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Zhang M, Dunshea FR, Warner RD, DiGiacomo K, Osei-Amponsah R, Chauhan SS. Impacts of heat stress on meat quality and strategies for amelioration: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2020; 64:1613-1628. [PMID: 32377930 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-01929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During the summer, high ambient temperature and humidity cause economic loss to the global livestock industry via reduced livestock productivity and increased mortality. The problem of heat stress (HS) is likely to be exacerbated by global warming and climate change. Recent research has shown that HS not only leads to physiological and metabolic perturbations in live animals but can also affect carcass and meat quality characteristics plausibly by altering the rate and extent of postmortem muscle glycolysis and resultant pH. However, these impacts of HS are not consistent across species. Higher incidence of pale soft and exudative (PSE) meat has been reported in poultry. On the contrary, higher incidence of high ultimate pH and dark firm and dry (DFD) meat or no impacts of HS have been reported in sheep and cattle. With the limited data on HS impacts on meat quality of ruminants, it is difficult to explain the exact mechanisms driving these variable impacts. However, it is hypothesized that the severity and duration of HS may lead to variable impacts due to lack of opportunity to adapdate to acute heat exposure. Longer HS exposure may allow ruminants to adapdate to heat and may not record any negative impacts on meat quality. This paper reviews the recent research on impacts of HS on meat quality characteristics and identify the key areas of further research required to better understand these negative impacts to develop strategies for amelioration. In addition, some mitigation strategies of HS have also been discussed which include both managemental and nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Robyn D Warner
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kristy DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - R Osei-Amponsah
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Surinder S Chauhan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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202
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Maia GG, Siqueira LGB, Vasconcelos CODP, Tomich TR, Camargo LSDA, Rodrigues JPP, de Menezes RA, Gonçalves LC, Teixeira BF, Grando RDO, Nogueira LAG, Pereira LGR. Effects of heat stress on rumination activity in Holstein-Gyr dry cows. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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203
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Codl R, Ducháček J, Pytlík J, Stádník L, Vacek M, Vrhel M. Evaluation of the Level of Length of Eating Time, Chewing and Parameters of Daily Increased Activity Depending on the Breed, the Lactation Number and the Period of the Year. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun202068040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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204
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Son J, Park J, Kang D, Belal SA, Cha J, Shim K. Effects of white, yellow, and blue colored LEDs on milk production, milk composition, and physiological responses in dairy cattle. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13337. [PMID: 32219929 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light emitting diode (LED) is more energy efficient than incandescent or fluorescent light. This study was to evaluate effects of different colored LEDs on milk production, milk composition, and physiology of Holstein cow. According to milk production and parity, cows (n = 186) were allotted to four treatments: control (natural daylight), white, yellow, and blue LED groups. Of these, 40 cows that had passed 57 day-in-milk were used. Yellow and blue LED groups demonstrated greater rates of decline in milk production than control and white LED groups. At the finish point, milk fat, protein, and lactose contents were the lowest in the blue LED group, whereas milk-urea-nitrogen levels were the highest in the yellow and blue LED groups. Extended exposure to blue LED light lowered antioxidant enzyme activity and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. Prolactin concentrations were higher in the white and blue LED groups than in the control. Cortisol level was the highest in the blue LED group among the groups. Nonesterified fatty acid levels in the yellow and blue LED groups decreased to the greatest extent compared to the start point. These results suggest that blue LED light can decrease milk production and generate more stress than white and yellow LED lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Son
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Poultry Research Institute, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinryong Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Darae Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shah Ahmed Belal
- Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jangock Cha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanseob Shim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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205
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Wang J, Li J, Wang F, Xiao J, Wang Y, Yang H, Li S, Cao Z. Heat stress on calves and heifers: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:79. [PMID: 32789013 PMCID: PMC7416401 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The current review is designed with aims to highlight the impact of heat stress (HS) on calves and heifers and to suggest methods for HS alleviation. HS occurs in animals when heat gain from environment and metabolism surpasses heat loss by radiation, convection, evaporation and conduction. Although calves and heifers are comparatively heat resistant due to less production of metabolic heat and more heat dissipation efficiency, they still suffer from HS to some degree. Dry matter intake and growth performance of calves and heifers are reduced during HS because of redistributing energy to heat regulation through a series of physiological and metabolic responses, such as elevated blood insulin and protein catabolism. Enhanced respiration rate and panting during HS accelerate the loss of CO2, resulting in altered blood acid-base chemistry and respiratory alkalosis. HS-induced alteration in rumen motility and microbiota affects the feed digestibility and rumen fermentation. Decreased luteinizing hormone, estradiol and gonadotrophins due to HS disturb the normal estrus cyclicity, depress follicular development, hence the drop in conception rate. Prenatal HS not only suppresses the embryonic development by the impaired placenta, which results in hypoxia and malnutrition, but also retards the growth, immunity and future milk production of newborn calves. Based on the above challenges, we attempted to describe the possible impacts of HS on growth, health, digestibility and reproduction of calves and heifers. Likewise, we also proposed three primary strategies for ameliorating HS consequences. Genetic development and reproductive measures, such as gene selection and embryo transfers, are more likely long-term approaches to enhance heat tolerance. While physical modification of the environment, such as shades and sprinkle systems, is the most common and easily implemented measure to alleviate HS. Additionally, nutritional management is another key approach which could help calves and heifers maintain homeostasis and prevent nutrient deficiencies because of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Fengxia Wang
- Beijing CNAgri Animal Science Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 PR China
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206
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Khalid AR, Yasoob TB, Zhang Z, Yu D, Feng J, Zhu X, Hang S. Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder orally improved productive performance by enhancing the intestinal health in rabbits under chronic heat stress. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102680. [PMID: 33077107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress jeopardizes animal's growth and health mainly through induction of oxidative stress and inflammation. The current study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) supplementation on productive performance and intestinal health of rabbits under chronic heat stress (HS). Young New Zealand White rabbits (male) at the age of 32 weeks (n = 21, mean body weight of 3318 ± 171 g) for four weeks' period were reared on commercial pelleted diet and divided into three groups: control (CON, 25 °C), HS (35 ± 1 °C) and HS (35 ± 1 °C) with MOLP (HSM) supplemented orally (200 mg/kg body weight). The results demonstrated that rabbits in the HSM group had reduced rectal temperature, respiration rate and improved FCR due to improved daily gain and better crude fiber (NDF) digestibility (P < 0.05) compared with HS group. MOLP improved intestinal integrity and function as indicated by lower serum diamine oxidase level and increased jejunal weight, length, villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth than heat-stressed rabbits. MOLP reversed the increased levels of serum cortisol, metabolic indicators i.e. glucose, insulin, and reduced concentrations of serum triiodothyronine. MOLP supplementation also significantly down-regulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (α), heat shock protein A2, glutathione peroxidase-1, interleukin (IL)-1α and increased the expression of IL-6. In conclusion, MOLP supplementation could enhance intestinal health along with production and metabolic indicators by alleviating the oxidative stress and inflammatory response in small intestine of hyper-thermic rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf Khalid
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Talat Bilal Yasoob
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Defu Yu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jiangyin Feng
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Suqin Hang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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207
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Al-Qaisi M, Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Goetz BM, Abeyta MA, Yoon I, Timms LL, Appuhamy JA, Baumgard LH. Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on heat-stressed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9634-9645. [PMID: 32773305 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on body temperature indices, metabolism, acute phase protein response, and production variables during heat stress (HS). Twenty multiparous lactating Holstein cows (body weight = 675 ± 12 kg; days in milk = 144 ± 5; and parity = 2.3 ± 0.1) were used in an experiment conducted in 2 replicates (10 cows/replicate). Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: control diet (CON; n = 10) or the CON diet supplemented with 19 g/d of SCFP (n = 10; NutriTek, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA). Cows were fed their respective diets for 21 d before initiation of the study. The experiment consisted of 2 periods: thermoneutral (period 1; P1) and heat stress (period 2; P2). During P1 (4 d), cows were fed ad libitum and housed in thermoneutral conditions for collecting baseline data. During P2 (7 d), HS was artificially induced using an electric heat blanket (EHB; Thermotex Therapy Systems Ltd., Calgary, AB, Canada). Cows were fitted with the EHB for the entirety of P2. Rectal temperature, respiration rate, and skin temperature were obtained twice daily (0600 and 1800 h) during both periods. Overall, HS increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (1.4°C, 4.8°C, and 54 breaths/min, respectively) relative to P1, but no dietary treatment differences were detected. Compared with P1, HS decreased dry matter intake and milk yield (36 and 26%, respectively), and the reductions were similar between dietary treatments. Relative to P1, HS increased milk fat content and milk urea nitrogen (17 and 30%, respectively) and decreased milk protein and lactose contents (7 and 1.4%, respectively). Overall, HS increased (52%) plasma cortisol concentrations of CON, but circulating cortisol did not change in SCFP-fed cows. Heat stress increased circulating lipopolysaccharide binding protein and serum amyloid A (SAA; 2- and 4-fold, respectively), and SCFP supplementation tended to decrease peak SAA (∼33%) relative to CON cows. Overall, although HS did not influence circulating white blood cells and neutrophils, SCFP increased circulating white blood cells and neutrophils by 9 and 26%, respectively, over CON in P2. In conclusion, HS initiated an acute phase protein response and feeding SCFP blunted the cortisol and SAA concentrations and altered some key leukocyte dynamics during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Department of Animal Production, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan 11942
| | - E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - I Yoon
- Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - L L Timms
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Appuhamy
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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208
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Halli K, Brügemann K, Bohlouli M, König S. Time-lagged and acute impact of heat stress on production and fertility traits in the local dual-purpose cattle breed "Rotes Höhenvieh" under pasture-based conditions. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa148. [PMID: 33033792 PMCID: PMC7528550 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change causes rising temperatures and extreme weather events worldwide, with possible detrimental time-lagged and acute impact on production and functional traits of cattle kept in outdoor production systems. The aim of the present study was to infer the influence of mean daily temperature humidity index (mTHI) and number of heat stress days (nHS) from different recording periods on birth weight (BWT), 200 d- and 365 d-weight gain (200 dg, 365 dg) of calves, and on the probability of stillbirth (SB), and calving interval (CINT) of their dams. Data recording included 4,362 observations for BWT, 3,136 observations for 200 dg, 2,502 observations for 365 dg, 9,293 observations for the birth status, and 2,811 observations for CINT of the local dual-purpose cattle breed "Rotes Höhenvieh" (RHV). Trait responses on mTHI and nHS were studied via generalized linear mixed model applications with identity link functions for Gaussian traits (BWT, 200 dg, 365 dg, CINT) and logit link functions for binary SB. High mTHI and high nHS before autumn births had strongest detrimental impact on BWT across all antepartum- (a.p.) periods (34.4 ± 0.79 kg maximum). Prolonged CINT was observed when cows suffered heat stress (HS) before or after spring calvings, with maximum length of 391.6 ± 3.82 d (56 d a.p.-period). High mTHI and high nHS during the 42 d- and 56 d a.p.-period implied increased probabilities for SB. We found a significant (P < 0.05) seasonal effect on SB in model 3 across all a.p.-periods, with the highest probability in autumn (maximum of 5.4 ± 0.82% in the 7 d a.p.-period). Weight gains of calves (200 dg and 365 dg) showed strongest HS response for mTHI and nHS measurements from the long-term postnatal periods (42 d- and 56 d-periods), with minimum 200 dg of 194.2 ± 4.15 kg (nHS of 31 to 42 d in the 42 d-period) or minimum 365 dg of 323.8 ± 3.82 kg (mTHI ≥ 60 in the 42 d-period). Calves born in summer, combined with high mTHI or high nHS pre- or postnatal, had lower weight gains, compared with calves born in other calving seasons or under cooler conditions. Highest BWT, weight gains, and shortest CINT mostly were detected under cool to moderate climate conditions for mTHI, and small to moderate nHS. Results indicate acute and time-lagged HS effects and address possible HS-induced epigenetic modifications of the bovine genome across generations and limited acclimatization processes to heat, especially when heat occurs during the cooler spring and autumn months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Halli
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Group Animal Breeding, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brügemann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Group Animal Breeding, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Bohlouli
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Group Animal Breeding, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Group Animal Breeding, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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209
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Abstract
This Research Reflection collects current knowledge on the effects of heat stress in dairy calves. Chapters cover the concept of foetal programming, animal-based and environmental indicators of heat stress in the postnatal period, and methods of heat stress abatement. Conclusions for further research about economic efficiency, research methodology and an integrated approach of pre- and postnatal heat stress are also proposed.
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210
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Abbas Z, Sammad A, Hu L, Fang H, Xu Q, Wang Y. Glucose Metabolism and Dynamics of Facilitative Glucose Transporters (GLUTs) under the Influence of Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080312. [PMID: 32751848 PMCID: PMC7465303 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the main threats to dairy cow production; in order to resist heat stress, the animal exhibits a variety of physiological and hormonal responses driven by complex molecular mechanisms. Heat-stressed cows have high insulin activity, decreased non-esterified fatty acids, and increased glucose disposal. Glucose, as one of the important biochemical components of the energetic metabolism, is affected at multiple levels by the reciprocal changes in hormonal secretion and adipose metabolism under the influence of heat stress in dairy cattle. Therefore, alterations in glucose metabolism have negative consequences for the animal’s health, production, and reproduction under heat stress. Lactose is a major sugar of milk which is affected by the reshuffle of the whole-body energetic metabolism during heat stress, contributing towards milk production losses. Glucose homeostasis is maintained in the body by one of the glucose transporters’ family called facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs encoded by SLC2A genes). Besides the glucose level, the GLUTs expression level is also significantly changed under the influence of heat stress. This review aims to describe the effect of heat stress on systemic glucose metabolism, facilitative glucose transporters, and its consequences on health and milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Abbas
- Institute of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (Z.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Abdul Sammad
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, CAST, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Lirong Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, CAST, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Hao Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (Z.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Qing Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (Z.A.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: (Q.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yachun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, CAST, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (Q.X.); (Y.W.)
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211
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Liu Y, Xue G, Li S, Fu Y, Yin J, Zhang R, Li J. Effect of Intermittent and Mild Cold Stimulation on the Immune Function of Bursa in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081275. [PMID: 32722590 PMCID: PMC7459812 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress causes growth performance to decrease and increases production costs. Cold adaptation can enhance immune function and alleviate the negative impact caused by the stress condition. The study investigated the effect of intermittent and mild cold stimulation on the immune function of the bursa of Fabricius in broilers. A total of 400 healthy one-day-old broilers were divided into the control group (CC) and cold stimulation (CS) groups. The CC group was raised at a conventional raising temperature of broilers, while the CS groups were raised at 3°C below the temperature of the CC for three-, four-, five-, or six-hour periods at one-day intervals from 15 to 35 days of age (D35), denoted CS3, CS4, CS5, and CS6, respectively. Subsequently, they were raised at 20°C from 36 to 49 days of age (D49). The expression levels of TLRs, cytokines, and AvBDs were determined to access the immune function of bursa in broilers. After 21-day IMCS (at D36), the expression levels of TLR1, TLR15 and TLR21, interleukin (IL)-8, and interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as AvBD8 in CS groups, were lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7, were decreased in the CS3, CS5, and CS6 groups (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in both the CC and CS4 groups (p > 0.05). When the IMCS ended for 14 days (at D49), the expression levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR15, and TLR21, and IL-8, as well as AvBD2, AvBD4 and AvBD7 in CS groups, were lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). In addition to CS4, the expression levels of TLR1, IFN-γ, and AvBD8 in CS3, CS5, and CS6 were still lower than those in CC (p < 0.05). We concluded that the intermittent and mild cold stimulation could regulate immunoreaction by modulating the production of TLRs, cytokines, and AvBDs in the bursa, which could help broilers adapt to low ambient temperature and maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ge Xue
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yajie Fu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jingwen Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.L.); (G.X.); (S.L.); (Y.F.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (J.L.)
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212
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Maggiolino A, Dahl GE, Bartolomeo N, Bernabucci U, Vitali A, Serio G, Cassandro M, Centoducati G, Santus E, De Palo P. Estimation of maximum thermo-hygrometric index thresholds affecting milk production in Italian Brown Swiss cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8541-8553. [PMID: 32684476 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is known that heat stress affects dairy cow performance in multiple ways: physiological, behavioral, reproductive, and productive. The aim of the present study was to determine if a threshold of temperature-humidity index (THI) exists for multiple milk production traits (milk yield, fat-corrected milk, protein and fat yield and percentage, energy-corrected milk, cheese production, and cheese yield) in Italian Brown Swiss dairy cows from the period 15 d before the day of the Italian Breeders Association test-day sampling. A 10-yr data set (2009-2018) containing 202,776 test-day records of 23,296 Brown Swiss cows was matched with the maximum THI. In all parities considered, no THI thresholds were observed for milk yield in Brown Swiss. In contrast, a THI threshold of 75 was identified for fat-corrected milk. No THI threshold was found for fat percentage, but fat yield showed the highest THI thresholds in cows of first and second parity. Protein yield and cheese production were affected by heat stress with average THI threshold of 74. The THI thresholds identified indicate that the Brown Swiss breed has higher thermal tolerance versus literature values reported for Holstein cows. As THI rises, Brown Swiss cows tend to produce the same volume of milk, but with a decreasing quality with regard to components. Further study is necessary to estimate the genetic component of heat tolerance, in Brown Swiss cattle, considering that the correct estimation of THI thresholds represents the first step to identify components that could be included in selection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - N Bartolomeo
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - U Bernabucci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - A Vitali
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - G Serio
- Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - M Cassandro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Agripolis, Legnaro (Padova), 35020, Italy
| | - G Centoducati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - E Santus
- Italian Brown Breeders Association, Loc. Ferlina 204, Bussolengo 37012, Italy
| | - P De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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213
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Zhang S, Johnson JS, Trottier NL. Effect of dietary near ideal amino acid profile on heat production of lactating sows exposed to thermal neutral and heat stress conditions. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:75. [PMID: 32670571 PMCID: PMC7346526 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced protein diet manifested potential to mitigate heat production based on the concept of ideal amino acid profile. The hypothesis of this study was that lactating sows fed a low crude protein (LCP) diet with supplemental amino acid produce less heat compared to those fed a high crude protein (HCP) diet under both thermal neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. METHODS Thirty-two lactating sows were allotted to HCP (193 g CP/kg) and LCP (140 g CP/kg) diets under thermal neutral (TN, 21 ± 1.5 °C) or cycling heat stress (HS, 32 ± 1.5 °C daytime and 24 ± 1.5 °C nighttime) conditions. Diets contained 0.90% SID lysine and 10.8 MJ/kg net energy. Positive pressure indirect calorimeters were used to measure gas exchange in individual sows with litters, and individual piglets on days 4, 8, 14 and 18. Sow and litter weights were recorded on days 1, 10 and 21. RESULTS Sow total heat production (THP) was calculated by subtracting litter THP from sow + litter THP based on BW0.75. Sow BW and body protein (BP) loss was greater for LCP diet compared to HCP diet in peak lactation (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and throughout the entire lactation period (P < 0.05 and P = 0.056, respectively) under HS conditions. Heat-stressed sows fed HCP diet had higher (P < 0.05) rectal temperature at 13:00 (P < 0.05) and 19:00 (P < 0.01), and higher respiration rate at 07:00 (P < 0.05), 13:00 (P < 0.05) and 19:00 (P < 0.05) compared to TN sows fed HCP diet. In sows fed LCP diet, those under HS tended to have higher (P = 0.098) rectal temperature at 13:00 and had higher (P < 0.05) respiration rate at 07:00, 13:00 and 19:00 compared to TN sows. The relationship between daily THP and days in lactation of sows fed LCP diet was quadratic (P < 0.05), with an ascending trend until day 14 and a descending trend from days 14 to 18. Sows fed LCP diet had lower daily THP at day 18 (P < 0.001) compared to those fed the HCP diet under HS conditions. CONCLUSION Reduction in THP in sows fed LCP diet was largely associated with THP on day 18 of lactation under HS conditions. Feeding LCP diets alleviated the increased body temperature in sows under HS conditions throughout lactation, which was accompanied by a reduction in respiration rate. Total heat production is associated with days in lactation, in particular under HS conditions with THP appearing to peak between days 14 and 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824 USA
| | - J. S. Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, 47907 USA
| | - N. L. Trottier
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824 USA
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214
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Dado-Senn B, Ouellet V, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Methods for assessing heat stress in preweaned dairy calves exposed to chronic heat stress or continuous cooling. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8587-8600. [PMID: 32600767 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although dairy calves are more thermotolerant relative to mature cows, they are still susceptible to heat stress, as demonstrated by elevated physiological responses and reduced feed intake under high ambient temperature and relative humidity. However, indicators of heat stress have not been well-characterized in calves. Herein, we evaluated associations between environmental and thermoregulatory and productive animal-based indicators of heat stress in dairy calves exposed to chronic heat stress or continuous cooling in a subtropical climate. Holstein calves were exposed to heat stress (HT; shade of barn, n = 24) or continuous cooling (CL; shade of barn plus 2 fans, n = 24) from 2 to 42 d of age. Environmental indices, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, temperature-humidity index (THI), and wind speed, and animal-based indices, including respiration (RR), heart rate (HR), rectal (RT), and skin temperature (ST) were recorded thrice daily (0900, 1300, and 1900 h). Milk replacer (MI) and grain intakes were recorded daily from 15 to 42 d of age. Using segmented regression models, we then estimated THI thresholds for significant changes in physiological responses. We found a strong, positive correlation between animal-based indicators (except for HR, MI, and grain intakes) and ambient temperature and THI, with the highest correlation obtained with ST and THI (r ≥ 0.72). Ambient temperature and ST and ambient temperature or THI and MI were the only correlations that differed between treatments. The coefficient of determination (R2) obtained from regression analyses to model animal-based indicators was substantially improved by the inclusion of environmental indicators, with the greatest improvement achieved with THI. Overall, continuous cooling by fans promoted calf heat loss as CL calves had lower RR, RT, ST, and higher feed intake compared with HT calves. Temperature-humidity index breakpoints could be determined for RT (THI = 67), RR (THI = 65), and MI (THI = 82) in HT calves, and only for RR (THI = 69) in CL calves. Skin temperature variables had no detectable breakpoints in either treatment due to the strong linear relationship to THI. Collectively, our results suggest that ST is appropriate to estimate chronic heat stress and that THI is the best environmental indicator of heat stress in dairy calves raised in a shaded, subtropical environment. At a practical level, calves should be closely monitored when THI reaches 65 to 69 to minimize the risk of heat stress-related impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - V Ouellet
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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215
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Moura MT, Paula-Lopes FF. Thermoprotective molecules to improve oocyte competence under elevated temperature. Theriogenology 2020; 156:262-271. [PMID: 32784066 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is an environmental factor that challenges livestock by disturbing animal homeostasis. Despite the broad detrimental effects of heat stress on reproductive function, the germline and the early preimplantation embryo are particularly prone. There is extensive evidence that elevated temperature reduces oocyte developmental competence through a series of cellular and molecular damages. Further research revealed that the oocyte respond to stress by activating cellular mechanisms such as heat shock response, unfolded protein response and autophagy to improve survival under heat shock. Such knowledge paved the way for the identification of thermoprotective molecules that alleviate heat-induced oocyte oxidative stress, organelle damage, and apoptosis. Therefore, this review depicts the deleterious effects of heat shock on oocyte developmental competence, heat-induced cellular and molecular changes, outlines pro-survival cellular mechanisms and explores thermoprotective molecules to improve oocyte competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T Moura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola F Paula-Lopes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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216
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Hosny NS, Hashem NM, Morsy AS, Abo-Elezz ZR. Effects of Organic Selenium on the Physiological Response, Blood Metabolites, Redox Status, Semen Quality, and Fertility of Rabbit Bucks Kept Under Natural Heat Stress Conditions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:290. [PMID: 32596265 PMCID: PMC7303341 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can impair the general health of rabbit bucks by disturbing physiological homeostasis with negative consequences in animal welfare and remarkable decline in reproductive performance. Selenium (Se) can control a number of vital biological processes. Thus, the effects of organic selenium (OSe) supplementation on the blood metabolites, redox status, semen quality, testicular histology, seminal plasma protein profile, and fertility of rabbit bucks kept under natural heat stress conditions were studied. Adult V-line male rabbits were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.3 mg OSe/kg dry matter (DM) diet (OSe, n = 9) or not (control, CON, n = 9) for 12 weeks. The results showed that rabbits fed the OSe diet had 73.68 and 68.75% higher (P < 0.05) OSe concentrations in the blood serum and seminal plasma, respectively, than rabbits fed the CON diet. The OSe diet significantly decreased the rectal temperature and respiration rate and significantly increased the blood serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, glucose, and glutathione peroxidase compared to the CON diet. Rabbits fed the OSe diet had lower reaction times (12.53 vs. 5.84 s, ± 0.79, P < 0.01) and higher total functional sperm counts (116.74 vs. 335.23 × 106/ml, ± 24.68, P < 0.001) and percentages of integrated sperm membranes (60.38 vs. 79.19%, ± 1.69, P < 0.01) than rabbits fed the CON diet. Rabbits fed the OSe diet had higher (P < 0.01) contents of seminal plasma total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase, fructose, and total antioxidant capacity and lower (P < 0.001) malondialdehyde (MDA) levels than those fed the CON diet. Rabbits fed the OSe diet had sperm cells with higher levels of integrated DNA than those fed the CON diet. The seminal plasma of rabbits fed the OSe diet contained four new proteins, with molecular weights of 19.0, 21.5, 30.0, and 44.0 kDa. The kindling rates, litter size, and weight at birth of females mated with males fed the OSe diet were significantly higher than those of females mated with males fed the CON diet. In summary, the inclusion of 0.3 mg OSe/kg DM diet of naturally heat-stressed rabbit bucks countered the negative impacts of elevated environmental temperature on physiological homeostasis, semen quality, and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan S Hosny
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Application (STR-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nesrein M Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr S Morsy
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Application (STR-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zahraa R Abo-Elezz
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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217
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Liu G, Liao Y, Sun B, Guo Y, Deng M, Li Y, Liu D. Effects of chronic heat stress on mRNA and miRNA expressions in dairy cows. Gene 2020; 742:144550. [PMID: 32165293 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress has a negative impact on dairy cow productivity. In order to reveal the mechanisms of heat-stress response, the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of five cows under chronic heat-stress and thermoneutral conditions were assayed in blood by high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 540 mRNAs and 9 miRNAs were expressed differently under heat-stress and thermoneutral conditions. Functional analyses revealed that MAPK signaling pathway, cellular senescence, circadian entrainment, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and pathways in cancer were enriched for differently expressed mRNAs; meanwhile cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, thermogenesis, and protein digestion and absorption were enriched for differently expressed miRNAs. In addition, GADD45G, TGFB2, and GNG11 may play roles in the heat stress, and bta-miR-423-5p might be one of the regulators of heat-stress response in cows as potential mediators of chronic heat-stress response. In conclusion, the present study described the mRNA and miRNA expression patterns in blood extracted from cows during the transition from heat-stress to thermoneutral conditions. The results provide new data that could help in identifying mechanisms that mediate cows' response to chronic heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yingxin Liao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Maoming Agriculture&Forestry Technical College, Maoming 525000, China.
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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218
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Heat stress effects on sheep: Are hair sheep more heat resistant? Theriogenology 2020; 155:157-167. [PMID: 32679441 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Climatic variables can trigger physiological, biochemical, haematological and hormonal alterations that influence the maintenance of homeothermy and can affect production and productivity in sheep. Different mechanisms are responsible for tolerance to heat stress (HS) including coat and skin colour, body size, fat distribution, physiological reactions and not just coat type (hair/wool). This review looks at physical, physiological, molecular and genetic aspects of heat tolerance in sheep and how they affect hair and wool sheep. We propose that it is the adaptation to hot environments and not the type of coat (wool/hair) itself that determines the capacity of the resistance of the animal to HS, due to modifications in essential pathways such as energy metabolism, physiological responses and body size. When studied in similar environments, commercial wool breeds tend to show higher heat stress, but hair breeds tend not to differ from wool breeds that are adapted to hot environments.
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219
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Hansen PJ. Prospects for gene introgression or gene editing as a strategy for reduction of the impact of heat stress on production and reproduction in cattle. Theriogenology 2020; 154:190-202. [PMID: 32622199 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In cattle, genetic variation exists in regulation of body temperature and stabilization of cellular function during heat stress. There are opportunities to reduce the impact of heat stress on cattle production by identifying the causative mutations responsible for genetic variation in thermotolerance and transferring specific alleles that confer thermotolerance to breeds not adapted to hot climates. An example of a mutation conferring superior ability to regulate body temperature is the group of frame-sift mutations in the prolactin receptor gene (PRLR) that lead to a truncated receptor and development of cattle with a short, sleek hair coat. Slick mutations in PRLR have been found in several extant breeds derived from criollo cattle. The slick mutation in Senepol cattle has been introgressed into dairy cattle in Puerto Rico, Florida and New Zealand. An example of a mutation that confers cellular protection against elevated body temperature is a deletion mutation in the promoter region of a heat shock protein 70 gene called HSPA1L. Inheritance of the mutation results in amplification of the transcriptional response of HSPA1L to heat shock and increased cell survival. The case of PRLR provides a promising example of the efficacy of the genetic approach outlined in this paper. Identification of other mutations conferring thermotolerance at the whole-animal or cellular level will lead to additional opportunities for using genetic solutions to reduce the impact of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0910, USA.
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220
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Al-Qaisi M, Horst EA, Kvidera SK, McCarthy CS, Mayorga EJ, Abeyta MA, Goetz B, Upah NC, McKilligan DM, Kolstad BW, Timms LL, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary electrolytes, osmolytes, and energetic compounds on body temperature indices in heat-stressed lactating cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:42-48. [PMID: 32480187 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of a product containing electrolytes, osmolytes, and energetic compounds (EOEC) on body temperature indices in heat-stressed (HS) Holstein cows. Lactating cows were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a control diet (n = 10) or 2) a control diet supplemented with 113 g/d of EOEC (n = 10; Bovine BlueLite® Pellets; TechMix LLC, Stewart, MN). The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (4 d), cows were fed their respective treatments and housed in thermoneutral conditions. During P2 (4 d), HS was artificially induced using an electric heat blanket (EHB). Overall, HS markedly increased vaginal temperature (Tv), rectal temperature (Tr), skin temperature (Ts), and respiration rate (RR) (P < .01). There were no dietary treatment differences in Tv, Tr, or RR; however, during P2 EOEC-supplemented cows had increased Ts (0.8 °C; P = .04). Compared to P1, HS decreased DMI and milk yield (45 and 27%, respectively, P < .01) similarly amongst treatments. Relative to P1, circulating insulin decreased (41%; P = .04) in CON cows, whereas it remained unaffected in EOEC-supplemented cows, resulting in a 2-fold increase in EOEC compared with CON-fed cows (P < .01) during P2. Relative to P1, HS increased circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA; 63%; P < .01). During P2, there tended to be a treatment by day interaction on circulating NEFA, as concentrations decreased from d 2 to 4 of P2 in EOEC-fed cows but continued to increase in CON cows. In summary, feeding EOEC altered some key aspects of energetic metabolism and increased Ts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohmmad Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Animal Production, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Megan A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brady Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leo L Timms
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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221
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Osei-Amponsah R, Dunshea FR, Leury BJ, Cheng L, Cullen B, Joy A, Abhijith A, Zhang MH, Chauhan SS. Heat Stress Impacts on Lactating Cows Grazing Australian Summer Pastures on an Automatic Robotic Dairy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E869. [PMID: 32429603 PMCID: PMC7278445 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the impacts of summer heat events on physiological parameters (body temperature, respiratory rate and panting scores), grazing behaviour and production parameters of lactating Holstein Friesian cows managed on an Automated Robotic Dairy during Australian summer. The severity of heat stress was measured using Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and impacts of different THIs-low (≤72), moderate (73-82) and high (≥83)-on physiological responses and production performance were measured. There was a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect of THI on respiratory rate (66.7, 84.7 and 109.1/min), panting scores (1.4, 1.9 and 2.3) and average body temperature of cows (38.4, 39.4 and 41.5 °C), which increased as THI increased from low to moderate to high over the summer. Average milk production parameters were also significantly (p ≤ 0.01) affected by THI, such that daily milk production dropped by 14% from low to high THI, milk temperature and fat% increased by 3%, whilst protein% increased by 2%. The lactation stage of cow had no significant effect on physiological parameters but affected (p ≤ 0.05) average daily milk yield and milk solids. Highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) positive correlations were obtained between THI and milk temperature, fat% and protein% whilst the reverse was observed between THI and milk yield, feed intake and rumination time. Under moderate and high THI, most cows sought shade, spent more time around watering points and showed signs of distress (excessive salivation and open mouth panting). In view of the expected future increase in the frequency and severity of heat events, additional strategies including selection and breeding for thermotolerance and dietary interventions to improve resilience of cows need to be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Osei-Amponsah
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 226, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Brian J. Leury
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Long Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Brendan Cullen
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Aleena Joy
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Archana Abhijith
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Michael H. Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Surinder S. Chauhan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (R.O.-A.); (F.R.D.); (B.J.L.); (L.C.); (B.C.); (A.J.); (A.A.); (M.H.Z.)
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Sammad A, Wang YJ, Umer S, Lirong H, Khan I, Khan A, Ahmad B, Wang Y. Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050793. [PMID: 32375261 PMCID: PMC7278580 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Modern dairy cows have elevated internal heat loads caused by high milk production, and the effects of accumulating incremental heat are exacerbated when temperature and humidity increases in the surroundings. To shed this additional heat, cows initiate a variety of adaptive mechanisms including increased respiration rate, panting, sweating, reduced milk yield, vasodilatation, and decreased reproductive performance. Hormonal changes based on reciprocal alterations to the energetic metabolism are particularly accountable for reduced efficiency of the dairy production under the heat stress. As animals experience negative energy balance; glucose, which is also a precursor of milk lactose, becomes the preferential energy fuel. In the absence of proper mitigations, heat stress possesses potential risk of economic losses to dairy sector. Besides physical measures for the timely prediction of the actual heat stress coupled with its proper amelioration, nutritional mitigation strategies should target modulating energetic metabolism and rumen environment. Abstract Higher milk yield and prolificacy of the modern dairy cattle requires high metabolism activities to support them. It causes high heat production by the body, which coupled with increasing environmental temperatures results in heat stress (HS). Production, health, and welfare of modern cattle are severely jeopardized due to their low adaptability to hot conditions. Animal activates a variety of physiological, endocrine, and behavioral mechanisms to cope with HS. Traditionally, decreased feed intake is considered as the major factor towards negative energy balance (NEBAL) leading to a decline in milk production. However, reciprocal changes related to insulin; glucose metabolism; failure of adipose mobilization; and skeletal muscle metabolism have appeared to be the major culprits behind HS specific NEBAL. There exists high insulin activity and glucose become preferential energy fuel. Physiological biochemistry of the heat stressed cows is characterized by low-fat reserves derived NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) response, despite high energy demands. Besides these, physiological and gut-associated changes and poor feeding practices can further compromise the welfare and production of the heat-stressed cows. Better understanding of HS specific nutritional physiology and metabolic biochemistry of the dairy cattle will primarily help to devise practical interventions in this context. Proper assessment of the HS in cattle and thereby applying relevant cooling measures at dairy seems to be the basic mitigation approach. Score of the nutritional strategies be applied in the eve of HS should target supporting physiological responses of abatement and fulfilling the deficiencies possessed, such as water and minerals. Second line of abatement constitutes proper feeding, which could augment metabolic activities and synergizes energy support. The third line of supplemental supports should be directed towards modulating the metabolic (propionates, thiazolidinediones, dietary buffers, probiotics, and fermentates) and antioxidant responses (vitamins). Comprehensive understanding of the energetic metabolism dynamics under the impact of incremental heat load and complete outlook of pros and cons of the dietary ameliorating substances together with the discovery of the newer relevant supplementations constitutes the future avenues in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sammad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (Y.J.W.); (H.L.); (A.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Ya Jing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (Y.J.W.); (H.L.); (A.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Saqib Umer
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.U.); (I.K.)
| | - Hu Lirong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (Y.J.W.); (H.L.); (A.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Imran Khan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.U.); (I.K.)
| | - Adnan Khan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (Y.J.W.); (H.L.); (A.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (Y.J.W.); (H.L.); (A.K.); (B.A.)
| | - Yachun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (Y.J.W.); (H.L.); (A.K.); (B.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Araújo M, Luna E, Oliveira J, Guido S, Silva E, Barbosa S, Santoro K. Caracterização do gene do choque térmico (HSP-70.1) e sua relação com características de produção em bovinos leiteiros criados no semiárido brasileiro. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a diversidade genética do gene HSP-70.1 e associar os polimorfismos encontrados com a performance de vacas leiteiras das raças Holandesa, Girolando (5/8H-G) e Sindi criadas em região do semiárido brasileiro. Os polimorfismos foram identificados e avaliados pela técnica de PCR-RFLP, usando-se a enzima de restrição EcoRII. Avaliou-se a variabilidade genética por meio do índice de diversidade padrão e da análise de variância molecular (AMOVA). Os polimorfismos identificados foram avaliados sobre as características de produção de leite. Foram identificados sete alelos, os quais demonstraram que houve polimorfismo para a região gênica analisada, e alguns alelos foram compartilhados entre os rebanhos. As raças bovinas Holandesa e Sindi foram similares geneticamente para o gene analisado. A AMOVA demonstrou que há variação genética entre os rebanhos e dentro deles, com a maior parte da variação ocorrendo dentro dos rebanhos para todos os grupos avaliados. Houve efeito dos alelos identificados sobre a produção de leite dos rebanhos das raças Holandesa (P<0,0001) e Girolando (P<0,0117). O gene HSP-70.1 foi polimórfico na população de bovinos leiteiros estudada, sendo, portanto, um marcador molecular promissor para avaliar a produção de leite de raças criadas em região semiárida.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S.I. Guido
- Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - E.C. Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
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Mogollón HDG, Ferrazza RA, Vallejo VH, Destro FC, Ochoa JC, Nogueira C, Carvalho RF, Moraes LN, Rizzoto G, Sartori R, Wiltbank MC, Ferreira JCP. Short communication: Heat stress does not affect induced luteolysis in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5629-5633. [PMID: 32307177 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has deleterious effects on bovine reproduction, including prolongation of the luteal phase in Holstein cows, perhaps due to compromised luteolysis. The objective was to characterize effects of HS on luteolytic responses of nonlactating Holstein cows given 25 or 12.5 mg of PGF2α on d 7 of the estrous cycle. Cows were randomly distributed into 2 environments: thermoneutral (n = 12; 25°C) or HS (n = 12; 36°C). In each environment, cows were treated with 2 mL of saline, 25 or 12.5 mg of PGF2α (n = 4 cows per group). The HS environment induced a significant increase in rectal temperature and respiratory rate compared with the thermoneutral environment. Heat stress did not have significant effects on luteolytic responses or circulating progesterone concentrations. Rapid and complete luteolysis occurred in all cows given 25 mg of PGF2α and in 4 of 8 cows given 12.5 mg; the other 4 cows given 12.5 mg had partial luteolysis, with circulating progesterone concentrations initially suppressed, but subsequently rebounding. Therefore, we conclude that HS does not change corpus luteum sensitivity to PGF2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D G Mogollón
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Ferrazza
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - V H Vallejo
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - F C Destro
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - J C Ochoa
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - C Nogueira
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - R F Carvalho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L N Moraes
- School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - G Rizzoto
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - R Sartori
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - M C Wiltbank
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - J C P Ferreira
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Correa, s/n, 18618-681, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Rhoads ML. Effects of periconceptional heat stress on primiparous and multiparous daughters of Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology 2020; 150:458-463. [PMID: 32234245 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To meet growing worldwide demands for animal products, animal production will need to increase in capacity and efficiency. Every opportunity to improve animal protein yield should be considered and explored. Developmental programming is one such opportunity that has not yet been thoroughly investigated in farm animal production. While developmental programming can be advantageous for the survival of the offspring, it is often described in conjunction with negative consequences. The known and potential causes and mechanisms are numerous, often stemming from some sort of stress experienced during the prenatal or early postnatal period. One stressor that is particularly concerning for farm animal production is heat stress. Heat stress is known to elicit adaptations associated with developmental programming in several species, but has not been investigated in dairy cattle until recently. Multiple studies have shown that heat stress experienced during the periconceptional period is generally associated with reduced milk production of resulting offspring. This could be the result of adaptations within the pre-ovulatory oocyte or early developing embryo. Interestingly, in a few select comparisons, periconceptional heat stress was associated with greater milk production. This was only observed when dairy cattle calved in the spring, and would therefore be reaching peak milk production in late spring or early summer (in heat stress). This is consistent with the match/mismatch theory associated with developmental programming, where matched prenatal/postnatal environments confer advantageous adaptations and mismatched prenatal/postnatal environments are generally detrimental to the offspring. While these studies are important additions to our growing knowledge of heat stress impacts on dairy cow production, the broader implication of developmental programming requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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226
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Madhusoodan AP, Bagath M, Sejian V, Krishnan G, Rashamol VP, Savitha ST, Awachat VB, Bhatta R. Summer season induced changes in quantitative expression patterns of different heat shock response genes in Salem black goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2725-2730. [PMID: 32144656 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research efforts of elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing heat shock response which imparts thermo-tolerance ability to indigenous breeds are very scanty. Therefore, a study was conducted with the primary objective to determine the impact of heat stress on the expression pattern of different heat shock response genes in the hepatic tissues of indigenous Salem Black goat. The study was conducted for a period of 45 days in twelve 1-year-old female Salem Black breed goats. The animals were randomly allocated into two groups of six animals each, C (n = 6; Salem Black control) and HS (n = 6; Salem Black heat stress). The C animals were maintained in the shed in comfort condition while HS animals were exposed outside to summer heat stress between 10:00 h to 16:00 h during experimental period. The animals were slaughtered at the end of study and their liver samples were collected for assessing the different heat shock response genes. Based on the results obtained from the study it was established that the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP90, super oxide dismutase (SOD), nitrous oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) genes were significantly (P < 0.05) down regulated. However, heat stress did not influence the expression pattern of heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) gene. The lower level of expression of all heat shock response genes may be due to less magnitude of heat stress in the study to induce cellular stress response in Salem Black goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Madhusoodan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar Campus, Mukteshwar, India
| | - M Bagath
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - V Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.
| | - G Krishnan
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - V P Rashamol
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - S T Savitha
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India.,Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - V B Awachat
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
| | - R Bhatta
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560030, India
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227
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Auclair-Ronzaud J, Benoist S, Dubois C, Frejaville M, Jousset T, Jaffrézic F, Wimel L, Chavatte-Palmer P. No-Contact Microchip Monitoring of Body Temperature in Yearling Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 86:102892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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228
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Broucek J, Ryba S, Dianova M, Uhrincat M, Soch M, Sistkova M, Mala G, Novak P. Effect of evaporative cooling and altitude on dairy cows milk efficiency in lowlands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2020; 64:433-444. [PMID: 31758318 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this current work was to determinate the effect of high temperatures on milk production of dairy cows in southern Slovakia in the year 2015. The hypotheses that milk production is influenced by the altitude and cooling were tested. Production data included 227,500 test-day records belonging to 34 Holstein breed herds situated in lowlands, 115 to 150 m above sea level (ASL) and kept in free-stall housing. Dairy farms were classified into groups based on cooling system. The first group of cows (19 herds) was cooled evaporative (foggers) and forced ventilation, and the second group (15 herds) was using cooled only forced ventilation (automatically controlled fans in housing and feeding areas). During the period from May to September, 36 summer and 22 tropical days were recorded, 37 days had a mean thermal humidity index value above 72.0, and on 34 days we recorded mean values above 78.0. The highest milk yields were recorded at the altitude 1 (115 m ASL) (9219.0 kg year-1; 10327.0 kg year-1) and the lowest at the altitude 2 (126 m ASL) (7598.7 kg year-1; 8470.21 kg year-1) (P < 0.001). Dairy cows cooled evaporative milked significantly more milk than cows cooled only with forced air flow (9650.4 kg vs. 8528.0 kg; P < 0.001). Fat and protein production differed also significantly (364.0 kg vs. 329.5 kg, P < 0.001; 312.2 kg vs. 279.7 kg, P < 0.001). It can be concluded that not only heat stress but also location farm above sea level can affect milk production. Evaporative cooling associated with increased air velocity is the appropriate protection against high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Broucek
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecka 2, 951 41, Luzianky, Slovakia.
| | - Stefan Ryba
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Dianova
- The Breeding Services of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Uhrincat
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Animal Production Nitra, Hlohovecka 2, 951 41, Luzianky, Slovakia
| | - Miloslav Soch
- South Bohemia University, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Sistkova
- South Bohemia University, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Mala
- Research Institute of Animal Production, Praha-Uhrineves, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novak
- Research Institute of Animal Production, Praha-Uhrineves, Czech Republic
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Dado-Senn B, Vega Acosta L, Torres Rivera M, Field SL, Marrero MG, Davidson BD, Tao S, Fabris TF, Ortiz-Colón G, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Pre- and postnatal heat stress abatement affects dairy calf thermoregulation and performance. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4822-4837. [PMID: 32113780 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal heat stress during late gestation exerts long-term effects on growth and productivity of the dairy calf. Further, direct exposure to heat stress during the preweaning period impairs calf thermoregulation and performance. We examined the effects of heat stress abatement during the prenatal period, postnatal period, or both on calf performance. We hypothesized that calves exposed to pre- and postnatal heat stress abatement would perform most optimally in terms of thermoregulation, growth, and health responses when compared with calves that are heat-stressed at any time in the pre- or postnatal periods. Holstein calves born to heat-stressed (HT) or cooled (CL) dams during late gestation (44 ± 5 d; prenatal HT or CL) were exposed to heat stress or cooling postnatally for 56 d (postnatal HT or CL), resulting in 4 treatments: HT-HT, HT-CL, CL-HT, and CL-CL; n = 12/treatment. Calves were administered 4 L of pooled colostrum and after 2 d of age allotted 10 L/d milk replacer and up to 3 kg/d concentrate in automatic feeder group pens (n = 6/pen). Postnatal cooling was achieved by 2 fans (average wind speed 2 m/s). Thermoregulatory responses (respiration rate and heart rate; rectal, body, and skin temperature), feed intake, growth parameters including average daily gain and medication events were recorded, and blood samples were collected weekly. Thermoregulatory responses were lower in postnatal CL calves compared with postnatal HT. In the afternoon, HT-HT calves had the highest respiration rate and rectal temperature, HT-CL calves had the lowest respiration rate, and CL-HT calves had the lowest heart rate compared with the other treatment groups. Prenatal CL calves weighed more at birth and weaning with a tendency for greater average daily gain compared with prenatal HT calves, whereas postnatal CL calves had increased milk replacer and concentrate intake and a tendency for reduced fever, infection, and total medication events relative to postnatal HT. Prenatal HT calves were esophageal tube fed more often than prenatal CL. Blood hematocrit and 24-h serum IgG concentration were greater in prenatal CL calves relative to prenatal HT. Prenatal heat stress abatement improves weight gain, hematocrit, and immunoglobulin transfer, whereas postnatal heat stress abatement modulates thermoregulatory responses, feed intake, and calf health. This study is the first to characterize the combined effects of pre- and postnatal heat stress or active cooling on the dairy calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - L Vega Acosta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico 00682
| | - M Torres Rivera
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico 00682
| | - S L Field
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M G Marrero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - B D Davidson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - T F Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - G Ortiz-Colón
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Puerto Rico 00682
| | - G E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Malyar RM, Li H, Liu D, Abdulrahim Y, Farid RA, Gan F, Ali W, Enayatullah H, Banuree SAH, Huang K, Chen X. Selenium/Zinc-Enriched probiotics improve serum enzyme activity, antioxidant ability, inflammatory factors and related gene expression of Wistar rats inflated under heat stress. Life Sci 2020; 248:117464. [PMID: 32097667 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study was carried out to investigate the influences of Selenium/Zinc-Enriched probiotics (SeZnP) on growth performance, serum enzyme activity, antioxidant capability, inflammatory factors and gene expression associated with Wistar rats inflated under high ambient thermal-stress. MAIN METHODS Sixty male rates with six-weeks of age were randomly allocated into five groups (12 per group) and fed basal diet (Control), basal diet supplemented with probiotics (P), Zinc-Enriched probiotics (ZnP, 100 mg/L), Selenium-Enriched Probiotics (SeP, 0.3 mg/L) and Selenium/Zinc-Enriched probiotics (SeZnP, 0.3 mg + 100 mg/L). The experiment lasted 30 days. Blood and Tissues samples were taken to investigate serum enzyme activity, antioxidants capability and inflammatory factors by using of commercial kits and antioxidant, heat shock and inflammatory related molecules expressions were determined by qRT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS Data analysis revealed that thermal stress significantly increased the level of Aspartate-aminotransferase, Alanine-aminotransferase, Lactate-dehydrogenase, Creatine-kinase, blood urea nitrogen, Creatinine and Alkaline phosphatase compared to P, ZnP, SeP or SeZnP groups (P < 0.01). However, supplementation of ZnP, SeP, and SeZnP significantly enhanced glutathione content, glutathione-peroxidase & superoxide-dismutase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde content (P < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased while IL-10 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of GPx1 and SOD1 genes were significantly increased, but COX-2, iNOS, HSP70 and 90 mRNA levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Finally, the highest influence of the mentioned parameters was observed in SeZnP supplemented group. SIGNIFICANCE Our study suggests that SeZnP supplementation serves as possible and best nutritive than ZnP or SeP for Wistar rats raising under high ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmani Mohammad Malyar
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nangarhar University, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
| | - Hu Li
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yassin Abdulrahim
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rawan Ahmad Farid
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nangarhar University, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
| | - Fang Gan
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Waseem Ali
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hamdard Enayatullah
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Kehe Huang
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowl, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Pehlivan E, Kaliber M, Konca Y, Dellal G. Effect of shearing on some physiological and hormonal parameters in Akkaraman sheep. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:848-855. [PMID: 32054233 PMCID: PMC7206389 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Shearing is one of the practices that is applied periodically to fiber producing animals, which can also alter resistance of animals to high temperatures in especially summer months. This study aimed to investigate effects of shearing on some physiological and hormonal parameters in Akkaraman sheep during summer season. Methods This study was carried out on 39 non-pregnant Akkaraman ewes (aged 1.5 years at the beginning of experiment). The 39 ewes were chosen randomly from the flock belonging to the Erciyes University and they were assigned to two groups as follows: i) group A (n = 20) designed as the control group, they were shorn and group B (n = 19) designed as the experimental group, they were unshorn. Prior to the shearing (−1 day) and on days 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 following the shearing, blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis of each sheep. Cortisol, β-endorphin, growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) concentrations were determined using the enzyme immunoassay method. Body weight (BW), rectal temperature (RT), pulse rate (PR), and respiratory rate (RR) of each sheep were recorded at the same time. The data obtained were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of shearing×period interaction (p< 0.01) and a significant effect of period (p<0.01) on BW, HSP-70, cortisol, T4 and RT, PR, GH, β-endorphin, T3, respectively. Also these analysis showed no significant effect of shearing× period interaction or period on RR. Conclusion The results showed that the thermoregulation abilities of sheep were affected by shearing treatment and the shorn ewes were less affected by heat stress. In conclusion, based on the data of this study, shearing can be considered as a necessary management practice that requires protection for sheep from the effect of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Pehlivan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Kaliber
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Konca
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gürsel Dellal
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
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Mote RS, Hill NS, Skarlupka JH, Tran VT, Walker DI, Turner ZB, Sanders ZP, Jones DP, Suen G, Filipov NM. Toxic tall fescue grazing increases susceptibility of the Angus steer fecal microbiota and plasma/urine metabolome to environmental effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2497. [PMID: 32051515 PMCID: PMC7016188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired thermoregulation and lowered average daily gains (ADG) result when livestock graze toxic endophyte (Epichloë coenophialum)-infected tall fescue (E+) and are hallmark signs of fescue toxicosis (FT), a disease exacerbated by increased temperature and humidity (+temperature-humidity index; +THI). We previously reported FT is associated with metabolic and microbiota perturbations under thermoneutral conditions; here, we assessed the influence of E+ grazing and +THI on the microbiota:metabolome interactions. Using high-resolution metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, plasma/urine metabolomes and the fecal microbiota of Angus steers grazing non-toxic or E+ tall fescue were evaluated in the context of +THI. E+ grazing affected the fecal microbiota profile; +THI conditions modulated the microbiota only in E+ steers. E+ also perturbed many metabolic pathways, namely amino acid and inflammation-related metabolism; +THI affected these pathways only in E+ steers. Integrative analyses revealed the E+ microbiota correlated and co-varied with the metabolomes in a THI-dependent manner. Operational taxonomic units in the families Peptococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Ruminococcaceae correlated with production parameters (e.g., ADG) and with multiple plasma/urine metabolic features, providing putative FT biomarkers and/or targets for the development of FT therapeutics. Overall, this study suggests that E+ grazing increases Angus steer susceptibility to +THI, and offers possible targets for FT interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Mote
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph H Skarlupka
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - ViLinh T Tran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zachary B Turner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Zachary P Sanders
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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233
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A consideration of physiological regulation from the perspective of Bayesian enactivism. Physiol Behav 2020; 214:112758. [PMID: 31785272 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How the animal regulates its internal environment is a central question in physiology. In recent years, the account of biological functions known as Bayesian enactivism has been extended from neuroscience to address processes of physiological regulation. Enactivism understands sensory action cycles of perception and behaviour to entail expectations of the causes of sensations received from the environment. Enactivism is Bayesian in that the organism strives to update expectations to better match the sensations it experiences through actions. The review starts with a brief examination of the historical development of the concepts of homeostasis, homeorhesis and allostasis. To better align the historical concepts of physiological regulation with Bayesian enactivism it is suggested that homeorhesis and allostasis function as opposing effectors modulating, respectively, robustness and plasticity of phenotype to render homeostatic balance of the animal with its changing environment. In this formulation, the expectations of the environment embedded within the form and functions of the animal that develop under homeorhetic control during morphogenesis and morphostasis are updated by allostasis to better match the animal's phenotype with its contemporary environment. Just as morphogens shape development and persistence of anatomical form during morphogenesis and morphostasis, anticipatory behaviours can be understood to structure the animal's pattern of environmental engagement in a manner that shapes the development and persistence of homeostasis. Further empirical and theoretical analyses should help clarify whether homeorhesis and allostasis are aspects of a common underlying process or are opposing effectors mediating a Bayesian dialogue between expectation and experience.
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234
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McDonald PV, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. Hot weather increases competition between dairy cows at the drinker. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3447-3458. [PMID: 32008780 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat-stressed dairy cows on pasture will compete for resources that aid cooling, but it is not known how heat stress affects the competition for water by indoor-housed cows. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate how heat stress affects the behavior of indoor-housed cows at the drinker at both group and cow levels. For 3 wk after calving, cows were housed in a dynamic group of 20 animals in a pen with 12 electronic feed bins, 2 electronic water bins, and 24 freestalls. A total of 69 lactating Holstein dairy cows were enrolled over the 59-d study. The electronic water bins recorded time spent at the drinker, frequency of visits, water intake, and competitive events for 24 h/d. Competitive events were quantified using the number of replacements (recorded when there was a ≤29-s interval between 2 cows sequentially visiting the same drinker). The number of replacements a cow was involved in was used to determine her level of competitive success at the drinker (low, medium, high). The temperature-humidity index (THI) was recorded by the local weather station, and moving averages for daily maximum THI over a 3-d period were calculated. For the analysis of time spent at the drinker, frequency of visits, and water intake, the measures from all cows were averaged to create 1 observation per day, and the number of replacements at the drinker was summed. A linear regression was performed to determine the relationship between THI and group-level drinking behavior. At the cow level, a repeated measures mixed model, with fixed effects of level of competitive success, milk yield, and 3-d maximum THI and a first-order autoregressive covariance structure, was used to determine how increasing THI affects the drinking behavior of individual cows based on their level of competitive success. Feed intake was included as a fixed effect in the water intake model. We found that, with increasing THI, cows drank more water, spent more time at the drinker, made more visits to the drinker, and engaged in more competitive events at the drinker. In exploratory analysis, we found that cows with low competitive success at the drinker shifted their drinking behavior to avoid the drinker at the hottest and most competitive time of day. These results indicate that behavior can be used to indicate when cows feel hot. These measures may be of practical value in deciding when to provide cooling, especially for farms where attendance at the drinker can be monitored electronically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige V McDonald
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | | | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
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235
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Filipe JF, Herrera V, Curone G, Vigo D, Riva F. Floods, Hurricanes, and Other Catastrophes: A Challenge for the Immune System of Livestock and Other Animals. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:16. [PMID: 32083100 PMCID: PMC7004950 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change involves different dramatic phenomena including desertification and wildfires, severe storms such as hurricanes and blizzards, increased sea levels resulting in flooding coastal cities and rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration. The alteration of the climate in a specific region affects the life of indigenous animals and humans. The climate changes influence living beings both directly and indirectly. The immune system of animals dramatically suffers the climate instability, making animals more susceptible to infectious and not infectious diseases. Different species of livestock animals respond with similar mechanisms to global warming, but some of them are more susceptible depending on their age, metabolism, and genetic conditions. The selection and study of autochthonous species and breeds, more easily adapted to specific environmental conditions could be an interesting strategy to face livestock rearing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel F Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Herrera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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236
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Pinto S, Hoffmann G, Ammon C, Amon T. Critical THI thresholds based on the physiological parameters of lactating dairy cows. J Therm Biol 2020; 88:102523. [PMID: 32125999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The severity of heat stress conditions in high-yielding dairy cows is currently underestimated. The present study aimed to determine the heat load threshold of the temperature-humidity index (THI) on physiological parameters of lactating Holstein-Friesian cows under a continental climatic zone in Germany. Physiological parameter measurements, such as respiration rate (RR), measured hourly, and heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT), both measured twice daily, were performed in a total of 139 multiparous cows on three randomly chosen measurement days per week. In addition, the ambient temperature and relative humidity of the barn were recorded every 5 min to calculate the current THI. The physiological parameter data were linked to the THI, and the heat load thresholds were determined using the broken-stick model. The heat load duration effect of each physiological parameter was obtained by regression analysis. Considering the increases in the physiological parameters, our study provided reliable data to determine heat load thresholds for lactating high-yielding dairy cows in a moderate climatic zone. The heat load threshold could be determined for RR in standing cows (THI = 70) and lying cows (THI = 65) and for HR (THI = 72) and RT (THI = 70) in standing cows. The heat load duration also demonstrated a significant effect on the increases in physiological parameters among dairy cows. In particular, the present study enabled a strategy to be devised to initiate heat mitigation in high-yielding dairy cows when they are exposed to THIs above 65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severino Pinto
- Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, ATB, Potsdam, 14469, Germany.
| | - Gundula Hoffmann
- Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, ATB, Potsdam, 14469, Germany.
| | - Christian Ammon
- Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, ATB, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
| | - Thomas Amon
- Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, ATB, Potsdam, 14469, Germany; Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Free University Berlin, Berlin, 14163, Germany
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237
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Pate RT, Luchini D, Murphy MR, Cardoso FC. Effects of rumen-protected methionine on lactation performance and physiological variables during a heat stress challenge in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2800-2813. [PMID: 31954567 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk yield, content, and composition are altered by heat stress. Thirty-two multiparous, lactating Holstein cows [balanced by days in milk (mean ± standard deviation; 184 ± 59); body surface area (5.84 ± 0.34 m2)] were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments [total mixed ration with rumen-protected Met (RPM; Smartamine M; Adisseo Inc., Antony, France; 1.05 g of RPM/kg of dry matter intake) or total mixed ration without RPM (CON)], and within each dietary treatment group cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 environmental treatment groups in a split-plot crossover design. The study was divided into 2 periods with 2 phases per period. In phase 1 (9 d), all cows were in thermoneutral conditions and fed ad libitum. In phase 2 (9 d), group 1 (n = 16) was exposed to a heat stress challenge (HSC) using electric heat blankets. Group 2 (n = 16) remained in thermoneutral conditions but was pair-fed (PFTN) to HSC counterparts. After a 21-d washout period, the study was repeated (period 2) and the environmental treatments were inverted relative to treatments from phase 2 of period 1, whereas dietary treatments (RPM or CON) remained the same for each cow. Cows were milked 3× per day and samples were taken on d 1, 5, and 9 of each phase. Vaginal temperature was measured every 10 min, rectal temperature and skin temperature were measured 3× per day, and respiration rate and heart rate were recorded once per day. Cow activity was measured using an accelerometer. Paired difference values were calculated for each cow for each period based on the difference between phase 1 baseline means and phase 2 values for each variable. Cows in HSC had a greater increase in vaginal temperature and respiration rate (+0.2°C and +13.7 breaths/min, respectively) compared with cows in PFTN (0.0°C and -1.6 breaths/min, respectively). Cows in PFTN had a greater decrease in dry matter intake and milk yield (-3.9 and -2.6 kg/d, respectively) compared with cows in HSC (-3.2 and -0.9 kg/d, respectively). Cows in CON had a greater decrease in milk protein concentration for PFTN (-0.10 percentage units) and HSC (-0.06 percentage units) compared with cows in RPM for PFTN (0.00 percentage units) and HSC (-0.02 percentage units). Cows in CON for HSC had greater decrease in milk fat concentration compared with cows in RPM for HSC (-0.10 and +0.12 percentage units, respectively). In conclusion, HSC altered physiological and production parameters of cows. Additionally, RPM helped maintain milk protein and fat concentration during HSC, whereas dry matter intake, milk yield, and feed efficiencies were not affected by RPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | | | - M R Murphy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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238
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Jitjumnong J, Moonmanee T, Sudwan P, Mektrirat R, Osathanunkul M, Navanukraw C, Panatuk J, Yama P, Pirokad W, U-Krit W, Chaikol W. Associations among thermal biology, preovulatory follicle diameter, follicular and luteal vascularities, and sex steroid hormone concentrations during preovulatory and postovulatory periods in tropical beef cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 213:106281. [PMID: 31987316 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate effects of tropical seasons on thermal biology, preovulatory follicle (POF) diameter, POF and luteal vascularities, and estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations; and to determine the associations among the values for these variables during preovulatory and postovulatory periods in Thai native cows in tropical climates: cold, hot, and rainy seasons. Development and vascularity of the POF and corpora lutea (CL) were evaluated using color Doppler ultrasonography. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was greater when the preovulatory period occurred during the rainy season when compared with the occurrence during the hot and cold seasons of the year. Furthermore, POF diameter was less when the THI was greater. The THI was greater when the postovulatory period occurred during the rainy season when compared to the occurrence of the postovulatory period during the hot and cold seasons of the year. Furthermore, the CL vascularity and P4 concentration were less when the THI was greater. The THI was inversely correlated with CL vascularity and P4 concentrations. When the THI was greatest during the hot and rainy seasons of the year, there were the greatest negative effects on POF size, POF and CL blood flow, and concentrations of E2 and P4 during the preovulatory and postovulatory periods. While native Bos indicus are capable of adapting to tropical conditions, there are still negative effects, such as impaired POF and CL functions, when the THI induces heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakree Jitjumnong
- Laboratory of Histology and Animal Disease Diagnosis, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tossapol Moonmanee
- Laboratory of Histology and Animal Disease Diagnosis, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Paiwan Sudwan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Raktham Mektrirat
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Maslin Osathanunkul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chainarong Navanukraw
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, 40002 Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Julakorn Panatuk
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Maejo University, 50290 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Punnawut Yama
- Laboratory of Histology and Animal Disease Diagnosis, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Pirokad
- Laboratory of Histology and Animal Disease Diagnosis, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warittha U-Krit
- Laboratory of Histology and Animal Disease Diagnosis, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warunya Chaikol
- Laboratory of Histology and Animal Disease Diagnosis, Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
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de Abreu AS, Fischer V, Thaler A, Stumpf MT, Petronilho F, Florentino DS, Hlavac NR, Uczay M, Paludo E, Weiss PHE, Vogel CIG. Access to shade reduces DNA damage of Holstein cows under mild heat stress. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an19075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
The effect of heat stress on the production and physiology of lactating dairy cows is well documented in literature. However, little is known about the effect of the provision of shade on DNA damage.
Aims
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of shade provision on physiological, oxidative-stress, and DNA-strand damage in dairy cows exposed to mild heat stress.
Methods
The study was conducted at Lages, SC, Brazil, during 15 days in a southern hemisphere summer (January and February), with 14 lactating Holstein (n = 10) and Holstein × Jersey crossbreed (n = 4) dairy cows. Animals were randomly allocated to two groups of seven animals each (named as shaded and unshaded). These two groups were evaluated in the following three different periods: pre-stress period (5-day duration), stress period (4-day duration) and post-stress period (6-day duration). Shaded cows had free access to shade throughout the study; unshaded cows were prevented from accessing shade only in the stress period. Physiological (rectal temperature, heart and respiratory frequencies and panting score) and DNA-damage parameters (through Comet assay), as well as oxidative stress (in blood: carbonyl content, nitrite:nitrate ratio, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS) were evaluated.
Key results
In the stress period, shade deprivation resulted in higher values of respiratory rate, indicating that cows were under heat stress. In addition, DNA-damage levels were higher in this circumstance, probably due to inhibition of the DNA-repair systems by the thermal stress as well as thermal stress acting as a DNA-damage agent.
Conclusions
In a high-altitude subtropical region, during the hot season, shade provision decreases solar radiation heating effects and, thus, reduces DNA damage and the negative effects on cow metabolism and cell structure.
Implications
Shade effects on cow metabolism and cell structure must be taken into consideration in the planning of dairy farms and our results suggest that shade availability must not be disregarded, even in situations of mild heat stress.
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240
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Su Y, Li S, Xin H, Li J, Li X, Zhang R, Li J, Bao J. Proper cold stimulation starting at an earlier age can enhance immunity and improve adaptability to cold stress in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:129-141. [PMID: 32416794 PMCID: PMC7587771 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of long-term cold stimulation on the immune function of ileum and adaptability to cold stress in broilers were examined. A total of 360 Arbor Acres broilers was divided into 3 groups and four replicates per group. C (control) was reared in normal thermal environment. C-3 and C-12 (treatments) were kept in cold condition of 3 or 12°C lower than the temperature of C from days 8 to 42. At day 42, all the groups were exposed to an acute cold stress challenge, designated as S, S-3, and S-12. The mRNA levels of immune molecules and heat shock proteins as well as oxidative stress-related indicators in ileum tissues, and immunoglobulins contents in serum were examined at 14, 42, and 43 d of age. The C-3 regimen had no adverse effect on production performance, whereas the C-12 regimen reduced the production performance relative to C (P < 0.05). At day 42, C-3 had higher levels of immune indexes (P < 0.05), whereas C-12 had lower levels than C (P < 0.05). No differences in levels of oxidative stress-related indicators were found between C and C-3 at day 42 (P > 0.05). S-3 had higher levels of immune indexes and lower levels of oxidative stress-related indicators (P < 0.05), as compared to S and S-12. The results suggest that 34 d of cold stimulation at 3°C lower than the normal temperature had no adverse impacts on production performance but enhanced the immunity of ileum and adaptability to acute cold challenge in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongwei Xin
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jiafang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China.
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241
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Müschner-Siemens T, Hoffmann G, Ammon C, Amon T. Daily rumination time of lactating dairy cows under heat stress conditions. J Therm Biol 2019; 88:102484. [PMID: 32125974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The dairy industry in regions with moderate climates, such as Central Europe, will be increasingly challenged in the future by climate change. The problem of heat stress will especially affect dairy husbandry in naturally ventilated barns (NVB). The approach of the study was to determine a heat stress threshold of the average daily temperature-humidity index (THI) that results in changes in the daily rumination time (RT) of lactating, high-yielding cows. The data set was composed of a high sample size of 183 cows and long-duration measurements of 21240 daily observations over two years from June 2015 to May 2017, which were collected in an NVB in Groβ Kreutz, Germany. The THI was calculated in 5-min intervals by data from several sensors in different positions inside the barn. Additionally, every cow from the herd of an average of 53 cows in the experimental procedure was wearing a neck collar with a Lely Qwes HR system that provided the RT 24 h a day (12 2-h recordings were summarized). The study showed that heat stress also negatively influenced RT in moderate climates. The heat stress threshold of 52 THI was determined by broken-stick regression and indicated changes of RT of lactating dairy cows in Germany. During the experimental period, the heat stress threshold for RT was reached from April to September for up to 720 h per month. The changes in RT to the heat stress threshold will be affected by cows' characteristics. Therefore, we considered several cow-related factors, such as milk yield (MY), lactation number (LN), lactation stage (days in milk, or DIM) and pregnancy stage (P) to better understand cows' individual reactions to heat stress. Multiparous, high-yielding cows in later lactation stages are potentially more strongly affected than other cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Müschner-Siemens
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Gundula Hoffmann
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Ammon
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Amon
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Department of Engineering for Livestock Management, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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242
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Pires B, Stafuzza N, Lima S, Negrão J, Paz C. Differential expression of heat shock protein genes associated with heat stress in Nelore and Caracu beef cattle. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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243
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Gonzalez-Rivas PA, Chauhan SS, Ha M, Fegan N, Dunshea FR, Warner RD. Effects of heat stress on animal physiology, metabolism, and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci 2019; 162:108025. [PMID: 31841730 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.108025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the most stressful events in the life of livestock with harmful consequences for animal health, productivity and product quality. Ruminants, pigs and poultry are susceptible to heat stress due to their rapid metabolic rate and growth, high level of production, and species-specific characteristics such as rumen fermentation, sweating impairment, and skin insulation. Acute heat stress immediately before slaughter stimulates muscle glycogenolysis and can result in pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat characterized by low water holding capacity (WHC). By contrast, animals subjected to chronic heat stress, have reduced muscle glycogen stores resulting in dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat with high ultimate pH and high WHC. Furthermore, heat stress leads to oxidative stress, lipid and protein oxidation, and reduced shelf life and food safety due to bacterial growth and shedding. This review discusses the scientific evidence regarding the effects of heat stress on livestock physiology and metabolism, and their consequences for meat quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Gonzalez-Rivas
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Surinder S Chauhan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Minh Ha
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robyn D Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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de Paiva ALC, Ferreira J, Nunes TL, Mouta AN, Fernandes NS, Cavalcante JM, Júnior RAB, de Paula VV. Northeast Brazilian donkeys have little physiological responses influenced by tropical conditions. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1629219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josiel Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Talyta Lins Nunes
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics Veterinary, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Andressa Nunes Mouta
- Veterinary Anesthesiology Laboratory, UFERSA, Mossoró, Brazil
- Professional Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine, UFERSA, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Naftali Silva Fernandes
- Veterinary Anesthesiology Laboratory, UFERSA, Mossoró, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Jerson Marques Cavalcante
- Veterinary Anesthesiology Laboratory, UFERSA, Mossoró, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Veras de Paula
- Veterinary Anesthesiology Laboratory, UFERSA, Mossoró, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region (UFERSA), Mossoró, Brazil
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245
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Effect of Heat Stress on Bacterial Composition and Metabolism in the Rumen of Lactating Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110925. [PMID: 31694321 PMCID: PMC6912518 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Heat stress negatively impacts the health and milk production of dairy cows, and ruminal microbes play an important role in the animal’s milk production. Understanding the link between heat stress and the ruminal microbiome could help to develop strategies to relieve the influence of heat stress by manipulating the ruminal microbial composition. We found that heat-stressed cows had decreased ruminal pH and acetate concentration, whereas the ruminal lactate concentration increased. Heat-stressed cows also had a significantly higher relative abundance of lactate producing bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae), Ruminobacter, Treponema, and unclassified Bacteroidaceae, all of which utilize soluble carbohydrate as an energy source. The relative abundance of the acetate-producing bacterium Acetobacter decreased with heat stress treatment. Therefore, heat stress is associated with changes in ruminal bacterial composition and metabolites, with more lactate and less acetate-producing species in the population, which potentially negatively affects milk production. Abstract Heat stress negatively impacts the health and milk production of dairy cows, and ruminal microbial populations play an important role in dairy cattle’s milk production. Currently there are no available studies that investigate heat stress-associated changes in the rumen microbiome of lactating dairy cattle. Improved understanding of the link between heat stress and the ruminal microbiome may be beneficial in developing strategies for relieving the influence of heat stress on ruminants by manipulating ruminal microbial composition. In this study, we investigated the ruminal bacterial composition and metabolites in heat stressed and non-heat stressed dairy cows. Eighteen lactating dairy cows were divided into two treatment groups, one with heat stress and one without heat stress. Dry matter intake was measured and rumen fluid from all cows in both groups was collected. The bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the ruminal fluid were sequenced, and the rumen pH and the lactate and acetate of the bacterial metabolites were quantified. Heat stress was associated with significantly decreased dry matter intake and milk production. Rumen pH and rumen acetate concentrations were significantly decreased in the heat stressed group, while ruminal lactate concentration increased. The influence of heat stress on the microbial bacterial community structure was minor. However, heat stress was associated with an increase in lactate producing bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae), and with an increase in Ruminobacter, Treponema, and unclassified Bacteroidaceae, all of which utilize soluble carbohydrates as an energy source. The relative abundance of acetate-producing bacterium Acetobacter decreased during heat stress. We concluded that heat stress is associated with changes in ruminal bacterial composition and metabolites, with more lactate and less acetate-producing species in the population, which potentially negatively affects milk production.
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246
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Genetic Effects of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Goat GDF9 Gene on Prolificacy: True or False Positive? Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110886. [PMID: 31683597 PMCID: PMC6912770 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As an important regulator factor, which was secreted by female oocytes, the growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) plays an essential role during the growth and differentiation of ovarian follicles. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the GDF9 gene have been found to be involved in reproductive traits in livestock, and some of these mutations have been used as the effective makers in animal molecular breeding. However, it is remarkable that the SNPs of the goat GDF9 gene have not been systematically sorted and analyzed from the reported studies, which leads to an inability to find effective loci that could be applied in improving the prolificacy of goats via the molecular breeding method. In this study, we gathered and sorted 45 SNPs of the goat GDF9 gene from all relevant studies and the National Center for Biotechnology Information Search database (NCBI), and especially analyzed and discussed the relationship between part controversial and potentially effective SNPs and the reproductive traits. The results indicated that non-synonymous SNPs A240V, Q320P, and V397I and synonymous SNPs L61L, N121N, and L141L were six “true” positive SNPs in improving goat fertility. Nevertheless, the regulation pathways and the specific mechanism of these six SNPs on goat fecundity are not clear, which still need further study in more goat breeds and a large sample size. These results provided an effective tool for follow-up research studies on the molecular genetic breeding of goats’ reproductive traits. Abstract Goat reproductive traits are complex quantitative traits controlled by polygenes and multipoint. To date, some high-fertility candidate genes in livestock have been unearthed and the growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene is one of them, which plays a crucial role in early folliculogenesis. According to the relevant previous studies and the National Center for Biotechnology Information Search database (NCBI), a total of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been detected in the goat GDF9 gene, but which one or which ones have important effects on goat fecundity is still uncertain. Hence, in order to find effective molecular markers for goat genetic breeding and accelerate the goat improvement, this study summarized and classified the above 45 SNPs into four kinds, as well as compared and analyzed the same SNP effects and the different SNPs linkage effects on the reproductive traits in different goat breeds. Since there were many SNPs in the goat GDF9 gene, only 15 SNPs have been identified in more than 30 goat breeds worldwide and they showed different effects on the litter size. Therefore, this study mainly chose these 15 SNPs and discussed their relationship with goat productivity. Results showed that three non-synonymous SNPs A240V, Q320P, and V397I and three synonymous ones L61L, N121N, and L141L played a “true” role in the litter size trait in many goat breeds around the world. However, the regulatory mechanisms still need further research. These results provide an effective tool for follow-up research developing the goat molecular breeding strategies and improving the goat reproductive traits.
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247
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Santana ML, Pereira RJ, Bignardi AB, El Faro L, Pires MFÁ, Andrade RG, Perez BC, Bruneli FAT, Peixoto MGCD. Dual-purpose Guzerá cattle exhibit high dairy performance under heat stress. J Anim Breed Genet 2019; 137:486-494. [PMID: 31646684 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the heat stress response pattern of dual-purpose Guzerá cattle for test-day (TD) milk yield records of first lactation and estimated genetic parameters and trends related to heat stress. A total of 31,435 TD records from 4,486 first lactations of Guzerá cows, collected between 1986 and 2012, were analysed. Two random regression models considered days in milk (DIM) and/or temperature × humidity-dependent (THI) covariate. Impacts of -0.037, -0.019 and -0.006 kg/day/THI for initial and intermediate stages of lactation were observed when considering the mean maximum daily temperature and humidity to calculate THI. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.16 to 0.35 throughout lactation and THI values, suggesting the possibility to expect gains from selection for such trait. The variable trajectory of breeding values for dual-purpose Guzerá sires in response to changes in THI values confirms that the genotype × environment interaction due to heat stress can have some effect on TD milk yield. Despite the high dairy performance of Guzerá cattle under heat stress, estimated genetic trends showed a progressive reduction in heat tolerance. Therefore, new strategies should be adopted to prevent negative impacts of heat stress over milk production in Guzerá animals in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário L Santana
- Grupo de Melhoramento Animal de Mato Grosso (GMAT), Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo J Pereira
- Grupo de Melhoramento Animal de Mato Grosso (GMAT), Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil
| | - Annaiza B Bignardi
- Grupo de Melhoramento Animal de Mato Grosso (GMAT), Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, Brazil
| | - Lenira El Faro
- Centro de Pesquisas de Bovinos de Corte, Instituto de Zootecnia, Sertãozinho, Brazil
| | - Maria F Á Pires
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Andrade
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Perez
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Frank A T Bruneli
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Dado-Senn B, Skibiel AL, Fabris TF, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Dry period heat stress induces microstructural changes in the lactating mammary gland. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222120. [PMID: 31536517 PMCID: PMC6752841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine dry period is a non-lactating period between consecutive lactations characterized by mammary gland involution and redevelopment phases to replace senescent mammary epithelial cells with active cells primed for the next lactation. Dairy cows exposed to heat stress during the dry period experience milk yield reductions between 3–7.5 kg/d in the next lactation, partially attributed to processes associated with mammary cell growth and turnover during the dry period. However, the carry-over impact of dry period heat stress on mammary morphology during lactation has yet to be determined. In the current study, we hypothesized that exposure to heat stress during the dry period would alter alveolar microstructure and cellular turnover (i.e. proliferation and apoptosis) during lactation. Cows were either subjected to heat stress (HT, access to shade; n = 12) or cooling (CL, access to shade, fans, and soakers; n = 12) for a 46 d dry period. Upon calving, all cows were treated similarly with access to cooling for their entire lactation. Six cows per treatment were randomly selected for mammary gland biopsies at 14, 42, and 84 days in milk. Tissues were sectioned and stained for histological analysis. During lactation, HT cows produced 4 kg less colostrum and 3.7 kg less milk compared with CL cows. Lactating mammary gland microstructure was impacted after exposure to dry period heat stress; HT cows had fewer alveoli and a higher proportion of connective tissue in the mammary gland relative to CL cows, however alveolar area was similar between treatments. Rates of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis were similar between treatment groups. This suggests that heat stress exposure during the dry period leads to reductions in milk yield that could be caused, in part, by a reduction in alveoli number in the lactating mammary gland but not to dynamic alterations in cellular turnover once lactation is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Skibiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Thiago F. Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey E. Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guerreiro O, Alves SP, Soldado D, Cachucho L, Almeida JM, Francisco A, Santos-Silva J, Bessa RJB, Jerónimo E. Inclusion of the aerial part and condensed tannin extract from Cistus ladanifer L. in lamb diets - Effects on growth performance, carcass and meat quality and fatty acid composition of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat. Meat Sci 2019; 160:107945. [PMID: 31627117 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six lambs were used to evaluate the effect of three levels of Cistus ladanifer condensed tannins (CT; 0, 1.25 and 2.5%) and two ways of CT supply (C. ladanifer aerial parts and C. ladanifer CT extract) on lamb growth performance, carcass composition, meat quality and FA composition of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat. The basal diet was composed of dehydrated lucerne supplemented with 60 g/kg of soybean oil. The highest amount of CT (2.5%) had detrimental effects on growth performance, particularly when the aerial part of C. ladanifer was used. Conversely, 1.25% CT in diets did not affect growth performance and meat quality, and inclusion of C. ladanifer CT extract in diet at this level increased t11-18:1, but not c9,t11-18:2 content in fat. Feeding C. ladanifer CT extract might be a good approach for enhancing the nutritional value of ruminant fat, but further studies are needed to ensure upregulation of endogenous synthesis of c9,t11-18:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olinda Guerreiro
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana P Alves
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Soldado
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
| | - Liliana Cachucho
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
| | - João M Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Polo de Investigação de Santarém (INIAV-Fonte Boa), 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Francisco
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Polo de Investigação de Santarém (INIAV-Fonte Boa), 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - José Santos-Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Polo de Investigação de Santarém (INIAV-Fonte Boa), 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eliana Jerónimo
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal.
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Grille L, Adrien ML, Olmos M, Chilibroste P, Damián JP. Diet change from a system combining total mixed ration and pasture to confinement system (total mixed ration) on milk production and composition, blood biochemistry and behavior of dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1484-1494. [PMID: 31498545 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if a diet change from a mixed system to a confinement system affects the milk production and composition, behavior and blood biochemistry of dairy cows. Cows were assigned randomly to one of the two treatments: cows fed with TMR (total-mixed-ration) (confined) throughout the period group fed TMR (GTMR, n = 15) and cows that changed their diet from pasture plus TMR to exclusive TMR at 70 ± 14 DIM (GCHD, n = 15). GTMR cows produced more milk and greater lactose and protein yield before the change of diet than GCHD cows (p ≤ .01), but these differences disappeared after the change. GCHD cows decreased the frequency of rumination and lying from before to after the change (p ≤ .03), but in GTMR cows no changes were observed. After diet change, GCHD cows had lower frequency of rumination and lying than GTMR cows (p ≤ .02). Before the change, GCHD cows had greater NEFA (non esterified fatty acids) concentrations than GTMR cows (p = .002). Abrupt change from a mixed system to a confined system was favorable on blood biochemical and milk variables of dairy cows. However, in relation to behavior, the cows expressed difficulties to adapt quickly to the abrupt change of system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Grille
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Leche, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Maria L Adrien
- Departamento de Salud en los Sistemas Pecuarios, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Mara Olmos
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Leche, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Chilibroste
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Juan P Damián
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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