201
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Ramsay RR, Popovic-Nikolic MR, Nikolic K, Uliassi E, Bolognesi ML. A perspective on multi-target drug discovery and design for complex diseases. Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:3. [PMID: 29340951 PMCID: PMC5770353 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of infection, of neurodegeneration (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases), and of malignancy (cancers) have complex and varied causative factors. Modern drug discovery has the power to identify potential modulators for multiple targets from millions of compounds. Computational approaches allow the determination of the association of each compound with its target before chemical synthesis and biological testing is done. These approaches depend on the prior identification of clinically and biologically validated targets. This Perspective will focus on the molecular and computational approaches that underpin drug design by medicinal chemists to promote understanding and collaboration with clinical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Marija R Popovic-Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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202
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Peperidou A, Bua S, Bozdag M, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Supuran CT. Novel 6- and 7-Substituted Coumarins with Inhibitory Action against Lipoxygenase and Tumor-Associated Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Molecules 2018; 23:E153. [PMID: 29329232 PMCID: PMC6017447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of carboxamide derivatives of 6- and 7-substituted coumarins have been prepared by an original procedure starting from the corresponding 6- or 7-hydroxycoumarins which were alkylated with ethyl iodoacetate, and the obtained ester was converted to the corresponding carboxylic acids which were thereafter reacted with a series of aromatic/aliphatic/heterocyclic amines leading to the desired amides. The new derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of two enzymes, human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) and soy bean lipoxygenase (LOX). Compounds 4a and 4b were potent LOX inhibitors, whereas many effective hCA IX inhibitors (KIs in the range of 30.2-30.5 nM) were detected in this study. Two compounds, 4b and 5b, showed the phenomenon of dual inhibition. Furthermore, these coumarins did not significantly inhibit the widespread cytosolic isoforms hCA I and II, whereas they were weak hCA IV inhibitors, making them hCA IX-selective inhibitors. As hCA IX and LOX are validated antitumor targets, these results are promising for the investigation of novel drug targets involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Peperidou
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Silvia Bua
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Murat Bozdag
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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203
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Schubert J, Chanana M. Coating Matters: Review on Colloidal Stability of Nanoparticles with Biocompatible Coatings in Biological Media, Living Cells and Organisms. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25:4553-4586. [PMID: 29852857 PMCID: PMC7040520 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180601101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within the last two decades, the field of nanomedicine has not developed as successfully as has widely been hoped for. The main reason for this is the immense complexity of the biological systems, including the physico-chemical properties of the biological fluids as well as the biochemistry and the physiology of living systems. The nanoparticles' physicochemical properties are also highly important. These differ profoundly from those of freshly synthesized particles when applied in biological/living systems as recent research in this field reveals. The physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles are predefined by their structural and functional design (core and coating material) and are highly affected by their interaction with the environment (temperature, pH, salt, proteins, cells). Since the coating material is the first part of the particle to come in contact with the environment, it does not only provide biocompatibility, but also defines the behavior (e.g. colloidal stability) and the fate (degradation, excretion, accumulation) of nanoparticles in the living systems. Hence, the coating matters, particularly for a nanoparticle system for biomedical applications, which has to fulfill its task in the complex environment of biological fluids, cells and organisms. In this review, we evaluate the performance of different coating materials for nanoparticles concerning their ability to provide colloidal stability in biological media and living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schubert
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Nanostructured Materials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;E-mails: ;
| | - Munish Chanana
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Nanostructured Materials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Department of Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;E-mails: ;
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204
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Gabano E, Ravera M, Trivero F, Tinello S, Gallina A, Zanellato I, Gariboldi MB, Monti E, Osella D. The cisplatin-based Pt(iv)-diclorofibrato multi-action anticancer prodrug exhibits excellent performances also under hypoxic conditions. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8268-8282. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04614f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cisplatin/clofibrato combos are multi-action Pt(iv) complexes active on a panel of human tumor cell lines, also under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gabano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Francesca Trivero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Stefano Tinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Andrea Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanellato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Marzia B. Gariboldi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita
- Università dell'Insubria
- 21052 Busto Arsizio
- Italy
| | - Elena Monti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita
- Università dell'Insubria
- 21052 Busto Arsizio
- Italy
| | - Domenico Osella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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205
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Kalash L, Val C, Azuaje J, Loza MI, Svensson F, Zoufir A, Mervin L, Ladds G, Brea J, Glen R, Sotelo E, Bender A. Computer-aided design of multi-target ligands at A 1R, A 2AR and PDE10A, key proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. J Cheminform 2017; 9:67. [PMID: 29290010 PMCID: PMC5748027 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-017-0249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds designed to display polypharmacology may have utility in treating complex diseases, where activity at multiple targets is required to produce a clinical effect. In particular, suitable compounds may be useful in treating neurodegenerative diseases by promoting neuronal survival in a synergistic manner via their multi-target activity at the adenosine A1 and A2A receptors (A1R and A2AR) and phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), which modulate intracellular cAMP levels. Hence, in this work we describe a computational method for the design of synthetically feasible ligands that bind to A1 and A2A receptors and inhibit phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), involving a retrosynthetic approach employing in silico target prediction and docking, which may be generally applicable to multi-target compound design at several target classes. This approach has identified 2-aminopyridine-3-carbonitriles as the first multi-target ligands at A1R, A2AR and PDE10A, by showing agreement between the ligand and structure based predictions at these targets. The series were synthesized via an efficient one-pot scheme and validated pharmacologically as A1R/A2AR-PDE10A ligands, with IC50 values of 2.4-10.0 μM at PDE10A and Ki values of 34-294 nM at A1R and/or A2AR. Furthermore, selectivity profiling of the synthesized 2-amino-pyridin-3-carbonitriles against other subtypes of both protein families showed that the multi-target ligand 8 exhibited a minimum of twofold selectivity over all tested off-targets. In addition, both compounds 8 and 16 exhibited the desired multi-target profile, which could be considered for further functional efficacy assessment, analog modification for the improvement of selectivity towards A1R, A2AR and PDE10A collectively, and evaluation of their potential synergy in modulating cAMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Kalash
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW UK
| | - Cristina Val
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jhonny Azuaje
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I. Loza
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW UK
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB40WS UK
| | - Azedine Zoufir
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW UK
| | - Lewis Mervin
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW UK
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB21QJ UK
| | - José Brea
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Robert Glen
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW UK
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB21EW UK
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206
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Pasini A, Marchetti C, Sissi C, Cortesi M, Giordano E, Minarini A, Milelli A. Novel Polyamine-Naphthalene Diimide Conjugates Targeting Histone Deacetylases and DNA for Cancer Phenotype Reprogramming. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1218-1223. [PMID: 29259737 PMCID: PMC5733267 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of hybrid compounds was designed to target histone deacetylases and ds-/G-quadruplex DNAs by merging structural features deriving from Scriptaid and compound 1. Compound 6 binds different DNA arrangements, inhibits HDACs both in vitro and in cells, and is able to induce a reduction of cell proliferation. Moreover, compound 6 displays cell phenotype-reprogramming properties since it prevents the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cancer cells, inducing a less aggressive and migratory phenotype, which is one of the goals of present innovative strategies in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pasini
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”
(DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Venezia
52, 47521 Cesena
(FC), Italy
| | - Chiara Marchetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marilisa Cortesi
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”
(DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Venezia
52, 47521 Cesena
(FC), Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”
(DEI), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Venezia
52, 47521 Cesena
(FC), Italy
- Health Sciences
and Technologies−Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research
(HST-ICIR), Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Tolara
di Sopra 41/E, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
- Advanced
Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department
for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum−University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto
237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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207
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Handler
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH; Neuwaldegger Strasse 35/2/3 Vienna 1170 Austria
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208
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Chen H, Bauer U, Engkvist O. Merged Multiple Ligands. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674381.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Udo Bauer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
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209
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Kaur J, Kaur B, Singh P. Rational modification of semaxanib and sunitinib for developing a tumor growth inhibitor targeting ATP binding site of tyrosine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:129-133. [PMID: 29208523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the crystal structure of tyrosine kinase in complexation with an ATP analogue, supplemented with the molecular docking studies of semaxanib and sunitinib in the ATP binding site of the enzyme enabled us to make design of a series of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The combination of pyrrole and indolinone in one molecule and placement of appropriate substituent thereof made the molecule compatible for the hydrophobic sub-pocket of the enzyme. Screening of the compounds over 60 cell line panel of human tumor cell lines identified compound 3a that exhibited GI50 35 nM and 63 nM against MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Baljit Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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210
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Sancineto L, Iraci N, Tabarrini O, Santi C. NCp7: targeting a multitasking protein for next-generation anti-HIV drug development part 1: covalent inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:260-271. [PMID: 29107765 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The major internal component of the HIV virion core is the nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7), a small, highly basic protein that is essential for multiple stages of the viral replicative cycle, and whose structure is preserved in all viral strains, including clinical isolates from therapy-experienced patients. This key protein is recognised as a potential target for an effective next-generation antiretroviral therapy, because it could offer the possibility to develop broad-spectrum agents that are less prone to select for resistant strains. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the covalent NCp7 inhibitors that have emerged over the past 25 years of drug discovery campaigns, emphasising, where possible, their structure-activity relationships (SARs) and pharmacophoric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sancineto
- Department of Heterorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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211
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Skibiński R, Czarnecka K, Girek M, Bilichowski I, Chufarova N, Mikiciuk-Olasik E, Szymański P. Novel tetrahydroacridine derivatives with iodobenzoic acid moiety as multifunctional acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:505-518. [PMID: 28944565 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
New synthesized series of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine derivatives with iodobenzoic acid moiety were studied for their inhibitory activity toward cholinesterase and against β-amyloid aggregation. All novel molecules 3a-3i interacted with both cholinesterases-acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase-delivered nanomolar IC50 values. The structure-activity relationship showed that N-butyl moiety derivatives are stronger inhibitors toward AChE and BuChE than N-ethyl and N-propyl moieties compounds. The most potent compound toward acetylcholinesterase was inhibitor 3f (IC50 = 31.2 nm), and it was more active than reference drug, tacrine (IC50 = 100.2 nm). Compound 3f showed strong inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 8.0 nm), also higher than tacrine (IC50 = 16.3 nm). In the kinetic studies, compound 3f revealed mixed type of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The computer modeling was carried out. The most active compound 3f was confirmed as peripheral anionic site inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, molecule 3f inhibited β-amyloid aggregation (at the concentration 10 μm-24.96% of inhibition, 25 μm-72%, 50 μm-78.44%, and 100 μm-84.92%). Therefore, among all examined, compound 3f is the most promising molecule for further, more detailed research of novel multifunctional agents in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Czarnecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University, Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Girek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Bilichowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University, Łódź, Poland
| | - Nina Chufarova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University, Łódź, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Mikiciuk-Olasik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University, Łódź, Poland
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212
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Thai NQ, Nguyen HL, Linh HQ, Li MS. Protocol for fast screening of multi-target drug candidates: Application to Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:121-129. [PMID: 28850894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of many diseases may require drugs that are capable to attack multiple targets simultaneously. Obviously, the virtual screening of multi-target drug candidates is much more time consuming compared to the single-target case. This, in particular, concerns the last step of virtual screening where the binding free energy is computed by conventional molecular dynamics simulation. To overcome this difficulty we propose a simple protocol which is relied on the fast steered molecular dynamics simulation and on available experimental data on binding affinity of reference ligand to a given target. Namely, first we compute non-equilibrium works generated during pulling ligands from the binding site using the steered molecular dynamics method. Then as top leads we choose only those compounds that have the non-equilibrium work larger than that of a reference compound for which the binding free energy has been already known from experiment. Despite many efforts no cures for AD (Alzheimer's disease) have been found. One of possible reasons for this failure is that drug candidates were developed for a single target, while there are exist many possible pathways to AD. Applying our new protocol to five targets including amyloid beta fibril, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, retinoic X receptor α, β- and γ-secretases, we have found two potential drugs (CID 16040294 and CID 9998128) for AD from the large PubChem database. We have also shown that these two ligands can interfere with the activity of popular Acetylcholinesterase target through strong binding towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Thai
- Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology,SBI building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Dong Thap University,783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Ward 6, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap, Viet Nam; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Technology -VNU HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Str., Distr. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology,SBI building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Quang Linh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Technology -VNU HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Str., Distr. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology,SBI building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
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213
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Abstract
Single-target inhibition is an unsatisfactory therapeutic option to treat multifactorial pathologies, brought into limelight 'paradox of inflammation' beside dearth of innovation, rationalizes a shift toward 'multiple-target' design concept in anti-inflammatory research field. To improvise, two platform strategies, drugs mixture or multitarget drugs, are plausible. Dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor 'licofelone' developed after the backfire of rofecoxib due to safety concerns has fetched first light of triumph of the latter strategy. As hitting multiple targets in restraint is perhaps more viable strategy rather than single target, this review, outlines the most germane multiple target agents of synthetic and natural origin placing clear advantage in favors of multitarget strategy as real therapeutic solution for inflammation.
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214
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Cruz-Monteagudo M, Schürer S, Tejera E, Pérez-Castillo Y, Medina-Franco JL, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Borges F. Systemic QSAR and phenotypic virtual screening: chasing butterflies in drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:994-1007. [PMID: 28274840 PMCID: PMC5487293 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current advances in systems biology suggest a new change of paradigm reinforcing the holistic nature of the drug discovery process. According to the principles of systems biology, a simple drug perturbing a network of targets can trigger complex reactions. Therefore, it is possible to connect initial events with final outcomes and consequently prioritize those events, leading to a desired effect. Here, we introduce a new concept, 'Systemic Chemogenomics/Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)'. To elaborate on the concept, relevant information surrounding it is addressed. The concept is challenged by implementing a systemic QSAR approach for phenotypic virtual screening (VS) of candidate ligands acting as neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease (PD). The results support the suitability of the approach for the phenotypic prioritization of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Cruz-Monteagudo
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Department of Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine and Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eduardo Tejera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIB), Universidad de Las Américas, 170513 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Yunierkis Pérez-Castillo
- Sección Físico Química y Matemáticas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto S/N, EC1101608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Aminael Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle París S/N, EC1101608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal.
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215
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Drakakis G, Wafford KA, Brewerton SC, Bodkin MJ, Evans DA, Bender A. Polypharmacological in Silico Bioactivity Profiling and Experimental Validation Uncovers Sedative-Hypnotic Effects of Approved and Experimental Drugs in Rat. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1593-1602. [PMID: 28414209 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the computational ("in silico") mode-of-action analysis of CNS-active drugs, which is taking both multiple simultaneous hypotheses as well as sets of protein targets for each mode-of-action into account, and which was followed by successful prospective in vitro and in vivo validation. Using sleep-related phenotypic readouts describing both efficacy and side effects for 491 compounds tested in rat, we defined an "optimal" (desirable) sleeping pattern. Compounds were subjected to in silico target prediction (which was experimentally confirmed for 21 out of 28 cases), followed by the utilization of decision trees for deriving polypharmacological bioactivity profiles. We demonstrated that predicted bioactivities improved classification performance compared to using only structural information. Moreover, DrugBank molecules were processed via the same pipeline, and compounds in many cases not annotated as sedative-hypnotic (alcaftadine, benzatropine, palonosetron, ecopipam, cyproheptadine, sertindole, and clopenthixol) were prospectively validated in vivo. Alcaftadine, ecopipam cyproheptadine, and clopenthixol were found to promote sleep as predicted, benzatropine showed only a small increase in NREM sleep, whereas sertindole promoted wakefulness. To our knowledge, the sedative-hypnotic effects of alcaftadine and ecopipam have not been previously discussed in the literature. The method described extends previous single-target, single-mode-of-action models and is applicable across disease areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Drakakis
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A. Wafford
- Eli Lilly U.K., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU206PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael J. Bodkin
- Eli Lilly U.K., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU206PH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Evans
- Eli Lilly U.K., Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU206PH, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre
for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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216
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Designing multi-targeted agents: An emerging anticancer drug discovery paradigm. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:195-211. [PMID: 28494256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dominant paradigm in drug discovery is to design ligands with maximum selectivity to act on individual drug targets. With the target-based approach, many new chemical entities have been discovered, developed, and further approved as drugs. However, there are a large number of complex diseases such as cancer that cannot be effectively treated or cured only with one medicine to modulate the biological function of a single target. As simultaneous intervention of two (or multiple) cancer progression relevant targets has shown improved therapeutic efficacy, the innovation of multi-targeted drugs has become a promising and prevailing research topic and numerous multi-targeted anticancer agents are currently at various developmental stages. However, most multi-pharmacophore scaffolds are usually discovered by serendipity or screening, while rational design by combining existing pharmacophore scaffolds remains an enormous challenge. In this review, four types of multi-pharmacophore modes are discussed, and the examples from literature will be used to introduce attractive lead compounds with the capability of simultaneously interfering with different enzyme or signaling pathway of cancer progression, which will reveal the trends and insights to help the design of the next generation multi-targeted anticancer agents.
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217
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Partyka A, Kurczab R, Canale V, Satała G, Marciniec K, Pasierb A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Pawłowski M, Wesołowska A, Bojarski AJ, Zajdel P. The impact of the halogen bonding on D 2 and 5-HT 1A/5-HT 7 receptor activity of azinesulfonamides of 4-[(2-ethyl)piperidinyl-1-yl]phenylpiperazines with antipsychotic and antidepressant properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3638-3648. [PMID: 28529043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of azinesulfonamides of long-chain arylpiperazine derivatives with semi-rigid alkylene spacer was designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated using in vitro methods for their affinity for dopaminergic D2 and serotoninergic 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors. Docking to homology models revealed a possible halogen bond formation in complexes of the most potent ligands and the target receptors. The study allowed for the identification of compound 5-({4-(2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl)piperidin-1-yl}sulfonyl)quinoline (21), which behaved as D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist. In preliminary in vivo studies, compound 21 displayed distinct antipsychotic properties in the MK-801-evoked hyperactivity test in mice at a dose of 10mg/kg, and exerted antidepressant-like effect in a forced swim test in mice (MED=0.625mg/kg, i.p.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Kurczab
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Vittorio Canale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Jagiellońska Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pasierb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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218
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Are Antimalarial Hybrid Molecules a Close Reality or a Distant Dream? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00249-17. [PMID: 28289029 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00249-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains has led to a situation of haste in the scientific and pharmaceutical communities. Hence, all their efforts are redirected toward finding alternative chemotherapeutic agents that are capable of combating multidrug-resistant parasite strains. In light of this situation, scientists have come up with the concept of hybridization of two or more active pharmacophores into a single chemical entity, resulting in "antimalarial hybrids." The approach has been applied widely for generation of lead compounds against deadly diseases such as cancer and AIDS, with a proven potential for use as novel drugs, but is comparatively new in the sphere of antimalarial drug discovery. A sudden surge has been evidenced in the number of studies on the design and synthesis of hybrids for treating malaria and may be regarded as proof of their potential advantages over artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). However, it is evident from recent studies that most of the potential advantages of antimalarial hybrids, such as lower toxicity, better pharmacokinetics, and easier formulation, have yet to be realized. A number of questions left unaddressed at present need to be answered before this approach can progress to the late stages of clinical development and prove their worth in the clinic. To the best of our knowledge, this compilation is the first attempt to shed light on the shortcomings that are surfacing as more and more studies on molecular hybridization of the active pharmacophores of known antimalarials are being published.
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219
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Kastrati I, Siklos MI, Brovkovych SD, Thatcher GRJ, Frasor J. A Novel Strategy to Co-target Estrogen Receptor and Nuclear Factor κB Pathways with Hybrid Drugs for Breast Cancer Therapy. Discov Oncol 2017; 8:135-142. [PMID: 28396978 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-017-0294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 75% of breast tumors express estrogen receptor (ER), and will be treated with endocrine therapy, such as selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen, or aromatase inhibitors. Despite their proven success, as many as 40-50% of ER+ tumors fail to respond to endocrine therapy and eventually recur as aggressive, metastatic cancers. Therefore, preventing and/or overcoming endocrine resistance in ER+ tumors remains a major clinical challenge. Deregulation or activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway has been implicated in endocrine resistance and poor patient outcome in ER+ tumors. As a consequence, one option to improve on existing anti-cancer treatment regimens may be to introduce additional anti-NFκB activity to endocrine therapy drugs. Our approach was to design and test SERM-fumarate co-targeting hybrid drugs capable of simultaneously inhibiting both ER, via the SERM, raloxifene, and the NFκB pathway, via fumarate, in breast cancer cells. We find that the hybrid drugs display improved anti-NFκB pathway inhibition compared to either raloxifene or fumarate. Despite some loss in potency against the ER pathway, these hybrid drugs maintain anti-proliferative activity in ER+ breast cancer cells. Furthermore, these drugs prevent clonogenic growth and mammosphere formation of ER+ breast cancer cells. As a proof-of-principle, the simultaneous inhibition of ER and NFκB via a single bifunctional hybrid drug may represent a viable approach to improve the anti-inflammatory activity and prevent therapy resistance of ER-targeted anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irida Kastrati
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, E202 MSB, MC90, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Marton I Siklos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Svitlana D Brovkovych
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, E202 MSB, MC90, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, E202 MSB, MC90, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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220
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Kumar Singh A, Tripathi AC, Tewari A, Chawla V, Saraf SK. Design and microwave facilitated green synthesis of 2-[4-(3-carboxymethyl, methoxy carbonylmethyl-2,4-dioxo and 4-oxo-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-5-ylidenemethyl)-phenoxy]-2 and 3-methyl propionic acid ethyl ester derivatives: a novel structural class of antidyslipidemic agents. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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221
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Dalecki AG, Crawford CL, Wolschendorf F. Copper and Antibiotics: Discovery, Modes of Action, and Opportunities for Medicinal Applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2017; 70:193-260. [PMID: 28528648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a ubiquitous element in the environment as well as living organisms, with its redox capabilities and complexation potential making it indispensable for many cellular functions. However, these same properties can be highly detrimental to prokaryotes and eukaryotes when not properly controlled, damaging many biomolecules including DNA, lipids, and proteins. To restrict free copper concentrations, all bacteria have developed mechanisms of resistance, sequestering and effluxing labile copper to minimize its deleterious effects. This weakness is actively exploited by phagocytes, which utilize a copper burst to destroy pathogens. Though administration of free copper is an unreasonable therapeutic antimicrobial itself, due to insufficient selectivity between host and pathogen, small-molecule ligands may provide an opportunity for therapeutic mimicry of the immune system. By modulating cellular entry, complex stability, resistance evasion, and target selectivity, ligand/metal coordination complexes can synergistically result in high levels of antibacterial activity. Several established therapeutic drugs, such as disulfiram and pyrithione, display remarkable copper-dependent inhibitory activity. These findings have led to development of new drug discovery techniques, using copper ions as the focal point. High-throughput screens for copper-dependent inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus uncovered several new compounds, including a new class of inhibitors, the NNSNs. In this review, we highlight the microbial biology of copper, its antibacterial activities, and mechanisms to discover new inhibitors that synergize with copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Dalecki
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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222
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Li Q, Qu FL, Gao Y, Jiang YP, Rahman K, Lee KH, Han T, Qin LP. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. produces antidepressant-like effects in rodents, associated with activation of the CREB-BDNF-ERK signaling pathway and reversal of HPA axis hyperactivity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 199:9-19. [PMID: 28126450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE There are many plants of genus Piper which have been reported to induce antidepressant-like effects, Piper sarmentosum (PS) is one of them. PS is a Chinese herbal medicine and a traditional edible vegetable. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, the antidepressant-like effects of PS extracts and the ethyl acetate fraction of PS extracts (PSY) were assessed using the open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Furthermore, we applied a 4 consecutive weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) as a model of depression in rats, followed by a sucrose preference test. Then we examined the possible mechanisms of this action. The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was evaluated by detecting the serum corticosterone (CORT) concentrations, and the protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the phosphorylated form CREB and ERK1/2 were detected by qRT-PCR or Western blot. RESULTS The results showed that PS extracts (100, 200mg/kg) and PSY (12.5, 25, 50mg/kg) treatment produced antidepressant-like effects in mice similar to fluoxetine (20mg/kg), indicated by the reduced immobility time in the FST and TST, while both had no influence on the locomotor activity in the OFT. PSY treatment significantly increased sucrose preference and reduced serum CORT levels in CUMS rats. Moreover, PSY up-regulated BDNF protein levels, and increased CREB and ERK phosphorylation levels in the hippocampus on CUMS rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the antidepressant-like effects of PS extracts and PSY are mediated, at least in part, by modulating HPA axis, BDNF, CREB and ERK phosphorylation and expression in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China; The 102nd Hospital of PLA, 55 Heping North Road, Changzhou 213003, PR China
| | - Fa-Lin Qu
- The 102nd Hospital of PLA, 55 Heping North Road, Changzhou 213003, PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yi-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, United States
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, United States.
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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223
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Abstract
Designing drugs that can simultaneously interact with multiple targets is a promising approach for treating complicated diseases. Compared to using combinations of single target drugs, multitarget drugs have advantages of higher efficacy, improved safety profile, and simpler administration. Many in silico methods have been developed to approach different aspects of this polypharmacology-guided drug design, particularly for drug repurposing and multitarget drug design. In this review, we summarize recent progress in computational multitarget drug design and discuss their advantages and limitations. Perspectives for future drug development will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Zhang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Pei
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Luhua Lai
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (AAIS), Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,BNLMS, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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224
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Pardhi T, Vasu K. Identification of dual kinase inhibitors of CK2 and GSK3β: combined qualitative and quantitative pharmacophore modeling approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:177-194. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1270856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Triveni Pardhi
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, C/O B.V. Patel PERD Centre, SG Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad 380054, Gujarat, India
| | - Kamala Vasu
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, C/O B.V. Patel PERD Centre, SG Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad 380054, Gujarat, India
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad 380054, Gujarat, India
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225
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Tacrine-resveratrol fused hybrids as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:250-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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226
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Kumar D, Malik F, Bedi PMS, Jain S. 2,4-Diarylpyrano[3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)-ones as Antiproliferative Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:399-409. [PMID: 27150472 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a series of 2,4-diarylpyrano[3,2-c]chromen-5(4H)-ones were synthesised and evaluated as antiproliferative agents. The compounds were evaluated against a panel of human cancer cell lines. CH-1 exhibited significant cytoxicity against HCT 116 cell lines with an IC50 value of 1.4 and 4.3 µM against "MiaPaCa-2" cell lines. The compound CH-1 was found to induce apoptosis as evidenced by phase contrast microscopy, Hoechst 33258 staining and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss. The cell phase distribution studies indicated that the apoptotic population increased from 10.22% in the control sample to 57.19% in a sample treated with 20 µM compound CH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University
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227
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Yoshinaga H, Masumoto S, Koyama K, Kinomura N, Matsumoto Y, Kato T, Baba S, Matsumoto K, Horisawa T, Oki H, Yabuuchi K, Kodo T. Discovery of SMP-304, a novel benzylpiperidine derivative with serotonin transporter inhibitory activity and 5-HT1A weak partial agonistic activity showing the antidepressant-like effect. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:293-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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228
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Abbot V, Sharma P, Dhiman S, Noolvi MN, Patel HM, Bhardwaj V. Small hybrid heteroaromatics: resourceful biological tools in cancer research. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, hybrid drugs containing two or more covalently linked known potential pharmacophores are designed to simultaneously modulate multiple targets of multifactorial diseases to overcome the side effects associated with a single drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Abbot
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bioinformatics and Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Solan
- India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bioinformatics and Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Solan
- India
| | - Saurabh Dhiman
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bioinformatics and Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Solan
- India
| | | | - Harun M. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Dhule
- India
| | - Varun Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bioinformatics and Pharmacy
- Jaypee University of Information Technology
- Solan
- India
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229
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Shi Y, Long MJ, Rosenberg MM, Li S, Kobjack A, Lessans P, Coffey RT, Hedstrom L. Boc 3Arg-Linked Ligands Induce Degradation by Localizing Target Proteins to the 20S Proteasome. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3328-3337. [PMID: 27704767 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is a promising strategy for drug design and functional assessment. Several small molecule approaches have been developed that localize target proteins to ubiquitin ligases, inducing ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. We discovered that the degradation of a target protein can also be induced by a recognition ligand linked to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc3)-protected arginine (B3A). Here, we show that this process requires the proteasome but does not involve ubiquitination of the target protein. B3A does not perturb the structure of the target protein; instead, a B3A-ligand stabilizes its target protein. B3A ligands stimulate activity of purified 20S proteasome, demonstrating that the tag binds directly to the 20S proteasome. Moreover, purified 20S proteasome is sufficient to degrade target proteins in the presence of their respective B3A-linked recognition ligands. These observations suggest a simple model for B3A-mediated degradation wherein the B3A tag localizes target proteins directly to the 20S proteasome. Thus, B3A ligands are the first example of a ubiquitin-free strategy for targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Shi
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Marcus J.C. Long
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Masha M. Rosenberg
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shican Li
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aimee Kobjack
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Philip Lessans
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Rory T. Coffey
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, ‡Graduate Program
in Biochemistry and Biophysics, §Department of Biology, ∥Graduate Program
in Molecular and Cell Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, #Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
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230
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Structural Insight into Binding Mode of 9-Hydroxy Aristolochic Acid, Diclofenac and Indomethacin to PLA 2. Interdiscip Sci 2016; 10:400-410. [PMID: 27878455 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-016-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids into arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Arachidonic acid is modified by cyclooxygenases into active compounds called eicosanoids that act as signaling molecules in a number of physiological processes. Excessive production of eicosanoids leads to several pathological conditions such as inflammation. In order to block the inflammatory effect of these compounds, upstream enzymes such as PLA2 are valid targets. In the present contribution, molecular dynamic analysis was performed to evaluate the binding of diclofenac, 9-hydroxy aristolochic acid (9-HAA) and indomethacin to PLA2. Obtained results revealed that 9-HAA could form a more stable complex with PLA2 when compared to diclofenac and indomethacin. Furthermore, analysis of intermolecular binding energy components indicated that hydrophobic interactions were dominant in binding process. On the basis of obtained data, inhibitors bearing fused rings with hydrogen acceptor/donor substituent(s) interacted with His48 and Asp49 residues of the active site. More affinity toward PLA2 might be envisaged through negatively charged moieties via interaction with Trp31, Lys34 and Lys69.
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231
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Abstract
Thrombosis is a complex process involving multiple pathways. Currently, therapy relies on the combination of two or more antithrombotic drugs, showing that inhibiting more than one target provides benefits in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. This review focuses on structure-activity relationship studies of molecules possessing multiple actions against thrombosis, namely, dual inhibitors of coagulation, dual inhibitors of coagulation and platelet aggregation, and also dual inhibitors of platelet aggregation. EP217609 has just entered clinical trials, which raise the expectations on the multitarget strategy to prevent or treat thrombosis.
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232
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Saeed A, Khan SU, Mahesar PA, Channar PA, Shabir G, Iqbal J. Substituted (E)-2-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylates as dual inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase & carbonic anhydrase II: synthesis, biochemical evaluation and docking studies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:176-181. [PMID: 27836541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) plays a major role in many inflammatory lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and chronic bronchitis. Over-expression of 15-LOX is related with some specific carcinomas including pancreatic, gastric and brain tumor. Similarly among different isozymes of carbonic anhydrase (CA), CA II is expressed in pancreatic, gastric carcinomas as well as in brain tumors. Therefore, novel potent inhibitors of both 15-LOX and CA II are required to explore the role of these enzymes further and to enable the drug discovery efforts. For this purpose, a series of benzyledinyl-hydrazinyl substituted thiazole derivatives were designed, synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H, &13C NMR spectroscopy. The derivatives were then evaluated for their potential to inhibit 15-LOX and bovine carbonic anhydrase II (bCA II). Most of these compounds showed excellent inhibitory potential for 15-LOX with an IC50 of 0.12 ± 0.002 to 0.69 ± 0.5 μM and showed moderate inhibition potency for bCA II with compound 5h (IC50 = 1.26 ± 0.24 μM) being the most active. The most potent compound 5a that emerged as a dual inhibitor of both enzymes, exhibiting 24 times greater selectivity for 15-LOX over bCA II. Compound 5a exhibited dual potent inhibitory activity against both 15-LOX and bCA II enzymes having IC50 values of 0.12 ± 0.002 and 2.93 ± 0.22 μM, respectively. Molecular docking studies of potent as well as dual inhibitors were also carried out to provide an insight into the binding site interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shafi Ullah Khan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Parvez Ali Mahesar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Shabir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.
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233
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Novel multi-target-directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease: Combining cholinesterase inhibitors and 5-HT 6 receptor antagonists. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:63-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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234
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Chen XW, Sun YY, Fu L, Li JQ. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel N -( trans -4-(2-(4-(benzo[ d ]isothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)cyclohexyl)amides as potential multireceptor atypical antipsychotics. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:332-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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235
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de Lera AR, Ganesan A. Epigenetic polypharmacology: from combination therapy to multitargeted drugs. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:105. [PMID: 27752293 PMCID: PMC5062873 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern drug discovery process has largely focused its attention in the so-called magic bullets, single chemical entities that exhibit high selectivity and potency for a particular target. This approach was based on the assumption that the deregulation of a protein was causally linked to a disease state, and the pharmacological intervention through inhibition of the deregulated target was able to restore normal cell function. However, the use of cocktails or multicomponent drugs to address several targets simultaneously is also popular to treat multifactorial diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders. We review the state of the art with such combinations that have an epigenetic target as one of their mechanisms of action. Epigenetic drug discovery is a rapidly advancing field, and drugs targeting epigenetic enzymes are in the clinic for the treatment of hematological cancers. Approved and experimental epigenetic drugs are undergoing clinical trials in combination with other therapeutic agents via fused or linked pharmacophores in order to benefit from synergistic effects of polypharmacology. In addition, ligands are being discovered which, as single chemical entities, are able to modulate multiple epigenetic targets simultaneously (multitarget epigenetic drugs). These multiple ligands should in principle have a lower risk of drug-drug interactions and drug resistance compared to cocktails or multicomponent drugs. This new generation may rival the so-called magic bullets in the treatment of diseases that arise as a consequence of the deregulation of multiple signaling pathways provided the challenge of optimization of the activities shown by the pharmacophores with the different targets is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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236
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Ebrahimi E, Shirali S, Afrisham R. Effect and Mechanism of Herbal Ingredients in Improving Diabetes Mellitus Complications. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-31657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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237
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Effect and Mechanism of Herbal Ingredients in Improving Diabetes Mellitus Complications. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.31657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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238
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Boraei ATA, Gomaa MS, El Ashry ESH, Duerkop A. Design, selective alkylation and X-ray crystal structure determination of dihydro-indolyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione and its 3-benzylsulfanyl analogue as potent anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:360-371. [PMID: 27688190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three sets of substituted indolyl-triazoles were synthesized by the alkylation of 1,2-dihydro-5-(1H-indol-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione with different alkyl halides. The use of pyridine restricted the alkylation to sulfur. Whereas, upon using K2CO3, the alkylation exceeded sulfur to one of the remaining triazole nitrogens. The assignment of which nitrogen is alkylated besides sulfur is made for the first time using X-ray analysis of single crystals and 2D NMR which indicated that S-, 2-N-isomers will be preferably formed over the S-, 1-N-isomers. The antiproliferative activity on HEPG-2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines was tested. The results showed that compound 2a is the most active with an IC50 3.58 μg/mL and 4.53 μg/mL for HEPG-2 and MCF-7 respectively and compound 7 is the least active with an IC50 > 100 μg/mL compared to the standard drug doxorubicin (IC50 4.0 μg/mL). The interaction of the synthesized compounds with tyrosine kinases, namely, Akt, PI3, and EGFR was also studied using molecular docking simulation to predict their mode of action which will drive future work directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed T A Boraei
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Gomaa
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - El Sayed H El Ashry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Axel Duerkop
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo and Biosensors, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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239
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240
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Yang EG, Mustafa N, Tan EC, Poulsen A, Ramanujulu PM, Chng WJ, Yen JJY, Dymock BW. Design and Synthesis of Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) and Histone Deacetlyase (HDAC) Bispecific Inhibitors Based on Pacritinib and Evidence of Dual Pathway Inhibition in Hematological Cell Lines. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8233-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Guorong Yang
- Department
of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Nurulhuda Mustafa
- Department
of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 10, Singapore 119228
| | - Eng Chong Tan
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, 03-01 Nanos, Singapore 138669
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Pondy Murugappan Ramanujulu
- Department
of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
- Life Sciences
Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, Level
5, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department
of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 10, Singapore 119228
- Cancer
Science Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599
- National
University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health SystemSingapore 119074
| | - Jeffrey J. Y. Yen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Brian W. Dymock
- Department
of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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241
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Li X, Wang H, Lu Z, Zheng X, Ni W, Zhu J, Fu Y, Lian F, Zhang N, Li J, Zhang H, Mao F. Development of Multifunctional Pyrimidinylthiourea Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8326-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Huan Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yan Fu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fulin Lian
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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242
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Multi-target therapeutics for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1886-1914. [PMID: 27506871 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Historically, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease treatments focused on the 'magic bullet' concept; however multi-targeted strategies are increasingly attractive gauging from the escalating research in this area. Because these diseases are typically co-morbid, multi-targeted drugs capable of interacting with multiple targets will expand treatment to the co-morbid disease condition. Despite their theoretical efficacy, there are significant impediments to clinical success (e.g., difficulty titrating individual aspects of the drug and inconclusive pathophysiological mechanisms). The new and revised diagnostic frameworks along with studies detailing the endophenotypic characteristics of the diseases promise to provide the foundation for the circumvention of these impediments. This review serves to evaluate the various marketed and nonmarketed multi-targeted drugs with particular emphasis on their design strategy.
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243
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Talevi A. Computational approaches for innovative antiepileptic drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1001-16. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1216965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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244
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The behavioral effects of a mixed efficacy antinociceptive peptide, VRP26, following chronic administration in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2479-87. [PMID: 27117141 PMCID: PMC5068912 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE VRP26 displays mu opioid receptor agonist and delta opioid receptor antagonist activity in vitro, a pharmacological profile purported to produce reduced tolerance, dependence, and rewarding effects. We hypothesized that VRP26 would display reduced adverse effects after chronic administration as compared with the traditional opioid analgesic fentanyl. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore the development of tolerance, dependence, and conditioned place preference of VRP26 as compared with the traditional opioid analgesic fentanyl. METHODS The antinociceptive effects of VRP26 and fentanyl were assessed using the mouse warm water tail withdrawal (WWTW) assay. Measurement of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence occurred after 7 days of continuous administration of either fentanyl (0.3 mg/kg/day) or VRP26 (10 mg/kg/day); tolerance was measured by a shift in the antinociceptive dose response curve in the WWTW assay. Physical dependence was determined by observation of withdrawal symptoms after precipitated withdrawal. Rewarding effects were measured by the ability of VRP26 or fentanyl to produce conditioned place preference. RESULTS Fentanyl produced significant tolerance and dependence, as well as significant conditioned place preference. VRP26 produced neither tolerance nor physical dependence, nor did it produce significant conditioned place preference. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that chronic treatment with VRP26 may produce less tolerance or physical dependence than chronic treatment with clinically available mu opioid analgesics such as fentanyl. Additionally, VRP26 produces less rewarding effects than fentanyl. This desirable in vivo profile may be due to the mixed efficacy nature of VRP26 and could provide the framework for safer opioid analgesics.
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245
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Scarpelli R, Sasso O, Piomelli D. A Double Whammy: Targeting Both Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and Cyclooxygenase (COX) To Treat Pain and Inflammation. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1242-51. [PMID: 26486424 PMCID: PMC4840092 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pain states that arise from non-resolving inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease or arthritis, pose an unusually difficult challenge for therapy because of the complexity and heterogeneity of their underlying mechanisms. It has been suggested that key nodes linking interactive pathogenic pathways of non-resolving inflammation might offer novel targets for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated production of pain- and inflammation-inducing prostanoids, are a common first-line treatment for this condition, but their use is limited by mechanism-based side effects. The endogenous levels of anandamide, an endocannabinoid mediator with analgesic and tissue-protective functions, are regulated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This review outlines the pharmacological and chemical rationale for the simultaneous inhibition of COX and FAAH activities with designed multitarget agents. Preclinical studies indicate that such agents may combine superior anti-inflammatory efficacy with reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Scarpelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Oscar Sasso
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy.
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA.
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246
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Poornima P, Kumar JD, Zhao Q, Blunder M, Efferth T. Network pharmacology of cancer: From understanding of complex interactomes to the design of multi-target specific therapeutics from nature. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:290-302. [PMID: 27329331 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite massive investments in drug research and development, the significant decline in the number of new drugs approved or translated to clinical use raises the question, whether single targeted drug discovery is the right approach. To combat complex systemic diseases that harbour robust biological networks such as cancer, single target intervention is proved to be ineffective. In such cases, network pharmacology approaches are highly useful, because they differ from conventional drug discovery by addressing the ability of drugs to target numerous proteins or networks involved in a disease. Pleiotropic natural products are one of the promising strategies due to their multi-targeting and due to lower side effects. In this review, we discuss the application of network pharmacology for cancer drug discovery. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on network pharmacology, focus on different technical approaches and implications for cancer therapy (e.g. polypharmacology and synthetic lethality), and illustrate the therapeutic potential with selected examples green tea polyphenolics, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhodiola rosea, and Schisandra chinensis). Finally, we present future perspectives on their plausible applications for diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivan Poornima
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, United Kingdom
| | - Jothi Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Qiaoli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Blunder
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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247
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Rampa A, Tarozzi A, Mancini F, Pruccoli L, Di Martino RMC, Gobbi S, Bisi A, De Simone A, Palomba F, Zaccheroni N, Belluti F. Naturally Inspired Molecules as Multifunctional Agents for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050643. [PMID: 27196880 PMCID: PMC6274376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been defined as a multi-factorial disorder resulting from a complex array of networked cellular and molecular mechanisms. In particular, elevated levels of Aβ protein and its aggregation products in the presence of metal ions proved to be highly neurotoxic and therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing Aβ generation and oxidative stress may represent an effective approach for AD treatment. A recent paradigm for the treatment of complex diseases such as AD suggests the employment of multifunctional compounds, single chemical entities capable of simultaneously modulating different targets involved in the pathology. In this paper, the “pharmacophores combination” strategy was applied, connecting the main scaffold of the BACE-1 ligand 1 to that of the chalcone 2, as metal chelating pharmacophore, to obtain a small library of compounds. Conjugate 5 emerged as the most interesting derivative, proving to inhibit BACE-1 with low-micromolar potency, and showing neuroprotective effects. In particular, 5 proved to be able to protect from metal-associated oxidative stress by hampering intracellular Cu2+-induced ROS formation without any direct neurotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Pruccoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Rita Maria Concetta Di Martino
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Francesco Palomba
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nelsi Zaccheroni
- Department of Chemistry ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Tan Z, Chaudhai R, Zhang S. Polypharmacology in Drug Development: A Minireview of Current Technologies. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1211-8. [PMID: 27154144 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polypharmacology, the process in which a single drug is able to bind to multiple targets specifically and simultaneously, is an emerging paradigm in drug development. The potency of a given drug can be increased through the engagement of multiple targets involved in a certain disease. Polypharmacology may also help identify novel applications of existing drugs through drug repositioning. However, many problems and challenges remain in this field. Rather than covering all aspects of polypharmacology, this Minireview is focused primarily on recently reported techniques, from bioinformatics technologies to cheminformatics approaches as well as text-mining-based methods, all of which have made significant contributions to the research of polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tan
- Integrated Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rajan Chaudhai
- Integrated Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shuxing Zhang
- Integrated Molecular Discovery Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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249
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Prati F, Cavalli A, Bolognesi ML. Navigating the Chemical Space of Multitarget-Directed Ligands: From Hybrids to Fragments in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2016; 21:466. [PMID: 27070562 PMCID: PMC6273289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multitarget drug discovery is one of the hottest topics and most active fields in the search for new molecules against Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Over the last 20 years, many promising multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) have been identified and developed at a pre-clinical level. However, how to design them in a rational way remains the most fundamental challenge of medicinal chemists. This is related to the foundational question of achieving an optimized activity towards multiple targets of interest, while preserving drug-like properties. In this respect, large hybrid molecules and small fragments are poles apart. In this review article, our aim is to appraise what we have accomplished in the development of both hybrid- and fragment-like molecules directed to diverse AD targets (i.e., acetylcholinesterase, NMDA receptors, metal chelation, BACE-1 and GSK-3β). In addition, we attempt to highlight what are the persistent needs that deserve to be improved and cared for, with the ultimate goal of moving an MTDL to AD clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Prati
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Sir James Black Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
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250
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Hebda M, Bajda M, Więckowska A, Szałaj N, Pasieka A, Panek D, Godyń J, Wichur T, Knez D, Gobec S, Malawska B. Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Biological Evaluation of Novel Heterodimeric, Multiple Ligands Targeting Cholinesterases and Amyloid Beta. Molecules 2016; 21:410. [PMID: 27023510 PMCID: PMC6273065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases and amyloid beta are one of the major biological targets in the search for a new and efficacious treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The study describes synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new compounds designed as dual binding site acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Among the synthesized compounds, two deserve special attention--compounds 42 and 13. The former is a saccharin derivative and the most potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (EeAChE IC50 = 70 nM). Isoindoline-1,3-dione derivative 13 displays balanced inhibitory potency against acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (EeAChE IC50 = 0.76 μM, EqBuChE IC50 = 0.618 μM), and it inhibits amyloid beta aggregation (35.8% at 10 μM). Kinetic studies show that the developed compounds act as mixed or non-competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. According to molecular modelling studies, they are able to interact with both catalytic and peripheral active sites of the acetylcholinesterase. Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was confirmed in vitro in the parallel artificial membrane permeability BBB assay. These compounds can be used as a solid starting point for further development of novel multifunctional ligands as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Hebda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Natalia Szałaj
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Anna Pasieka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Dawid Panek
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Justyna Godyń
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wichur
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Damijan Knez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
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