201
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Tang F, Pang DW, Chen Z, Shao JB, Xiong LH, Xiang YP, Xiong Y, Wu K, Ai HW, Zhang H, Zheng XL, Lv JR, Liu WY, Hu HB, Mei H, Zhang Z, Sun H, Xiang Y, Sun ZY. Visual and efficient immunosensor technique for advancing biomedical applications of quantum dots on Salmonella detection and isolation. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:4688-4698. [PMID: 26853517 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is a great challenge in nanotechnology for fluorescent nanobioprobes to be applied to visually detect and directly isolate pathogens in situ. A novel and visual immunosensor technique for efficient detection and isolation of Salmonella was established here by applying fluorescent nanobioprobes on a specially-designed cellulose-based swab (a solid-phase enrichment system). The selective and chromogenic medium used on this swab can achieve the ultrasensitive amplification of target bacteria and form chromogenic colonies in situ based on a simple biochemical reaction. More importantly, because this swab can serve as an attachment site for the targeted pathogens to immobilize and immunologically capture nanobioprobes, our mAb-conjugated QD bioprobes were successfully applied on the solid-phase enrichment system to capture the fluorescence of targeted colonies under a designed excitation light instrument based on blue light-emitting diodes combined with stereomicroscopy or laser scanning confocal microscopy. Compared with the traditional methods using 4-7 days to isolate Salmonella from the bacterial mixture, this method took only 2 days to do this, and the process of initial screening and preliminary diagnosis can be completed in only one and a half days. Furthermore, the limit of detection can reach as low as 10(1) cells per mL Salmonella on the background of 10(5) cells per mL non-Salmonella (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis or Citrobacter freundii, respectively) in experimental samples, and even in human anal ones. The visual and efficient immunosensor technique may be proved to be a favorable alternative for screening and isolating Salmonella in a large number of samples related to public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China. and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Shao
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Hong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China and Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Microbiological Laboratory, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wu
- Jiangan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430017, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wu Ai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Microbiological Laboratory, Qiaokou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Zheng
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Rui Lv
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Bing Hu
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Mei
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zi-Yong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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202
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Zhang M, Viennois E, Xu C, Merlin D. Plant derived edible nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach against diseases. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1134415. [PMID: 27358751 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1134415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, nanoparticles containing miRNA, bioactive lipids and proteins serve as extracellular messengers to mediate cell-cell communication in a manner similar to the exosomes secreted by mammalian cells. Notably, such nanoparticles are edible. Moreover, given the proper origin and cargo, plant derived edible nanoparticles could function in interspecies communication and may serve as natural therapeutics against a variety of diseases. In addition, nanoparticles made of plant-derived lipids may be used to efficiently deliver specific drugs. Plant derived edible nanoparticles could be more easily scaled up for mass production, compared to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss recent significant developments pertaining to plant derived edible nanoparticles and provide insight into the use of plants as a bio-renewable, sustainable, diversified platform for the production of therapeutic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Changlong Xu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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203
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Woo J, Sharma S, Gimzewski J. The Role of Isolation Methods on a Nanoscale Surface Structure and its Effect on the Size of Exosomes. J Circ Biomark 2016; 5:11. [PMID: 28936259 PMCID: PMC5548320 DOI: 10.5772/64148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are ∼100 nanometre diameter vesicles secreted by mammalian cells. These emerging disease biomarkers carry nucleic acids, proteins and lipids specific to the parental cells that secrete them. Exosomes are typically isolated in bulk by ultracentrifugation, filtration or immunoaffinity precipitation for downstream proteomic, genomic, or lipidomic analysis. However, the structural properties and heterogeneity of isolated exosomes at the single vesicle level are not well characterized due to their small size. In this paper, by using high-resolution atomic force microscope imaging, we show the nanoscale morphology and structural heterogeneity in exosomes derived from U87 cells. Quantitative assessment of single exosomes reveals nanoscale variations in morphology, surface roughness and counts isolated by ultracentrifugation (UC) and immunoaffinity (IA) purification. Both methods produce intact globular, 30-120 nm sized vesicles when imaged under fluid and in air. However, IA exosomes had higher surface roughness and bimodal size population compared to UC exosomes. The study highlights the differences in size and surface topography of exosomes purified from a single cell type using different isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- JungReem Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shivani Sharma
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Gimzewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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204
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Whitehead B, Wu L, Hvam ML, Aslan H, Dong M, Dyrskjøt L, Ostenfeld MS, Moghimi SM, Howard KA. Tumour exosomes display differential mechanical and complement activation properties dependent on malignant state: implications in endothelial leakiness. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:29685. [PMID: 26714455 PMCID: PMC4695623 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.29685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes have been implicated in tumour progression and metastatic spread. Little is known of the effect of mechanical and innate immune interactions of malignant cell-derived exosomes on endothelial integrity, which may relate to increased extravasation of circulating tumour cells and, therefore, increased metastatic spread. Methods Exosomes isolated from non-malignant immortalized HCV-29 and isogenic malignant non-metastatic T24 and malignant metastatic FL3 bladder cells were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and quantitative nanomechanical mapping atomic force microscopy (QNM AFM) to determine size and nanomechanical properties. Effect of HCV-29, T24 and FL3 exosomes on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayer integrity was determined by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and transport was determined by flow cytometry. Complement activation studies in human serum of malignant and non-malignant cell-derived exosomes were performed. Results FL3, T24 and HCV-29 cells produced exosomes at similar concentration per cell (6.64, 6.61 and 6.46×104 exosomes per cell for FL3, T24 and HCV-29 cells, respectively) and of similar size (120.2 nm for FL3, 127.6 nm for T24 and 117.9 nm for HCV-29, respectively). T24 and FL3 cell-derived exosomes exhibited a markedly reduced stiffness, 95 MPa and 280 MPa, respectively, compared with 1,527 MPa with non-malignant HCV-29 cell-derived exosomes determined by QNM AFM. FL3 and T24 exosomes induced endothelial disruption as measured by a decrease in TEER in HUVEC monolayers, whereas no effect was observed for HCV-29 derived exosomes. FL3 and T24 exosomes traffic more readily (11.6 and 21.4% of applied exosomes, respectively) across HUVEC monolayers than HCV-29 derived exosomes (7.2% of applied exosomes). Malignant cell-derived exosomes activated complement through calcium-sensitive pathways in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions Malignant (metastatic and non-metastatic) cell line exosomes display a markedly reduced stiffness and adhesion but an increased complement activation compared to non-malignant cell line exosomes, which may explain the observed increased endothelial monolayer disruption and transendothelial transport of these vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Whitehead
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - LinPing Wu
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lykke Hvam
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Husnu Aslan
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Alan Howard
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;
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205
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Erdbrügger U, Lannigan J. Analytical challenges of extracellular vesicle detection: A comparison of different techniques. Cytometry A 2015; 89:123-34. [PMID: 26651033 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown exponentially over the last decade. Evolving evidence is demonstrating that these EVs are playing an important role in health and disease. They are involved in intercellular communication and have been shown to transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This review focuses on the most commonly used techniques for detection of EVs, to include microparticles, 100-1,000 nm in size, and exosomes, 50-100 nm in size. Conventional flow cytometry is the most prevalent technique, but nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and resistive pulse sensing have also been used to detect EVs. The accurate measurement of these vesicles is challenged by size heterogeneity, low refractive index, and the lack of dynamic measurement range for most of the available technologies. Sample handling during the preanalytical phase can also affect the accuracy of measurements. Currently, there is not one single method which allows phenotyping, sizing, and enumerating the whole range of EVs and, therefore, providing all the necessary information to truly understand the biology of these particles. A combination of methods is probably needed which might also include electron and atomic force microscopy and full RNA, lipid, and protein profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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206
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Van Giau V, An SSA. Emergence of exosomal miRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2015; 360:141-52. [PMID: 26723991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive degenerative disorder, and is characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. It is a complex disorder with both environmental and genetic components. Current diagnosis of AD is based primarily on the analysis of the patient's cognitive function using imaging techniques and the biochemical analyses of bodily fluids. Efforts have been made to develop not only an effective therapeutic, but also a diagnostic capable of identifying AD before the onset of irreversible neurological damage. The molecular content of exosomes is a fingerprint of the releasing cell type and its status. A significant body of literature has demonstrated that molecular constituents of exosomes, especially exosomal proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs), hold great promise as novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. In addition, expression profiling of miRNAs found in nanovesicles has revealed diagnostic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, exosomal miRNAs within biological fluids are known as good disease-related markers, and have emerged as a powerful tool for solving many difficulties in both the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients. In this review, we reviewed recent advances in the research of exosomal biomarkers as well as exosomal miRNAs, summarized of actively used approaches to identifying potential miRNA biomarkers through mouse models and their potential application in clinical diagnostics in AD. We also supply a comprehensive overview of the formation, function, and isolation of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea.
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207
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Baddela VS, Nayan V, Rani P, Onteru SK, Singh D. Physicochemical Biomolecular Insights into Buffalo Milk-Derived Nanovesicles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:544-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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208
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Wu Y, Deng W, Klinke DJ. Exosomes: improved methods to characterize their morphology, RNA content, and surface protein biomarkers. Analyst 2015; 140:6631-42. [PMID: 26332016 PMCID: PMC4986832 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00688k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As a type of secreted membrane vesicle, exosomes are an emerging mode of cell-to-cell communication. Yet as exosome samples are commonly contaminated with other extracellular vesicles, the biological roles of exosomes in regulating immunity and promoting oncogenesis remain controversial. Wondering whether existing methods could distort our view of exosome biology, we compared two direct methods for imaging extracellular vesicles and quantified the impact of different production and storage conditions on the quality of exosome samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was compared to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as alternatives to examine the morphology of exosomes. Using SEM, we were able to distinguish exosomes from other contaminating extracellular vesicles based on the size distribution. More importantly, freezing of samples prior to SEM imaging made it more difficult to distinguish exosomes from extracellular vesicles secreted during cell death. In addition to morphology, the quality of RNA contained within the exosomes was characterized under different storage conditions, where freezing of samples also degraded RNA. Finally, we developed a new flow cytometry approach to assay transmembrane proteins on exosomes. While high-copy-number proteins could be readily detected, detecting low-copy-number proteins was improved using a lipophilic tracer that clustered exosomes. To illustrate this, we observed that exosomes derived from SKBR3 cells, a cell model for human HER2+ breast cancer, contained both HER1 and HER2 but at different levels of abundance. Collectively, these new methods will help to ensure a consistent framework to identify specific roles that exosomes play in regulating cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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209
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Di Noto G, Bugatti A, Zendrini A, Mazzoldi EL, Montanelli A, Caimi L, Rusnati M, Ricotta D, Bergese P. Merging colloidal nanoplasmonics and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy for enhanced profiling of multiple myeloma-derived exosomes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 77:518-24. [PMID: 26469728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for sorting exosomes from multiple myeloma (MM), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and healthy individuals is presented. The method is based on the combination of colloidal gold nanoplasmonics and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensing and probes distinctive colloidal properties of MM-derived exosomes, such as molar concentration and cell membrane binding preferences. It allowed to discover that MM patients produce about four folds more exosomes than MGUS and healthy individuals. In addition, it showed that among the analyzed exosomes, only the MM-derived ones bind heparin - a structural analog of heparan sulfate proteoglycans known to mediate exosome endocytosis - with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) equal to about 1 nM, indicating a high affinity binding. This plasmonic method complements the classical biochemical profiling approach to exosomes, expanding the MM biomarker panel and adding biosensors to the toolbox to diagnose MM. It may find applications for other diseases and has wider interest for fundamental and translational research involving exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Laura Mazzoldi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Montanelli
- Spedali Civili of Brescia, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Caimi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25132 Brescia, Italy.
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210
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Extracellular Vesicles from Caveolin-Enriched Microdomains Regulate Hyaluronan-Mediated Sustained Vascular Integrity. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:481493. [PMID: 26447809 PMCID: PMC4581561 DOI: 10.1155/2015/481493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in vascular integrity are an initiating factor in several disease processes. We have previously reported that high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA), a major glycosaminoglycan in the body, promotes rapid signal transduction in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC) leading to barrier enhancement. In contrast, low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA), produced in disease states by hyaluronidases and reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces HPMVEC barrier disruption. However, the mechanism(s) of sustained barrier regulation by HA are poorly defined. Our results indicate that long-term (6–24 hours) exposure of HMW-HA induced release of a novel type of extracellular vesicle from HLMVEC called enlargeosomes (characterized by AHNAK expression) while LMW-HA long-term exposure promoted release of exosomes (characterized by CD9, CD63, and CD81 expression). These effects were blocked by inhibiting caveolin-enriched microdomain (CEM) formation. Further, inhibiting enlargeosome release by annexin II siRNA attenuated the sustained barrier enhancing effects of HMW-HA. Finally, exposure of isolated enlargeosomes to HPMVEC monolayers generated barrier enhancement while exosomes led to barrier disruption. Taken together, these results suggest that differential release of extracellular vesicles from CEM modulate the sustained HPMVEC barrier regulation by HMW-HA and LMW-HA. HMW-HA-induced specialized enlargeosomes can be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseases involving impaired vascular integrity.
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211
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Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Dayan D, Chaushu G, Salo T, Vered M. Morphological and molecular features of oral fluid-derived exosomes: oral cancer patients versus healthy individuals. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:101-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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212
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Visualization and tracking of tumour extracellular vesicle delivery and RNA translation using multiplexed reporters. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7029. [PMID: 25967391 PMCID: PMC4435621 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate spatiotemporal assessment of extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery and cargo RNA translation requires specific and robust live-cell imaging technologies. Here we engineer optical reporters to label multiple EV populations for visualization and tracking of tumour EV release, uptake and exchange between cell populations both in culture and in vivo. Enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato) were fused at NH2-termini with a palmitoylation signal (PalmGFP, PalmtdTomato) for EV membrane labelling. To monitor EV-RNA cargo, transcripts encoding PalmtdTomato were tagged with MS2 RNA binding sequences and detected by co-expression of bacteriophage MS2 coat protein fused with EGFP. By multiplexing fluorescent and bioluminescent EV membrane reporters, we reveal the rapid dynamics of both EV uptake and translation of EV-delivered cargo mRNAs in cancer cells that occurred within 1-hour post-horizontal transfer between cells. These studies confirm that EV-mediated communication is dynamic and multidirectional between cells with delivery of functional mRNA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a conduit for intercellular communication through the exchange of cellular materials without direct cell-to-cell contacts. Here the authors develop a multiplexed reporter system that allows monitoring of EV exchange, cargo delivery and protein translation between different cell populations.
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213
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Majem B, Rigau M, Reventós J, Wong DT. Non-coding RNAs in saliva: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8676-98. [PMID: 25898412 PMCID: PMC4425103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, which are extensively supplied by blood. Therefore, molecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA, etc., present in plasma could be also present in saliva. Many studies have reported that saliva body fluid can be useful for discriminating several oral diseases, but also systemic diseases including cancer. Most of these studies revealed messenger RNA (mRNA) and proteomic biomarker signatures rather than specific non-coding RNA (ncRNA) profiles. NcRNAs are emerging as new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing an important role in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the small size of these molecules makes them very stable in different body fluids and not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by ribonucleases (RNases). Therefore, the development of a non-invasive salivary test, based on ncRNAs profiles, could have a significant applicability to clinical practice, not only by reducing the cost of the health system, but also by benefitting the patient. Here, we summarize the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva as a source of biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Majem
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marina Rigau
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaume Reventós
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational Oncology, Lab 209, Collserola Building, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Pg. Vall Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
- IDIBELL-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute & Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08908 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David T Wong
- Center for Oral/Head & Neck Oncology Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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214
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Emanueli C, Shearn AIU, Angelini GD, Sahoo S. Exosomes and exosomal miRNAs in cardiovascular protection and repair. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:24-30. [PMID: 25869502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication between cardiac and vascular cells and from stem and progenitor cells to differentiated cardiovascular cells is both an important and complex process, achieved through a diversity of mechanisms that have an impact on cardiovascular biology, disease and therapeutics. In recent years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a new system of intercellular communication. EVs of different sizes are produced via different biogenesis pathways and have been shown to be released and taken up by most of known cell types, including heart and vascular cells, and stem and progenitor cells. This review will focus on exosomes, the smallest EVs (up to 100nm in diameter) identified so far. Cells can package cargoes consisting of selective lipids, proteins and RNA in exosomes and such cargoes can be shipped to recipient cells, inducing expressional and functional changes. This review focuses on exosomes and microRNAs in the context of cardiovascular disease and repair. We will describe exosome biogenesis and cargo formation and discuss the available information on in vitro and in vivo exosomes-based cell-to-cell communication relevant to cardiovascular science. The methods used in exosome research will be also described. Finally, we will address the promise of exosomes as clinical biomarkers and their impact as a biomedical tool in stem cell-based cardiovascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Emanueli
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, England, UK.
| | - Andrew I U Shearn
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Gianni D Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College of London, London, England, UK
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
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215
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Size and shape characterization of hydrated and desiccated exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3285-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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216
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Wong DTW. Salivary extracellular noncoding RNA: emerging biomarkers for molecular diagnostics. Clin Ther 2015; 37:540-51. [PMID: 25795433 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex body fluid that comprises secretions from the major and minor salivary glands, nourished by body's vasculature. Although many circulatory molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) can also be present in saliva, saliva harbors unique molecular constituents that can be discriminatory for oral and systemic disease screening and detection. Many studies have reported that salivary constituents can discriminate oral diseases (oral cancer and Sjögren's syndrome) and also systemic diseases (lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and ovarian cancer). Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging new regulators of diverse biological functions, playing important roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Indeed, the short size of these molecules makes them stable in different body fluids such as urine, blood, and saliva, being not as susceptible as mRNAs to degradation by RNases. Here, the current status and clinical implications of the ncRNAs present in human saliva are reviewed for translational applications and basic biological research. The development of noninvasive salivary test (based on ncRNAs profiles) for disease detection could have effective applications into the clinical context with a translational significance as emerging molecular biomarkers for non-invasively disease detection, not only by reducing the cost to the health care system but also by benefitting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Wong
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry; Jonnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine; School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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217
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Maiolo D, Paolini L, Di Noto G, Zendrini A, Berti D, Bergese P, Ricotta D. Colorimetric nanoplasmonic assay to determine purity and titrate extracellular vesicles. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4168-76. [PMID: 25674701 DOI: 10.1021/ac504861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) - cell secreted vesicles that carry rich molecular information of the parental cell and constitute an important mode of intercellular communication - are becoming a primary topic in translational medicine. EVs (that comprise exosomes and microvesicles/microparticles) have a size ranging from 40 nm to 1 μm and share several physicochemical proprieties, including size, density, surface charge, and light interaction, with other nano-objects present in body fluids, such as single and aggregated proteins. This makes separation, titration, and characterization of EVs challenging and time-consuming. Here we present a cost-effective and fast colorimetric assay for probing by eye protein contaminants and determine the concentration of EV preparations, which exploits the synergy between colloidal gold nanoplasmonics, nanoparticle-protein corona, and nanoparticle-membrane interaction. The assay hits a limit of detection of protein contaminants of 5 ng/μL and has a dynamic range of EV concentration ranging from 35 fM to 35 pM, which matches the typical range of EV concentration in body fluids. This work provides the first example of the exploitation of the nanoparticle-protein corona in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Maiolo
- †Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory and INSTM, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Paolini
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Noto
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Debora Berti
- §Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- †Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory and INSTM, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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218
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Gu H, Overstreet AMC, Yang Y. Exosomes Biogenesis and Potentials in Disease Diagnosis and Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes were discovered more than 30 years ago. Only recently has their importance been recognized for intercellular communication. Exosomes, with their size ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm, are lipid bilayer nanoparticles and secreted by many different types of cells with versatile functions. Exosomes contain macromolecules and exist in various body fluids, including blood, urine, milk and ascites fluid. Due to their specific property, exosomes are very promising in the fields of disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is a great tool that will be helpful in basic research and the application of exosomes. Here, we briefly review the function and potential use of exosomes in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anne-Marie C. Overstreet
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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219
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Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Dayan D, Chaushu G, Korvala J, Salo T, Sormunen R, Vered M. Human saliva-derived exosomes: comparing methods of isolation. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 63:181-9. [PMID: 25473095 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414564219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ExoQuick-TC(TM) (EQ), a chemical-based agent designed to precipitate exosomes, was calibrated for use on saliva collected from healthy individuals. The morphological and molecular features of the precipitations were compared with those obtained using the classical, physical-based method of ultracentrifugation (UC). Electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy with anti-CD63 showed vesicular nanoparticles surrounded by bi-layered membrane, compatible with exosomes in EQ, similar to that observed with UC. Atomic force microscopy highlighted larger, irregularly shaped/aggregated EQ nanoparticles that contrasted with the single, round-shaped UC nanoparticles. ELISA (performed on 0.5 ml of saliva) revealed a tendency for a higher expression of the specific exosomal markers (CD63, CD9, CD81) in EQ than in UC (p>0.05). ELISA for epithelial growth factor receptor, a non-exosomal-related marker, showed a significantly higher concentration in EQ than in UC (p=0.04). Western blotting of equal total-protein concentrations revealed bands of CD63, CD9 and CD81 in both types of preparations, although they were less pronounced in EQ compared with UC. This may be related to a higher fraction of non-exosomal proteins in EQ. In conclusion, EQ is suitable and efficient for precipitation of salivary exosomes from small volumes of saliva; however, EQ tends to be associated with considerably more biological impurities (non-exosomal-related proteins/microvesicles) as compared with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV)
| | - Dan Dayan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV)
| | - Gavriel Chaushu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (GC),Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel (GC)
| | - Johanna Korvala
- Departments of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland (JK, TS),Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (JK, TS)
| | - Tuula Salo
- Departments of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland (JK, TS),Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (JK, TS),Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (TS)
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV),Biocenter Oulu Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (RS)
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV),Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (MV)
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220
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Nawaz M, Camussi G, Valadi H, Nazarenko I, Ekström K, Wang X, Principe S, Shah N, Ashraf NM, Fatima F, Neder L, Kislinger T. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for urogenital cancers. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:688-701. [PMID: 25403245 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge gained from comprehensive profiling projects that aim to define the complex genomic alterations present within cancers will undoubtedly improve our ability to detect and treat those diseases, but the influence of these resources on our understanding of basic cancer biology is still to be demonstrated. Extracellular vesicles have gained considerable attention in past years, both as mediators of intercellular signalling and as potential sources for the discovery of novel cancer biomarkers. In general, research on extracellular vesicles investigates either the basic mechanism of vesicle formation and cargo incorporation, or the isolation of vesicles from available body fluids for biomarker discovery. A deeper understanding of the cargo molecules present in extracellular vesicles obtained from patients with urogenital cancers, through high-throughput proteomics or genomics approaches, will aid in the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and can potentially lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hadi Valadi
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Ekström
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simona Principe
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 101 College Street, TMDT 9-807, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, 101 College Street, TMDT 9-807, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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221
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Yang J, Wei F, Schafer C, Wong DTW. Detection of tumor cell-specific mRNA and protein in exosome-like microvesicles from blood and saliva. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110641. [PMID: 25397880 PMCID: PMC4232306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of disease-specific biomarkers in oral fluids has revealed a new dimension in molecular diagnostics. Recent studies have reported the mechanistic involvement of tumor cells derived mediators, such as exosomes, in the development of saliva-based mRNA biomarkers. To further our understanding of the origins of disease-induced salivary biomarkers, we here evaluated the hypothesis that tumor-shed secretory lipidic vesicles called exosome-like microvesicles (ELMs) that serve as protective carriers of tissue-specific information, mRNAs, and proteins, throughout the vasculature and bodily fluids. RNA content was analyzed in cell free-saliva and ELM-enriched fractions of saliva. Our data confirmed that the majority of extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) in saliva were encapsulated within ELMs. Nude mice implanted with human lung cancer H460 cells expressing hCD63-GFP were used to follow the circulation of tumor cell specific protein and mRNA in the form of ELMs in vivo. We were able to identify human GAPDH mRNA in ELMs of blood and saliva of tumor bearing mice using nested RT-qPCR. ELMs positive for hCD63-GFP were detected in the saliva and blood of tumor bearing mice as well as using electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM). Altogether, our results demonstrate that ELMs carry tumor cell-specific mRNA and protein from blood to saliva in a xenografted mouse model of human lung cancer. These results therefore strengthen the link between distal tumor progression and the biomarker discovery of saliva through the ELMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Yang
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Schafer
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David T. W. Wong
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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222
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Bahn JH, Zhang Q, Li F, Chan TM, Lin X, Kim Y, Wong DTW, Xiao X. The landscape of microRNA, Piwi-interacting RNA, and circular RNA in human saliva. Clin Chem 2014; 61:221-30. [PMID: 25376581 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.230433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) in human body fluids are emerging as effective biomarkers for detection of diseases. Saliva, as the most accessible and noninvasive body fluid, has been shown to harbor exRNA biomarkers for several human diseases. However, the entire spectrum of exRNA from saliva has not been fully characterized. METHODS Using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), we conducted an in-depth bioinformatic analysis of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human cell-free saliva (CFS) from healthy individuals, with a focus on microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). RESULTS Our data demonstrated robust reproducibility of miRNA and piRNA profiles across individuals. Furthermore, individual variability of these salivary RNA species was highly similar to those in other body fluids or cellular samples, despite the direct exposure of saliva to environmental impacts. By comparative analysis of >90 RNA-Seq data sets of different origins, we observed that piRNAs were surprisingly abundant in CFS compared with other body fluid or intracellular samples, with expression levels in CFS comparable to those found in embryonic stem cells and skin cells. Conversely, miRNA expression profiles in CFS were highly similar to those in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Using a customized bioinformatics method, we identified >400 circRNAs in CFS. These data represent the first global characterization and experimental validation of circRNAs in any type of extracellular body fluid. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a comprehensive landscape of ncRNA species in human saliva that will facilitate further biomarker discoveries and lay a foundation for future studies related to ncRNAs in human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Bahn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Molecular Biology Institute
| | | | - Tak-Ming Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Xianzhi Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Molecular Biology Institute
| | - Yong Kim
- School of Dentistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Broad Stem Cell Research Center
| | - David T W Wong
- Molecular Biology Institute, School of Dentistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Engineering, Department of Head & Neck Surgery/Otolaryngology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Xinshu Xiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Engineering,
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223
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Brinton LT, Sloane HS, Kester M, Kelly KA. Formation and role of exosomes in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:659-71. [PMID: 25336151 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes offer new insight into cancer biology with both diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Because of their cell-to-cell communication, exosomes influence tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic efficacy. They can be isolated from blood and other bodily fluids to reveal disease processes occurring within the body, including cancerous growth. In addition to being a reservoir of cancer biomarkers, they can be re-engineered to reinstate tumor immunity. Tumor exosomes interact with various cells of the microenvironment to confer tumor-advantageous changes that are responsible for stromal activation, induction of the angiogenic switch, increased vascular permeability, and immune escape. Exosomes also contribute to metastasis by aiding in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and formation of the pre-metastatic niche. Furthermore, exosomes protect tumor cells from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy drugs and transfer chemoresistance properties to nearby cells. Thus, exosomes are essential to many lethal elements of cancer and it is important to understand their biogenesis and role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey T Brinton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, PO Box 800759 Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA,
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224
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Thayanithy V, Babatunde V, Dickson EL, Wong P, Oh S, Ke X, Barlas A, Fujisawa S, Romin Y, Moreira AL, Downey RJ, Steer CJ, Subramanian S, Manova-Todorova K, Moore MAS, Lou E. Tumor exosomes induce tunneling nanotubes in lipid raft-enriched regions of human mesothelioma cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:178-188. [PMID: 24468420 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TnTs) are long, non-adherent, actin-based cellular extensions that act as conduits for transport of cellular cargo between connected cells. The mechanisms of nanotube formation and the effects of the tumor microenvironment and cellular signals on TnT formation are unknown. In the present study, we explored exosomes as potential mediators of TnT formation in mesothelioma and the potential relationship of lipid rafts to TnT formation. Mesothelioma cells co-cultured with exogenous mesothelioma-derived exosomes formed more TnTs than cells cultured without exosomes within 24-48 h; and this effect was most prominent in media conditions (low-serum, hyperglycemic medium) that support TnT formation (1.3-1.9-fold difference). Fluorescence and electron microscopy confirmed the purity of isolated exosomes and revealed that they localized predominantly at the base of and within TnTs, in addition to the extracellular environment. Time-lapse microscopic imaging demonstrated uptake of tumor exosomes by TnTs, which facilitated intercellular transfer of these exosomes between connected cells. Mesothelioma cells connected via TnTs were also significantly enriched for lipid rafts at nearly a 2-fold higher number compared with cells not connected by TnTs. Our findings provide supportive evidence of exosomes as potential chemotactic stimuli for TnT formation, and also lipid raft formation as a potential biomarker for TnT-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Thayanithy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Victor Babatunde
- Moore Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Dickson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Phillip Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sanghoon Oh
- Molecular Cytology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xu Ke
- Molecular Cytology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Afsar Barlas
- Molecular Cytology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sho Fujisawa
- Molecular Cytology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yevgeniy Romin
- Molecular Cytology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - André L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Robert J Downey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Malcolm A S Moore
- Moore Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Emil Lou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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225
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Ghoneum M, Gimzewski J. Apoptotic effect of a novel kefir product, PFT, on multidrug-resistant myeloid leukemia cells via a hole-piercing mechanism. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:830-7. [PMID: 24430613 PMCID: PMC3928472 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the apoptotic effect of a novel Probiotics Fermentation Technology (PFT) kefir grain product; PFT is a natural mixture composed primarily of Lactobacillus kefiri P-IF, a specific strain of L. kefiri with unique growth characteristics. The aim of this study was to examine the apoptotic effect of PFT on human multidrug-resistant (MDR) myeloid leukemia (HL60/AR) cells in vitro and explore the mechanistic approach underlying its effect. HL60/AR cells were cultured with PFT (0.6–5.0 mg/ml) for 3 days. The apoptotic effect of PFT was assessed through examination of percent apoptosis, caspase 3 activation, Bcl-2 expression levels and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). PFT induced apoptosis in HL60/AR cells in a dose-dependent manner which was maximal at 67.5% for 5 mg/ml. Induction of apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase 3, decreased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased polarization of MMP. In addition, PFT showed a unique characteristic of piercing holes in HL60/AR cells, as indicated by AFM studies. This hole induction may be responsible for the apoptotic effect on cancer cells. These results suggest that PFT may act as a potential therapy for the treatment of MDR leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh Ghoneum
- Department of Otolaryngology, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - James Gimzewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California Nanosystems Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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226
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Sharma S, Das K, Woo J, Gimzewski JK. Nanofilaments on glioblastoma exosomes revealed by peak force microscopy. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20131150. [PMID: 24402921 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are sub-100 nm extracellular vesicles secreted by normal and cancer cells. We present a high-resolution structure of previously unidentified nanofilaments on glioblastoma-derived exosomes, using nanoscale peak force imaging. These stiff, adhesive, trypsin- and RNAse-resistant surface nanofilaments add a new dimension to the current structural knowledge of exosome-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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227
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Mochalov KE, Efimov AE, Bobrovsky A, Agapov II, Chistyakov AA, Oleinikov V, Sukhanova A, Nabiev I. Combined scanning probe nanotomography and optical microspectroscopy: a correlative technique for 3D characterization of nanomaterials. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8953-8962. [PMID: 23991901 DOI: 10.1021/nn403448p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Combination of 3D structural analysis with optical characterization of the same sample area on the nanoscale is a highly demanded approach in nanophotonics, materials science, and quality control of nanomaterial. We have developed a correlative microscopy technique where the 3D structure of the sample is reconstructed on the nanoscale by means of a "slice-and-view" combination of ultramicrotomy and scanning probe microscopy (scanning probe nanotomography, SPNT), and its optical characteristics are analyzed using microspectroscopy. This approach has been used to determine the direct quantitative relationship of the 3D structural characteristics of nanovolumes of materials with their microscopic optical properties. This technique has been applied to 3D structural and optical characterization of a hybrid material consisting of cholesteric liquid crystals doped with fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) that can be used for photochemical patterning and image recording through the changes in the dissymmetry factor of the circular polarization of QD emission. The differences in the polarization images and fluorescent spectra of this hybrid material have proved to be correlated with the arrangement of the areas of homogeneous distribution and heterogeneous clustering of QDs. The reconstruction of the 3D nanostructure of the liquid crystal matrix in the areas of homogeneous QDs distribution has shown that QDs do not perturb the periodic planar texture of the cholesteric liquid crystal matrix, whereas QD clusters do perturb it. The combined microspectroscopy-nanotomography technique will be important for evaluating the effects of nanoparticles on the structural organization of organic and liquid crystal matrices and biomedical materials, as well as quality control of nanotechnology fabrication processes and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin E Mochalov
- Laboratory of Nano-bioengineering, National Research Nuclear University "Moscow Engineering Physics Institute", 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Balandrán-Quintana RR, Valdéz-Covarrubias MA, Mendoza-Wilson AM, Sotelo-Mundo RR. α-Lactalbumin hydrolysate spontaneously produces disk-shaped nanoparticles. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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229
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Jang SC, Kim OY, Yoon CM, Choi DS, Roh TY, Park J, Nilsson J, Lötvall J, Kim YK, Gho YS. Bioinspired exosome-mimetic nanovesicles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to malignant tumors. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7698-710. [PMID: 24004438 DOI: 10.1021/nn402232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, the endogenous nanocarriers that can deliver biological information between cells, were recently introduced as new kind of drug delivery system. However, mammalian cells release relatively low quantities of exosomes, and purification of exosomes is difficult. Here, we developed bioinspired exosome-mimetic nanovesicles that deliver chemotherapeutics to the tumor tissue after systemic administration. The chemotherapeutics-loaded nanovesicles were produced by the breakdown of monocytes or macrophages using a serial extrusion through filters with diminishing pore sizes (10, 5, and 1 μm). These cell-derived nanovesicles have similar characteristics with the exosomes but have 100-fold higher production yield. Furthermore, the nanovesicles have natural targeting ability of cells by maintaining the topology of plasma membrane proteins. In vitro, chemotherapeutic drug-loaded nanovesicles induced TNF-α-stimulated endothelial cell death in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, experiments in mice showed that the chemotherapeutic drug-loaded nanovesicles traffic to tumor tissue and reduce tumor growth without the adverse effects observed with equipotent free drug. Furthermore, compared with doxorubicin-loaded exosomes, doxorubicin-loaded nanovesicles showed similar in vivo antitumor activity. However, doxorubicin-loaded liposomes that did not carry targeting proteins were inefficient in reducing tumor growth. Importantly, removal of the plasma membrane proteins by trypsinization eliminated the therapeutic effects of the nanovesicles both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these studies suggest that the bioengineered nanovesicles can serve as novel exosome-mimetics to effectively deliver chemotherapeutics to treat malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chul Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Hardij J, Cecchet F, Berquand A, Gheldof D, Chatelain C, Mullier F, Chatelain B, Dogné JM. Characterisation of tissue factor-bearing extracellular vesicles with AFM: comparison of air-tapping-mode AFM and liquid Peak Force AFM. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:21045. [PMID: 24223257 PMCID: PMC3823107 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells and carry markers of the parent cells. Vesicles derived from cancer cells reach the bloodstream and locally influence important physiological processes. It has been previously shown that procoagulant vesicles are circulating in patients’ fluids. These EVs are therefore considered as promising biomarkers for the thrombotic risk. Because of their small size, classical methods such as flow cytometry suffer from limitation for their characterisation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been proposed as a promising complementary method for the characterisation of EVs. Objectives The objectives of this study are: (a) to develop and validate AFM with specific antibodies (anti-TF) and (b) to compare air and liquid modes for EVs’ size and number determination as potential biomarkers of the prothrombotic risk. Methods AFM multimode nanoscope III was used for air tapping mode (TM). AFM catalyst was used for liquid Peak Force Tapping (PFT) mode. Vesicles are generated according to Davila et al.'s protocol. Substrates are coated with various concentrations of antibodies, thanks to ethanolamine and glutaraldehyde. Results Vesicles were immobilised on antibody-coated surfaces to select tissue factor (TF)-positive vesicles. The size range of vesicles observed in liquid PFT mode is 6–10 times higher than in air mode. This corresponds to the data found in the literature. Conclusion We recommend liquid PFT mode to analyse vesicles on 5 µg/ml antibody-coated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hardij
- Department of Pharmacy, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Ghoneum A, Sharma S, Gimzewski J. Nano-hole induction by nanodiamond and nanoplatinum liquid, DPV576, reverses multidrug resistance in human myeloid leukemia (HL60/AR). Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:2567-73. [PMID: 23888112 PMCID: PMC3722034 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s43417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently nanoparticles have been extensively studied and have proven to be a promising candidate for cancer treatment and diagnosis. In the current study, we examined the chemo-sensitizing activity of a mixture of nanodiamond (ND) and nanoplatinum (NP) solution known as DPV576, against multidrug-resistant (MDR) human myeloid leukemia (HL60/AR) and MDR-sensitive cells (HL60). Cancer cells were cultured with different concentrations of daunorubicin (DNR) (1 × 10 −9−1 × 10 −6 M) in the presence of selected concentrations of DPV576 (2.5%–10% v/v). Cancer cell survival was determined by MTT assay, drug accumulation by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and holes and structural changes by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Co-treatment of HL60/AR cells with DNR plus DPV576 resulted in the reduction of the IC50 to 1/4th. This was associated with increased incidences of holes inside the cells as compared with control untreated cells. On the other hand, HL60 cells did not show changes in their drug accumulation post-treatment with DPV576 and DNR. We conclude that DPV576 is an effective chemo-sensitizer as indicated by the reversal of HL60/AR cells to DNR and may represent a potential novel adjuvant for the treatment of chemo-resistant human myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Ghoneum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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232
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Sharma S, Zhu H, Grintsevich EE, Reisler E, Gimzewski JK. Correlative nanoscale imaging of actin filaments and their complexes. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:5692-702. [PMID: 23727693 PMCID: PMC4030708 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Actin remodeling is an area of interest in biology in which correlative microscopy can bring a new way to analyze protein complexes at the nanoscale. Advances in EM, X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, and single molecule techniques have provided a wealth of information about the modulation of the F-actin structure and its regulation by actin binding proteins (ABPs). Yet, there are technological limitations of these approaches to achieving quantitative molecular level information on the structural and biophysical changes resulting from ABPs interaction with F-actin. Fundamental questions about the actin structure and dynamics and how these determine the function of ABPs remain unanswered. Specifically, how local and long-range structural and conformational changes result in ABPs induced remodeling of F-actin needs to be addressed at the single filament level. Advanced, sensitive and accurate experimental tools for detailed understanding of ABP-actin interactions are much needed. This article discusses the current understanding of nanoscale structural and mechanical modulation of F-actin by ABPs at the single filament level using several correlative microscopic techniques, focusing mainly on results obtained by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis of ABP-actin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Fax: +1 310 206 4038; +1 310 206 4038; Tel: +1 310 794 7514; +1 310 983 1027
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Huanqi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Fax: +1 310 206 4038; +1 310 206 4038; Tel: +1 310 794 7514; +1 310 983 1027
| | - Elena E. Grintsevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Fax: +1 310 206 4038; +1 310 206 4038; Tel: +1 310 794 7514; +1 310 983 1027
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Fax: +1 310 206 4038; +1 310 206 4038; Tel: +1 310 794 7514; +1 310 983 1027
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James K. Gimzewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Fax: +1 310 206 4038; +1 310 206 4038; Tel: +1 310 794 7514; +1 310 983 1027
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics Satellite (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
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233
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Wei F, Yang J, Wong DT. Detection of exosomal biomarker by electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM). Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 44:115-21. [PMID: 23402739 PMCID: PMC3809103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes biomarkers mediating important biological process, especially in the systemic disease diagnostics and therapeutics, yet the protective exosomal vesicle structure hinders rapid, simple detection of the harbored molecules. We have established a new method, the electric field-induced release and measurement (EFIRM), which can simultaneously disrupt exosomes to release the contents and on-site monitoring the harbored exosomal RNA/proteins biomarkers. When exposed to a non-uniform electrical field, exosomal RNA and proteins are rapidly released. Bio-recognition of these biomolecules is carried out concurrently. We tested the hypothesis that the lung cancer cell line, H460 stably transfected with hCD63-GFP, would shed hCD63-GFP expressing exosomes that could be detected in serum and saliva. We confirmed in vivo that H460-CD63-GFP shed exosomes were transported to blood and saliva. This result demonstrates for the first time tumor-shed exosomes were detected in saliva, in addition to blood, presenting a new translational utility of exosome-based biomarker detection in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David T.W. Wong
- UCLA School of Dentistry, UCLA Dental Research Institute, 73-017 Center for Health Sciences, 10833 Le Conte Ave., University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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234
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Kittel A, Falus A, Buzás E. Microencapsulation technology by nature: Cell derived extracellular vesicles with therapeutic potential. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:91-6. [PMID: 24265924 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell derived extracellular vesicles are submicron structures surrounded by phospholipid bilayer and released by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The sizes of these vesicles roughly fall into the size ranges of microbes, and they represent efficient delivery platforms targeting complex molecular information to professional antigen presenting cells. Critical roles of these naturally formulated units of information have been described in many physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are not only potential biomarkers and possible pathogenic factors in numerous diseases, but they are also considered as emerging therapeutic targets and therapeutic vehicles. Strikingly, current drug delivery systems, designed to convey therapeutic proteins and peptides (such as liposomes), show many similarities to extracellular vesicles. Here we review some aspects of therapeutic implementation of natural, cell-derived extracellular vesicles in human diseases. Exploration of molecular and functional details of extracellular vesicle release and action may provide important lessons for the design of future drug delivery systems.
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235
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Principe S, Hui ABY, Bruce J, Sinha A, Liu FF, Kislinger T. Tumor-derived exosomes and microvesicles in head and neck cancer: Implications for tumor biology and biomarker discovery. Proteomics 2013; 13:1608-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Principe
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
| | | | - Jeff Bruce
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Ankit Sinha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Ontario Cancer Institute; University Health Network; Toronto Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
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Witwer KW, Buzás EI, Bemis LT, Bora A, Lässer C, Lötvall J, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Piper MG, Sivaraman S, Skog J, Théry C, Wauben MH, Hochberg F. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:20360. [PMID: 24009894 PMCID: PMC3760646 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1631] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of publications on extracellular RNA (exRNA) and extracellular vesicles (EV) has highlighted the potential of these molecules and vehicles as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets. These findings have created a paradigm shift, most prominently in the field of oncology, prompting expanded interest in the field and dedication of funds for EV research. At the same time, understanding of EV subtypes, biogenesis, cargo and mechanisms of shuttling remains incomplete. The techniques that can be harnessed to address the many gaps in our current knowledge were the subject of a special workshop of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) in New York City in October 2012. As part of the “ISEV Research Seminar: Analysis and Function of RNA in Extracellular Vesicles (evRNA)”, 6 round-table discussions were held to provide an evidence-based framework for isolation and analysis of EV, purification and analysis of associated RNA molecules, and molecular engineering of EV for therapeutic intervention. This article arises from the discussion of EV isolation and analysis at that meeting. The conclusions of the round table are supplemented with a review of published materials and our experience. Controversies and outstanding questions are identified that may inform future research and funding priorities. While we emphasize the need for standardization of specimen handling, appropriate normative controls, and isolation and analysis techniques to facilitate comparison of results, we also recognize that continual development and evaluation of techniques will be necessary as new knowledge is amassed. On many points, consensus has not yet been achieved and must be built through the reporting of well-controlled experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
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237
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Biasutto L, Chiechi A, Couch R, Liotta LA, Espina V. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) exosomes contain signaling phosphoproteins affected by oxidative stress. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2113-2123. [PMID: 23669273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness among the elderly population in the industrialized world. One of the typical features of this pathology is the gradual death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are essential for maintaining photoreceptor functions and survival. The etiology is multifactorial, and oxidative stress is clearly one of the key factors involved in disease pathogenesis (Plafker, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 664 (2010) 447-56; Qin, Drug Dev. Res. 68 (2007) 213-225). Recent work has revealed the presence of phosphorylated signaling proteins in the vitreous humour of patients affected by AMD or other retinal diseases. While the location of these signaling proteins is typically the cell membrane or intracellular compartments, vitreous samples were proven to be cell-free (Davuluri et al., Arch. Ophthalmol. 127 (2009) 613-21). To gain a better understanding of how these proteins can be shed into the vitreous, we used reverse phase protein arrays (RPMA) to analyze the protein and phosphoprotein content of exosomes shed by cultured ARPE-19 cells under oxidative stress conditions. Seventy two proteins were shown to be released by ARPE-19 cells and compartmentalized within exosomes. Forty one of them were selectively detected in their post-translationally modified form (i.e., phosphorylated or cleaved) for the first time in exosomes. Sets of these proteins were linked together reflecting activation of pathway units within exosomes. A subset of (phospho)proteins were altered in exosomes secreted by ARPE-19 cells subjected to oxidative stress, compared to that secreted by control/non stressed cells. Stress-altered exosome proteins were found to be involved in pathways regulating apoptosis/survival (i.e, Bak, Smac/Diablo, PDK1 (S241), Akt (T308), Src (Y416), Elk1 (S383), ERK 1/2 (T202/Y204)) and cell metabolism (i.e., AMPKα1 (S485), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (S79), LDHA). Exosomes may thus represent the conduit through which membrane and intracellular signaling proteins are released into the vitreous. Changes in their (phospho)protein content upon stress conditions suggest their possible role in mediating cell-cell signaling during physio-pathological events; furthermore, exosomes may represent a potential source of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Robin Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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238
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Luo S, Shi Q, Zha Z, Yao P, Lin H, Liu N, Wu H, Cai J, Sun S. The roles of integrin β1 in phenotypic maintenance and dedifferentiation in chondroid cells differentiated from human adipose-derived stem cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:136. [PMID: 23522347 PMCID: PMC3653688 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to probe the intrinsic mechanism of chondroid cell dedifferentiation in order to provide a feasible solution for this in cell culture. METHODS Morphological and biomechanical properties of cells undergoing chondrogenic differentiation from human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were measured at the nanometer scale using atomic force microscopy and laser confocal scanning microscopy. Gene expression was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The expression of COL II, SOX9, and Aggrecan mRNA began to increase gradually at the beginning of differentiation and reach a peak similar to that of normal chondrocytes on the 12th day, then dropped to the level of the 6th day at 18th day. Cell topography and mechanics trended resembled those of the genes' expression. Integrin β1 was expressed in ADSCs and rapidly upregulated during differentiation but downregulated after reaching maturity. CONCLUSIONS The amount and distribution of integrin β1 may play a critical role in mediating both chondroid cell maturity and dedifferentiation. Integrin β1 is a possible new marker and target for phenotypic maintenance in chondroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qiping Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhengang Zha
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ping Yao
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Disease Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nano-Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shangyun Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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239
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Accardo A, Tirinato L, Altamura D, Sibillano T, Giannini C, Riekel C, Di Fabrizio E. Superhydrophobic surfaces allow probing of exosome self organization using X-ray scattering. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2295-9. [PMID: 23426504 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34032e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Drops of exosome dispersions from healthy epithelial colon cell line and colorectal cancer cells were dried on a superhydrophobic PMMA substrate. The residues were studied by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering using both a synchrotron radiation micrometric beam and a high-flux table-top X-ray source. Structural differences between healthy and cancerous cells were detected in the lamellar lattices of the exosome macro-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Accardo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Nanostructures Department, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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240
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Lässer C. Identification and analysis of circulating exosomal microRNA in human body fluids. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1024:109-28. [PMID: 23719946 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-453-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40-100 nm sized vesicles released from cells when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. These vesicles take part in cell-to-cell communication by binding and signalling through membrane receptors on cells or by transferring proteins, RNA, and lipids into the cells. Exosomal RNA in body fluids, such as plasma and urine, has been associated with malignancies, making the exosomal RNA a potential biomarker for early detection of these diseases. This has increased the interest in the field of extracellular RNA and in particular, the interest in exosomal RNA.In this chapter, a well-established exosome isolation method is described, as well as how to characterize the isolated vesicles by electron microscopy. Furthermore, two types of RNA isolation methods are described with a focus on isolating RNA from body fluids, which can be more viscous than cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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241
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Abstract
Body fluids contain surprising numbers of cell-derived vesicles which are now thought to contribute to both physiology and pathology. Tools to improve the detection of vesicles are being developed and clinical applications using vesicles for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy are under investigation. The increased understanding why cells release vesicles, how vesicles play a role in intercellular communication, and how vesicles may concurrently contribute to cellular homeostasis and host defense, reveals a very complex and sophisticated contribution of vesicles to health and disease.
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242
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Sharma S, Grintsevich EE, Hsueh C, Reisler E, Gimzewski JK. Molecular cooperativity of drebrin1-300 binding and structural remodeling of F-actin. Biophys J 2012; 103:275-83. [PMID: 22853905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drebrin A, an actin-binding protein, is a key regulatory element in synaptic plasticity of neuronal dendrites. Understanding how drebrin binds and remodels F-actin is important for a functional analysis of their interactions. Conventionally, molecular models for protein-protein interactions use binding parameters derived from bulk solution measurements with limited spatial resolution, and the inherent assumption of homogeneous binding sites. In the case of actin filaments, their structural and dynamic states-as well as local changes in those states-may influence their binding parameters and interaction cooperativity. Here, we probed the structural remodeling of single actin filaments and the binding cooperativity of DrebrinA(1-300) -F-actin using AFM imaging. We show direct evidence of DrebrinA(1-300)-induced cooperative changes in the helical structure of F-actin and observe the binding cooperativity of drebrin to F-actin with nanometer resolution. The data confirm at the in vitro molecular level that variations in the F-actin helical structure can be modulated by cooperative binding of actin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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243
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Irmak MK, Erdem U, Kubar A. Antiviral activity of salivary microRNAs for ophthalmic herpes zoster. Theor Biol Med Model 2012; 9:21. [PMID: 22676898 PMCID: PMC3422169 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic herpes zoster is a common ocular infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Viral mRNA transcripts play a major role in the replicative cycle of the virus and current antiviral agents have little effect in preventing and treating the complications. Therapeutic use of saliva for certain painful ocular diseases such as ophthalmic herpes zoster is a well-known public practice in our region. We thought that antiviral activity of saliva may stem from salivary microvesicles and we aimed to look for molecules with antiviral activity in these vesicles. As a possible candidate for antiviral activity, salivary microvesicles contain at least 20 microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs, which suppress the translation of target mRNAs. miRNAs not only participate in maintenance of normal cell functions, but are also involved in host–virus interactions and limit the replication of certain virus types. Thus, miRNA gene therapy by targeting mRNAs required for VZV survival may find a niche in the treatment of ophthalmic herpes zoster. But, how could salivary microvesicles reach into the corneal cells to demonstrate their antiviral activity. We suggest that human salivary microvesicles can be effective carriers of miRNA for corneal cells, because they contain a molecular machinery for vesicle trafficking and fusion allowing them to be endocytosed by target cells. After binding to the plasma membrane, microvesicles seem to enter into the corneal cells through the clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In the cytosol, human salivary miRNAs base-pair with specific viral mRNAs and inhibit their translation, thus limiting the replication of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kemal Irmak
- High Council of Science, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Slastnikova TA, Rosenkranz AA, Gulak PV, Schiffelers RM, Lupanova TN, Khramtsov YV, Zalutsky MR, Sobolev AS. Modular nanotransporters: a multipurpose in vivo working platform for targeted drug delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:467-82. [PMID: 22346349 PMCID: PMC3277434 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modular nanotransporters (MNT) are recombinant multifunctional polypeptides created to exploit a cascade of cellular processes, initiated with membrane receptor recognition to deliver selective short-range and highly cytotoxic therapeutics to the cell nucleus. This research was designed for in vivo concept testing for this drug delivery platform using two modular nanotransporters, one targeted to the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH) receptor overexpressed on melanoma cells and the other to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor overexpressed on several cancers, including glioblastoma, and head-and-neck and breast carcinoma cells. Methods In vivo targeting of the modular nanotransporter was determined by immuno-fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy and by accumulation of 125I-labeled modular nanotransporters. The in vivo therapeutic effects of the modular nanotransporters were assessed by photodynamic therapy studies, given that the cytotoxicity of photosensitizers is critically dependent on their delivery to the cell nucleus. Results Immunohistochemical analyses of tumor and neighboring normal tissues of mice injected with multifunctional nanotransporters demonstrated preferential uptake in tumor tissue, particularly in cell nuclei. With 125I-labeled MNT{αMSH}, optimal tumor:muscle and tumor:skin ratios of 8:1 and 9.8:1, respectively, were observed 3 hours after injection in B16-F1 melanoma-bearing mice. Treatment with bacteriochlorin p-MNT{αMSH} yielded 89%–98% tumor growth inhibition and a two-fold increase in survival for mice with B16-F1 and Cloudman S91 melanomas. Likewise, treatment of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma-bearing mice with chlorin e6- MNT{EGF} resulted in 94% tumor growth inhibition compared with free chlorin e6, with 75% of animals surviving at 3 months compared with 0% and 20% for untreated and free chlorin e6-treated groups, respectively. Conclusion The multifunctional nanotransporter approach provides a new in vivo functional platform for drug development that could, in principle, be applicable to any combination of cell surface receptor and agent (photosensitizers, oligonucleotides, radionuclides) requiring nuclear delivery to achieve maximum effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Slastnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Moscow, Russia
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Baum BJ, Yates JR, Srivastava S, Wong DTW, Melvin JE. Scientific frontiers: emerging technologies for salivary diagnostics. Adv Dent Res 2012; 23:360-8. [PMID: 21917746 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511420433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Saliva, a biofluid historically well-studied biochemically and physiologically, has entered the post-genomic 'omics' era, where its proteomic, genomic, and microbiome constituents have been comprehensively deciphered. The translational path of these salivary constituents has begun toward a variety of personalized individual medical applications, including early detection of cancer. Salivary diagnostics is a late-comer, but it is catching up where dedicated resources, like the Salivaomics Knowledge Base (SKB), now have taken center stage in the dissemination of the diagnostic potentials of salivary biomarkers and other translational and clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sharma S, Gillespie BM, Palanisamy V, Gimzewski JK. Quantitative nanostructural and single-molecule force spectroscopy biomolecular analysis of human-saliva-derived exosomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:14394-400. [PMID: 22017459 PMCID: PMC3235036 DOI: 10.1021/la2038763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring nanoparticles with unique structure, surface biochemistry, and mechanical characteristics. These distinct nanometer-sized bioparticles are secreted from the surfaces of oral epithelial cells into saliva and are of interest as oral-cancer biomarkers. We use high- resolution AFM to show single-vesicle quantitative differences between exosomes derived from normal and oral cancer patient's saliva. Compared to normal exosomes (circular, 67.4 ± 2.9 nm), our findings indicate that cancer exosome populations are significantly increased in saliva and display irregular morphologies, increased vesicle size (98.3 ± 4.6 nm), and higher intervesicular aggregation. At the single-vesicle level, cancer exosomes exhibit significantly (P < 0.05) increased CD63 surface densities. To our knowledge, it represents the first report detecting single-exosome surface protein variations. Additionally, high-resolution AFM imaging of cancer saliva samples revealed discrete multivesicular bodies with intraluminal exosomes enclosed. We discuss the use of quantitative, nanoscale ultrastructural and surface biomolecular analysis of saliva exosomes at single-vesicle- and single-protein-level sensitivities as a potentially new oral cancer diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding authors: and , Fax: 310 267 4918, Tel: 310 206 7658
| | - Boyd M Gillespie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - James K. Gimzewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Corresponding authors: and , Fax: 310 267 4918, Tel: 310 206 7658
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Correlative nanomechanical profiling with super-resolution F-actin imaging reveals novel insights into mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 8:757-66. [PMID: 22024198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The exact molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer platinum resistance are not well understood, and biomarkers to reliably predict ovarian cancer resistance to platinum and other chemotherapeutic agents are lacking. Biomechanics of cisplatin-treated ovarian cancer cells were measured quantitatively at nanoscale level using atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that cisplatin modulates the cellular nanomechanics of ovarian cancer cells; sensitive cells show dose-dependent increase in cell stiffness, which is effected by disrupting the F-actin polymerization. In contrast, resistant cells show no significant changes in cell stiffness upon cisplatin treatment. Further, stimulated emission depletion, an emerging super-resolution microscopy, shows that at the molecular level, F-actin is indeed remodeled considerably in cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant cells. These findings reveal a direct role of the actin remodeling mechanism in cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells, suggesting potential future applications of nanomechanical profiling as a marker for cancer drug sensitivity. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this paper, nanomechanical profiling and an emerging super-resolution microscopy method was utilized to decipher the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells, paving the way to future studies of this and similar other problems with drug resistance in cancer biology.
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Clausen CH, Dimaki M, Panagos SP, Kasotakis E, Mitraki A, Svendsen WE, Castillo-León J. Electrostatic force microscopy of self-assembled peptide structures. SCANNING 2011; 33:201-207. [PMID: 21506135 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this report electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is used to study different peptide self-assembled structures such as tubes and particles. It is shown that not only geometrical information can be obtained using EFM, but also information about the composition of different structures. In particular we use EFM to investigate the structures of diphenylalanine peptide tubes, particles, and CSGAITIG peptide particles placed on pre-fabricated SiO(2) surfaces with a backgate. We show that the cavity in the peptide tubes could be due to the presence of water residues. Additionally we show that self-assembled amyloid peptides form spherical solid structures containing the same self-assembled peptide in its interior. In both cases transmission electron microscopy is used to verify these structures. Further, the limitations of the EFM technique are discussed, especially when the observed structures become small compared with the radius of the AFM tip used. Finally, an agreement between the detected signal and the structure of the hollow peptide tubes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Hyttel Clausen
- DTU Nanotech-Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Sokolova V, Ludwig AK, Hornung S, Rotan O, Horn PA, Epple M, Giebel B. Characterisation of exosomes derived from human cells by nanoparticle tracking analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 87:146-50. [PMID: 21640565 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes from three different cell types (HEK 293T, ECFC, MSC) were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The diameter was around 110 nm for the three cell types. The stability of exosomes was examined during storage at -20°C, 4°C, and 37°C. The size of the exosomes decreased at 4°C and 37°C, indicating a structural change or degradation. Multiple freezing to -20°C and thawing did not affect the exosome size. Multiple ultracentrifugation also did not change the exosome size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Sokolova
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Raimondo F, Morosi L, Chinello C, Magni F, Pitto M. Advances in membranous vesicle and exosome proteomics improving biological understanding and biomarker discovery. Proteomics 2011; 11:709-20. [PMID: 21241021 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles released by cells in extracellular fluids: they have been found and analyzed in blood, urine, amniotic fluid, breast milk, seminal fluid, saliva and malignant effusions, besides conditioned media from different cell lines. Several recent papers show that exosome proteomes of different origin include both a common set of membrane and cytosolic proteins, and specific subsets of proteins, likely correlated to cell-type associated functions. This is particularly interesting in relation to their possible involvement in human diseases. The knowledge of exosome proteomics can help not only in understanding their biological roles but also in supplying new biomarkers to be searched for in patients' fluids. This review offers an overview of technical and analytical issues in exosome proteomics, and it highlights the significance of proteomic studies in terms of biological and clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Raimondo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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