201
|
Nguyen RC, Yang Y, Wang Y, Davis I, Liu A. Substrate-Assisted Hydroxylation and O-Demethylation in the Peroxidase-like Cytochrome P450 Enzyme CYP121. ACS Catal 2020; 10:1628-1639. [PMID: 32391185 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CYP121 is a P450 enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that catalyzes a C-C coupling reaction between the two aromatic rings on its native substrate cyclo(l-Tyr-l-Tyr) (cYY) to form mycocyclosin, a necessary product for cell survival. Unlike the typical P450 enzymes for hydroxylation, CYP121 is believed to behave like a peroxidase and conduct radical-mediated C-C bond formation. Here, we probe whether the phenolic hydrogen of the substrate is the site of the postulated hydrogen atom abstraction for radical formation. We synthesized a singly O-methylated substrate analogue, cYF-4-OMe, and characterized its interaction with CYP121 by ultraviolet-visible and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. We found that cYF-4-OMe can function as a substrate of CYP121 using the established assay via the peroxide shunt. Analysis of the enzymatic reaction revealed an O-demethylation of cYF-4-OMe instead of cyclization, yielding cYY and formaldehyde. A hydroxylated substrate, cYF-4-OMeOH, is expected to be the intermediate product, which was trapped and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. We further determined that the deformylation reaction of cYF-4-OMeOH proceeds via an alkyl-oxygen rather than aryl-oxygen bond cleavage by the 18O-labeling studies. Finally, the pH dependence catalytic study on the native substrate and the methoxy analogue further supports the mechanistic understanding that the hydrogen atom abstraction is the critical first oxidation step exerted by a heme-based oxidant during the cyclization reaction of cYY. The switch in catalytic activity reveals the power of CYP121 as a P450 enzyme and provides insight into the peroxidase-like catalytic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romie C. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ian Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Aimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Is there enough evidence to classify cycloalkyl amine substituents as structural alerts? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113796. [PMID: 31926938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basic amine substituents provide several pharmacokinetic benefits relative to acidic and neutral functional groups, and have been extensively utilized as substituents of choice in drug design. On occasions, basic amines have been associated with off-target pharmacology via interactions with aminergic G-protein coupled receptors, ion-channels, kinases, etc. Structural features associated with the promiscuous nature of basic amines have been well-studied, and can be mitigated in a preclinical drug discovery environment. In addition to the undesirable secondary pharmacology, α-carbon oxidation of certain secondary or tertiary cycloalkyl amines can generate electrophilic iminium and aldehyde metabolites, potentially capable of covalent adduction to proteins or DNA. Consequently, cycloalkyl amines have been viewed as structural alerts (SAs), analogous to functional groups such as anilines, furans, thiophenes, etc., which are oxidized to reactive metabolites that generate immunogenic haptens by covalently binding to host proteins. Detailed survey of the literature, however, suggests that cases where preclinical or clinical toxicity has been explicitly linked to the metabolic activation of a cycloalkyl amine group are extremely rare. Moreover, there is a distinct possibility for the formation of electrophilic iminium/amino-aldehyde metabolites with numerous cycloalkyl amine-containing marketed drugs, since stable ring cleavage products have been characterized as metabolites in human mass balance studies. In the present work, a critical analysis of the evidence for and against the role of iminium ions/aldehydes as mediators of toxicity is discussed with a special emphasis on often time overlooked detoxication pathways of these reactive species to innocuous metabolites.
Collapse
|
203
|
Zhang X, Peng Y, Zhao J, Li Q, Yu X, Acevedo-Rocha CG, Li A. Bacterial cytochrome P450-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective steroid hydroxylation enabled by directed evolution and rational design. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSteroids are the most widely marketed products by the pharmaceutical industry after antibiotics. Steroid hydroxylation is one of the most important functionalizations because their derivatives enable a higher biological activity compared to their less polar non-hydroxylated analogs. Bacterial cytochrome P450s constitute promising biocatalysts for steroid hydroxylation due to their high expression level in common workhorses like Escherichia coli. However, they often suffer from wrong or insufficient regio- and/or stereoselectivity, low activity, narrow substrate range as well as insufficient thermostability, which hampers their industrial application. Fortunately, these problems can be generally solved by protein engineering based on directed evolution and rational design. In this work, an overview of recent developments on the engineering of bacterial cytochrome P450s for steroid hydroxylation is presented.
Collapse
|
204
|
Bhardwaj M, Chib S, Kaur L, Kumar A, Chaudhuri B, Malik F, Vishwakarma RA, Saran S, Mukherjee D. Conversion of amino acids to aryl/heteroaryl ethanol metabolites using human CYP2D6-expressing live baker's yeast. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:142-147. [PMID: 33479614 PMCID: PMC7439282 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different natural aromatic/heterocyclic l-amino acids were biotransformed into aryl/heteroaryl ethanol metabolites via oxidative deamination, decarboxylation and reduction cascades using live baker's yeast cells producing intracellular human CYP2D6 enzyme. Among the three yeast strains expressing 3 different CYP2D6 variants, CYP2D6(2) (i.e. CYP2D6 wild-type) provided the best result under neutral pH conditions at RT. We have successfully converted six natural amino acids into their corresponding alcohols, having one carbon atom less, with moderate yields. Some of the downstream products like tryptophol and tyrosol induced the pTrKB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B) activation pattern similar to that of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), thereby depicting potential antidepressant activity. Control experiments and molecular modelling studies revealed that this tandem bio-transformation probably happens via a pyruvate intermediate. This study establishes that CYP2D6-expressing live yeast cells can be a powerful tool for the enzymatic C-N, C-C bond cleavage of amino-acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhardwaj
- Natural Product Chemistry Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | - Shifali Chib
- Fermentation Technology Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | - Loveleena Kaur
- Cancer Pharmacology Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) , Jammu , India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Natural Product Chemistry Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | - Bhabatosh Chaudhuri
- Innovation Development Partners Ltd. Rothley , Leicestershire LE7 7SF , UK .
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Cancer Pharmacology Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) , Jammu , India
| | | | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation Technology Division , CSIR-IIIM , Jammu , India .
| | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Fu Z, Yang L, Sun D, Qu Z, Zhao Y, Gao J, Wang Y. Coupled electron and proton transfer in the piperidine drug metabolism pathway by the active species of cytochromes P450. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11099-11107. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03056e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
KS-DFT and MSDFT studies reveal a novel CEPT step that triggers ring contraction of piperidines by P450.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE)
- School of Environmental Science and Technology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Lili Yang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Dongru Sun
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Zexing Qu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- China
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
New insights of CYP1A in endogenous metabolism: a focus on single nucleotide polymorphisms and diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:91-104. [PMID: 31998606 PMCID: PMC6984740 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), one of the major CYP subfamily in humans, not only metabolizes xenobiotics including clinical drugs and pollutants in the environment, but also mediates the biotransformation of important endogenous substances. In particular, some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for CYP1A genes may affect the metabolic ability of endogenous substances, leading to some physiological or pathological changes in humans. This review first summarizes the metabolism of endogenous substances by CYP1A, and then introduces the research progress of CYP1A SNPs, especially the research related to human diseases. Finally, the relationship between SNPs and diseases is discussed. In addition, potential animal models for CYP1A gene editing are summarized. In conclusion, CYP1A plays an important role in maintaining the health in the body.
Collapse
Key Words
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- CYP1A
- EOAs, cis-epoxyoctadecenoics
- Endogenous substances
- FSH, follicle stimulating hormone
- HODEs, hydroxyoctadecdienoic acids
- IQ, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline
- KO, knockout
- LIF/STAT3, inhibiting leukemia inhibitory factor/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Metabolism and disease
- PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine
- SNPs
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- WT, wild type
- Xenobiotics
- t-RA, all-trans-retinoic acid
- t-ROH, all-trans-retinol
Collapse
|
207
|
|
208
|
Wei S, Ma X, Zhao Y. Mechanism of Hydrophobic Bile Acid-Induced Hepatocyte Injury and Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2020. [PMID: 32765278 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01084/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease is caused by the obstruction of bile synthesis, transport, and excretion in or outside the liver by a variety of reasons. Long-term persistent cholestasis in the liver can trigger inflammation, necrosis, or apoptosis of hepatocytes. Bile acid nuclear receptors have received the most attention for the treatment of cholestasis, while the drug development for bile acid nuclear receptors has made considerable progress. However, the targets regulated by bile acid receptor drugs are limited. Thus, as anticipated, intervention in the expression of bile acid nuclear receptors alone will not yield satisfactory clinical results. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarized the literature related to cholestasis, analyzed the molecular mechanism that bile acid damages cells, and status of drug development. It is hoped that this review will provide some reference for the research and development of drugs for cholestasis treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhang Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Johnston HM, Pota K, Barnett MM, Kinsinger O, Braden P, Schwartz TM, Hoffer E, Sadagopan N, Nguyen N, Yu Y, Gonzalez P, Tircsó G, Wu H, Akkaraju G, Chumley MJ, Green KN. Enhancement of the Antioxidant Activity and Neurotherapeutic Features through Pyridol Addition to Tetraazamacrocyclic Molecules. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16771-16784. [PMID: 31774280 PMCID: PMC7323501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases are chronic conditions affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Oxidative stress is a consistent component described in the development of many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, innovative strategies to develop drug candidates that overcome oxidative stress in the brain are needed. To target these challenges, a new, water-soluble 12-membered tetraaza macrocyclic pyridinophane L4 was designed and produced using a building-block approach. Potentiometric data show that the neutral species of L4 provides interesting zwitterionic behavior at physiological pH, akin to amino acids, and a nearly ideal isoelectric point of 7.3. The copper(II) complex of L4 was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry to show the potential modes of antioxidant activity derived, which was also demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and coumarin carboxylic acid antioxidant assays. L4 was shown to have dramatically enhanced antioxidant activity and increased biological compatibility compared to parent molecules reported previously. L4 attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell viability loss more efficiently than precursor molecules in the mouse hippocampal HT-22 cell model. L4 also showed potent (fM) level protection against H2O2 cell death in a BV2 microglial cell culture. Western blot studies indicated that L4 enhanced the cellular antioxidant defense capacity via Nrf2 signaling activation as well. Moreover, a low-cost analysis and high metabolic stability in phase I and II models were observed. These encouraging results show how the rational design of lead compounds is a suitable strategy for the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases where oxidative stress plays a substantial role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Kristof Pota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Madalyn M. Barnett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Olivia Kinsinger
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Paige Braden
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Timothy M. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Emily Hoffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Nishanth Sadagopan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Yu Yu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas (UNT) Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Paulina Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Gyula Tircsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Hongli Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas (UNT) Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas (UNT) Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Giridhar Akkaraju
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Michael J. Chumley
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Kayla N. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University (TCU), 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Lazzara PR, Moore TW. Scaffold-hopping as a strategy to address metabolic liabilities of aromatic compounds. RSC Med Chem 2019; 11:18-29. [PMID: 33479602 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and minimizing oxidative metabolism of aromatic compounds is a key hurdle in lead optimization. Metabolic processes not only clear compounds from the body, but they can also transform parent compounds into reactive metabolites. One particularly useful strategy when addressing metabolically labile or oxidation-prone structures is scaffold-hopping. Replacement of an aromatic system with a more electron-deficient ring system can often increase robustness towards cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation while conserving the structural requirements of the pharmacophore. The most common example of this substitution strategy, replacement of a phenyl ring with a pyridyl substituent, is prevalent throughout the literature; however scaffold-hopping encompasses a much wider scope of heterocycle replacement. This review will showcase recent examples where different scaffold-hopping approaches were used to reduce metabolic clearance or block the formation of reactive metabolites. Additionally, we will highlight considerations that should be made to garner the most benefit from a scaffold-hopping strategy for lead optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Lazzara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street , Chicago , IL 60612 , USA .
| | - Terry W Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy , University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street , Chicago , IL 60612 , USA . .,University of Illinois Cancer Center , University of Illinois at Chicago , 1801 W. Taylor Street , Chicago , IL 60612 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
López-Pacheco IY, Salinas-Salazar C, Silva-Núñez A, Rodas-Zuluaga LI, Donoso-Quezada J, Ayala-Mar S, Barceló D, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Removal and biotransformation of 4-nonylphenol by Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108848. [PMID: 31678727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an anthropogenic contaminant found in different environmental matrices that has an effect over the biotic and abiotic factors within the environment. Bioremediation by microorganisms can be used as a potential treatment to remove this pollutant. In this work, a consortium of two microorganisms, Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris, was employed to remove 4-NP from water. The parameters analyzed included cell growth, removal of 4-NP, and 4-NP remnant in the biomass. In addition, the metabolites produced in the process by this consortium were identified. It was found that C. vulgaris is more resistant to 4-NP than A. maxima (cell growth inhibition by 4-NP of 99%). The consortium used in this study had an IC50 greater than any strain of microalgae or cyanobacteria reported for 4-NP removal (9.29 mg/L) and reduced up to 96% of 4-NP in water in the first 48 h of culture. It was also observed that there is a bio-transformation of 4-NP, comparable with the process carried out by another bacterium, in which three similar metabolites were found (4-(1-methyl-octyl)-4-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-enone, 4-nonyl-4-hydroxy-ciclohexa-2,5-dienone and 4-nonyl-4-hydroxy- ciclohex-2-enone) and one that is similar to plant metabolism (4-nonyl-(1-methyl,6,8-metoxy)-hydroxybenzene). These results indicate that microalgae and cyanobacteria consortium can be used to remove 4-NP from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Y López-Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| | - Carmen Salinas-Salazar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| | - Arisbe Silva-Núñez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| | - Laura Isabel Rodas-Zuluaga
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| | - Javier Donoso-Quezada
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| | - Sergio Ayala-Mar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| | - Damiá Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain; ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, Girona, 17003, Spain; Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico.
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Wu D, Liu Z, Cai M, Jiao Y, Li Y, Chen Q, Zhao Y. Molecular characterisation of cytochrome P450 enzymes in waterflea (Daphnia pulex) and their expression regulation by polystyrene nanoplastics. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 217:105350. [PMID: 31730932 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are one of the largest protein families, and they metabolise a wide range of lipophilic organic endogenous and exogenous compounds. Many cytochrome P450 genes have been cloned and characterised, and they are frequently used as biomarkers in environmental toxicology studies because of their sensitivity and inducibility. In the present study, the full-length cDNAs of DpCYP370B and DpCYP4 were cloned from Daphnia pulex for the first time. The sequence of DpCYP370B consisted of an ORF of 1515 bp that encoded a 504 amino acid polypeptide, while the sequence of DpCYP4 comprised an ORF of 1527 bp that encoded a 508 amino acid polypeptide. Homologous alignments revealed the presence of a conserved cysteine haeme-iron ligand signature, FxxGxxxCxG, located in the C-terminal portion. Both the proteins contained a sequence for a transmembrane region that was deduced to be located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Subsequently, the expression levels of DpCYP370B and DpCYP4, as well as those of CYP4AN1, CYP4C33, and CYP4C34, were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR after exposure to five polystyrene nanoplastic concentrations: 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L for 21 days. Except for DpCYP4, the highest mRNA expression was observed at 0.5 mg/L nanoplastics; next, the expression of three of the enzymes (DpCYP370B, CYP4AN1, CYP4C34,) decreased to that of the control level at 1 and 2 mg/L doses of nanoplastics. The expression of DpCYP4 did not significantly change compared with that of the control group. These results indicated that CYP genes might play an important role in protecting D. pulex against nanoplastic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Wu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingqi Cai
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Preparation of cytochrome P450 enzyme-cobalt phosphate hybrid nano-flowers for oxidative coupling of benzylamine. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 131:109386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
214
|
Podgorski MN, Coleman T, Chao RR, De Voss JJ, Bruning JB, Bell SG. Investigation of the requirements for efficient and selective cytochrome P450 monooxygenase catalysis across different reactions. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110913. [PMID: 31759265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 metalloenzyme (CYP) CYP199A4 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris HaA2 catalyzes the highly efficient oxidation of para-substituted benzoic acids. Here we determined crystal structures of CYP199A4, and the binding and turnover parameters, with different meta-substituted benzoic acids in order to establish which criteria are important for efficient catalysis. When compared to the para isomers, the meta-substituted benzoic acids were less efficiently oxidized. For example, 3-formylbenzoic acid was oxidized with lower activity than the equivalent para isomer and 3-methoxybenzoic acid did not undergo O-demethylation by CYP199A4. The structural data highlighted that the meta-substituted benzoic acids bound in the enzyme active site in a modified position with incomplete loss of the distal water ligand of the heme moiety. However, for both sets of isomers the meta- or para-substituent pointed towards, and was in close proximity, to the heme iron. The absence of oxidation activity with 3-methoxybenzoic acid was assigned to the observation that the CH bonds of this molecule point away from the heme iron. In contrast, in the para isomer they are in an ideal location for abstraction. These findings were confirmed by using the bulkier 3-ethoxybenzoic acid as a substrate which removed the water ligand and reoriented the meta-substituent so that the methylene hydrogens pointed towards the heme, enabling more efficient oxidation. Overall we show relatively small changes in substrate structure and position in the active site can have a dramatic effect on the activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Podgorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tom Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Rebecca R Chao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Bulutoglu B, Mert S, Rey-Bedón C, Deng SL, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. Rapid maturation of the hepatic cell line Huh7 via CDK inhibition for PXR dependent CYP450 metabolism and induction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15848. [PMID: 31676845 PMCID: PMC6825149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP3A4, a cytochrome P450 enzyme regulated by the nuclear receptor PXR, is involved in most of the drug metabolizing pathways. Studying the regulation/induction of CYP3A4 and PXR is critical in toxicology and drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. Primary human hepatocytes constitute the preferred in vitro platform for drug development efforts. However, they are expensive, scarce and heterogeneous. Hepatic cell lines, such as Huh7, could provide a cost-effective alternative, however, they express negligible amounts of CYP450s and PXR. In this study, we show that dinaciclib, a potent cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, significantly increases the basal CYP3A4 and PXR levels in 24 hours. We also demonstrated that matured Huh7s can be used for drug induction studies, where CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 inductions were achieved following rifampicin treatment. More importantly, through a direct demonstration using amiodarone and rifampicin as model drugs, we showed that matured Huh7s present a suitable platform for DDI studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Safak Mert
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Camilo Rey-Bedón
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sarah L Deng
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - O Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Fekry MI, Xiao Y, Berg JZ, Guengerich FP. A Role for the Orphan Human Cytochrome P450 2S1 in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ω-1 Hydroxylation Using an Untargeted Metabolomic Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1325-1332. [PMID: 31511258 PMCID: PMC6800448 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) 2S1 is one of the orphan P450s, known to be expressed but not having a defined function with an endogenous substrate or in drug oxidations. Although it has been clearly demonstrated to catalyze reductive reactions, its role in NADPH-dependent oxidations has been ambiguous. In our efforts to characterize orphan human P450 enzymes, we used an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectromterymetabolomic approach with recombinant human P450 2S1 and extracts of rat stomach and intestine, sites of P450 2S1 localization in humans and animals. The search yielded several candidates, including the product 19-hydroxyarachidonic acid. Subsequent 18O analysis and in vitro studies with commercial arachidonic acid and 19-hydroxyarachidonic acid were used to validate ω-1 hydroxylation of the former molecule as a NADPH- and O2-dependent reaction. Steady-state kinetic assays were done for ω-1 hydroxylation reactions of P450 2S1 with several other long-chain fatty acids, including arachidonic, linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acids. Rates of hydroxylation were slow, but no detectable activity was seen with either medium-chain length or saturated fatty acids. P450 2S1 is known to be expressed, at least at the mRNA level, to the extent of some other non-3A subfamily P450s in the human gastrointestinal tract, and the activity may be relevant. We conclude that P450 2S1 is a fatty acid ω-1 hydroxylase, although the physiologic relevance of these oxidations remains to be established. The metabolomic approaches we employed in this study are feasible for orphan P450s and other enzymes, in regard to annotation of function, in mammals and other organisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: An untargeted mass spectrometry approach was utilized to identify ω-1 hydroxylation of arachidonic acid as an oxidative reaction catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 2S1. The enzyme also catalyzes the relatively slow ω-1 hydroxylation of several other unsaturated long-chain fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa I Fekry
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (M.I.F., Y.X., J.Z.B., F.P.G.); and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.I.F.)
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (M.I.F., Y.X., J.Z.B., F.P.G.); and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.I.F.)
| | - Jeannette Zinggeler Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (M.I.F., Y.X., J.Z.B., F.P.G.); and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.I.F.)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (M.I.F., Y.X., J.Z.B., F.P.G.); and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt (M.I.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Schiffer L, Barnard L, Baranowski ES, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL, Storbeck KH. Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105439. [PMID: 31362062 PMCID: PMC6857441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technology have allowed for the sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantitative profiling of steroid precursors, bioactive steroids and inactive metabolites, facilitating comprehensive characterization of the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. The quantification of steroid panels is therefore gaining favor over quantification of single marker metabolites in the clinical and research laboratories. However, although the biochemical pathways for the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones are now well defined, a gulf still exists between this knowledge and its application to the measured steroid profiles. In this review, we present an overview of steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism by the liver and peripheral tissues, specifically highlighting the pathways linking and differentiating the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. A brief overview of the methodology used in steroid profiling is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust & University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Atypical Michaelis-Menten kinetics in cytochrome P450 enzymes: A focus on substrate inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
219
|
Zaworra M, Nauen R. New approaches to old problems: Removal of phospholipase A 2 results in highly active microsomal membranes from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 161:68-76. [PMID: 31685199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years numerous studies were published by insect toxicologists using native microsomal membrane preparations in order to investigate in vitro cytochrome P450-(P450) mediated oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including insecticides. Whereas the preparation of active microsomal membranes from many pest insect species is straightforward, their isolation from honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) remained difficult, if not impossible, due to the presence of a yet unidentified endogenous inhibitory factor released during abdominal gut membrane isolation. Thus hampering in vitro toxicological studies on microsomal oxidative phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics, including compounds of ecotoxicological concern. The use of microsomal membranes rather than individually expressed P450s offers advantages and allows to develop a better understanding of phase 1 driven metabolic fate of foreign compounds. Here we biochemically investigated the problems associated with the isolation of active honey bee microsomes and developed a method resulting in highly active native microsomal preparations from adult female worker abdomens. This was achieved by removal of the abdominal venom gland sting complex prior to microsomal membrane preparation. Molecular sieve chromatography of the venom sac content leads to the identification of phospholipase A2 as the enzyme responsible for the immediate inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity in microsomal preparations. The substrate specificity of functional honey bee microsomes was investigated with different fluorogenic substrates, and revealed a strong preference for coumarin over resorufin derivatives. Furthermore we were able to demonstrate the metabolism of insecticides by honey bee microsomes using an approach coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis of hydroxylated metabolites. Our work provides access to a new and simple in vitro tool to study honey bee phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics utilising the entire range of microsomal cytochrome P450s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Zaworra
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany; University of Bonn, INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
DeMars MD, Samora NL, Yang S, Garcia-Borràs M, Sanders JN, Houk KN, Podust LM, Sherman DH. Exploring the molecular basis for substrate specificity in homologous macrolide biosynthetic cytochromes P450. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15947-15961. [PMID: 31488542 PMCID: PMC6827315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are nature's catalysts of choice for performing demanding and physiologically vital oxidation reactions. Biochemical characterization of these enzymes over the past decades has provided detailed mechanistic insight and highlighted the diversity of substrates P450s accommodate and the spectrum of oxidative transformations they catalyze. Previously, we discovered that the bacterial P450 MycCI from the mycinamicin biosynthetic pathway in Micromonospora griseorubida possesses an unusually broad substrate scope, whereas the homologous P450 from tylosin-producing Streptomyces fradiae (TylHI) exhibits a high degree of specificity for its native substrate. Here, using biochemical, structural, and computational approaches, we aimed to understand the molecular basis for the disparate reactivity profiles of these two P450s. Turnover and equilibrium binding experiments with substrate analogs revealed that TylHI strictly prefers 16-membered ring macrolides bearing the deoxyamino sugar mycaminose. To help rationalize these results, we solved the X-ray crystal structure of TylHI in complex with its native substrate at 1.99-Å resolution and assayed several site-directed mutants. We also conducted molecular dynamics simulations of TylHI and MycCI and biochemically characterized a third P450 homolog from the chalcomycin biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces bikiniensis These studies provided a basis for constructing P450 chimeras to gain further insight into the features dictating the differences in reaction profile among these structurally and functionally related enzymes, ultimately unveiling the central roles of key loop regions in influencing substrate binding and turnover. Our work highlights the complex nature of P450/substrate interactions and raises interesting questions regarding the evolution of functional diversity among biosynthetic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D DeMars
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nathan L Samora
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jacob N Sanders
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Larissa M Podust
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Abstract
Cumulative research over several decades has implicated the involvement of reactive metabolites in many idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). Consequently, "avoidance" strategies have been inserted into drug discovery paradigms, which include the exclusion of structural alerts and possible termination of reactive metabolite-positive compounds. Several noteworthy examples where reactive metabolite-related liabilities have been resolved through structure-metabolism studies are presented herein. Considerable progress has also been made in addressing the limitations of the avoidance strategy and further refining the process of managing reactive metabolite issues in drug development. These efforts primarily stemmed from the observation that numerous drugs, which contain structural alerts and/or form reactive metabolites, are devoid of ADRs. The Perspective also dwells into an analysis of the structural alert/reactive metabolite concept with a discussion of risk mitigation tactics to support the progression of reactive metabolite-positive drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Echodu R, Maxwell Malinga G, Moriku Kaducu J, Ovuga E, Haesaert G. Prevalence of aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol in cereal grains in northern Uganda: Implication for food safety and health. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1012-1017. [PMID: 31673503 PMCID: PMC6816138 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of cereals is a significant health risk for humans and animals, particularly in developing countries. To gain insight into food safety related to agricultural practices, we assessed levels of mycotoxin contamination in 105 samples of food grains raised and stored for consumption by rural households in the post-conflict districts of Kitgum and Lamwo in Northern Uganda. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination was assessed by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total aflatoxin in the foods analyzed varied from nd (not detected) to 68.2 μg/Kg. Ochratoxin ranged from 0.1 to 16.4 μg/Kg. DON ranged from nd to 2606 μg/Kg. The mean concentration of total aflatoxins was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in sorghum than in millet, maize and sesame seeds. Frequency of co-occurrence of two mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 100%, with the highest being aflatoxin and ochratoxin in sorghum. Co-occurrence of all three mycotoxins ranged from 8.3 to 35.3%, with the highest again being in sorghum. Mean levels of aflatoxins concentration in sorghum samples were 11.8 μg/Kg, exceeding the Ugandan national regulatory limits of 10 μg/Kg. Furthermore, 46.5% of the sorghum consumed in both districts exceeded this limit, and 86.1% of sorghum samples exceeded the European Union (E.U.) maximum tolerable limit of 4 μg/Kg. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Indices (HI) values were in the range of 1.2 × 10-5-91.521 and 1.3 × 10-7 to 0.0059, respectively. In conclusion, our results provide evidence of high levels of mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in food grains in Northern Uganda with aflatoxins and ochratoxins at high levels in all the cereal types analyzed. Consumption of cereals cultivated in this region poses no health risk of mycotoxins exposure since HI values obtained were less than 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Echodu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
- Gulu University Bioscience Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Joyce Moriku Kaducu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Emilio Ovuga
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Green KN, Pota K, Tircsó G, Gogolák RA, Kinsinger O, Davda C, Blain K, Brewer SM, Gonzalez P, Johnston HM, Akkaraju G. Dialing in on pharmacological features for a therapeutic antioxidant small molecule. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12430-12439. [PMID: 31342985 PMCID: PMC6863055 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01800j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pyridinophane molecule L2 (3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]penta-deca-1(15),11,13-trien-13-ol) has shown promise as a therapuetic for neurodegenerative diseases involving oxidative stress and metal ion misregulation. Protonation and metal binding stability constants with Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ ions were determined to further explore the therapeutic and pharmacological potential of this water soluble small molecule. These studies show that incorporation of an -OH group in position 4 of the pyridine ring decreases the pI values compared to cyclen and L1 (3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]penta-deca-1(15),11,13-triene). Furthermore, this approach tunes the basicity of the tetra-aza macrocyclic ligand through the enhanced resonance stabilization of the -OH in position 4 and rigidity of the pyridine ring such that L2 has increased basicity compared to previously reported tetra-aza macrocycles. A metal binding preference for Cu2+, a redox cycling agent known to produce oxidative stress, indicates that this would be the in vivo metal target of L2. However, the binding constant of L2 with Cu2+ is moderated compared to cyclen due to the rigidity of the ligand and shows how ligand design can be used to tune metal selectivity. An IC50 = 298.0 μM in HT-22 neuronal cells was observed. Low metabolic liability was determined in both Phase I and II in vitro models. Throughout these studies other metal binding systems were used for comparison and as appropriate controls. The reactivity reported to date and pharmacological features described herein warrant further studies in vivo and the pursuit of L2 congeners using the knowledge that pyridine substitution in a pyridinophane can be used to tune the structure of the ligand and retain the positive therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N Green
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Kristof Pota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Gyula Tircsó
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary
| | - Réka Anna Gogolák
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary
| | - Olivia Kinsinger
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Collin Davda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Kimberly Blain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA. and Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Samantha M Brewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Paulina Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Hannah M Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Giridhar Akkaraju
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, 2950 S. Bowie, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Wei Z, Li W, Zhao D, Seo Y, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Wang Y, Zeng W, Xiao R. Electrophilicity index as a critical indicator for the biodegradation of the pharmaceuticals in aerobic activated sludge processes. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:10-17. [PMID: 31129377 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Improving biodegradation of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment is critical to control the release of emerging micropollutants to natural waters. In this study, biodegradation of six model pharmaceuticals was investigated at different initial concentrations in two discrete activated sludge systems, and moreover, the correlation was explored between the biodegradation rate and key molecular properties of the contaminants. First, the biodegradation rates of the pharmaceuticals were measured fitting a pseudo first-order kinetic model to the experimental kinetic data. The degradation rate constants (kbio) were found to negatively correlate to the initial concentration of the chemicals, indicating an inhibitory effect on the microorganisms by the pharmaceuticals. Further examinations of the rate data against the key molecular properties of the pharmaceuticals revealed, for the first time, that the electrophilicity index (ω), a measure of electrophilic power, served as a better indicator of the biodegradability and predictive parameter for the kbio than the conventional log KOW (a measure of hydrophobicity) in the two discrete aerobic activated sludge systems. However, the correlation strength (goodness‒of‒fit) between ω and kbio deteriorated when the reactor turned from aerobic to anoxic and anaerobic conditions, suggesting that electron transfer from pharmaceutical molecules to enzymes was inhibited when dissolved oxygen was deficit or absent. Our results show that ω can potentially serve as a straightforward and robust indicator for predicting the biodegradability of pharmaceutical in conventional activated sludge processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongsu Wei
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China; Section for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Section for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weizhi Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Zhang J, He Y, Yan X, Qu C, Li J, Zhao S, Wang X, Guo B, Liu H, Qi P. Two novel CYP3A isoforms in marine mussel Mytilus coruscus: Identification and response to cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105239. [PMID: 31280135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CYP3A enzymes play a crucial role in metabolic clearance of a variety of xenobiotics. However, their genetic information and function remain unclear in molluscs. In the present study, two novel CYP3A genes i.e. McCYP3A-1 and McCYP3A-2 were identified and characterized from the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus, and their tissue distribution as well as the response to cadmium (Cd) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[α]P) exposure were addressed using real time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) assay. McCYP3A-1 and McCYP3A-2 possess typically domains of CYP family such as helix-C, helix-I, helix-K, PERF and the heme binding domain as well as the characteristic domains of CYP3s including six SRS motifs. McCYP3A-1 and McCYP3A-2 transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues with high expression level in digestive glands, hepatopancreas and gonads. Upon B[α]P exposure, McCYP3A-1 and McCYP3A-2 mRNA expression in digestive glands showed a pattern of up-regulation followed by down-regulation, while under Cd exposure, showed a time-dependent induction profile. In addition, ERND activity, generally used as an indicator of CYP3, increased in a time-dependent manner after exposure to Cd and B[α]P. These results collectively indicated that McCYP3A-1 and McCYP3A-2 are CYP3A family member and may play a potential role in metabolic clearance of xenobiotics. Meanwhile, the current results may provide some baseline data to support McCYP3A-1 and McCYP3A-2 as candidate biomarkers for monitoring of PAHs and heavy metal pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Zhang
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Yuehua He
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jiji Li
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Baoying Guo
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Pengzhi Qi
- NationalEngineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Bojić M, Kondža M, Rimac H, Benković G, Maleš Ž. The Effect of Flavonoid Aglycones on the CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8 and CYP2D6 Enzymes Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:E3174. [PMID: 31480528 PMCID: PMC6749521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are major metabolic enzymes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. The majority of xenobiotics are metabolized in the liver, in which the highest levels of cytochromes P450 are expressed. Flavonoids are natural compounds to which humans are exposed through everyday diet. In the previous study, selected flavonoid aglycones showed inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if these flavonoids inhibit metabolic activity of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6 enzymes. For this purpose, the O-deethylation reaction of phenacetin was used for monitoring CYP1A2 enzyme activity, coumarin 7-hydroxylation for CYP2A6 enzyme activity, 6-α-hydroxylation of paclitaxel for CYP2C8 enzyme activity, and dextromethorphan O-demethylation for CYP2D6 enzyme activity. The generated metabolites were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection. Hesperetin, pinocembrin, chrysin, isorhamnetin, and morin inhibited CYP1A2 activity; apigenin, tangeretin, galangin, and isorhamnetin inhibited CYP2A6 activity; and chrysin, chrysin-dimethylether, and galangin inhibited CYP2C8. None of the analyzed flavonoids showed inhibition of CYP2D6. The flavonoids in this study were mainly reversible inhibitors of CYP1A2 and CYP2A6, while the inhibition of CYP2C8 was of mixed type (reversible and irreversible). The most prominent reversible inhibitor of CYP1A2 was chrysin, and this was confirmed by the docking study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Bojić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Martin Kondža
- Matice hrvatske, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hrvoje Rimac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Benković
- Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Ksaverska cesta 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željan Maleš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Schrottova 39, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Liu J, Wu H, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhu W, Silver K, Ma E, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Metabolism of selected model substrates and insecticides by recombinant CYP6FD encoded by its gene predominately expressed in the brain of Locusta migratoria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 159:154-162. [PMID: 31400777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The migratory locust, Locusta migartoria, is a major agricultural insect pest and its resistance to insecticides is becoming more prevalent. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are important enzymes for biotransformations of various endogenous and xenobiotic substances. These enzymes play a major role in developing insecticide resistance in many insect species. In this study, we heterologously co-expressed a CYP enzyme (CYP6FD1) and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) from L. migartoria in Sf9 insect cells. The recombinant enzymes were assayed for metabolic activity towards six selected model substrates (luciferin-H, luciferin-Me, luciferin-Be, luciferin-PFBE, luciferin-CEE and 7-ethoxycoumarin), and four selected insecticides (deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl and methoprene). Recombinant CYP6FD1 showed activity towards 7-ethoxycoumarin and luciferin-Me, but no detectable activity towards the other luciferin derivatives. Furthermore, the enzyme efficiently oxidized deltamethrin to hydroxydeltamethrin through an aromatic hydroxylation in a time-dependent manner. However, the enzyme did not show any detectable activity towards the other three insecticides. Our results provide direct evidence that CYP6FD1 is capable of metabolizing deltamethrin. This work is a step towards a more complete characterization of the catalytic capabilities of CYP6FD1 and other xenobiotic metabolizing CYP enzymes in L. migratoria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Haihua Wu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Wenya Zhu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Kristopher Silver
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Mancilla IA, Coatti GC, Biazi BI, Zanetti TA, Baranoski A, Marques LA, Corveloni AC, Lepri SR, Mantovani MS. Molecular pathways related to the control of proliferation and cell death in 786-O cells treated with plumbagin. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6071-6078. [PMID: 31456160 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plumbagin (PLB) is a phytochemical being used for centuries in traditional medicines. Recently, its capacity to inhibit the development of human tumors has been observed, through the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. Here we evaluated the mechanism of action of PLB in the kidney adenocarcinoma 786-O cell line, which are metabolizing cells important for toxicology studies. After the treatment with PLB, we observed increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases, starting at 5 µM. In addition, PLB was cytotoxic, genotoxic and induced loss of cell membrane integrity. Regarding gene expression, treatment with 7.5 µM PLB reduced the amount of MTOR, BCL2 and ATM transcripts, and increased CDKN1A (p21) transcripts. Phosphorylation levels of yH2AX was increased and MDM2 protein level was reduced following the treatment with PLB, demonstrating its genotoxic effect. Our results suggest that PLB acts in molecular pathways related to the control of proliferation and cell death in 786-O cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Alves Mancilla
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Castello Coatti
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center. Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Rua do Matão-Travessa 13, n. 106, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Isabela Biazi
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Alves Zanetti
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adrivanio Baranoski
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lilian Areal Marques
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Corveloni
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Lepri
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Mantovani
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University-UEL, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Guo X, Li W, Li Q, Chen Y, Zhao G, Peng Y, Zheng J. Tofacitinib Is a Mechanism-Based Inactivator of Cytochrome P450 3A4. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1791-1800. [PMID: 31414593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tofacitinib (TFT) is an oral JAK inhibitor which has been approved for the treatment of moderately and severely active rheumatoid arthritis. TFT was found to show concentration-, time-, and NADPH-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4, and irreversibility of the inactivation was also observed. Incubation (40 min, 37 °C) of recombinant CYP3A4 with TFT at 200 μM resulted in >70% loss of CYP3A4 activity. Estimated kinact and KI were 0.037 min-1 and 93.2 μM, respectively. GSH and superoxide dismutase/catalase revealed minor or little protection against the CYP3A4 inactivation. Furthermore, ketoconazole attenuated TFT-mediated CYP3A4 inactivation. Epoxide and α-keto-aldehyde intermediates of TFT were trapped and characterized in microsomal incubations, respectively. The aldehyde intermediate is believed to be the key for the enzyme inactivation. Multiple P450 enzymes, including CYPs2C19, 3A4, 2D6, and 1A2, participated in the metabolism of TFT to the epoxide, while the formation of the aldehyde was mainly catalyzed by CYP3A4. In conclusion, TFT was proven to be a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province , Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou 550004 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 comprise a family of enzymes that are responsible for around three-quarters of all drug metabolism reactions that occur in human populations. Many isoforms of cytochrome P450 exist but most reactions are undertaken by CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. This brief review focusses on the first three isozymes which exhibit polymorphism of phenotype.If there is a wide variation in drug metabolising capacity within the population, this may precipitate clinical consequences and influence the drug treatment of patients. Such problems range from a lack of efficacy to unanticipated toxicity. In order to minimise untoward events and "personalise" a patient's treatment, efforts have been made to discover an individual's drug metabolism status. This requires knowledge of the subject's phenotype at the time of clinical treatment. Since such testing is difficult, time-consuming and costly, the simpler approach of genotyping has been advocated.However, the correlation between genotype and phenotype is not good, with values of up to 50% misprediction being reported. Genotype-assisted forecasts cannot therefore be used with confidence to replace actual phenotype measurements. Obfuscating factors discussed include gene splicing, single nucleotide polymorphisms, epigenetics and microRNA, transcription regulation and multiple gene copies.
Collapse
|
231
|
Cong Y, Chi Q, Teng X, Li S. The Protection of Selenium Against Cadmium-Induced Mitochondrial Damage via the Cytochrome P450 in the Livers of Chicken. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:484-492. [PMID: 30392018 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal in natural environment and has extreme toxicity. Selenium (Se) has protective effect against heavy metal-induced injury or oxidative stress. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a family of hemoproteins primarily responsible for detoxification functions. In order to investigate whether CYP450 is related to the damage of livers caused by Cd exposure, we chose forty-eight 28-day-old healthy Hailan cocks for four groups: control group, Se group, Cd group, and Se + Cd group. After 90-day treatment, euthanized for experiment. Based on an established subchronic Cd poisoning model in chicken, this experiment was designed to detect mitochondrial structure, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), DNA and protein crosslink (DPC) and protein carbonyl (PCO) content, the CYP450 and b5 contents, the aminopyrine-N-demethylase (AND), erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND), aniline 4-hydroxylase (AH) and NADPH-cytochrome C reducatase (CR) activities, and mRNA expression level in the livers. The present results indicated that the MDA content, PCO content, and DPC index in Cd group were higher than those observed in other three groups. Most of the mitochondrial structure is incomplete in Cd group. The contents of CYP450 and b5 were decreased in Cd group. The activities of AND, ERND, AH, and CR got reduced after Cd exposure, as observed in CYP450 gene expression. Our results showed that CYP450 system was involved in the entire process of injury and protection. This research provides a comprehensive evaluation of the oxidative stress effects of Cd related to CYP450 in chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianru Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Wei XM, Lu MY, Duan GF, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. Responses of CYP450 in the mussel Perna viridis after short-term exposure to the DSP toxins-producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:178-185. [PMID: 30927639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins are key shellfish toxins that cause diarrhea, vomiting and even tumor. Interestingly, bivalves such as Perna viridis have been reported to exhibit some resistances to alleviate toxic effects of DSP toxins in a species-specific manner. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance phenomenon to DSP toxins, particularly the mechanistic role of CYP450 is scant despite its crucial role in detoxification. Here, we exposed P. viridis to Prorocentrum lima and examined the expression pattern of the CYP450 and our comprehensive analyses revealed that P. lima exposure resulted in unique expression pattern of key CYP450 genes in bivalves. Exposure to P. lima (2 × 105 cells/L) dramatically orchestrated the relative expression of CYP450 genes. CYP2D14-like mRNA was significantly down-regulated at 6 h in gill, but up-regulated at 2 h in digestive gland compared with control counterparts (p < 0.05), while CYP3A4 mRNA was increased at 12 h in gill. After exposure to P. lima at 2 × 106 cells/L, the expression of CYP3A4 mRNA was significantly increased in digestive gland at 2 h and 12 h, while CYP2D14-like was up-regulated at 6 h. Besides, CYP3L3 and CYP2C8 also exhibited differential expression. These data suggested that CYP3A4, CYP2D14-like, and even CYP3L3 and CYP2C8 might be involved in DSP toxins metabolism. Besides, provision of ketoconazole resulted in significant decrement of CYP3A4 in digestive gland at 2 h and 12 h, while the OA content significantly decreased at 2 h and 6 h compared to control group without ketoconazole. These findings indicated that ketoconazole could depress CYP3A4 activity in bivalves thereby altering the metabolic activities of DSP toxins in bivalves, and also provided novel insights into the mechanistic role of CYP3A4 on DSP toxins metabolism in bivalves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mi-Yu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guo-Fang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Theoretical study on the mechanism of N- and α-carbon oxidation of lapatinib catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. J Mol Model 2019; 25:225. [PMID: 31312984 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib, an orally active dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is efficacious in combination therapy with capecitabine for advanced metastatic breast cancer. Despite its importance, it has been associated with hepatotoxicity observed in clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance. The mechanisms of hepatotoxicity at the chemical and cellular levels may link to drug metabolism. In this study, the N- and α-carbon oxidation processes of lapatinib catalyzed by CYP3A4 were explored by density functional theory method. The calculation results show that oxidation of C6 is the primary metabolic process and carboxylic acid is the main metabolic product. Both hydroxylation of C8 and subsequent formation of primary amines are feasible. However, it is not easy for the primary amines to form active metabolites nitroso, which indicates that there are other paths for the production of nitroso. Carboxylic acid is not the main metabolite of N7 oxidation because of higher hydrolysis energy barrier of intermediate nitrone. It is worthy to study subsequent N-hydroxylation and its downstream reaction, which may be the main pathway for the formation of nitroso. These results lay the foundation for drug design and optimization.
Collapse
|
234
|
Szabó B, Lang Z, Bakonyi G, Mariën J, Roelofs D, van Gestel CAM, Seres A. Transgenerational and multigenerational stress gene responses to the insecticide etofenprox in Folsomia candida (Collembola). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:181-191. [PMID: 30897417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide exposure may cause both transgenerational and multigenerational effects on populations, but the molecular mechanisms of these changes remain largely unclear. Many studies have focused on either transgenerational or multigenerational mechanisms but did neglect the comparative aspects. This study assessed whether the pyrethroid insecticide etofenprox (formulation Trebon® 30 EC) shows transgenerational and/or multigenerational effects on the survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida (Collembola). The activation of stress-related genes was studied to detect whether etofenprox modifies the expression of reproduction-associated genes in trans- and multigenerational treatments. A laboratory study was carried out for three generations with five insecticide concentrations in LUFA 2.2 soil. In the transgenerational treatment, only the parent generation (P) was exposed, but the subsequent generations were not. In the multigenerational treatment, all three generations were exposed to the insecticide in the same manner. Multigenerational exposure resulted in reduced reproduction effects over generations, suggesting that F. candida is capable of acclimating to enhanced concentration levels of etofenprox during prolonged exposure over multiple generations. In the transgenerational treatment, the heat shock protein 70 was up-regulated and cytochrome oxidase 6N4v1 expression down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner in the F2 generation. This finding raises the possibility of the epigenetic inheritance of insecticide impacts on parents. Furthermore, CYP6N4v1 expression was oppositely regulated in the trans- and multigenerational treatments. Our results draw attention to the differences in molecular level responses of F. candida to trans- and multigenerational etofenprox exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Szabó
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Szent István University, Páter K. st. 1, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary; Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Zsolt Lang
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, István st. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bakonyi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Szent István University, Páter K. st. 1, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Janine Mariën
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anikó Seres
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Szent István University, Páter K. st. 1, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Lau ICK, Feyereisen R, Nelson DR, Bell SG. Analysis and preliminary characterisation of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases from Frankia sp. EuI1c (Frankia inefficax sp.). Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 669:11-21. [PMID: 31082352 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Frankia bacteria are nitrogen fixing species from the Actinobacterium phylum which live on the root nodules of plants. They have been hypothesised to have significant potential for natural product biosynthesis. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase complement of Frankia sp. EuI1c (Frankia inefficax sp.), which comprises 68 members, was analysed. Several members belonged to previously uncharacterised bacterial P450 families. There was an unusually high number of CYP189 family members (21) suggesting that this family has undergone gene duplication events which are classified as "blooms". The likely electron transfer partners for the P450 enzymes were also identified and analysed. These consisted of predominantly [3Fe-4S] cluster containing ferredoxins (eight), a single [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin and a couple of ferredoxin reductases. Three of these CYP family members were produced and purified, using Escherichia coli as a host, and their substrate range was characterised. CYP1027H1 and CYP150A20 bound a broad range of norisoprenoids and terpenoids. CYP1074A2 was highly specific for certain steroids including testosterone, progesterone, stanolone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. It is likely that steroids are the physiological substrates of CYP1074A2. These results also give an indication that terpenoids are the likely substrates of CYP1027H1 and CYP150A2. The large number of P450s belonging to distinct families as well as the associated electron transfer partners found in different Frankia strains highlights the importance of this family of enzymes has in the secondary metabolism of these bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C K Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David R Nelson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, 858 Madison Ave. Suite G01, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Ślifirski G, Król M, Kleps J, Podsadni P, Belka M, Bączek T, Siwek A, Stachowicz K, Szewczyk B, Nowak G, Bojarski A, Kozioł AE, Turło J, Herold F. Synthesis of new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine derivatives with rigidized tryptamine moiety as potential SSRI and 5-HT 1A receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:383-397. [PMID: 31325785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Extended studies in the 4-aryl-pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine group resulted in 27 new compounds (10.1-10.27), 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine derivatives. In vitro tests (RBA) were carried out for 10.1-10.27 compounds in order to determine their affinity to 5-HT1A receptor and SERT protein. 10.1-10.3, 10.6, 10.7, 10.16 and 10.27 compounds had high binding ability to both molecular targets (5-HT1A Ki = 8-87 nM; SERT Ki = 8-52 nM). For these compounds (10.1-10.3, 10.6, 10.7, 10.16, 10.27) further in vitro, in vivo and metabolic stability tests were performed. In vitro studies in the extended receptor profile (D2, 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7) showed their selectivity towards 5-HT1A receptor and SERT protein. In vivo tests revealed that compounds 10.7 and 10.16 had the properties of presynaptic antagonists of the 5-HT1A receptor. The redesign of the 2H-pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine residue present in the terminal part towards 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine resulted in the improved metabolic stability and enhanced affinity to both molecular targets (5-HT1A-R and SERT) compared to the precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Ślifirski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1, Banacha Street, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek Król
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1, Banacha Street, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kleps
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1, Banacha Street, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Podsadni
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1, Banacha Street, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107, J. Hallera Street, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 107, J. Hallera Street, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland; Chair of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9, Medyczna Street, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bojarski
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12, Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna E Kozioł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej Sq., 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Turło
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1, Banacha Street, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Franciszek Herold
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1, Banacha Street, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Li M, Li C, Liu WX, Liu C, Cui J, Li Q, Ni H, Yang Y, Wu C, Chen C, Zhen X, Zeng T, Zhao M, Chen L, Wu J, Zeng R, Chen L. Dysfunction of PLA2G6 and CYP2C44-associated network signals imminent carcinogenesis from chronic inflammation to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 9:489-503. [PMID: 28655161 PMCID: PMC5907842 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about how chronic inflammation contributes to the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially the initiation of cancer. To uncover the critical transition from chronic inflammation to HCC and the molecular mechanisms at a network level, we analyzed the time-series proteomic data of woodchuck hepatitis virus/c-myc mice and age-matched wt-C57BL/6 mice using our dynamical network biomarker (DNB) model. DNB analysis indicated that the 5th month after birth of transgenic mice was the critical period of cancer initiation, just before the critical transition, which is consistent with clinical symptoms. Meanwhile, the DNB-associated network showed a drastic inversion of protein expression and coexpression levels before and after the critical transition. Two members of DNB, PLA2G6 and CYP2C44, along with their associated differentially expressed proteins, were found to induce dysfunction of arachidonic acid metabolism, further activate inflammatory responses through inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential channels, and finally lead to impairments of liver detoxification and malignant transition to cancer. As a c-Myc target, PLA2G6 positively correlated with c-Myc in expression, showing a trend from decreasing to increasing during carcinogenesis, with the minimal point at the critical transition or tipping point. Such trend of homologous PLA2G6 and c-Myc was also observed during human hepatocarcinogenesis, with the minimal point at high-grade dysplastic nodules (a stage just before the carcinogenesis). Our study implies that PLA2G6 might function as an oncogene like famous c-Myc during hepatocarcinogenesis, while downregulation of PLA2G6 and c-Myc could be a warning signal indicating imminent carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingru Cui
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrun Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingcheng Yang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaochao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zhen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mujun Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Kaitoh K, Kotera M, Funatsu K. Novel Electrotopological Atomic Descriptors for the Prediction of Xenobiotic Cytochrome P450 Reactions. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1900010. [PMID: 31187601 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is an enzyme family that plays a crucial role in metabolism, mainly metabolizing xenobiotics to produce non-toxic structures, however, some metabolized products can cause hepatotoxicity. Hence, predicting the structures of CYP products is an important task in designing non-hepatotoxic drugs. Here, we have developed novel atomic descriptors to predict the sites of metabolism (SoM) in CYP substrates. We proposed descriptors that describe topological and electrostatic characteristics of CYP substrates using Gasteiger charge. The proposed descriptors were applied to CYP3A4 data analysis as a case study. As a result of the descriptor selection, we obtained a gradient boosting decision tree-based SoM classification model that used 139 existing descriptors and the proposed 45 descriptors, and the model performed well in terms of the Matthews correlation coefficient. We also developed a structure converter to predict CYP products. This converter correctly generated 51 structural formulas of experimentally observed CYP3A4 products according to a manual evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Kaitoh
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kotera
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kimito Funatsu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
de Bruyn Kops C, Stork C, Šícho M, Kochev N, Svozil D, Jeliazkova N, Kirchmair J. GLORY: Generator of the Structures of Likely Cytochrome P450 Metabolites Based on Predicted Sites of Metabolism. Front Chem 2019; 7:402. [PMID: 31249827 PMCID: PMC6582643 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational prediction of xenobiotic metabolism can provide valuable information to guide the development of drugs, cosmetics, agrochemicals, and other chemical entities. We have previously developed FAME 2, an effective tool for predicting sites of metabolism (SoMs). In this work, we focus on the prediction of the chemical structures of metabolites, in particular metabolites of xenobiotics. To this end, we have developed a new tool, GLORY, which combines SoM prediction with FAME 2 and a new collection of rules for metabolic reactions mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme family. GLORY has two modes: MaxEfficiency and MaxCoverage. For MaxEfficiency mode, the use of predicted SoMs to restrict the locations in the molecule at which the reaction rules could be applied was explored. For MaxCoverage mode, the predicted SoM probabilities were instead used to develop a new scoring approach for the predicted metabolites. With this scoring approach, GLORY achieves a recall of 0.83 and can predict at least one known metabolite within the top three ranked positions for 76% of the molecules of a new, manually curated test set. GLORY is freely available as a web server at https://acm.zbh.uni-hamburg.de/glory/, and the datasets and reaction rules are provided in the Supplementary Material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina de Bruyn Kops
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Conrad Stork
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Šícho
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikolay Kochev
- Ideaconsult Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Svozil
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department of Computer Science, Center for Bioinformatics (ZBH), Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Computational Biology Unit (CBU), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Fukui N, Li XX, Nam W, Fukuzumi S, Fujii H. Small Reorganization Energy for Ligand-Centered Electron-Transfer Reduction of Compound I to Compound II in a Heme Model Study. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8263-8266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nami Fukui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Nara 650-8506, Japan
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Nagoya, Aichi 468-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Nara 650-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
GSH Synthetic Analogue O-Methyl-L-Tyrosinylglutathione Regulates Nrf2-Mediated Expression of GCLc and GCLm. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/3841219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, GSH) analogue, UPF1 (O-methyl-L-tyrosinylglutathione), has been shown to increase intracellular concentration of total glutahione (tGSH) in K562 cells. The synthesis of GSH is a two-step process that requires the actions of two distinct enzymes: γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione synthetase (GS). Transcription of the GCL is controlled by multiple different factors, among others the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 transcription factor (Nrf2), which under the oxidative stress translocates into nucleus, where it binds to the dedicated binding site—antioxidant response element (ARE). In the present study, we investigated if the observed increased concentration of intracellular tGSH is a result of activation of Nrf2 protein—a key transcription factor in the cellular antioxidant response. Two distinct cell lines, adherent human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 and nonadherent human myelogenous cell line K562, were chosen to establish if the increased intracellular tGSH is a universal response to the UPF1 treatment. Western blot analysis demonstrated that, after 3 h, the catalytic subunit of GCL (GCLc) level in HepG2 cells was higher than the modifying subunit of GCL (GCLm), while in K562 cells no change was observed. After 24 h, the GCLc level was higher than GCLm in K562 cells but not in the HepG2 cell line. Reverse-transcriptase PCR experiment demonstrated that no statistically significant difference was found in GCLm or GCLc mRNA levels, while the expression of the mRNA of Nrf2 and GS was elevated in the K562 cell line. Our findings suggest that UPF1 displays unique properties of mobilizing cellular defence mechanisms against reactive oxygen species while it is previously been shown to act as potent antioxidant per se.
Collapse
|
242
|
Mittapelly P, Bansal R, Michel A. Differential Expression of Cytochrome P450 CYP6 Genes in the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1403-1410. [PMID: 30753513 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome (CYP) P450s are a superfamily of enzymes that detoxify xenobiotics and regulate numerous physiological processes in insects. The genomes of phytophagous insects usually contain large numbers of P450s, especially within the CYP3 clan. Within this clan, CYP6 subfamily members help detoxify plant host secondary metabolites. In this study, we analyzed three CYP6 genes in the highly polyphagous invasive pest, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), commonly known as brown marmorated stink bug. We characterized and validated the expression of HhCYP6BQ27, HhCYP6BK13, and HhCYP6BK24 among sexes, tissues (gut, fat body, and Malpighian tubules) and hosts (apple, corn, soybean). Sequence characterization by amino acid alignments confirmed the presence of conserved motifs typical of the P450 superfamily. No significant differences existed in gene expression among sexes or when fed different hosts, suggesting that these transcripts might have broad substrate specificities. However, significant differences in gene expression were observed among the tissues studied and were gene-dependent. Collectively, the results show that H. halys differentially expressed CYP6 genes among tissues, which may be related to important and specific physiological functions. This study has increased our understanding of H. halys biology that can be useful for functional studies and can potentially be exploited in developing sustainable pest management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raman Bansal
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Andy Michel
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
- The Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Sazykin I, Makarenko M, Khmelevtsova L, Seliverstova E, Rakin A, Sazykina M. Cyclohexane, naphthalene, and diesel fuel increase oxidative stress, CYP153, sodA, and recA gene expression in Rhodococcus erythropolis. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00855. [PMID: 31119875 PMCID: PMC6816061 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the expression of CYP153, sodA, sodC, and recA genes and ROS generation in hydrocarbon-degrading Rhodococcus erythropolis in the presence of cyclohexane, naphthalene, and diesel fuel. The expression of cytochrome P450, sodA (encoding Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase), recA, and superoxide anion radical generation rate increased after the addition of all studied hydrocarbons. The peak of CYP153, sodA, and recA gene expression was registered in the presence of naphthalene. The same substrate upregulated the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene, sodC. Cyclohexane generated the highest level of superoxide anion radical production. Hydrogen peroxide accumulated in the medium enriched with diesel fuel. Taken together, hydrocarbon biotransformation leads to oxidative stress and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and CYP153 genes, and increases DNA reparation levels in R. erythropolis cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sazykin
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Rakin
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Marina Sazykina
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Erdogan H. One small step for cytochrome P450 in its catalytic cycle, one giant leap for enzymology. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intermediates operating in the cytochrome P450 catalytic cycle have been investigated for more than half a century, fascinating many enzymologists. Each intermediate has its unique role to carry out diverse oxidations. Natural time course of the catalytic cycle is quite fast, hence, not all of the reactive intermediates could be isolated during physiological catalysis. Different high-valent iron intermediates have been proposed as primary oxidants: the candidates are compound 0 (Cpd 0, [FeOOH][Formula: see text]P450) and compound I (Cpd I, Fe(IV)[Formula: see text]O por[Formula: see text]P450). Among them, the role of Cpd I in hydroxylation is fairly well understood due the discovery of the peroxide shunt. This review endeavors to put the outstanding research efforts conducted to isolate and characterize the intermediates together. In addition to spectral features of each intermediate in the catalytic cycle, the oxidizing powers of Cpd 0 and Cpd I will be discussed along with most recent scientific findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huriye Erdogan
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Steuer AE, Brockbals L, Kraemer T. Metabolomic Strategies in Biomarker Research-New Approach for Indirect Identification of Drug Consumption and Sample Manipulation in Clinical and Forensic Toxicology? Front Chem 2019; 7:319. [PMID: 31134189 PMCID: PMC6523029 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug of abuse (DOA) consumption is a growing problem worldwide, particularly with increasing numbers of new psychoactive substances (NPS) entering the drug market. Generally, little information on their adverse effects and toxicity are available. The direct detection and identification of NPS is an analytical challenge due to their ephemerality on the drug scene. An approach that does not directly focus on the structural detection of an analyte or its metabolites, would be beneficial for this complex analytical scenario and the development of alternative screening methods could help to provide fast response on suspected NPS consumption. A metabolomics approach might represent such an alternative strategy for the identification of biomarkers for different questions in DOA testing. Metabolomics is the monitoring of changes in small (endogenous) molecules (<1,000 Da) in response to a certain stimulus, e.g., DOA consumption. For this review, a literature search targeting "metabolomics" and different DOAs or NPS was conducted. Thereby, different applications of metabolomic strategies in biomarker research for DOA identification were identified: (a) as an additional tool for metabolism studies bearing the major advantage that particularly a priori unknown or unexpected metabolites can be identified; and (b) for identification of endogenous biomarker or metabolite patterns, e.g., for synthetic cannabinoids or also to indirectly detect urine manipulation attempts by chemical adulteration or replacement with artificial urine samples. The majority of the currently available literature in that field, however, deals with metabolomic studies for DOAs to better assess their acute or chronic effects or to find biomarkers for drug addiction and tolerance. Certain changes in endogenous compounds are detected for all studied DOAs, but often similar compounds/pathways are influenced. When evaluating these studies with regard to possible biomarkers for drug consumption, the observed changes appear, albeit statistically significant, too small to reliably work as biomarker for drug consumption. Further, different drugs were shown to affect the same pathways. In conclusion, metabolomic approaches possess potential for detection of biomarkers indicating drug consumption. More studies, including more sensitive targeted analyses, multi-variant statistical models or deep-learning approaches are needed to fully explore the potential of omics science in DOA testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lana Brockbals
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Amanullah S, Singha A, Dey A. Tailor made iron porphyrins for investigating axial ligand and distal environment contributions to electronic structure and reactivity. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
247
|
Wang X, Li W, Song W, Xu L, Zhang L, Feng X, Lu R, Meng H. Association of CYP1A1 rs1048943 variant with aggressive periodontitis and its interaction with hyperlipidemia on the periodontal status. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:546-554. [PMID: 31032950 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE CYP1A1 rs1048943 polymorphism was reported to be correlated with periodontitis; however, its association with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) has not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the CYP1A1 gene rs1048943 variant with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and platelet activation and analyse whether its interaction with hyperlipidemia affects periodontal status in a Chinese population. METHODS A case-control study of 224 GAgP patients and 139 healthy controls was conducted. The clinical parameters of probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL) and bleeding index (BI) were recorded. Platelet count (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet large cell ratio (PLCR), mean platelet volume (MPV), serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) were also measured. The CYP1A1 rs1048943 SNP was genotyped by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Logistic and linear regression models were used to measure correlation. RESULTS The CYP1A1 rs1048943 AG/GG genotype was associated with GAgP (OR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.01, 2.42), PD, AL and decreased PDW, PLCR and MPV after adjustment for covariates. Gene-lipid interactions were found between CYP1A1 rs1048943 and HDL for PD (Pinteraction = 0.0033), BI (Pinteraction = 0.0311) and AL (Pinteraction = 0.0141) and between CYP1A1 rs1048943 and LDL for PD (Pinteraction = 0.013) among patients with GAgP. CONCLUSION The G allele of the CYP1A1 rs1048943 gene was associated with GAgP, periodontal status and platelet-related inflammation status in a Chinese population. Hyperlipidemia could modulate the effect of CYP1A1 rs1048943 on the periodontal status of GAgP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian'e Wang
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Song
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Third Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghui Feng
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Lu
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Third Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Tsujino M, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Lim YR, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Oxidation of Flavone, 5-Hydroxyflavone, and 5,7-Dihydroxyflavone to Mono-, Di-, and Tri-Hydroxyflavones by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1268-1280. [PMID: 30964977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active plant flavonoids, including 5,7-dihydroxyflavone (57diOHF, chrysin), 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone (4'57triOHF, apigenin), and 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (567triOHF, baicalein), have important pharmacological and toxicological significance, e.g., antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antitumorgenic properties. In order to better understand the metabolism of these flavonoids in humans, we examined the oxidation of flavone, 5-hydroxyflavone (5OHF), and 57diOHF to various products by human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) and liver microsomal enzymes. Individual human P450s and liver microsomes oxidized flavone to 6-hydroxyflavone, small amounts of 5OHF, and 11 other monohydroxylated products at different rates and also produced several dihydroxylated products (including 57diOHF and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone) from flavone. We also found that 5OHF was oxidized by several P450 enzymes and human liver microsomes to 57diOHF and further to 567triOHF, but the turnover rates in these reactions were low. Interestingly, both CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 converted 57diOHF to 567triOHF at turnover rates (on the basis of P450 contents) of >3.0 min-1, and CYP1A1 and 1A2 produced 567triOHF at rates of 0.51 and 0.72 min-1, respectively. CYP2A13 and 2A6 catalyzed the oxidation of 57diOHF to 4'57triOHF at rates of 0.7 and 0.1 min-1, respectively. Our present results show that different P450s have individual roles in oxidizing these phytochemical flavonoids and that these reactions may cause changes in their biological and toxicological properties in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Masaki Tsujino
- Osaka Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi , Higashinari-ku , Osaka 537-0025 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , 3-7-30 , Habikino , Osaka 583-8555 , Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo 194-8543 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita , Izumisano , Osaka 598-8531 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Jiang G, Zhang Y, Powell MM, Hylton SM, Hiller NW, Loria R, Ding Y. A Promiscuous Cytochrome P450 Hydroxylates Aliphatic and Aromatic C-H Bonds of Aromatic 2,5-Diketopiperazines. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1068-1077. [PMID: 30604585 PMCID: PMC8162728 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes generally functionalize inert C-H bonds, and thus, they are important biocatalysts for chemical synthesis. However, enzymes that catalyze both aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation in the same biotransformation process have rarely been reported. A recent biochemical study demonstrated the P450 TxtC for the biosynthesis of herbicidal thaxtomins as the first example of this unique type of enzyme. Herein, the detailed characterization of substrate requirements and biocatalytic applications of TxtC are reported. The results reveal the importance of N-methylation of the thaxtomin diketopiperazine (DKP) core on enzyme reactions and demonstrate the tolerance of the enzyme to modifications on the indole and phenyl moieties of its substrates. Furthermore, hydroxylated, methylated, aromatic DKPs are synthesized through a biocatalytic route comprising TxtC and the promiscuous N-methyltransferase Amir_4628; thus providing a basis for the broad application of this unique P450.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangde Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Magan M Powell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah M Hylton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nicholas W Hiller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rosemary Loria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Quesne MG, Silveri F, de Leeuw NH, Catlow CRA. Advances in Sustainable Catalysis: A Computational Perspective. Front Chem 2019; 7:182. [PMID: 31032245 PMCID: PMC6473102 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous challenge of moving our societies to a more sustainable future offers several exciting opportunities for computational chemists. The first principles approach to "catalysis by design" will enable new and much greener chemical routes to produce vital fuels and fine chemicals. This prospective outlines a wide variety of case studies to underscore how the use of theoretical techniques, from QM/MM to unrestricted DFT and periodic boundary conditions, can be applied to biocatalysis and to both homogeneous and heterogenous catalysts of all sizes and morphologies to provide invaluable insights into the reaction mechanisms they catalyze.
Collapse
|