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Abstract
South Africa is thought to be one of the worst contributors of plastic into the sea globally. Although some plastic items derive from offshore sources (mainly fishing and other maritime activities, but also long-distance transport), the importance of local, land-based sources is indicated by the composition of beach debris and the concentration of macro-, meso- and microplastics close to urban source areas. Some 60–90% of plastic from land-based sources is expected to strand on beaches, but plastic standing stocks on beaches are much lower than global model predictions of land-based pollution. Burial in beaches and transport into backshore vegetation are significant sinks, although this plastic is likely to be released as the climate crisis leads to rising sea levels and more extreme storms. Most buried items are fairly small, while many larger items, which account for most of the mass of plastic, are removed from beaches by cleaning efforts. However, even daily accumulation rate estimates – which exclude the effects of cleaning – fall well short of model predictions of plastic leakage from land-based sources. Oceanographic models predict that plastics entering the sea from South Africa are exported to the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, with the proportion depending on source location and item density. At sea, floating macroplastic is concentrated close to urban centres. Farther offshore, plastic items tend to be large and buoyant because biofouling causes small, low buoyancy items to sink. Size-selective removal of plastics by biota might also contribute to the paucity of floating microplastics (smaller than 1 mm). The seabed is likely to be the main long-term sink for waste plastics, but the limited data available indicate low levels of plastics on the seabed off South Africa. Only a small proportion of plastic predicted to leak into the sea from South Africa can be accounted for. However, this should not delay the implementation of effective mitigation measures to limit plastic leakage. Significance: • High densities of waste plastic around urban centres indicate that most macro- and microplastics come from local, land-based sources and do not disperse far at sea. • Beach clean-ups remove up to 90% of the mass of stranded plastic, largely found in macroplastic items (larger than 25 mm). • The seabed is a long-term sink for marine plastics, but densities of plastic on the seabed around South Africa are still modest. • The global model prediction of plastic leakage from South Africa into the sea probably is a gross overestimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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202
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Egger M, Sulu-Gambari F, Lebreton L. First evidence of plastic fallout from the North Pacific Garbage Patch. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7495. [PMID: 32376835 PMCID: PMC7203237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The infamous garbage patches on the surface of subtropical oceanic gyres are proof that plastic is polluting the ocean on an unprecedented scale. The fate of floating plastic debris 'trapped' in these gyres, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we provide the first evidence for the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the North Pacific Garbage Patch (NPGP) into the underlying deep sea. The numerical and mass concentrations of plastic fragments (500 µm to 5 cm in size) suspended in the water column below the NPGP follow a power law decline with water depth, reaching values <0.001 pieces/m3 and <0.1 µg/m3 in the deep sea. The plastic particles in the NPGP water column are mostly in the size range of particles that are apparently missing from the ocean surface and the polymer composition of plastic in the NPGP water column is similar to that of floating debris circulating in its surface waters (i.e. dominated by polyethylene and polypropylene). Our results further reveal a positive correlation between the amount of plastic debris at the sea surface and the depth-integrated concentrations of plastic fragments in the water column. We therefore conclude that the presence of plastics in the water column below the NPGP is the result of 'fallout' of small plastic fragments from its surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Egger
- The Ocean Cleanup Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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203
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Yu SP, Chan BKK. Effects of polystyrene microplastics on larval development, settlement, and metamorphosis of the intertidal barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110362. [PMID: 32171964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microplastic on mortality and sublethal responses on larval development of meroplankton are still largely unknown. Present study investigated the effects of four sizes of virgin spherical polystyrene microplastics (diameter 1.7, 6.8, 10.4, 19.0 μm) on naupliar (stage II-VI) and cypris larvae of barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite at environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 beads mL-1). Essential life-history traits, including mortality, development time and rates of growth, settling, and metamorphosis were measured throughout the entire larval development. Feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate if microplastics decreased naupliar feeding due to physical impacts or selective feeding of nauplii. The results showed that A. amphitrite stage II nauplii were able to ingest and efficiently egest all sizes of microplastics. All the life-history endpoints measured were not significantly affected by all sizes of microplastics at any concentration tested. Presence of all sizes of microplastics did not cause physical interference on naupliar feeding and all stages of nauplius larvae (stage III-VI) did not selectively feed on microplastics. However, the feeding ability of stage III nauplius appeared to be affected by 1.7 μm at 1000 beads mL-1 which was possibly due to individual variations rather than microplastics' impacts. Overall, the full larval development of barnacle A. amphitrite was not affected by microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations under laboratory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Pei Yu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica: 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Benny Kwok Kan Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica: 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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204
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Gouin T. Toward an Improved Understanding of the Ingestion and Trophic Transfer of Microplastic Particles: Critical Review and Implications for Future Research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1119-1137. [PMID: 32223000 PMCID: PMC7383496 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles have been observed in the environment and routinely detected in the stomachs and intestines of aquatic organisms over the last 50 yr. In the present review, information on the ingestion of plastic debris of varying sizes is collated, including data for >800 species representing approximately 87 000 individual organisms, for which plastic debris and microplastic particles have been observed in approximately 17 500, or 20%. The average reported number of microplastic particles/individual across all studies is estimated to be 4, with studies typically reporting averages ranging from 0 to 10 particles/individual. A general observation is that although strong evidence exists for the biological ingestion of microplastic particles, they do not bioaccumulate and do not appear to be subject to biomagnification as a result of trophic transfer through food webs, with >99% of observations from field-based studies reporting that microplastic particles are located within the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, there is substantial heterogeneity in how samples are collected, processed, analyzed, and reported, causing significant challenges in attempting to assess temporal and spatial trends or helping to inform a mechanistic understanding. Nevertheless, several studies suggest that the characteristics of microplastic particles ingested by organisms are generally representative of plastic debris in the vicinity where individuals are collected. Monitoring of spatial and temporal trends of ingested microplastic particles could thus potentially be useful in assessing mitigation efforts aimed at reducing the emission of plastic and microplastic particles to the environment. The development and application of standardized analytical methods are urgently needed to better understand spatial and temporal trends. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1119-1137. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Gouin
- TG Environmental Research, Sharnbrook, BedfordshireUnited Kingdom
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205
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Tekman MB, Wekerle C, Lorenz C, Primpke S, Hasemann C, Gerdts G, Bergmann M. Tying up Loose Ends of Microplastic Pollution in the Arctic: Distribution from the Sea Surface through the Water Column to Deep-Sea Sediments at the HAUSGARTEN Observatory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4079-4090. [PMID: 32142614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that despite its remoteness, the Arctic region harbors some of the highest microplastic (MP) concentrations worldwide. Here, we present the results of a sampling campaign to assess the vertical distribution of MP particles (>11 μm) at five stations of the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Water column samples were taken with large volume pumps by filtering 218-561 L of seawater at two to four depth strata (near-surface, ∼300 m, ∼1000 m, and above seafloor), and sediment samples were taken with a multiple corer. MP concentrations in the water column ranged between 0 and 1287 N m-3 and in the sediment from 239 to 13 331 N kg-1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) imaging with automated data analysis showed that polyamide (39%) and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (23%) were the most abundant polymers within the water samples and polyethylene-chlorinated (31%) in sediments. MPs ≤ 25 μm accounted for more than half of the synthetic particles in every sample. The largest MP particle recorded was in the 200 μm size class. The concentrations of fibers were not reported, as fiber detection by FTIR imaging was not available at the time of analyses. Two- and three-dimensional simulations of particle transport trajectories suggest different pathways for certain polymer types. A positive correlation between MP size composition and particulate organic carbon indicates interactions with biological processes in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine B Tekman
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Claudia Wekerle
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Klußmannstrasse 3d, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Claudia Lorenz
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Kurpromenade, 27498 Helgoland, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sebastian Primpke
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Kurpromenade, 27498 Helgoland, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Christiane Hasemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Kurpromenade, 27498 Helgoland, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Melanie Bergmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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206
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Fu D, Chen CM, Qi H, Fan Z, Wang Z, Peng L, Li B. Occurrences and distribution of microplastic pollution and the control measures in China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:110963. [PMID: 32275524 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has been increasingly investigated in marine and freshwater environments, even in atmosphere in China. Current literatures show that MPs contamination is highly related to human activities and geomorphology. Higher MPs occurrences were detected in freshwaters than those in seawaters in China. Furthermore, the abundance of MPs was influenced by many factors, including sampling method, unit of measurement, characteristics of sampling area, and others. Currently, investigating the condition of MPs occurrences and distribution on a broader scale and developing standardized protocol, along with basic toxicological research, will help to address crucial knowledge gaps regarding MPs pollution, their interaction with other pollutants and ecological consequences on individual, population or ecosystem levels in the environment. Meanwhile, this review calls for more efforts to be made for better and scientifically sound risk management for mitigation of MPs pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Fu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - Chein Min Chen
- Department of Environmental Resource and Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huaiyuan Qi
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - Zhengquan Fan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - Zezheng Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China
| | - Licheng Peng
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570228, PR China.
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China; Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China.
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207
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Park TJ, Lee SH, Lee MS, Lee JK, Lee SH, Zoh KD. Occurrence of microplastics in the Han River and riverine fish in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134535. [PMID: 31806294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution has been paid attention due to the possibly global threat to human health and ecosystem in recent years. In this study, we investigated the distribution of microplastics in the Han River and its tributaries, South Korea, and in six species of inhabiting fish, namely carp (C. carpio), crucian carp (C. cuvieri), bluegill (L. macrochirus), bass (M. salmoides), catfish (S. asotus), and snakehead (C. argus). We found that the concentration of microplastics in the surface waters (0 m) was 0-42.9 particles/m3 (mean: 7.0 ± 12.9 particles/m3) compared to 20.0-180.0 particles/m3 (mean: 102.0 ± 50.3 particles/m3) at a depth of 2 m. Concentrations in the river tributaries ranged from 1.2 to 234.5 particles/m3 (mean: 91.1 ± 72.3 particles/m3). The most common types the plastic identified were polyethylene (PE), silicone, and polystyrene, while polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene, and polyester dominated in the tributaries. With respect to shape, >73% of the recovered microplastics were fragments and the rest were fibers in the water. We also measured the concentration of microplastics in the intestines of fish, which ranged from 4 to 48 particles/fish (mean: 22.0 ± 16.0 particles/fish). The most common types of plastic found in the sampled fish were polytetrafluoroethylene (PFTE), polyethylene (PE), and rayon, and >94% of all the microplastic found in fish was in the form of fragments with the remainder being fibers. The concentrations of microplastic in the gills of fish ranged from 1 to 16 particles/fish (mean: 8.3 ± 6.0 particles/fish). In contrast, no microplastic was found in the flesh of the sampled fish. Our results imply that the ingestion of microplastics by fish is more closely related to habitat rather than feeding habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Park
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, South Korea; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Myung-Sung Lee
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Lee
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hyung Lee
- Water Environmental Engineering Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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208
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Li X, Chen L, Ji Y, Li M, Dong B, Qian G, Zhou J, Dai X. Effects of chemical pretreatments on microplastic extraction in sewage sludge and their physicochemical characteristics. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115379. [PMID: 31869692 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is a primary pathway for microplastics (MPs) entering into terrestrial ecosystems. However, a standardized method to analyze MP in sludge is lacking due to its high organic matter. This study investigated the extraction efficiency of six MPs in five solid matrices, i.e. sewage sludge, cattle manure, soil, sediment and silicon dioxide. Results show lower extraction efficiency of 87.2% for MPs in sludge compared with that in other matrices, especially polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (only 27.8%). The possible reason was that the presence of extracellular polymeric substances within the sludge hinders the MPs to float. Therefore, five protocols, i.e. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Fenton, nitric acid (HNO3), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used to pretreat the sludge and optimize the MP extraction. The sludge pretreated by H2O2, Fenton and 1 M of acids had higher MP extraction efficiency than the raw sludge due to higher extraction of the PET. The MP extraction efficiency in the sludge first increased, and subsequently decreased with the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) content, implying that moderate dissolution of sludge organic matter is beneficial to the MP extraction. Quantitative analysis of the changes in the MP physicochemical characteristics after the pretreatments indicated that polyamide (PA) and PET are not resistant to acid and alkali treatment, respectively. Principal component analysis shows that the effect of pretreatments on the MPs follows a decreasing sequence: alkali > high concentration of acids > low concentration of acids > H2O2 and Fenton. Additionally, the susceptibility of the MPs to the pretreatments follows a decreasing sequence: PET, PA and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) > polystyrene (PS) > polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). The findings supply novel insights into the effect of chemical pretreatments on MP extraction in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Lubei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yanyan Ji
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Man Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Guangren Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - John Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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209
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Shiu RF, Vazquez CI, Tsai YY, Torres GV, Chen CS, Santschi PH, Quigg A, Chin WC. Nano-plastics induce aquatic particulate organic matter (microgels) formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135681. [PMID: 31780163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive presence of plastic waste in the aquatic environment is widely viewed as one of the most serious environmental challenges for current and future generations. Microplastics ultimately degrade into nano and smaller-sizes. In turn, their biological and ecological impacts become more complicated and ambiguous. Nano-plastic particles travel from freshwater systems to estuarine and oceanic regions, during which they can interact with dissolved organic matter (DOM) to form microgels. Microgel formation is ubiquitous in aquatic systems, serving as a shunt between DOM and particulate organic matter (POM), as well as playing key roles in particle aggregation/sedimentation and pollutant transport. Currently the influences and mechanisms of the aggregation behavior and environmental fate of nano-plastics in different aquatic environments is poorly understood. Here, we report that 25 nm polystyrene nano-particles in lake and river water can promote POM (microgel) formation and accelerate the DOM-POM transition. We also adjusted various salinities of water samples to simulate scenarios based on plastic transport in waters flowing from rivers to seas. The results indicate polystyrene nanoparticles can interact with organic matter to form large organic particles, which may undergo further settling in response to specific salinity levels. Polystyrene-induced microgel formation appears to involve the hydrophobic interactions between plastics and DOM. Our data provides much needed information for modeling and understanding the retention and sedimentation of nano-plastics. We show that nano-plastics alter the DOM-POM shunt to cause unanticipated perturbations in the functionality of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Carlos I Vazquez
- Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yi-Yen Tsai
- Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Gabriela V Torres
- Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Chi-Shuo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Peter H Santschi
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chin
- Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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210
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Walkinshaw C, Lindeque PK, Thompson R, Tolhurst T, Cole M. Microplastics and seafood: lower trophic organisms at highest risk of contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110066. [PMID: 31846861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic debris is a prevalent global pollutant that poses a risk to marine organisms and ecological processes. It is also suspected to pose a risk to marine food security; however, these risks are currently poorly understood. In this review, we seek to understand the current knowledge pertaining to the contamination of commercially important fished and farmed marine organisms with microplastics, with the aim of answering the question "Does microplastic pollution pose a risk to marine food security?". A semi-systematic review of studies investigating the number of microplastics found in commercially important organisms of different trophic levels suggests that microplastics do not biomagnify, and that organisms at lower trophic levels are more likely to contaminated by microplastic pollution than apex predators. We address the factors that influence microplastic consumption and retention by organisms. This research has implications for food safety and highlights the risks of microplastics to fisheries and aquaculture, and identifies current knowledge gaps within this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Walkinshaw
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Penelope K Lindeque
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Richard Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Trevor Tolhurst
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Matthew Cole
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK.
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211
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Cheng Y, Wang J, Yi X, Li L, Liu X, Ru S. Low microalgae availability increases the ingestion rates and potential effects of microplastics on marine copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110919. [PMID: 32479292 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have aroused great concern for their potential threats to marine organisms. This study investigated the interaction between three sizes of microplastics (0.5, 2, and 10 μm) and the marine copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei under two different microalgae concentrations (1 × 103 and 1 × 105 cells/mL). The results revealed that low microalgae supply increased microplastic ingestion through enhancing the encounter rates, and moreover increased the retention time of 0.5 μm microplastics. When the microalgae concentration was 1 × 103 cells/mL, 0.5 μm microplastics could be observed in the copepods after depuration in clear seawater for 24 h, but almost totally excreted at 1 × 105 cells/mL of microalgae. In addition, 0.5 μm microplastics induced significant effects on the ingestion of microalgae by P. annandalei both after 24 h of exposure and depuration. These results suggest that low microalgae availability may increase the ingestion and retention of microplastics in marine copepods, which might increase the ecological risk of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Lianxu Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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212
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Hoang TC, Felix-Kim M. Microplastic consumption and excretion by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas): Influence of particles size and body shape of fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135433. [PMID: 31896224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterizes the dependence of microplastic consumption and excretion on particle size and body shape of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) over time that has not been studied. Specifically, the study is to answer four important questions: 1) how do P. promelas consume microplastic particles at different size ranges over time? 2) how long does it take for P. promelas to excrete microplastic particles after consumption? 3) do P. promelas reconsume microplastic particles after excretion? 4) are microplastic consumption and excretion by P. promelas dependent on the body shape? To answer these questions, larval P. promelas were exposed to polyethylene microbeads (PMBs) at two different consumable size ranges of 63-75 µm and 125-150 µm in moderately hard water. The experiments were designed to allow and to not allow fish to reconsume the particles they excreted. Results of the present study showed that P. promelas consumed significant amount of PMBs after 1 h of exposure to PMBs regardless particle size. The number of consumed PMBs per fish at smaller size range was up to 10 times higher than that at larger size range. When expressing the consumption in µg PMBs/fish, this difference was approximately 1.3 times, suggesting the importance of the measurement unit. After consuming, fish excreted PMBs over time and reconsumed excreted PMBs if reconsumption was allowed. Interestingly, it took longer for bent body fish to excrete PMBs than regular straight body fish. Our observation showed that excreted PMBs were likely coated with intestinal fluid that is denser than water, resulting in aggregation and deposition of PMBs. This result suggests that in the natural environment, the consumption and excretion of plastics by fish would enhance the movement of plastics from the water column to the waterbed and make it available for benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tham C Hoang
- Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60626, United States.
| | - Mariana Felix-Kim
- Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W Sheridan Road, Chicago, IL 60626, United States
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213
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Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Challenges and Threats to Aquatic Organisms. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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214
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Nguyen TH, Tang FHM, Maggi F. Sinking of microbial-associated microplastics in natural waters. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228209. [PMID: 32012181 PMCID: PMC6996825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degraded plastic debris has been found in nearly all waters within and nearby urban developments as well as in the open oceans. Natural removal of suspended microplastics (MPs) by deposition is often limited by their excess buoyancy relative to water, but this can change with the attachment of biological matter. The extent to which the attached biological ballast affects MP dynamics is still not well characterised. Here, we experimentally demonstrate using a novel OMCEC (Optical Measurement of CEll colonisation) system that the biological fraction of MP aggregates has substantial control over their size, shape and, most importantly, their settling velocity. Polyurethane MP aggregates made of 80% biological ballast had an average size almost twice of those containing 5% biological ballast, and sank about two times slower. Based on our experiments, we introduce a settling velocity equation that accounts for different biological content as well as the irregular fractal structure of MP aggregates. This equation can capture the settling velocity of both virgin MPs and microbial-associated MP aggregates in our experiment with 7% error and can be used as a preliminary tool to estimate the vertical transport of MP aggregates made of different polymers and types of microbial ballast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Ha Nguyen
- Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Fiona H. M. Tang
- Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Federico Maggi
- Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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215
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Sendra M, Sparaventi E, Blasco J, Moreno-Garrido I, Araujo CVM. Ingestion and bioaccumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics and their effects on the microalgal feeding of Artemia franciscana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109853. [PMID: 31704318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) have become one of the most serious environmental problems nowadays. The environmental issues linked to NPs are attributed to the effects after ingestion in marine organisms. Due to the incipient and controversial information about the effects of PS NPs on the feeding of organisms, the aim of this work is to assess (i) digestion dynamics of Artemia franciscana when exposed to PS NPs as the lowest concentration of PS NPs reported in toxicity test [0 (control), 0.006 and 0.6 mg·L-1] and possible interferences in the ingestion of microalgae and (ii) the accumulation and depuration of PS NPs by A. franciscana. Artemia were subjected to ingestion experiments [24 h and 3.5 h], in which the organisms were exposed to PS NPs or to PS NPs + microalgae. Post-exposure feeding (24 h exposure and 2 h feeding) and depuration (24 h exposure and 24 h of depuration) were also carried out. More than 90% of the PS NPs were ingested by Artemia and bioaccumulated in the mandible, stomach, gut, tail gut and appendages after 24 h. The ingestion of microalgae was not affected by the presence of the PS NPs. Data of post-exposure feeding indicated that Artemia previously exposed to plastic and/or microalgae presented similar microalgal ingestion (around 70%); the highest microalgal consumption (around 90%) was recorded in the treatment in which Artemia were previously starved (no plastic and no microalgae). The presence of PS NPs in the gut after the depuration experiments indicates that 24 h was not enough to eliminate the PS NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sendra
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), National Research Council (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Erica Sparaventi
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), National Research Council (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), National Research Council (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), National Research Council (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araujo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN), National Research Council (CSIC), Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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216
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Ehlers SM, Maxein J, Koop JHE. Low‐cost microplastic visualization in feeding experiments using an ultraviolet light‐emitting flashlight. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M. Ehlers
- Department of Animal Ecology Federal Institute of Hydrology Koblenz Germany
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Koblenz Germany
| | - Jan Maxein
- Department of Animal Ecology Federal Institute of Hydrology Koblenz Germany
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Koblenz Germany
| | - Jochen H. E. Koop
- Department of Animal Ecology Federal Institute of Hydrology Koblenz Germany
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217
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Biological and Ecological Impacts of Plastic Debris in Aquatic Ecosystems. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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218
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Shen M, Ye S, Zeng G, Zhang Y, Xing L, Tang W, Wen X, Liu S. Can microplastics pose a threat to ocean carbon sequestration? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110712. [PMID: 31718860 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has attracted worldwide attention. The ocean is the largest active carbon pool on the planet and plays an important role in global climate change. However, marine plastic pollution is getting increasingly serious due to the large consumption and mismanagement of global plastics. The impact of marine plastics on ecosystem responsible for the gas exchange and circulation of marine CO2 may cause more greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, in this paper, threats of marine microplastics to ocean carbon sequestration are discussed. Marine microplastics can 1) affect phytoplankton photosynthesis and growth; 2) have toxic effects on zooplankton and affect their development and reproduction; 3) affect marine biological pump; and 4) affect ocean carbon stock. Phytoplankton and zooplankton are the most important producer and consumer of the ocean. As such, clearly, further research should be needed to explore the potential scale and scope of this impact, and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maocai Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shujing Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Lang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shaoheng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China; College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, Hunan, PR China
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219
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Md Amin R, Sohaimi ES, Anuar ST, Bachok Z. Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton in Terengganu coastal waters, southern South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110616. [PMID: 31707243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of microplastics in surface seawater and zooplankton at five different locations off the Terengganu coast in Malaysia, southern South China Sea. A total of 983 microplastic particles, with an average abundance of 3.3 particles L-1 were found in surface seawater. An average of one plastic particle was detected in 130 individuals from 6 groups of zooplankton. These groups include fish larvae, cyclopoid, shrimps, polychaete, calanoid and chaetognath where they ingested 0.14, 0.13, 0.01, 0.007, 0.005 and 0.003 particle per individual, respectively. Microplastics in the form of fragments are the most common type of ingested microplastics that ranged between 0.02 mm (cyclopoid) - 1.68 mm (shrimp and zoea). Contrastingly, fibers, which are identified as polyamide are the main type of microplastics that dominate in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roswati Md Amin
- Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Erqa Shazira Sohaimi
- Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sabiqah Tuan Anuar
- Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Microplastic Research Interest Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zainudin Bachok
- Institute of Oceanography & Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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220
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Tu C, Zhou Q, Zhang C, Liu Y, Luo Y. Biofilms of Microplastics. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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221
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Ingestion and egestion of polyethylene microplastics by goldfish ( Carassius auratus): influence of color and morphological features. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03063. [PMID: 32083206 PMCID: PMC7019107 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is vital to understand processes of microplastic ingestion and egestion by aquatic organisms in order to evaluate the potential effects and impacts of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, goldfish (Carassius auratus) was used to investigate ingestion and egestion of polyethylene (PE) microplastics and how these processes were affected by size, color, and shape of microplastics. Results showed that goldfish ingested white PE microplastics only in the presence of fish feed and that microplastics larger than 2 mm were rejected even after being ingested. However, in the presence of food, more green and black microplastics were ingested compared with red, blue, and white microplastics while significantly higher amounts of microplastic films were ingested compared with fragments and filaments. Microplastics ingested by goldfish were egested within 72 h. However, the egestion rate of filaments was the lowest among all tested microplastic shapes. The presence of food appeared to reduce film and filament residues in fish after 72 h. Results of this study imply that different features of microplastics result in different exposure risks for fish. Thus, the specific features of microplastics (e.g. their shape, color, and size) should be considered in future ecotoxicological studies.
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222
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Scanes E, Wood H, Ross P. Microplastics detected in haemolymph of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110537. [PMID: 31466014 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is ubiquitous in marine environments. Despite the sheer volume of plastic waste, it remains relatively unknown how marine invertebrates will interact with microplastics (plastic <1 mm). Microplastics (<2 μm) were ingested by the economically and ecologically significant Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata and translocated to the haemolymph, perhaps via phagocytosis. The presence of microplastics in the haemolymph indicates that filter feeding S. glomerata can ingest and accumulate microplastics which are prevalent in the environment. This research shows microplastics can enter marine molluscs and highlights the need to monitor microplastics in the marine environment and aquaculture to safeguard the seafood industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Scanes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Heather Wood
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Pauline Ross
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia..
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223
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Naik RK, Naik MM, D'Costa PM, Shaikh F. Microplastics in ballast water as an emerging source and vector for harmful chemicals, antibiotics, metals, bacterial pathogens and HAB species: A potential risk to the marine environment and human health. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110525. [PMID: 31470206 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in marine waters around the globe is increasing exponentially. This is the first comprehensive review which focuses on microplastics as a source and vector for metals, antibiotics, toxic chemicals, pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae), and Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellates across the continents through ballast water. Microplastics in ballast waters serve as 'hotspots' for the development and spread of multiple drug-resistant human pathogens through co-selection mechanisms. Microplastic inoculation at distant countries through ballast water may pose a serious threat to human health due to higher incidences of bacterial disease outbreaks and HABs. The 2017 ballast water management convention lacks a provision for on-board treatment of microplastic-contaminated ballast water. We conclude that there is a pressing need to include microplastics in the ballast water management convention as a hazardous material. Efficient on-board ballast water treatment strategies and effective limits for microplastics in ballast waters need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravidas Krishna Naik
- ESSO - National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403804, India.
| | - Milind Mohan Naik
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India.
| | | | - Fauzia Shaikh
- Department of Biotechnology, Parvatibai Chowgule College of Arts and Science, Margao, Goa, 403601, India
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224
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Wu P, Huang J, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, He F, Chen H, Quan G, Yan J, Li T, Gao B. Environmental occurrences, fate, and impacts of microplastics. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109612. [PMID: 31476450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are small plastic pieces with size less than 5 mm that have entered and polluted the environment. While many investigations including several critical reviews on MPs in the environment have been conducted, most of them are focused on their occurrences in marine environment. Current understanding on the occurrences, behaviors, and impacts of MPs in the terrestrial environment is far from complete. A systematic review of the literature was thus conducted to promote the research on MPs in the environment. This work is designed to provide a comprehensive overview that summarizes current knowledge and research findings on environmental occurrences, fate and transport, and impacts of MPs. In addition to discussing the occurrences, characteristics, and sources of MPs in the ocean, freshwater, sediments, soils, and atmosphere, the review also summarizes both the experimental and modeling data of the environmental fate and transport of MPs. Research findings on the toxic effects, bioaccumulation, and bioavailability of MPs in the environment are also covered in this critical review. Future perspectives are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Wu
- Jiangsu Nantong Environmental Monitoring Center, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226006, China; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Jinsheng Huang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Yuling Zheng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Yicheng Yang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, United States
| | - Guixiang Quan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Jinlong Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States.
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225
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Porter A, Smith KE, Lewis C. The sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus as a bioeroder of plastic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133621. [PMID: 31634994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognised that plastic pollution of the marine environment is highly dynamic in nature. Larger plastic items are fragmented or eroded into smaller and smaller pieces as its moves through marine ecosystems and small particles can be fouled or flocculate into larger aggregates. Whilst physical processes play a major part in photo- and oxidative degradation of plastic debris, biological process may also contribute to the breakdown of larger plastic items into smaller particulates, yet this has not been studied well to date. Here, we demonstrate the potential for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus to act as bioeroders of macroplastics. We found that urchins readily graze on a plastic surface, with this grazing activity generating microplastics, when held in experimental systems together. On average each urchin produced 91.7 (±33.8 pieces) smaller plastic pieces (118-15,797 μm) from one macroplastic item over a ten day period. This plastic fragmentation by the urchins grazing activity was strongly influenced by the additional availability of natural food and by the presence of fouling of the macroplastic surface. Fragmentation of macroplastic by urchins dropped by 97% when urchins were exposed to virgin plastic in the presence of natural food (kelp). However, when macroplastic was biofouled urchins acted to fragment this plastic irrespective of the presence of additional food. The majority of fragments produced were negatively buoyant due to both the biofouling process and indeed the fouling by faecal matter, sinking to the bottom of the exposure systems. This smaller size range of plastic would then bioavailable to a much wider suite of species than the original macroplastic item; hence this bioerosion process has the potential to contribute to the transfer plastic fragments through benthic food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Porter
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
| | - Kathryn E Smith
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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226
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Lin W, Jiang R, Wu J, Wei S, Yin L, Xiao X, Hu S, Shen Y, Ouyang G. Sorption properties of hydrophobic organic chemicals to micro-sized polystyrene particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:565-572. [PMID: 31301497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that microplastics (MPs) have strong affinity for hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) and can be ingested accidentally by aquatic organisms, posing a potential threat to the environment. To date, the sorption data used in modelling to clarify the mechanism were mostly obtained in varied sampling durations and regions from different works, which might cause inevitable deviation in modelling results. The current study aimed to illustrate the sorption properties of HOCs to the micro-sized polystyrene (PS). The sorption behaviors of HOCs to the PS were investigated at a certain pre-equilibrium status, and the theoretical analysis was taken into consideration. A bottle-shaped passive dosing system was designed to measure the concentration ratio of HOCs in different phases of the exposure suspension at a certain time (logaMP), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with logKow ranging from 3.17 to 10.20, between water and PS MPs with different dimensions (diameters of 100 nm, 1 μm and 2 μm, respectively). The calculated logaMP ranged from 3.73 to 8.34, and a positive correlation was found between logaMP and log1r0 (r0 is the MP radius). The results indicated that HOCs would diffuse into the PS particles, but the mass transfers inside the particles were slow and would be negligible in some environmental cases. Under theoretical considerations, the diffusion through the boundary layer of the particle was considered as the dominating process because it was fast, and the contributions of absorbed amounts on the particle surface were larger for smaller PS particles (i.e. 100-nm PS). This study could provide applicable data for further exploring the effects of micro-sized plastics on the HOCs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jiayi Wu
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Songbo Wei
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Li Yin
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoying Xiao
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sizi Hu
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Shen
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Center of Advanced Analysis and Computational Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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227
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Wang J, Li Y, Lu L, Zheng M, Zhang X, Tian H, Wang W, Ru S. Polystyrene microplastics cause tissue damages, sex-specific reproductive disruption and transgenerational effects in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113024. [PMID: 31454586 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of microplastics in the world's ocean has aroused great concern. However, the ecological effects of microplastics at environmentally realistic concentrations are unclear. Here we showed that exposure of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) to environmentally relevant concentrations of 10 μm polystyrene microplastics for 60 days not only led to microplastic accumulation in the gill, intestine, and liver, but also caused oxidative stress and histological changes. Moreover, 2, 20, and 200 μg/L microplastics delayed gonad maturation and decreased the fecundity of female fish. Alterations of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis were investigated to reveal the underlying mechanisms, and gene transcription analysis showed that microplastic exposure had significantly negative regulatory effects in female HPG axis. Transcription of genes involved in the steroidogenesis pathway in females were also downregulated. This disruption resulted in decreased concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) in female plasma. Furthermore, parental exposure to 20 μg/L microplastics postponed the incubation time and decreased the hatching rate, heart rate, and body length of the offspring. Overall, the present study demonstrated for the first time that environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastics had adverse effects on the reproduction of marine medaka and might pose a potential threat to marine fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Mingyi Zheng
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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228
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Parenti CC, Ghilardi A, Della Torre C, Magni S, Del Giacco L, Binelli A. Evaluation of the infiltration of polystyrene nanobeads in zebrafish embryo tissues after short-term exposure and the related biochemical and behavioural effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112947. [PMID: 31400664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the current main challenges faced by the scientific community is concerning the fate and toxicity of plastics, due to both the well-known threats made by larger plastic items spreading in ecosystems and their fragmentation into micro- and nanoparticles. Since the chemical and physical characteristics of these smaller plastic fragments are markedly different with respect to their bulk product, the potential toxicological effects in the environment need to be deeply investigated. To partially fill this gap of knowledge, the aim of this study was to evaluate the polystyrene nanobead intake in the tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and their related toxicity. Embryos at 72 h post fertilization (hpf) were exposed for 48 h to 0.5 μm fluorescent polystyrene nanobeads at a concentration of 1 mg L-1. Confocal microscopy was employed to investigate nanoplastic ingestion and tissue infiltration, while potential sub-lethal effects were evaluated by measuring several endpoints, which covered the adverse effects at the molecular (protein carbonylation), cellular (P-glycoprotein, activity of several antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes) and organism levels by evaluating of possible changes in the embryos' swimming behaviour. Imaging observations clearly highlighted the nanoplastics' uptake, showing nanobeads not only in the digestive tract, but also migrating to other tissues through the gut epithelium. Biomarker analyses revealed a significant decrease in cyclooxygenase activity and an induction of superoxide dismutase. The behavioural test highlighted a significant (p < 0.05) variation in the turn angle between the control and exposed embryos. This study points out the capability of nanoplastics to infiltrate zebrafish embryo tissues, even after a short exposure, thus suggesting the need for deeper investigations following longer exposure times, and highlighting the potential of nanoplastics to cause toxicological effects on freshwater organisms, at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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229
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Akdogan Z, Guven B. Microplastics in the environment: A critical review of current understanding and identification of future research needs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113011. [PMID: 31404735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) are a contaminant of increasing ecotoxicological concern in aquatic environments, as well as for human health. Although microplastic pollution is widespread across the land, water, and air, these environments are commonly considered independently; however, in reality are closely linked. This study aims to review the scientific literature related microplastic research in different environmental compartments and to identify the research gaps for the assessment of future research priorities. Over 200 papers involving microplastic pollution, published between 2006 and 2018, are identified in the Web of Science database. The original research articles in 'Environmental Sciences', 'Marine/Freshwater Biology', 'Toxicology', 'Multidisciplinary Sciences', 'Environmental Studies', 'Oceanography', 'Limnology' and 'Ecology' categories of Web of Science are selected to investigate microplastic research in seas, estuaries, rivers, lakes, soil and atmosphere. The papers identified for seas, estuaries, rivers and lakes are further classified according to (i) occurrence and characterization (ii) uptake by and effects in organisms, and (iii) fate and transport issues. The results reveal that whilst marine microplastics have received substantial scientific research, the extent of microplastic pollution in continental environments, such as rivers, lakes, soil and air, and environmental interactions, remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Akdogan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basak Guven
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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230
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Rodrigues MO, Abrantes N, Gonçalves FJM, Nogueira H, Marques JC, Gonçalves AMM. Impacts of plastic products used in daily life on the environment and human health: What is known? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 72:103239. [PMID: 31472322 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are indispensable and persistent materials used in daily life that can be fragmented into micro- or nanoplastics. They are long polymer chains mixed with additives that can be toxic when in contact with distinct species. The toxicity can result from polymer matrix, additives, degradation products and adsorbed contaminants. Notwithstanding, there is still an immense gap of information concerning the individual and mixed impacts of plastics. Hence, in this study, we characterize the most common plastic materials widely used in our daily life by its polymer type and compile the environmental and human health hazards of these polymers including the impacts of monomers, additives, degradation products and adsorbed contaminants based on literature review. In summary, polyvinyl chloride is the most toxic polymer type used daily (monomer and additives); additives are more toxic than monomers to wildlife and humans; and the most toxic additives are benzene, phthalates and lead stabilisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Rodrigues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - N Abrantes
- Department of Environment and Planning & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F J M Gonçalves
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - H Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J C Marques
- MARE, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A M M Gonçalves
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; MARE, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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231
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Coppock RL, Galloway TS, Cole M, Fileman ES, Queirós AM, Lindeque PK. Microplastics alter feeding selectivity and faecal density in the copepod, Calanus helgolandicus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:780-789. [PMID: 31412481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (1 μm-5 mm) are a ubiquitous marine contaminant of global concern, ingested by a wide range of marine taxa. Copepods are a key component of marine food webs, providing a source of food for higher trophic levels, and playing an important role in marine nutrient cycling. Microplastic ingestion has been documented in copepods, but knowledge gaps remain over how this affects feeding preference and faecal density. Here, we use exposure studies incorporating algal prey and microplastics of varying sizes and shapes at a concentration of 100 microplastics mL-1 to show: (1) prey selection by the copepod Calanus helgolandicus was affected by the size and shape of microplastics and algae they were exposed to; Exposure to nylon fibres resulted in a 6% decrease in ingestion of similar shaped chain-forming algae, whilst exposure to nylon fragments led to an 8% decrease in ingestion of a unicellular algae that were similar in shape and size. (2) Ingestion of microplastics with different densities altered the sinking rates of faecal pellets. Faeces containing low-density polyethylene sank significantly more slowly than controls, whilst sinking rates increased when faeces contained high-density polyethylene terephthalate. These results suggest that C. helgolandicus avoid ingesting algae that are similar in size and/or shape to the microplastic particles they are exposed to, potentially in a bid to avoid consuming the plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Coppock
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK; College of Life and Environmental Science: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QP, UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Science: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QP, UK
| | - Matthew Cole
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Elaine S Fileman
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Ana M Queirós
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Penelope K Lindeque
- Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Group: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
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232
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Wei W, Zhang YT, Huang QS, Ni BJ. Polyethylene terephthalate microplastics affect hydrogen production from alkaline anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge through altering viability and activity of anaerobic microorganisms. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114881. [PMID: 31336208 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline (especially pH 10) anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) has been reported to be an effective approach for hydrogen production through inhibiting the homoacetogenesis and methanogenesis. However, the potential effect of the widespread microplastics in sludge on the performance of hydrogen production has never been reported. To fill this knowledge gap, the dominant polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics in WAS were selected as the model microplastics to evaluate their influences on hydrogen production during alkaline anaerobic fermentation of WAS as well as the key mechanisms involved. Experimental results demonstrated that hydrogen production from WAS decreased in the presence of PET microplastics (i.e., 10, 30 and 60 particles/g-TS) compared to the control, with the hydrogen yield at 60 particles/g-TS being only 70.7 ± 0.9% of the control. Although the hydrogen consumption (i.e., homoacetogenesis and methanogenesis) was restrained under alkaline (pH 10) condition, PET microplastics inhibited hydrolysis, acidogenesis and acetogenesis in alkaline WAS anaerobic fermentation, leading to the inhibitory effect on hydrogen production. This was further confirmed by the microbial analysis, which clearly showed PET microplastics caused the shift of the microbial community toward the direction against hydrolysis-acidification. Mechanism studies revealed that PET microplastics carried on their negative influence mainly through leaching the toxic di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and live/dead staining tests indicated that the increased ROS was induced by PET microplastics, causing more cells dead, which further resulted in the decreased production of hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Qi-Su Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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233
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Scott N, Porter A, Santillo D, Simpson H, Lloyd-Williams S, Lewis C. Particle characteristics of microplastics contaminating the mussel Mytilus edulis and their surrounding environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:125-133. [PMID: 31426140 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the environmental partitioning and particle characteristics of macro-, meso- and microplastics and their uptake into the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Sediment samples, overlying seawater and mussels from 9 intertidal locations in the South West of England were analysed for abundance and type of microplastic. Micro- and mesoplastic-like particles were found in 88.5% of the 269 mussels sampled, ranging from 1.43 to 7.64 items per mussel. Of these plastic particles, 70.9% were identified as semi-synthetic (mainly modified-cellulose). Mussel microplastic abundance, but not polymer type, was correlated with that of their surrounding sediment, but not with sea-surface microplastic concentration or mussel size for our study sites. We found significant differences in the relative abundance of polymer types and particle sizes between seawater, sediment, and mussels, with mussels over-representing modified-cellulose fibre abundance but under-representing polyvinyl. Mussels contained significantly smaller plastic fragments than their surrounding sediment and shorter fibres than their overlying seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Scott
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Porter
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - David Santillo
- Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RN, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Simpson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Lloyd-Williams
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom..
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234
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Eo S, Hong SH, Song YK, Han GM, Shim WJ. Spatiotemporal distribution and annual load of microplastics in the Nakdong River, South Korea. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:228-237. [PMID: 31152948 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although rivers represent an important pathway for the transport of microplastics to the oceans, research on riverine microplastics is limited compared to the marine environment. Hence, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of microplastics in the Nakdong River down to 20 μm in size and characterized them using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in surface and mid waters and sediment. The mean (±standard deviation) abundance of microplastic in the Nakdong River was in the range of 293 ± 83 (upstream, February 2017) to 4760 ± 5242 (downstream, August 2017) particles/m3 in water, and 1970 ± 62 particles/kg in sediment. The abundance of microplastics was about three times higher in surface than mid waters in the downstream area. Polypropylene and polyester accounted for 41.8% and 23.1% of microplastics in the water, respectively, whereas about 50% in the sediment was composed of polypropylene and polyethylene. Microplastics smaller than 300 μm in size accounted for 74% in the water and 81% in sediment, and the distribution peaked in the 50-150 μm size range. Based on these results, we estimated the annual load of microplastics carried by the Nakdong River in 2017 to be 5.4-11 trillion by number and 53.3-118 tons by weight. The proportions of the total load transported through surface water and the water column were 8% and 92%, respectively. In addition, the microplastic load was concentrated in the wet season, which makes up 71% in number and 81% in weight. These results indicate that it is necessary to reflect seasonal variation and sample both in the surface water and water column to estimate microplastic transport. Without considering these factors, the annual load of microplastics may be overestimated or underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeun Eo
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Song
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Myung Han
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Sciences, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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235
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Sun Y, Xu W, Gu Q, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Gu L, Huang Y, Lyu K, Yang Z. Small-Sized Microplastics Negatively Affect Rotifers: Changes in the Key Life-History Traits and Rotifer- Phaeocystis Population Dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9241-9251. [PMID: 31268695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Most coastal waters are at risk from microplastics, which vary in concentration and size. Rotifers, as important primary consumers linking primary producers and higher trophic consumers, usually coexist with the harmful alga Phaeocystis and microplastics in coastal waters; this coexistence may interfere with rotifer life-history traits and ingestion of Phaeocystis. To evaluate the effects of microplastics on rotifers, we designed a series of experiments concerning rotifer Brachionus plicatilis life-history traits and rotifer-Phaeocystis (predator-prey) population dynamics under different concentrations and sizes of microplastics. The results showed that small-sized microplastics (0.07 μm) at high levels (≥5 μg mL-1) decreased rotifer survival and reproduction, prolonged the time to maturation, and reduced the body size at maturation, whereas large-sized microplastics (0.7 and 7 μm) had no effect on rotifer life-history traits. For rotifer-Phaeocystis population levels, small-sized microplastics (0.07 μm) significantly delayed the elimination of Phaeocystis by rotifers; this is the first study to test the effects of microplastics on predator-prey dynamics. The results of rotifer-Phaeocystis population dynamics are consistent with the changes in the life-history traits of rotifers and further confirm the negative effects of small-sized microplastics (0.07 μm) on rotifers. These findings help to reveal the effect of pollutants on predator-prey population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qiujin Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
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236
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Peixoto D, Amorim J, Pinheiro C, Oliva-Teles L, Varó I, de Medeiros Rocha R, Vieira MN. Uptake and effects of different concentrations of spherical polymer microparticles on Artemia franciscana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:211-218. [PMID: 30933895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemia cysts have a huge economic importance for the aquaculture sector due to the fact that they are used as live feed for larviculture. Microplastics (MPs) are common and emergent pollutants in the aquatic environments, with unknown and potential long-term effects on planktonic species such as Artemia spp. When used as live feed, Artemia could transfer contaminants to fish along the food chain, with possible adverse effects on human health through their consumption. This study aims to assess the uptake of different concentrations of spherical polymer microparticles (FRM) (1-5 μm diameter) and their associated chronic effects on feeding, growth, mortality, and reproductive success from juvenile to adult stage of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Individuals were exposed for 44 days to 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg.L-1 of FRM. No significant detrimental effects on growth, ingestion and mortality rates of A. franciscana were observed in all tested conditions. However, reproductive success was strongly affected by the increase of MP concentrations. The results of the present study showed that A. franciscana juveniles and adults were able to survive different experimental MP concentrations, but their reproductive success and progeny were significantly impacted by exposure to FRM particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Peixoto
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - João Amorim
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Pinheiro
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Luís Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4 2.47, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inmaculada Varó
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, 12595, Spain.
| | - Renato de Medeiros Rocha
- Department of Geography, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Campus de Caicó, Rua Joaquim Gregório, s/n, Penedo, CEP 59300-000, Caicó, RN, Brazil.
| | - Maria Natividade Vieira
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4 2.47, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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237
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Varó I, Perini A, Torreblanca A, Garcia Y, Bergami E, Vannuccini ML, Corsi I. Time-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:570-580. [PMID: 31030162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Micro- (<5 mm) and nanoplastics (<1 μm) are emerging threats for marine ecosystems worldwide. Brine shrimp Artemia is recognized as a suitable model among planktonic species for studying the impact of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) through short and long-term bioassays. Our study aims to evaluate the time-dependent effects of cationic amino-modified PS-NH2 (50 nm) in A. franciscana after short- (48 h) and long-term exposure (14 days). For this purpose, nauplii were exposed to a concentration range of PS-NH2 (0.1, 1, 3 and 10 μg/mL) in natural sea water (NSW), and physiological, biochemical and molecular responses were investigated. Short-term exposure to PS-NH2 caused a decrease in nauplii growth and affected the development in a concentration-dependent manner, long-term exposure impaired the survival, but not the growth and feeding behavior. Oxidative stress was detected after short term exposure as the decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and was fully evident in the long-term as lipid peroxidation, suggesting an accumulative effect. The decrease in Cholinesterase (ChE) activity observed indicates possible neurotoxic action of PS-NH2. Also, Carboxylesterase (CbE) inhibition by PS-NH2, described for the first time in this study, anticipates potential effects in biotransformation of exogenous and endogenous compounds, being the crustacean juvenile hormone methyl farnesoate (MF) that regulates development and molting, one candidate. Furthermore, short- and long-term exposure to PS-NH2 affect the expression of genes involved in cell protection, development and molting. Overall, our results reveal that low PS-NH2 concentrations induce physiological, biochemical and molecular (changes in gene expression) alterations in Artemia, and point at their potential risk for this model organism, supporting the general concern about nanoplastics occurrences in aquatic environments and their ability to represent an ecological threat for aquatic zooplanktonic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Varó
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Aurora Perini
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain; Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences (DSFTA), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Amparo Torreblanca
- Department of Cell Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Yaiza Garcia
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain; Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Spain
| | - Elisa Bergami
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences (DSFTA), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria L Vannuccini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences (DSFTA), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences (DSFTA), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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238
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Abstract
Large amounts of microplastics (MPs) enter our environment through runoff from urban areas. This study presents results for MPs in stormwater from a wet retention pond in terms of its water, sediments, and vertebrate fauna. The analysis was done for the size range 10–500 μm, applying a focal-plane array-based µFourier transform infrared (FPA-µFTIR) imaging technique with automated data analysis. Sample preparation protocols were optimized towards this analytical method. The study revealed 270 item L−1 in the pond water, corresponding to 4.2 µg L−1. The MPs in the pond were highly concentrated in its sediments, reaching 0.4 g kg−1, corresponding to nearly 106 item kg−1. MPs also accumulated in vertebrates from the pond—three-spined sticklebacks and young newts. In terms of particle numbers, this accumulation reached levels nearly as high as in the sediments. The size of the MPs in the pond water and its fauna was quite similar and significantly smaller than the MPs in the sediments. A rough estimate on MPs retention in the pond indicated that MPs were retained at efficiencies similar to that of other particulate materials occurring in the stormwater runoff.
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239
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Song Y, Cao C, Qiu R, Hu J, Liu M, Lu S, Shi H, Raley-Susman KM, He D. Uptake and adverse effects of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics fibers on terrestrial snails (Achatina fulica) after soil exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:447-455. [PMID: 31026691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the occurrence of microplastic fibers (MFs) in soil environments. To determine whether MFs are harmful for soil biota, we evaluated toxic effects on terrestrial snails (Achatina fulica) after 28 d exposure to polyethylene terephthalate MFs at concentrations of 0.01-0.71 g kg-1 (dry soil weight). Digestion kinetics experiments on 24 snails showed that MFs can be ingested and excreted within 48 h. We found the appearance of cracks and deterioration on the surface of MFs after depuration by the digestive system. Prolonged exposure to 40 snails showed that 0.14-0.71 g kg-1 MFs caused an average reduction of 24.7-34.9% food intake and 46.6-69.7% excretion. 0.71 g kg-1 MFs induced significant villi damage in the gastrointestinal walls of 40% snails, but did not influence the histology of the liver and kidney. Moreover, 0.71 g kg-1 MFs exposure reduced glutathione peroxidase (59.3 ± 13.8%) and total antioxidant capacity (36.7 ± 8.5%), but elevated malondialdehyde level (58.0 ± 6.4%) in the liver, which indicates oxidative stress is involved in the toxic mechanism. Our results suggest that MFs have adverse impacts on the fitness of soil organisms, and highlight the ecological risks of microplastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chengjin Cao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiani Hu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shibo Lu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | | | - Defu He
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; University, Shanghai 200062, China Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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240
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Cole M, Coppock R, Lindeque PK, Altin D, Reed S, Pond DW, Sørensen L, Galloway TS, Booth AM. Effects of Nylon Microplastic on Feeding, Lipid Accumulation, and Moulting in a Coldwater Copepod. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7075-7082. [PMID: 31125216 PMCID: PMC7007202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic debris is a pervasive environmental contaminant that has the potential to impact the health of biota, although its modes of action remain somewhat unclear. The current study tested the hypothesis that exposure to fibrous and particulate microplastics would alter feeding, impacting on lipid accumulation, and normal development (e.g., growth, moulting) in an ecologically important coldwater copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Preadult copepods were incubated in seawater containing a mixed assemblage of cultured microalgae (control), with the addition of ∼50 microplastics mL-1 of nylon microplastic granules (10-30 μm) or fibers (10 × 30 μm), which are similar in shape and size to the microalgal prey. The additive chemical profiles showed the presence of stabilizers, lubricants, monomer residues, and byproducts. Prey selectivity was significantly altered in copepods exposed to nylon fibers (ANOVA, P < 0.01) resulting in a nonsignificant 40% decrease in algal ingestion rates (ANOVA, P = 0.07), and copepods exposed to nylon granules showed nonsignificant lipid accumulation (ANOVA, P = 0.62). Both microplastics triggered premature moulting in juvenile copepods (Bernoulli GLM, P < 0.01). Our results emphasize that the shape and chemical profile of a microplastic can influence its bioavailability and toxicity, drawing attention to the importance of using environmentally relevant microplastics and chemically profiling plastics used in toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cole
- Marine
Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Plymouth
Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
- Phone: +44(0)1752
633100; e-mail:
| | - Rachel Coppock
- Marine
Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Plymouth
Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope K. Lindeque
- Marine
Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Plymouth
Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
- Phone: +44(0)1752 633100; e-mail:
| | | | - Sarah Reed
- Scottish
Association of Marine Science, Scottish
Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Pond
- Scottish
Association of Marine Science, Scottish
Marine Institute, Oban PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tamara S. Galloway
- College
of Life and Environmental Sciences: Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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241
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Wieczorek AM, Croot PL, Lombard F, Sheahan JN, Doyle TK. Microplastic Ingestion by Gelatinous Zooplankton May Lower Efficiency of the Biological Pump. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5387-5395. [PMID: 30932485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of microplastics on some individual organisms have been well studied but what is less clear is what impacts microplastics have on wider ecosystem processes. Using salps as model organisms, we studied the effect of microplastic ingestion on the downward flux of high-density particulate organic matter in the form of salp faecal pellets. While to date most microplastic studies used virgin microplastics at unrealistic environmental concentrations here we exposed Salpa fusiformis to fractured and UV exposed polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics possessing a biofilm. It was found that when exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations, reported for the Mediterranean and the South Pacific Gyre, only few faecal pellets had microplastics incorporated within them. Under potential future scenarios, however, up to 46% of faecal pellets contained microplastics. Incorporated microplastics significantly altered the size, density and sinking rates of salp faecal pellets ( p-value < 0.05 in each instance). Sinking rates decreased by 1.35-fold (95% CI = 1.18, 1.56) for faecal pellets with polyethylene microplastics and 1.47-fold (95% CI = 1.34, 1.61) for polystyrene. These results suggest that today, microplastic ingestion by salps has minimal impact on the biological pump. However, under future microplastic concentrations (or in areas such as convergent zones), microplastics may have the potential to lower the efficiency of the biological pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M Wieczorek
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Peter L Croot
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Sorbonne Université , Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche Sur Mer (OOV), Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV , F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer , France
- Institut Universitaire de France , Paris 31068 , France
| | - Jerome N Sheahan
- School of Mathematics, Statistics & Applied Mathematics , National University of Ireland Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Thomas K Doyle
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University College Cork , Cork T23 TK30 , Ireland
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute , University College Cork , Ringaskiddy , Cork T23 TK30 , Ireland
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242
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Erni-Cassola G, Zadjelovic V, Gibson MI, Christie-Oleza JA. Distribution of plastic polymer types in the marine environment; A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:691-698. [PMID: 30826562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing plastic discharge into the environment, researchers have struggled to detect expected increases of marine plastic debris in sea surfaces, sparking discussions about "missing plastics" and final sinks, which are hypothesized to be coastal and deep-sea sediments. While it holds true that the highest concentrations of plastic particles are found in these locations (103-104 particles m-3 in sediments vs. 0.1-1 particles m-3 in the water column), our meta-analysis also highlights that in open oceans, microplastic polymer types segregated in the water column according to their density. Lower density polymers, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, dominated sea surface samples (25% and 42%, respectively) but decreased in abundance through the water column (3% and 2% in the deep-sea, respectively), whereas only denser polymers (i.e. polyesters and acrylics) were enriched with depth (5% in surface seawater vs. 77% in deep-sea locations). Our meta-analysis demonstrates that some of the most abundant and recalcitrant manufactured plastics are more persistent in the sea surface than previously anticipated and that further research is required to determine the ultimate fate of these polymers as current knowledge does not support the deep sea as the final sink for all polymer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinko Zadjelovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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243
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Belzagui F, Crespi M, Álvarez A, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C, Vilaseca M. Microplastics' emissions: Microfibers' detachment from textile garments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:1028-1035. [PMID: 31091635 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (synthetic polymers <5 mm) have been recently recognized as a big environmental concern, as their ubiquity is an undeniable fact. Their wide variety regarding shapes, sizes, and materials turn them into an intrinsically risky pollutant capable of causing several environmental impacts. Textile microfibers (MF) are a microplastic sub-group. These are mostly shed when a normal laundry of any garment takes place. Special attention has been put onto them, as high concentrations have been found in products for human consumption as shellfish and tap water. However, as there is no consensus on the methodologies to quantify and report the results of MFs detached from textile garments, the degree of similarity between published studies is very low. Hence, the aim of this research was to evaluate the microfibers' detachment rates of finished garments and to provide a set of comparable units to report the results. These were found to range between 175 and 560 MF/g or 30000-465000 MF/m2 of garment. In addition, there was a high correlation between the MF detachment and the textile article superficial density. Finally, our results were compared with a recent paper that estimated the annual mass flow of MFs to the oceans. This previous publication is 30 times higher when related to the mass but 40 times lower if related to the number of MFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Belzagui
- Institut d'Investigació Tèxtil i Cooperació Industrial de Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech. C/Colom 15, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Martí Crespi
- Institut d'Investigació Tèxtil i Cooperació Industrial de Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech. C/Colom 15, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Antonio Álvarez
- Departament of Sustainability - INDITEX, Av. da Deputación 15412, Arteixo, Spain
| | - Carmen Gutiérrez-Bouzán
- Institut d'Investigació Tèxtil i Cooperació Industrial de Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech. C/Colom 15, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vilaseca
- Institut d'Investigació Tèxtil i Cooperació Industrial de Terrassa (INTEXTER), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - Barcelona Tech. C/Colom 15, Terrassa, Spain
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244
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Chen X, Xiong X, Jiang X, Shi H, Wu C. Sinking of floating plastic debris caused by biofilm development in a freshwater lake. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:856-864. [PMID: 30743237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has been increasingly reported in both marine environment and inland waters, but their fate is not well understood. Several studies have showed that the surface of plastic debris can be colonized by microbes, leading to the sinking of floating plastic debris in marine environment. In this work, development of biofilm on polypropylene sheet (squares with a side length of 5 and 10 mm) and their buoyancy changes were studied in a freshwater lake in four seasons. Results showed that biofilm development have different growth rate and distinct algae composition in different seasons, which are mainly related to the difference in temperature, nutrient levels, and suspend solids in lake water. Biofilm development was much quicker on small plastics in all seasons. At the end of the experiment, all plastics lost buoyancy in summer while only a small portion lost buoyance in other seasons. Sinking of the floating plastics can be attributed to the development of biofilm and the trapped minerals. Our results demonstrated that biofilm development can cause the sinking of floating plastics in fresh lakes but the time required to lose buoyance can differ seasonally. Floating plastics will remain in water for a longer time in cold season but sink in a short time in warm season. Future research is required to determine the influence of plastic types and shapes, and quantitative relation between environmental variables and the sinking behavior of the fouled plastics should be established for a better prediction of their fate in the freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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245
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Xiong X, Wu C, Elser JJ, Mei Z, Hao Y. Occurrence and fate of microplastic debris in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River - From inland to the sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:66-73. [PMID: 30597469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on field investigations and modeling estimates, rivers are considered an important route taken by microplastics to reach the sea. However, only a few studies have directly assessed occurrence and fate of microplastics in rivers. In this study, we surveyed the occurrence and fate of microplastic debris in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which was estimated to be the largest riverine source of plastic debris to the sea. The abundance of microplastics at 15 sites along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River ranged from 1.95 × 105 to 9.00 × 105 items/km2 with an average of 4.92 × 105 items/km2. The abundance of microplastics was positively correlated with the abundance of mesoplastics. Megacities, large riparian lakes, and seawater encroachment appeared to be main factors affecting the distribution of microplastics in the Yangtze River, while the deposition to benthic and riparian sediments likely led to observed decreases in microplastics in some sections of the river. The results of this study indicate that a considerable amount of microplastics generated in large river catchments are not transported to the sea and past modeling estimates of microplastic flux may contain biases. The flux of microplastics reaching the sea should be calculated based on long-term monitoring at the tidal limit of rivers. More importantly, the fate and effects of microplastics retained in the river system should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - James J Elser
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yujiang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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246
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Windsor FM, Durance I, Horton AA, Thompson RC, Tyler CR, Ormerod SJ. A catchment-scale perspective of plastic pollution. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1207-1221. [PMID: 30663840 PMCID: PMC6850656 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is distributed across the globe, but compared with marine environments, there is only rudimentary understanding of the distribution and effects of plastics in other ecosystems. Here, we review the transport and effects of plastics across terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. We focus on hydrological catchments as well-defined landscape units that provide an integrating scale at which plastic pollution can be investigated and managed. Diverse processes are responsible for the observed ubiquity of plastic pollution, but sources, fluxes and sinks in river catchments are poorly quantified. Early indications are that rivers are hotspots of plastic pollution, supporting some of the highest recorded concentrations. River systems are also likely pivotal conduits for plastic transport among the terrestrial, floodplain, riparian, benthic and transitional ecosystems with which they connect. Although ecological effects of micro- and nanoplastics might arise through a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms, consensus and understanding of their nature, severity and scale are restricted. Furthermore, while individual-level effects are often graphically represented in public media, knowledge of the extent and severity of the impacts of plastic at population, community and ecosystem levels is limited. Given the potential social, ecological and economic consequences, we call for more comprehensive investigations of plastic pollution in ecosystems to guide effective management action and risk assessment. This is reliant on (a) expanding research to quantify sources, sinks, fluxes and fates of plastics in catchments and transitional waters both independently as a major transport routes to marine ecosystems, (b) improving environmentally relevant dose-response relationships for different organisms and effect pathways, (c) scaling up from studies on individual organisms to populations and ecosystems, where individual effects are shown to cause harm and; (d) improving biomonitoring through developing ecologically relevant metrics based on contemporary plastic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric M. Windsor
- School of BiosciencesWater Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Isabelle Durance
- School of BiosciencesWater Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Steve J. Ormerod
- School of BiosciencesWater Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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247
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Kettner MT, Oberbeckmann S, Labrenz M, Grossart HP. The Eukaryotic Life on Microplastics in Brackish Ecosystems. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:538. [PMID: 30949147 PMCID: PMC6435590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) constitute a widespread contaminant all over the globe. Rivers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) transport annually several million tons of MP into freshwaters, estuaries and oceans, where they provide increasing artificial surfaces for microbial colonization. As knowledge on MP-attached communities is insufficient for brackish ecosystems, we conducted exposure experiments in the coastal Baltic Sea, an in-flowing river and a WWTP within the drainage basin. While reporting on prokaryotic and fungal communities from the same set-up previously, we focus here on the entire eukaryotic communities. Using high-throughput 18S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed the eukaryotes colonizing on two types of MP, polyethylene and polystyrene, and compared them to the ones in the surrounding water and on a natural surface (wood). More than 500 different taxa across almost all kingdoms of the eukaryotic tree of life were identified on MP, dominated by Alveolata, Metazoa, and Chloroplastida. The eukaryotic community composition on MP was significantly distinct from wood and the surrounding water, with overall lower diversity and the potentially harmful dinoflagellate Pfiesteria being enriched on MP. Co-occurrence networks, which include prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxa, hint at possibilities for dynamic microbial interactions on MP. This first report on total eukaryotic communities on MP in brackish environments highlights the complexity of MP-associated biofilms, potentially leading to altered microbial activities and hence changes in ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Therese Kettner
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sonja Oberbeckmann
- Environmental Microbiology Working Group, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Labrenz
- Environmental Microbiology Working Group, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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248
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de Haan WP, Sanchez-Vidal A, Canals M. Floating microplastics and aggregate formation in the Western Mediterranean Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 140:523-535. [PMID: 30803674 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by large-sized plastics and microplastic debris is widespread in all Earth environments, also threatening marine ecosystems worldwide. In this study we determine the load of microplastics in the Western Mediterranean Sea and evaluate their aggregation potential into marine aggregates. We report average microplastic abundances of 0.10 ± 0.09 items m-2 (max: 0.50 items m-2). Abundances and chemical composition of microplastics are subject to temporal changes as a function of human activities in the areas of influence and shifting meteorological and sea-state conditions. We find that microplastics were on average smaller in mass than other studies conducted in the Mediterranean Sea indicating longer exposure times in the environment. The microplastic aggregation potential was determined by inspecting formed biogenic aggregates either during sample collection or in the laboratory. Smaller and more angular microplastics dominated in marine aggregates, representing an average 40% in abundance and 25% in mass of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P de Haan
- GRC Geociències Marines, Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sanchez-Vidal
- GRC Geociències Marines, Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Canals
- GRC Geociències Marines, Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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249
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Boucher J, Faure F, Pompini O, Plummer Z, Wieser O, Felippe de Alencastro L. (Micro) plastic fluxes and stocks in Lake Geneva basin. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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250
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Zhang TR, Wang CX, Dong FQ, Gao ZY, Zhang CJ, Zhang XJ, Fu LM, Wang Y, Zhang JP. Uptake and Translocation of Styrene Maleic Anhydride Nanoparticles in Murraya exotica Plants As Revealed by Noninvasive, Real-Time Optical Bioimaging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1471-1481. [PMID: 30605315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the in vivo uptake and translocation of PNPs in the one-year grown terrestrial plant, Murraya exotica ( M. exotica), as investigated by two-photon excitation and time-resolved (TPE-TR) optical imaging with a large field of view (FOV, 32 × 32 mm2) in a noninvasive and real-time manner. The PNPs (⟨ Rh⟩ = 12 ± 4.5 nm) synthesized from poly(styrene- co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) were Eu-luminescence labeled (λL ≈ 617 nm). On exposing the roots of living M. exotica plants to the colloidal suspension of SMA PNPs at different concentrations, the spatiotemporal evolution of SMA PNPs along plant stems (60 mm in length) were monitored by TPE-TR imaging, which rendered rich information on the uptake and translocation of PNPs without any interference from the autofluorescence of the plant tissues. The TPE-TR imaging combined with the high-resolution anatomy revealed an intercell-wall route in the lignified epidermis of M. exotica plants for SMA PNP uptake and translocation, as well as the similar accumulation kinetics at different positions along the plant stems. We modeled the accumulation kinetics with Gaussian distribution to account for the trapping probability of a SMA PNP by the lignified cell walls, allowing the statistical parameters, the average trapping time ( tm) and its variance (σ), to be derived for the quantification of the PNP accumulation in individual plants. The TPE-TR imaging and the analysis protocols established herein will be helpful in exploring the mechanism of plant-PNP interaction under physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
| | - Chuan-Xi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Feng-Qin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093 , China
| | - Zhi-Yue Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Chao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
| | - Xian-Juan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
| | - Li-Min Fu
- Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872 , China
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