-55 during TCR signaling, and using a genetic approach, we demonstrate for the first time that HIP-55 plays a functional role in TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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235
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Gomez MF, Bosc LVG, Stevenson AS, Wilkerson MK, Hill-Eubanks DC, Nelson MT. Constitutively elevated nuclear export activity opposes Ca2+-dependent NFATc3 nuclear accumulation in vascular smooth muscle: role of JNK2 and Crm-1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:46847-53. [PMID: 12954637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304765200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) is a cytosolic phosphoprotein that accumulates in the nucleus following dephosphorylation by the calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. A defining feature of stimuli that induce NFAT nuclear accumulation/activation is a sustained increase in global intracellular Ca2+. Contrary to expectations, we have found that a sustained elevation of intracellular Ca2+, induced by membrane potential depolarization and mediated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, does not result in nuclear localization of the NFATc3 isoform in smooth muscle. However, vasoconstrictors (e.g. uridine triphosphate (UTP)) and growth factors, which elevate intracellular Ca2+ and engage multiple intracellular signaling pathways, induce a robust increase in smooth muscle nuclear NFATc3. Here we show that depolarizing stimuli that normally fail to induce NFATc3 nuclear accumulation in arterial smooth muscle effectively induce nuclear accumulation under conditions in which Crm-1-dependent or JNK2-mediated nuclear export processes are disrupted. Consistent with an important regulatory role for JNK, UTP exerts a suppressive effect on JNK activity in smooth muscle. Export of nuclear NFATc3 following UTP-induced nuclear accumulation is dramatically slowed in cerebral arteries from JNK2-/- animals. These data indicate that in smooth muscle, stimulation of Ca2+-dependent, calcineurin-mediated nuclear import and suppression of Crm-1/JNK-dependent nuclear export are both required for induction of NFATc3 nuclear accumulation. These results highlight the dynamic interplay between influences that promote and oppose NFAT nuclear accumulation and suggest that in arterial smooth muscle suppression of constitutive nuclear export activity is an important property of NFAT-activating stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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236
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Lafuente MJ, Martin P, Garcia-Cao I, Diaz-Meco MT, Serrano M, Moscat J. Regulation of mature T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation by Par-4. EMBO J 2003; 22:4689-98. [PMID: 12970181 PMCID: PMC212727 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic inactivation of the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) inhibitor, Par-4, gives rise to increased NF-kappaB activation and decreased stimulation of JNK in embryo fibroblasts. Here we have characterized the immunological phenotype of the Par-4(-/-) mice and found that the loss of this gene leads to an increased proliferative response of peripheral T cells when challenged through the TCR. This is accompanied by a higher increase in cell cycle entry and inhibition of apoptosis, with enhanced IL-2 secretion but normal CD25 synthesis. Interestingly, the TCR-triggered activation of NF-kappaB was augmented and that of JNK was severely abrogated. Consistent with previous data from knock outs of different JNKs, NFATc1 activation and IL-4 secretion were augmented in the Par-4-deficient CD4+ T cells, suggesting that the loss of Par-4 drives T-cell differentiation towards a Th2 response. This is compelling evidence that Par-4 is a novel modulator of the immune response through its ability to impact aPKC activity, which translates into lower JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Lafuente
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Canto Blanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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237
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Matsuguchi T, Masuda A, Sugimoto K, Nagai Y, Yoshikai Y. JNK-interacting protein 3 associates with Toll-like receptor 4 and is involved in LPS-mediated JNK activation. EMBO J 2003; 22:4455-64. [PMID: 12941697 PMCID: PMC202380 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Revised: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and activates NF-kappaB and a set of MAP kinases. Here we have investigated proteins associated with the cytoplasmic domain of mouse TLR4 by yeast two-hybrid screening and identified JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3), a scaffold protein for JNK, as a TLR4-associated protein. In mammalian cells, JIP3, through its N-terminal region, constitutively associates with TLR4. The association is specific to JIP3, as the two other JIPs, JIP1 and JIP2, failed to bind TLR4. In HEK 293 cells exogenously expressing TLR4, MD2 and CD14, co-expression of JIP3 significantly increased the complex formation of TLR4-JNK and LPS-mediated JNK activation. In contrast, expression of C-terminally truncated forms of JIP3 impaired LPS-induced JNK activation in a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. Moreover, RNA interference of JIP3 inhibited LPS-mediated JNK activation. In RAW264.7 cells, JIP3 associates MEKK-1, but not with TAK-1. Finally, JIP3 also associates with TLR2 and TLR9, but not with TLR1 or TLR6. Altogether, our data indicate the involvement of JIP3 in JNK activation in downstream signals of some TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Division of Host Defense, Center for Neural Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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238
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Abstract
The T helper lymphocyte is responsible for orchestrating the appropriate immune response to a wide variety of pathogens. The recognition of the polarized T helper cell subsets Th1 and Th2 has led to an understanding of the role of these cells in coordinating a variety of immune responses, both in responses to pathogens and in autoimmune and allergic disease. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control lineage commitment to the Th1 phenotype. What has recently emerged is a rich understanding of the cytokines, receptors, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors involved in Th1 differentiation. Although the picture is still incomplete, the basic pathways leading to Th1 differentiation can now be understood in in vitro and a number of infection and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J Szabo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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239
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Kelkar N, Delmotte MH, Weston CR, Barrett T, Sheppard BJ, Flavell RA, Davis RJ. Morphogenesis of the telencephalic commissure requires scaffold protein JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9843-8. [PMID: 12897243 PMCID: PMC187860 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1733944100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3) protein (also known as JSAP1) is expressed exclusively in neurons and has been identified as a scaffold protein for the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway and as an adapter protein for cargo transport by the microtubule motor protein kinesin. To investigate the physiological function of JIP3, we examined the effect of Jip3 gene disruption in mice. The Jip3-/- mice were unable to breathe and died shortly after birth. Microscopic analysis demonstrated that Jip3 gene disruption causes severe defects in the morphogenesis of the telencephalon. Jip3-/- mice lack the telencephalic commissure, a major connection between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The central nervous system abnormalities of Jip3-/- mice may be accounted for in part by a reduction in signal transduction by RhoA and its effector ROCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyaya Kelkar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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240
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Utsugi M, Dobashi K, Ishizuka T, Endou K, Hamuro J, Murata Y, Nakazawa T, Mori M. c-Jun N-terminal kinase negatively regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 production in human macrophages: role of mitogen-activated protein kinase in glutathione redox regulation of IL-12 production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:628-35. [PMID: 12847227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays an important role in cytokine expression, its function in IL-12 production is obscure. The present study uses human macrophages to examine whether the JNK pathway is required for LPS-induced IL-12 production and defines how JNK is involved in the regulation of IL-12 production by glutathione redox, which is the balance between intracellular reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). We found that LPS induced IL-12 p40 protein and mRNA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in PMA-treated THP-1 macrophages, and that LPS activated JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in PMA-treated THP-1 cells. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activation using SB203580 dose dependently repressed LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production, as described. Conversely, inhibition of JNK activation using SP600125 dose dependently enhanced both LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production from THP-1 cells and p70 production from human monocytes. Furthermore, JNK antisense oligonucleotides attenuated cellular levels of JNK protein and LPS-induced JNK activation, but augmented IL-12 p40 protein production and mRNA expression. Finally, the increase in the ratio of GSH/GSSG induced by glutathione reduced form ethyl ester (GSH-OEt) dose dependently enhanced LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production in PMA-treated THP-1 cells. GSH-OEt augmented p38 MAP kinase activation, but suppressed the JNK activation induced by LPS. Our findings indicate that JNK negatively affects LPS-induced IL-12 production from human macrophages, and that glutathione redox regulates LPS-induced IL-12 production through the opposite control of JNK and p38 MAP kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Utsugi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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241
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Li-Weber M, Krammer PH. Regulation of IL4 gene expression by T cells and therapeutic perspectives. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:534-43. [PMID: 12876556 DOI: 10.1038/nri1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is crucial for the differentiation of naive T helper (T(H)) cells into the T(H)2 effector cells that promote humoral (antibody) immunity and provide protection against intestinal helminths. IL-4 also has a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. Many transcription factors are involved in the regulation of expression of the gene encoding IL-4. Initiation of transcription of the gene encoding IL-4 in naive T(H) cells is regulated by the T(H)2-specific transcription factor GATA3, whereas acute expression of the gene encoding IL-4 in T(H)2 cells is mediated by inducible, ubiquitous transcription factors after antigen encounter. This review focuses on acute activation of the gene encoding IL-4 in T cells and discusses therapeutic perspectives at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li-Weber
- Tumour Immunology Programme D030, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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242
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Parry RV, Rumbley CA, Vandenberghe LH, June CH, Riley JL. CD28 and inducible costimulatory protein Src homology 2 binding domains show distinct regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Bcl-xL, and IL-2 expression in primary human CD4 T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:166-74. [PMID: 12816995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of either CD28 or inducible costimulatory protein (ICOS) produces a second signal required for optimal T cell activation and proliferation. One prominent difference between ICOS- and CD28-costimulated T cells is the quantity of IL-2 produced. To understand why CD28 but not ICOS elicits major increases in IL-2 expression, we compared the abilities of these molecules to activate the signal transduction cascades implicated in the regulation of IL-2. Major differences were found in the regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity (PI3K) and c-jun N-terminal kinase. ICOS costimulation led to greatly augmented levels of PI3K activity compared with CD28 costimulation, whereas only CD28 costimulation activated c-jun N-terminal kinase. To examine how these differences in signal transduction affected IL-2 production, we transduced primary human CD4 T cells with a lentiviral vector that expressed the murine CD28 extracellular domain with a variety of human CD28 and ICOS cytoplasmic domain swap constructs. These domains were able to operate as discrete signaling units, suggesting that they can function independently. Our results show that even though the ICOS Src homology (SH) 2 binding domain strongly activated PI3K, it was unable to substitute for the CD28 SH2 binding domain to induce high levels of IL-2 and Bcl-x(L). Moreover, the CD28 SH2 binding domain alone was sufficient to mediate optimal levels of Bcl-x(L) induction, whereas the entire CD28 cytoplasmic tail was required for high levels of IL-2 expression. Thus, differences within their respective SH2 binding domains explain, at least in part, the distinct regulation of IL-2 and Bcl-x(L) expression following ICOS- or CD28-mediated costimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytoplasm/genetics
- Cytoplasm/physiology
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Humans
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Models, Immunological
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/biosynthesis
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- bcl-X Protein
- src Homology Domains/genetics
- src Homology Domains/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Parry
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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243
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Abstract
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNKs) phosphorylate and activate members of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor family and other cellular factors implicated in regulating altered gene expression, cellular survival and proliferation in response to cytokines and growth factors, noxious stimuli and oncogenic transformation. Because these events are commonly associated with the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, the potential of JNK inhibitors as therapeutics has attracted considerable interest. Here we discuss the evidence supporting the application of JNK inhibitors in inflammatory, vascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic and oncological diseases in humans, and describe the present status of drug discovery targeting JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Manning
- Roche Pharmaceuticals, 3411 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
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244
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Zeyda M, Szekeres AB, Säemann MD, Geyeregger R, Stockinger H, Zlabinger GJ, Waldhäusl W, Stulnig TM. Suppression of T cell signaling by polyunsaturated fatty acids: selectivity in inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:6033-9. [PMID: 12794131 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to suppress inflammatory and autoimmune responses and, therefore, clinical applications of PUFAs as immunomodulatory substances are extensively studied. PUFAs are known to inhibit T cell responses, but with respect to TCR/CD3-mediated signal transduction only a block in CD3-induced phospholipase Cgamma1/calcium signaling has been shown so far. In this study, we investigated PUFA-mediated changes in downstream T cell signal transduction. We show that among the mitogen-activated protein kinase families activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, but not phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/-2 or p38 is inhibited. CD3/CD28-induced activity of NF-AT was markedly reduced by PUFA treatment, while activation of other nuclear receptors (AP-1 and NF-kappaB) remained unaltered. Furthermore, IL-2 promoter activity, IL-2 and IL-13 mRNA levels, IL-2 secretion, and IL-2R alpha-chain expression were significantly diminished by PUFA treatment, whereas the expression of IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10, and CD69 remained essentially unaffected by PUFAs. In conclusion, PUFA treatment of T cells inhibits selectively c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and NF-AT activation, resulting in diminished production of IL-2 and IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Zeyda
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Institute of Immunology, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria
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245
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Jun JE, Wilson LE, Vinuesa CG, Lesage S, Blery M, Miosge LA, Cook MC, Kucharska EM, Hara H, Penninger JM, Domashenz H, Hong NA, Glynne RJ, Nelms KA, Goodnow CC. Identifying the MAGUK protein Carma-1 as a central regulator of humoral immune responses and atopy by genome-wide mouse mutagenesis. Immunity 2003; 18:751-62. [PMID: 12818157 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In a genome-wide ENU mouse mutagenesis screen a recessive mouse mutation, unmodulated, was isolated with profound defects in humoral immune responses, selective deficits in B cell activation by antigen receptors and T cell costimulation by CD28, and gradual development of atopic dermatitis with hyper-IgE. Mutant B cells are specifically defective in forming connections between antigen receptors and two key signaling pathways for immunogenic responses, NF-kappaB and JNK, but signal normally to calcium, NFAT, and ERK. The mutation alters a conserved leucine in the coiled-coil domain of CARMA-1/CARD11, a member of the MAGUK protein family implicated in organizing multimolecular signaling complexes. These results define Carma-1 as a key regulator of the plasticity in antigen receptor signaling that underpins opposing mechanisms of immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Jun
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genetics Laboratory and Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia
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246
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Grant S, Fisher PB, Dent P. The role of signal transduction pathways in drug and radiation resistance. Cancer Treat Res 2003; 112:89-108. [PMID: 12481713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1173-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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247
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Weston CR, Wong A, Hall JP, Goad MEP, Flavell RA, Davis RJ. JNK initiates a cytokine cascade that causes Pax2 expression and closure of the optic fissure. Genes Dev 2003; 17:1271-80. [PMID: 12756228 PMCID: PMC196061 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1087303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) group of mitogen-activated protein kinases is stimulated in response to a wide array of cellular stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. Mice lacking individual members of the Jnk family (Jnk1, Jnk2, and Jnk3) are viable and survive without overt structural abnormalities. Here we show that mice with a compound deficiency in Jnk expression can survive to birth, but fail to close the optic fissure (retinal coloboma). We demonstrate that JNK initiates a cytokine cascade of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) that induces the expression of the paired-like homeobox transcription factor Pax2 and closure of the optic fissure. Interestingly, the role of JNK to regulate BMP4 expression during optic fissure closure is conserved in Drosophila during dorsal closure, a related morphogenetic process that requires JNK-regulated expression of the BMP4 ortholog Decapentaplegic (Dpp).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Weston
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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248
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Abstract
The c-Jun aminoterminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways have been associated with cell death, differentiation and proliferation. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have different effector functions after antigen stimulation and control specific aspects of the immune response. The studies carried out in our group indicate that the role of JNK and p38 MAP kinases in CD4+ T cells is different from their role in CD8+ T cells. Moreover, these two pathways are not redundant in either T cell population. We have also shown that p38 MAP kinase regulates early stages of T cell development in the thymus. It is therefore important to consider the specific function of these kinases in each T cell population when pharmacological inhibitors of JNK and p38 MAP kinases are used for therapeutic purposes to control the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rincón
- Immunobiology Program, Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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249
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Jorritsma PJ, Brogdon JL, Bottomly K. Role of TCR-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in the regulation of early IL-4 expression in naive CD4+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2427-34. [PMID: 12594266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activation influences IL-4 production in various experimental systems, its role during Th differentiation is unclear. In this study, we show that Erk plays a critical role in IL-4 expression during TCR-induced Th differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells. Stimulation of CD4(+) T cells with a high affinity peptide resulted in sustained Erk activation and Th1 differentiation. However, reduction of Erk activity led to a dramatic increase in IL-4 production and Th2 generation. Analysis of RNA and nuclear proteins of CD4(+) T cells 48 h after stimulation revealed that this was due to early IL-4 expression. Interestingly, transient Erk activation resulted in altered AP-1 DNA binding activity and the induction of an AP-1 complex that was devoid of Fos protein and consisted of Jun-Jun dimers. These data show that in the presence of a strong TCR signal, IL-4 expression can be induced in naive CD4(+) T cells by altering the strength of Erk activation. In addition, these data suggest that TCR-induced Erk activation is involved in the regulation of IL-4 expression by altering the composition of the AP-1 complex and its subsequent DNA binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Jorritsma
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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250
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Persinger RL, Poynter ME, Ckless K, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Molecular mechanisms of nitrogen dioxide induced epithelial injury in the lung. Mol Cell Biochem 2003. [PMID: 12162462 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015973530559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The lung can be exposed to a variety of reactive nitrogen intermediates through the inhalation of environmental oxidants and those produced during inflammation. Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) include, nitrogen dioxide (.NO2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Classically known as a major component of both indoor and outdoor air pollution, .NO2 is a toxic free radical gas. .NO2 can also be formed during inflammation by the decomposition of ONOO- or through peroxidase-catalyzed reactions. Due to their reactive nature, RNS may play an important role in disease pathology. Depending on the dose and the duration of administration, .NO, has been documented to cause pulmonary injury in both animal and human studies. Injury to the lung epithelial cells following exposure to .NO2 is characterized by airway denudation followed by compensatory proliferation. The persistent injury and repair process may contribute to airway remodeling, including the development of fibrosis. To better understand the signaling pathways involved in epithelial cell death by .NO2 or otherRNS, we routinely expose cells in culture to continuous gas-phase .NO2. Studies using the .NO2 exposure system revealed that lung epithelial cell death occurs in a density dependent manner. In wound healing experiments, .NO2 induced cell death is limited to cells localized in the leading edge of the wound. Importantly, .NO2-induced death does not appear to be dependent on oxidative stress per se. Potential cell signaling mechanisms will be discussed, which include the mitogen activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase and the Fas/Fas ligand pathways. During periods of epithelial loss and regeneration that occur in diseases such as asthma or during lung development, epithelial cells in the lung may be uniquely susceptible to death. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of epithelial cell death associated with the exposure to .NO2 will be important in designing therapeutics aimed at protecting the lung from persistent injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Persinger
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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