201
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Brinkmeier H, Ohlendieck K. Chaperoning heat shock proteins: Proteomic analysis and relevance for normal and dystrophin-deficient muscle. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:875-95. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology; National University of Ireland; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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202
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Roque-Ramírez B, Chimal-Monroy J, Canto P, Coral-Vázquez RM. Expression pattern of mRNA A and mRNA B of alpha sarcoglycan gene during mouse embryonic development and regulation of their expression by myogenic and cardiogenic transcription factors. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1416-28. [PMID: 25091331 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2D limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGM2D) is a progressive disorder caused by mutations in the alpha sarcoglycan (α-SG) gene. In mice, the α-SG gene contains two promoters that regulate the expression of two different mRNAs (A and B). However, their gene expression pattern during embryonic development has not been explored and their regulation by myogenic and cardiogenic transcription factors has been only partially studied. RESULTS During embryonic development, mRNA A and B of α-SG gene were initially detected in hypaxial muscles, heart, stomach, tongue, and mesenchymal cells, which surround the dorsal region of the somites. Moreover, mRNA B was exclusively expressed in the floor plate and notochord and in the interdigits of limbs. In vitro, MyoD and myogenin positively regulated the transcription of mRNA B during skeletal myogenesis, whereas mRNA A was activated only for MyoD in differentiated skeletal muscle. In addition, Gata-4 together with Mef2c may regulate the expression of mRNA B in heart development, whereas Nkx2.5 and myocardin may activate expression of mRNA A in the differentiated cardiomyocyte. CONCLUSIONS The differential expression of α-SG mRNAs during mouse embryonic development may be a consequence of the differential regulation of both promoters by myogenic and cardiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bladimir Roque-Ramírez
- División de Investigación Biomédica, Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, México, D.F. México
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Swiderski K, Shaffer SA, Gallis B, Odom GL, Arnett AL, Scott Edgar J, Baum DM, Chee A, Naim T, Gregorevic P, Murphy KT, Moody J, Goodlett DR, Lynch GS, Chamberlain JS. Phosphorylation within the cysteine-rich region of dystrophin enhances its association with β-dystroglycan and identifies a potential novel therapeutic target for skeletal muscle wasting. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6697-711. [PMID: 25082828 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in dystrophin lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is among the most common human genetic disorders. Dystrophin nucleates assembly of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), and a defective DGC disrupts an essential link between the intracellular cytoskeleton and the basal lamina, leading to progressive muscle wasting. In vitro studies have suggested that dystrophin phosphorylation may affect interactions with actin or syntrophin, yet whether this occurs in vivo or affects protein function remains unknown. Utilizing nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, we identified 18 phosphorylated residues within endogenous dystrophin. Mutagenesis revealed that phosphorylation at S3059 enhances the dystrophin-dystroglycan interaction and 3D modeling utilizing the Rosetta software program provided a structural model for how phosphorylation enhances this interaction. These findings demonstrate that phosphorylation is a key mechanism regulating the interaction between dystrophin and the DGC and reveal that posttranslational modification of a single amino acid directly modulates the function of dystrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Swiderski
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Byron Gallis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Guy L Odom
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
| | - Andrea L Arnett
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA
| | - J Scott Edgar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Dale M Baum
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Annabel Chee
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Timur Naim
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Muscle Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kate T Murphy
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James Moody
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
| | - David R Goodlett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey S Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7350, USA and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7275, USA
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204
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Rouillon J, Zocevic A, Leger T, Garcia C, Camadro JM, Udd B, Wong B, Servais L, Voit T, Svinartchouk F. Proteomics profiling of urine reveals specific titin fragments as biomarkers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:563-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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205
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Banks GB, Combs AC, Odom GL, Bloch RJ, Chamberlain JS. Muscle structure influences utrophin expression in mdx mice. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004431. [PMID: 24922526 PMCID: PMC4055409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. To examine the influence of muscle structure on the pathogenesis of DMD we generated mdx4cv:desmin double knockout (dko) mice. The dko male mice died of apparent cardiorespiratory failure at a median age of 76 days compared to 609 days for the desmin−/− mice. An ∼2.5 fold increase in utrophin expression in the dko skeletal muscles prevented necrosis in ∼91% of 1a, 2a and 2d/x fiber-types. In contrast, utrophin expression was reduced in the extrasynaptic sarcolemma of the dko fast 2b fibers leading to increased membrane fragility and dystrophic pathology. Despite lacking extrasynaptic utrophin, the dko fast 2b fibers were less dystrophic than the mdx4cv fast 2b fibers suggesting utrophin-independent mechanisms were also contributing to the reduced dystrophic pathology. We found no overt change in the regenerative capacity of muscle stem cells when comparing the wild-type, desmin−/−, mdx4cv and dko gastrocnemius muscles injured with notexin. Utrophin could form costameric striations with α-sarcomeric actin in the dko to maintain the integrity of the membrane, but the lack of restoration of the NODS (nNOS, α-dystrobrevin 1 and 2, α1-syntrophin) complex and desmin coincided with profound changes to the sarcomere alignment in the diaphragm, deposition of collagen between the myofibers, and impaired diaphragm function. We conclude that the dko mice may provide new insights into the structural mechanisms that influence endogenous utrophin expression that are pertinent for developing a therapy for DMD. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Utrophin is structurally similar to dystrophin and improving its expression can prevent skeletal muscle necrosis in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Consequently, improving utrophin expression is a primary therapeutic target for treating DMD. While the downstream mechanisms that influence utrophin expression and stability are well described, the upstream mechanisms are less clear. Here, we found that perturbing the highly ordered structure of striated muscle by genetically deleting desmin from mdx mice increased utrophin expression to levels that prevented skeletal muscle necrosis. Thus, the mdx:desmin double knockout mice may prove valuable in determining the upstream mechanisms that influence utrophin expression to develop a therapy for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen B. Banks
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ariana C. Combs
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guy L. Odom
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Bloch
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Chamberlain
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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206
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Nghiem PP, Hoffman EP, Mittal P, Brown KJ, Schatzberg SJ, Ghimbovschi S, Wang Z, Kornegay JN. Sparing of the dystrophin-deficient cranial sartorius muscle is associated with classical and novel hypertrophy pathways in GRMD dogs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1411-24. [PMID: 24160322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Both Duchenne and golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) are caused by dystrophin deficiency. The Duchenne muscular dystrophy sartorius muscle and orthologous GRMD cranial sartorius (CS) are relatively spared/hypertrophied. We completed hierarchical clustering studies to define molecular mechanisms contributing to this differential involvement and their role in the GRMD phenotype. GRMD dogs with larger CS muscles had more severe deficits, suggesting that selective hypertrophy could be detrimental. Serial biopsies from the hypertrophied CS and other atrophied muscles were studied in a subset of these dogs. Myostatin showed an age-dependent decrease and an inverse correlation with the degree of GRMD CS hypertrophy. Regulators of myostatin at the protein (AKT1) and miRNA (miR-539 and miR-208b targeting myostatin mRNA) levels were altered in GRMD CS, consistent with down-regulation of myostatin signaling, CS hypertrophy, and functional rescue of this muscle. mRNA and proteomic profiling was used to identify additional candidate genes associated with CS hypertrophy. The top-ranked network included α-dystroglycan and like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. Proteomics demonstrated increases in myotrophin and spectrin that could promote hypertrophy and cytoskeletal stability, respectively. Our results suggest that multiple pathways, including decreased myostatin and up-regulated miRNAs, α-dystroglycan/like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, spectrin, and myotrophin, contribute to hypertrophy and functional sparing of the CS. These data also underscore the muscle-specific responses to dystrophin deficiency and the potential deleterious effects of differential muscle involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Nghiem
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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207
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Martínez-Zárate AD, Martínez-Vieyra I, Alonso-Rangel L, Cisneros B, Winder SJ, Cerecedo D. Dystroglycan depletion inhibits the functions of differentiated HL-60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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208
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Vannoy CH, Xu L, Keramaris E, Lu P, Xiao X, Lu QL. Adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of LARGE rescues α-dystroglycan function in dystrophic mice with mutations in the fukutin-related protein. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2014; 25:187-96. [PMID: 24635668 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2013.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple genes (e.g., POMT1, POMT2, POMGnT1, ISPD, GTDC2, B3GALNT2, FKTN, FKRP, and LARGE) are known to be involved in the glycosylation pathway of α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Mutations of these genes result in muscular dystrophies with wide phenotypic variability. Abnormal glycosylation of α-DG with decreased extracellular ligand binding activity is a common biochemical feature of these genetic diseases. While it is known that LARGE overexpression can compensate for defects in a few aforementioned genes, it is unclear whether it can also rescue defects in FKRP function. We examined adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated LARGE or FKRP overexpression in two dystrophic mouse models with loss-of-function mutations: (1) Large(myd) (LARGE gene) and (2) FKRP(P448L) (FKRP gene). The results agree with previous findings that overexpression of LARGE can ameliorate the dystrophic phenotypes of Large(myd) mice. In addition, LARGE overexpression in the FKRP(P448L) mice effectively generated functional glycosylation (hyperglycosylation) of α-DG and improved dystrophic pathologies in treated muscles. Conversely, FKRP transgene overexpression failed to rescue the defect in glycosylation and improve the phenotypes of the Large(myd) mice. Our findings suggest that AAV-mediated LARGE gene therapy may still be a viable therapeutic strategy for dystroglycanopathies with FKRP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Vannoy
- 1 McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center , Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, NC 28231
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209
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Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Hayashita-Kinoh H, Chiyo T, Nishiyama A, Okada H, Takeda S, Okada T. Dystrophic mdx mice develop severe cardiac and respiratory dysfunction following genetic ablation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3990-4000. [PMID: 24659498 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle-wasting disease that causes respiratory and cardiac failure. Inflammation is a key pathological characteristic of dystrophic muscle lesion formation, but its role and regulation in the disease time course has not been sufficiently examined. In the present study, we used IL-10(-/-)/mdx mice lacking both dystrophin and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), to investigate whether a predisposition to inflammation affects the severity of DMD with advancing age. The IL-10 deficiency caused a profound DMD phenotype in the dystrophic heart such as muscle degeneration and extensive myofiber loss, but the limb muscle and diaphragm morphology of IL-10(-/) (-)/mdx mice was similar to that of mdx mice. Extensive infiltrates of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in regeneration of cardiotoxin-injured muscle, altered M1/M2 macrophage phenotype and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines production were observed in the diaphragm and heart of IL-10(-/-)/mdx mice. We characterized the IL-10(-/-)/mdx mice as a dystrophic model with chronic inflammation and severe cardiorespiratory dysfunction, as evidenced by decreased percent fractional shortening (%FS) and ejection fraction percent (EF%) on echocardiography, reduced lower tidal volume on whole-body plethysmography. This study suggests that a predisposition to inflammation is an important indicator of DMD disease progression. Therefore, the development of anti-inflammatory strategies may help in slowing down the cardiorespiratory dysfunction on DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nitahara-Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hayashita-Kinoh
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Chiyo
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyo Nishiyama
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Okada
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Takeda
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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210
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Proteomic profiling of the dystrophin-deficient mdx phenocopy of dystrophinopathy-associated cardiomyopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:246195. [PMID: 24772416 PMCID: PMC3977469 DOI: 10.1155/2014/246195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory complications are frequent symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a neuromuscular disorder caused by primary abnormalities in the dystrophin gene. Loss of cardiac dystrophin initially leads to changes in dystrophin-associated glycoproteins and subsequently triggers secondarily sarcolemmal disintegration, fibre necrosis, fibrosis, fatty tissue replacement, and interstitial inflammation. This results in progressive cardiac disease, which is the cause of death in a considerable number of patients afflicted with X-linked muscular dystrophy. In order to better define the molecular pathogenesis of this type of cardiomyopathy, several studies have applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics to determine proteome-wide alterations in dystrophinopathy-associated cardiomyopathy. Proteomic studies included both gel-based and label-free mass spectrometric surveys of dystrophin-deficient heart muscle from the established mdx animal model of dystrophinopathy. Comparative cardiac proteomics revealed novel changes in proteins associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism, glycolysis, signaling, iron binding, antibody response, fibre contraction, basal lamina stabilisation, and cytoskeletal organisation. This review summarizes the importance of studying cardiomyopathy within the field of muscular dystrophy research, outlines key features of the mdx heart and its suitability as a model system for studying cardiac pathogenesis, and discusses the impact of recent proteomic findings for exploring molecular and cellular aspects of cardiac abnormalities in inherited muscular dystrophies.
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211
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Hashim HZ, Che Abdullah ST, Wan Sulaiman WA, Hoo FK, Basri H. Hunting for a cure: The therapeutic potential of gene therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Tzu Chi Med J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcmj.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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212
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Alves GA, Silva LR, Rosa EF, Aboulafia J, Freymüller-Haapalainen E, Souccar C, Nouailhetas VLA. Intestine of dystrophic mice presents enhanced contractile resistance to stretching despite morphological impairment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G191-9. [PMID: 24284964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00314.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein dystrophin is a component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex, which links the contractile machinery to the plasma membrane and to the extracellular matrix. Its absence leads to a condition known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a disease characterized by progressive skeletal muscle degeneration, motor disability, and early death. In mdx mice, the most common DMD animal model, loss of muscle cells is observed, but the overall disease alterations are less intense than in DMD patients. Alterations in gastrointestinal tissues from DMD patients and mdx mice are not yet completely understood. Thus, we investigated the possible relationships between morphological (light and electron microscopy) and contractile function (by recording the isometric contractile response) with alterations in Ca²⁺ handling in the ileum of mdx mice. We evidenced a 27% reduction in the ileal muscular layer thickness, a partial damage to the mucosal layer, and a partial damage to mitochondria of the intestinal myocytes. Functionally, the ileum from mdx presented an enhanced responsiveness during stretch, a mild impairment in both the electromechanical and pharmacomechanical signaling associated with altered calcium influx-induced contraction, with no alterations in the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ storage (maintenance of the caffeine and thapsigargin-induced contraction) compared with control animals. Thus, it is evidenced that the protein dystrophin plays an important role in the preservation of both the microstructure and ultrastructure of mice intestine, while exerting a minor but important role concerning the intestinal contractile responsiveness and calcium handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Alves
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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213
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Dystrophin complex functions as a scaffold for signalling proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:635-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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214
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Uaesoontrachoon K, Quinn JL, Tatem KS, Van Der Meulen JH, Yu Q, Phadke A, Miller BK, Gordish-Dressman H, Ongini E, Miglietta D, Nagaraju K. Long-term treatment with naproxcinod significantly improves skeletal and cardiac disease phenotype in the mdx mouse model of dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3239-49. [PMID: 24463621 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and the mouse model of DMD, mdx, dystrophin deficiency causes a decrease and mislocalization of muscle-specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOSμ), leading to functional impairments. Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) donation associated with anti-inflammatory action has beneficial effects in dystrophic mouse models. In this study, we have systematically investigated the effects of naproxcinod, an NO-donating naproxen derivative, on the skeletal and cardiac disease phenotype in mdx mice. Four-week-old mdx and C57BL/10 mice were treated with four different concentrations (0, 10, 21 and 41 mg/kg) of naproxcinod and 0.9 mg/kg of prednisolone in their food for 9 months. All mice were subjected to twice-weekly treadmill sessions, and functional and behavioral parameters were measured at 3, 6 and 9 months of treatment. In addition, we evaluated in vitro force contraction, optical imaging of inflammation, echocardiography and blood pressure (BP) at the 9-month endpoint prior to sacrifice. We found that naproxcinod treatment at 21 mg/kg resulted in significant improvement in hindlimb grip strength and a 30% decrease in inflammation in the fore- and hindlimbs of mdx mice. Furthermore, we found significant improvement in heart function, as evidenced by improved fraction shortening, ejection fraction and systolic BP. In addition, the long-term detrimental effects of prednisolone typically seen in mdx skeletal and heart function were not observed at the effective dose of naproxcinod. In conclusion, our results indicate that naproxcinod has significant potential as a safe therapeutic option for the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James L Quinn
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathleen S Tatem
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jack H Van Der Meulen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aditi Phadke
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brittany K Miller
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ennio Ongini
- Nicox Research Institute, Via Ariosto 21-20091, Bresso Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Miglietta
- Nicox Research Institute, Via Ariosto 21-20091, Bresso Milano, Italy
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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215
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Chan MC, Rowe GC, Raghuram S, Patten IS, Farrell C, Arany Z. Post-natal induction of PGC-1α protects against severe muscle dystrophy independently of utrophin. Skelet Muscle 2014; 4:2. [PMID: 24447845 PMCID: PMC3914847 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) afflicts 1 million boys in the US and has few effective treatments. Constitutive transgenic expression of the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α improves skeletal muscle function in the murine “mdx” model of DMD, but how this occurs, or whether it can occur post-natally, is not known. The leading mechanistic hypotheses for the benefits conferred by PGC-1α include the induction of utrophin, a dystrophin homolog, and/or induction and stabilization of the neuromuscular junction. Methods The effects of transgenic overexpression of PGC-1β, a homolog of PGC-1α in mdx mice was examined using different assays of skeletal muscle structure and function. To formally test the hypothesis that PGC-1α confers benefit in mdx mice by induction of utrophin and stabilization of neuromuscular junction, PGC-1α transgenic animals were crossed with the dystrophin utrophin double knock out (mdx/utrn-/-) mice, a more severe dystrophic model. Finally, we also examined the effect of post-natal induction of skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1α overexpression on muscle structure and function in mdx mice. Results We show here that PGC-1β does not induce utrophin or other neuromuscular genes when transgenically expressed in mouse skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, however, PGC-1β transgenesis protects as efficaciously as PGC-1α against muscle degeneration in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) mice, suggesting that alternate mechanisms of protection exist. When PGC-1α is overexpressed in mdx/utrn-/- mice, we find that PGC-1α dramatically ameliorates muscle damage even in the absence of utrophin. Finally, we also used inducible skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1α overexpression to show that PGC-1α can protect against dystrophy even if activated post-natally, a more plausible therapeutic option. Conclusions These data demonstrate that PGC-1α can improve muscle dystrophy post-natally, highlighting its therapeutic potential. The data also show that PGC-1α is equally protective in the more severely affected mdx/utrn-/- mice, which more closely recapitulates the aggressive progression of muscle damage seen in DMD patients. The data also identify PGC-1β as a novel potential target, equally efficacious in protecting against muscle dystrophy. Finally, the data also show that PGC-1α and PGC-1β protect against dystrophy independently of utrophin or of induction of the neuromuscular junction, indicating the existence of other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zolt Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, 02215 Boston, MA, USA.
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216
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Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Takeda S, Okada T. Cell therapeutic approaches using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells for muscular dystrophy. Inflamm Regen 2014. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.34.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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217
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Snow WM, Anderson JE, Fry M. Regional and genotypic differences in intrinsic electrophysiological properties of cerebellar Purkinje neurons from wild-type and dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 107:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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218
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Cutroneo G, Bramanti P, Favaloro A, Anastasi G, Trimarchi F, Di Mauro D, Rinaldi C, Speciale F, Inferrera A, Santoro G, Arena S, Patricolo M, Magno C. Sarcoglycan complex in human normal and pathological prostatic tissue: an immunohistochemical and RT-PCR study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:327-36. [PMID: 24347395 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The sarcoglycan complex is a trans-membrane system playing a key role in mechano-signaling the connection from the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. While b-, d-, and e-sarcoglycans are widely distributed, g- and a-sarcoglycans are expressed exclusively in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Insufficient data are available on the distribution of sarcoglycans in nonmuscular tissue. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical and RT-PCR techniques to study the sarcoglycans also in normal human glandular tissue, a type of tissue never studied in relation to the sarcoglycan complex, with the aim of verifying the real wider distribution of this complex. To understand the role of sarcoglycans, we tested specimens collected from patients affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. For the first time, our results showed that all sarcoglycans are detectable in normal samples both in epithelial and in myoepithelial cells; in pathological prostate, sarcoglycans appeared severely reduced in number or were absent. These data demonstrated that all sarcoglycans have a wider distribution suggesting a new unknown role for these proteins. The decreased number of sarcoglycans, containing cadherin domain homologs in samples of prostate affected by hyperplasia, and the absence of proteins in prostate biopsies, in cases affected by adenocarcinoma, could be responsible for the loss of adhesion between epithelial cells, which in turn facilitates the progression of benign tumors and the invasive potential of malignant tumors.
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219
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Barnabei MS, Martindale JM, Townsend D, Metzger JM. Exercise and muscular dystrophy: implications and analysis of effects on musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1353-63. [PMID: 23733645 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous collection of progressive, inherited diseases of muscle weakness and degeneration. Although these diseases can vary widely in their etiology and presentation, nearly all muscular dystrophies cause exercise intolerance to some degree. Here, we focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common form of muscular dystrophy, as a paradigm for the effects of muscle disease on exercise capacity. First described in the mid-1800s, DMD is a rapidly progressive and lethal muscular dystrophy caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin is a membrane-associated cytoskeletal protein, the loss of which causes numerous cellular defects including mechanical instability of the sarcolemma, increased influx of extracellular calcium, and cell signaling defects. Here, we discuss the physiological basis for exercise intolerance in DMD, focusing on the molecular and cellular defects caused by loss of dystrophin and how these manifest as organ-level dysfunction and reduced exercise capacity. The main focus of this article is the defects present in dystrophin-deficient striated muscle. However, discussion regarding the effects of dystrophin loss on other tissues, including vascular smooth muscle is also included. Collectively, the goal of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanistic basis for exercise intolerance in DMD, which may serve as an archetype for other muscular dystrophies and diseases of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Barnabei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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220
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Yang HS, Ieronimakis N, Tsui JH, Kim HN, Suh KY, Reyes M, Kim DH. Nanopatterned muscle cell patches for enhanced myogenesis and dystrophin expression in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1478-86. [PMID: 24290810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly organized tissue in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of highly-aligned cables of collagen with nanoscale feature sizes, and provides structural and functional support to muscle fibers. As such, the transplantation of disorganized tissues or the direct injection of cells into muscles for regenerative therapy often results in suboptimal functional improvement due to a failure to integrate with native tissue properly. Here, we present a simple method in which biodegradable, biomimetic substrates with precisely controlled nanotopography were fabricated using solvent-assisted capillary force lithography (CFL) and were able to induce the proper development and differentiation of primary mononucleated cells to form mature muscle patches. Cells cultured on these nanopatterned substrates were highly-aligned and elongated, and formed more mature myotubes as evidenced by up-regulated expression of the myogenic regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD and myogenin (MyoG). When transplanted into mdx mice models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the proposed muscle patches led to the formation of a significantly greater number of dystrophin-positive muscle fibers, indicating that dystrophin replacement and myogenesis is achievable in vivo with this approach. These results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing biomimetic substrates not only as platforms for studying the influences of the ECM on skeletal muscle function and maturation, but also to create transplantable muscle cell patches for the treatment of chronic and acute muscle diseases or injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seok Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, South Korea
| | - Nicholas Ieronimakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jonathan H Tsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kahp-Yang Suh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Morayma Reyes
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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221
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Kawahara G, Gasperini MJ, Myers JA, Widrick JJ, Eran A, Serafini PR, Alexander MS, Pletcher MT, Morris CA, Kunkel LM. Dystrophic muscle improvement in zebrafish via increased heme oxygenase signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1869-78. [PMID: 24234649 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a lack of the dystrophin protein and has no effective treatment at present. Zebrafish provide a powerful in vivo tool for high-throughput therapeutic drug screening for the improvement of muscle phenotypes caused by dystrophin deficiency. Using the dystrophin-deficient zebrafish, sapje, we have screened a total of 2640 compounds with known modes of action from three drug libraries to identify modulators of the disease progression. Six compounds that target heme oxygenase signaling were found to rescue the abnormal muscle phenotype in sapje and sapje-like, while upregulating the inducible heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) at the protein level. Direct Hmox1 overexpression by injection of zebrafish Hmox1 mRNA into fertilized eggs was found to be sufficient for a dystrophin-independent restoration of normal muscle via an upregulation of cGMP levels. In addition, treatment of mdx(5cv) mice with the PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil, which was one of the six drugs impacting the Hmox1 pathway in zebrafish, significantly increased the expression of Hmox1 protein, thus making Hmox1 a novel target for the improvement of dystrophic symptoms. These results demonstrate the translational relevance of our zebrafish model to mammalian models and support the use of zebrafish to screen for new drugs to treat human DMD. The discovery of a small molecule and a specific therapeutic pathway that might mitigate DMD disease progression could lead to significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genri Kawahara
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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222
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Goddeeris MM, Wu B, Venzke D, Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Saito F, Matsumura K, Moore SA, Campbell KP. LARGE glycans on dystroglycan function as a tunable matrix scaffold to prevent dystrophy. Nature 2013; 503:136-40. [PMID: 24132234 DOI: 10.1038/nature12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dense glycan coat that surrounds every cell is essential for cellular development and physiological function, and it is becoming appreciated that its composition is highly dynamic. Post-translational addition of the polysaccharide repeating unit [-3-xylose-α1,3-glucuronic acid-β1-]n by like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (LARGE) is required for the glycoprotein dystroglycan to function as a receptor for proteins in the extracellular matrix. Reductions in the amount of [-3-xylose-α1,3-glucuronic acid-β1-]n (hereafter referred to as LARGE-glycan) on dystroglycan result in heterogeneous forms of muscular dystrophy. However, neither patient nor mouse studies has revealed a clear correlation between glycosylation status and phenotype. This disparity can be attributed to our lack of knowledge of the cellular function of the LARGE-glycan repeat. Here we show that coordinated upregulation of Large and dystroglycan in differentiating mouse muscle facilitates rapid extension of LARGE-glycan repeat chains. Using synthesized LARGE-glycan repeats we show a direct correlation between LARGE-glycan extension and its binding capacity for extracellular matrix ligands. Blocking Large upregulation during muscle regeneration results in the synthesis of dystroglycan with minimal LARGE-glycan repeats in association with a less compact basement membrane, immature neuromuscular junctions and dysfunctional muscle predisposed to dystrophy. This was consistent with the finding that patients with increased clinical severity of disease have fewer LARGE-glycan repeats. Our results reveal that the LARGE-glycan of dystroglycan serves as a tunable extracellular matrix protein scaffold, the extension of which is required for normal skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Goddeeris
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA [2] Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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223
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Sharpe KM, Premsukh MD, Townsend D. Alterations of dystrophin-associated glycoproteins in the heart lacking dystrophin or dystrophin and utrophin. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2013; 34:395-405. [PMID: 24096570 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-013-9362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is a leading cause of death in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Patients with DMD lack the protein dystrophin, which is widely expressed in striated muscle. In skeletal muscle, the loss of dystrophin results in dramatically decreased expression of the dystrophin associated glycoprotein complex (DGC). Interestingly, in the heart the DGC is normally expressed without dystrophin; this has been attributed to presence of the dystrophin homologue utrophin. We demonstrate here that neither utrophin nor dystrophin are required for the expression of the cardiac DGC. However, alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG), a major component of the DGC, is differentially glycosylated in dystrophin-(mdx) and dystrophin-/utrophin-(dko) deficient mouse hearts. In both models the altered α-DG retains laminin binding activity, but has an altered localization at the sarcolemma. In hearts lacking both dystrophin and utrophin, the alterations in α-DG glycosylation are even more dramatic with changes in gel migration equivalent to 24 ± 3 kDa. These data show that the absence of dystrophin and utrophin alters the processing of α-DG; however it is not clear if these alterations are a consequence of the loss of a direct interaction with dystrophin/utrophin or results from an indirect response to the presence of severe pathology. Recently there have been great advances in our understanding of the glycosylation of α-DG regarding its role as a laminin receptor. Here we present data that alterations in glycosylation occur in the hearts of animal models of DMD, but these changes do not affect laminin binding. The physiological consequences of these alterations remain unknown, but may have significant implications for the development of therapies for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M Sharpe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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224
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Nuclear targeting of dystroglycan promotes the expression of androgen regulated transcription factors in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2792. [PMID: 24077328 PMCID: PMC3786294 DOI: 10.1038/srep02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan is frequently lost in adenocarcinoma, but the mechanisms and consequences are poorly understood. We report an analysis of β-dystroglycan in prostate cancer in human tissue samples and in LNCaP cells in vitro. There is progressive loss of β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity from basal and lateral surfaces of prostate epithelia which correlates significantly with increasing Gleason grade. In about half of matched bone metastases there is significant dystroglycan re-expression. In tumour tissue and in LNCaP cells there is also a tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent translocation of β-dystroglycan to the nucleus. Analysis of gene expression data by microarray, reveals that nuclear targeting of β-dystroglycan in LNCaP cells alters the transcription of relatively few genes, the most unregulated being the transcription factor ETV1. These data suggest that proteolysis, tyrosine phosphorylation and translocation of dystroglycan to the nucleus resulting in altered gene transcription could be important mechanisms in the progression of prostate cancer.
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225
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Wang G, Lu Q. A Nitrate Ester of Sedative Alkyl Alcohol Improves Muscle Function and Structure in a Murine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3862-70. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400310r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guqi Wang
- McColl-Lockwood
Laboratory, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, United
States
| | - Qilong Lu
- McColl-Lockwood
Laboratory, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, United
States
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226
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Rahimov F, Kunkel LM. The cell biology of disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying muscular dystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:499-510. [PMID: 23671309 PMCID: PMC3653356 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies are a group of heterogeneous genetic diseases characterized by progressive degeneration and weakness of skeletal muscle. Since the discovery of the first muscular dystrophy gene encoding dystrophin, a large number of genes have been identified that are involved in various muscle-wasting and neuromuscular disorders. Human genetic studies complemented by animal model systems have substantially contributed to our understanding of the molecular pathomechanisms underlying muscle degeneration. Moreover, these studies have revealed distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms that link genetic mutations to diverse muscle wasting phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedik Rahimov
- Program in Genomics, Division of Genetics, Boston Children's Hospital, and 2 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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227
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Marshall JL, Kwok Y, McMorran BJ, Baum LG, Crosbie-Watson RH. The potential of sarcospan in adhesion complex replacement therapeutics for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4210-29. [PMID: 23601082 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three adhesion complexes span the sarcolemma and facilitate critical connections between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton: the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes and α7β1 integrin. Loss of individual protein components results in a loss of the entire protein complex and muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a progressive, lethal wasting disease characterized by repetitive cycles of myofiber degeneration and regeneration. Protein-replacement therapy offers a promising approach for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. Recently, we demonstrated that sarcospan facilitates protein-protein interactions amongst the adhesion complexes and is an important potential therapeutic target. Here, we review current protein-replacement strategies, discuss the potential benefits of sarcospan expression, and identify important experiments that must be addressed for sarcospan to move to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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228
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Mosqueira M, Zeiger U, Förderer M, Brinkmeier H, Fink RHA. Cardiac and respiratory dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the role of second messengers. Med Res Rev 2013; 33:1174-213. [PMID: 23633235 DOI: 10.1002/med.21279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) affects young boys and is characterized by the absence of dystrophin, a large cytoskeletal protein present in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells and neurons. The heart and diaphragm become necrotic in DMD patients and animal models of DMD, resulting in cardiorespiratory failure as the leading cause of death. The major consequences of the absence of dystrophin are high levels of intracellular Ca(2+) and the unbalanced production of NO that can finally trigger protein degradation and cell death. Cytoplasmic increase in Ca(2+) concentration directly and indirectly triggers different processes such as necrosis, fibrosis, and activation of macrophages. The absence of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the overproduction of NO by the inducible isoform (iNOS) further increase the intracellular Ca(2+) via a hypernitrosylation of the ryanodine receptor. NO overproduction, which further induces the expression of iNOS but decreases the expression of the endothelial isoform (eNOS), deregulates the muscle tissue blood flow creating an ischemic situation. The high levels of Ca(2+) in dystrophic muscles and the ischemic state of the muscle tissue would culminate in a positive feedback loop. While efforts continue toward optimizing cardiac and respiratory care of DMD patients, both Ca(2+) and NO in cardiac and respiratory muscle pathways have been shown to be important to the etiology of the disease. Understanding the mechanisms behind the fine regulation of Ca(2+) -NO may be important for a noninterventional and noninvasive supportive approach to treat DMD patients, improving the quality of life and natural history of DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Mosqueira
- Medical Biophysics Unit, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, INF326, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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229
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Blaeser A, Keramaris E, Chan YM, Sparks S, Cowley D, Xiao X, Lu QL. Mouse models of fukutin-related protein mutations show a wide range of disease phenotypes. Hum Genet 2013; 132:923-34. [PMID: 23591631 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dystroglycanopathies are characterized by a reduction in the glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). A common cause for this subset of muscular dystrophies is mutations in the gene of fukutin-related protein (FKRP). FKRP mutations have been associated with a wide spectrum of clinical severity from severe Walker-Warburg syndrome and muscle-eye-brain disease with brain and eye defects to mild limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2I with myopathy only. To examine the affects of FKRP mutations on the severity of the disease, we have generated homozygous and compound heterozygous mouse models with human mutations in the murine FKRP gene. P448Lneo+ and E310delneo+ mutations result in severe dystrophic and embryonic lethal phenotypes, respectively. P448Lneo+/E310delneo+ compound heterozygotes exhibit brain defects and severe muscular dystrophies with near absence of α-DG glycosylation. Removal of the Neo(r) cassette from the P448Lneo+ homozygous mice eliminates overt brain and eye defects, and reduces severity of dystrophic phenotypes. Furthermore, introduction of the common L276I mutation to generate transgenic L276Ineo+ homozygous and L276Ineo+/P448Lneo+ and L276Ineo+/E310delneo+ compound heterozygotes results in mice displaying milder dystrophies with reduced α-DG glycosylation and no apparent brain defects. Limited sampling and variation in functionally glycosylated α-DG levels between and within muscles may explain the difficulties in correlating FKRP expression levels with phenotype in clinics. The nature of individual mutations, expression levels and status of muscle differentiation all contribute to the phenotypic manifestation. These mutant FKRP mice are useful models for the study of disease mechanism(s) and experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Blaeser
- McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Neuromuscular/ALS Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28231, USA.
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230
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Araujo KPC, Bonuccelli G, Duarte CN, Gaiad TP, Moreira DF, Feder D, Belizario JE, Miglino MA, Lisanti MP, Ambrosio CE. Bortezomib (PS-341) treatment decreases inflammation and partially rescues the expression of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in GRMD dogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61367. [PMID: 23579193 PMCID: PMC3620287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is a genetic myopathy corresponding to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in humans. Muscle atrophy is known to be associated with degradation of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In the present study, we investigated the effect of bortezomib treatment on the muscle fibers of GRMD dogs. Five GRMD dogs were examined; two were treated (TD- Treated dogs) with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and three were control dogs (CD). Dogs were treated with bortezomib using the same treatment regimen used for multiple myeloma. Pharmacodynamics were evaluated by measuring the inhibition of 20S proteasome activity in whole blood after treatment and comparing it to that in CD. We performed immunohistochemical studies on muscle biopsy specimens to evaluate the rescue of dystrophin and dystrophin-associated proteins in the muscles of GRMD dogs treated with bortezomib. Skeletal tissue from TD had lower levels of connective tissue deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration than CD as determined by histology, collagen morphometry and ultrastructural analysis. The CD showed higher expression of phospho-NFκB and TGF-β1, suggesting a more pronounced activation of anti-apoptotic factors and inflammatory molecules and greater connective tissue deposition, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that dystrophin was not present in the sarcoplasmic membrane of either group. However, bortezomib-TD showed higher expression of α- and β-dystroglycan, indicating an improved disease histopathology phenotype. Significant inhibition of 20S proteasome activity was observed 1 hour after bortezomib administration in the last cycle when the dose was higher. Proteasome inhibitors may thus improve the appearance of GRMD muscle fibers, lessen connective tissue deposition and reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, proteasome inhibitors may rescue some dystrophin-associated proteins in the muscle fiber membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla P. C. Araujo
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gloria Bonuccelli
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caio N. Duarte
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais P. Gaiad
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Biological Science and Health, UFVJM, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Dayson F. Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David Feder
- Department of Pharmacology, ABC School of Medicine, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - José E. Belizario
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A. Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos E. Ambrosio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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231
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Stevens E, Carss K, Cirak S, Foley A, Torelli S, Willer T, Tambunan D, Yau S, Brodd L, Sewry C, Feng L, Haliloglu G, Orhan D, Dobyns W, Enns G, Manning M, Krause A, Salih M, Walsh C, Hurles M, Campbell K, Manzini M, Stemple D, Lin YY, Muntoni F. Mutations in B3GALNT2 cause congenital muscular dystrophy and hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:354-65. [PMID: 23453667 PMCID: PMC3591840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in several known or putative glycosyltransferases cause glycosylation defects in α-dystroglycan (α-DG), an integral component of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex. The hypoglycosylation reduces the ability of α-DG to bind laminin and other extracellular matrix ligands and is responsible for the pathogenesis of an inherited subset of muscular dystrophies known as the dystroglycanopathies. By exome and Sanger sequencing we identified two individuals affected by a dystroglycanopathy with mutations in β-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GALNT2). B3GALNT2 transfers N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) in a β-1,3 linkage to N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc). A subsequent study of a separate cohort of individuals identified recessive mutations in four additional cases that were all affected by dystroglycanopathy with structural brain involvement. We show that functional dystroglycan glycosylation was reduced in the fibroblasts and muscle (when available) of these individuals via flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. B3GALNT2 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and this localization was perturbed by some of the missense mutations identified. Moreover, knockdown of b3galnt2 in zebrafish recapitulated the human congenital muscular dystrophy phenotype with reduced motility, brain abnormalities, and disordered muscle fibers with evidence of damage to both the myosepta and the sarcolemma. Functional dystroglycan glycosylation was also reduced in the b3galnt2 knockdown zebrafish embryos. Together these results demonstrate a role for B3GALNT2 in the glycosylation of α-DG and show that B3GALNT2 mutations can cause dystroglycanopathy with muscle and brain involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Stevens
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Keren J. Carss
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sebahattin Cirak
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - A. Reghan Foley
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Silvia Torelli
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tobias Willer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Dimira E. Tambunan
- Division of Genetics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shu Yau
- DNA Laboratory, GSTS Pathology, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Lina Brodd
- DNA Laboratory, GSTS Pathology, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Caroline A. Sewry
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Diseases, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Lucy Feng
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Diclehan Orhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Gregory M. Enns
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Melanie Manning
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Mustafa A. Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kevin P. Campbell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - M. Chiara Manzini
- Division of Genetics, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Derek Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yung-Yao Lin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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232
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Frola E, Patrizi A, Goetz T, Medrihan L, Petrini EM, Barberis A, Wulff P, Wisden W, Sassoè-Pognetto M. Synaptic competition sculpts the development of GABAergic axo-dendritic but not perisomatic synapses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56311. [PMID: 23457547 PMCID: PMC3572971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter GABA regulates many aspects of inhibitory synapse development. We tested the hypothesis that GABAA receptors (GABAARs) work together with the synaptic adhesion molecule neuroligin 2 (NL2) to regulate synapse formation in different subcellular compartments. We investigated mice (“γ2 knockdown mice”) with an engineered allele of the GABAAR γ2 subunit gene which produced a mosaic expression of synaptic GABAARs in neighboring neurons, causing a strong imbalance in synaptic inhibition. Deletion of the γ2 subunit did not abolish synapse formation or the targeting of NL2 to distinct types of perisomatic and axo-dendritic contacts. Thus synaptic localization of NL2 does not require synaptic GABAARs. However, loss of the γ2 subunit caused a selective decrease in the number of axo-dendritic synapses on cerebellar Purkinje cells and cortical pyramidal neurons, whereas perisomatic synapses were not significantly affected. Notably, γ2-positive cells had increased axo-dendritic innervation compared with both γ2-negative and wild-type counterparts. Moreover heterologous synapses on spines, that are found after total deletion of GABAARs from all Purkinje cells, were rare in cerebella of γ2 knockdown mice. These findings reveal a selective role of γ2 subunit-containing GABAARs in regulating synapse development in distinct subcellular compartments, and support the hypothesis that the refinement of axo-dendritic synapses is regulated by activity-dependent competition between neighboring neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Frola
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, and National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - Annarita Patrizi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, and National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - Thomas Goetz
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lucian Medrihan
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, The Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Enrica Maria Petrini
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, The Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Barberis
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, The Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Peer Wulff
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - William Wisden
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (WW); (MSP)
| | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, and National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail: (WW); (MSP)
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233
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Esser AK, Miller MR, Huang Q, Meier MM, Beltran-Valero de Bernabé D, Stipp CS, Campbell KP, Lynch CF, Smith BJ, Cohen MB, Henry MD. Loss of LARGE2 disrupts functional glycosylation of α-dystroglycan in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:2132-42. [PMID: 23223448 PMCID: PMC3554886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.432807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG) is a cell surface receptor for extracellular matrix proteins and is involved in cell polarity, matrix organization, and mechanical stability of tissues. Previous studies documented loss of DG protein expression and glycosylation in a variety of cancer types, but the underlying mechanisms and the functional consequences with respect to cancer progression remain unclear. Here, we show that the level of expression of the βDG subunit as well as the glycosylation status of the αDG subunit inversely correlate with the Gleason scores of prostate cancers; furthermore, we show that the functional glycosylation of αDG is substantially reduced in prostate cancer metastases. Additionally, we demonstrate that LARGE2 (GYLTL1B), a gene not previously implicated in cancer, regulates functional αDG glycosylation in prostate cancer cell lines; knockdown of LARGE2 resulted in hypoglycosylation of αDG and loss of its ability to bind laminin-111 while overexpression restored ligand binding and diminished growth and migration of an aggressive prostate cancer cell line. Finally, our analysis of LARGE2 expression in human cancer specimens reveals that LARGE2 is significantly down-regulated in the context of prostate cancer, and that its reduction correlates with disease progression. Our results describe a novel molecular mechanism to account for the commonly observed hypoglycosylation of αDG in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qin Huang
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Melissa M. Meier
- Department of Pathology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | | | - Christopher S. Stipp
- Department of Biology
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Kevin P. Campbell
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Charles F. Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Michael B. Cohen
- Department of Pathology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Michael D. Henry
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
- Department of Pathology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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234
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Wells L. The o-mannosylation pathway: glycosyltransferases and proteins implicated in congenital muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6930-5. [PMID: 23329833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.438978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several forms of congenital muscular dystrophy, referred to as dystroglycanopathies, result from defects in the protein O-mannosylation biosynthetic pathway. In this minireview, I discuss 12 proteins involved in the pathway and how they play a role in the building of glycan structures (most notably on the protein α-dystroglycan) that allow for binding to multiple proteins of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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235
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Marshall JL, Crosbie-Watson RH. Sarcospan: a small protein with large potential for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2013; 3:1. [PMID: 23282144 PMCID: PMC3599653 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purification of the proteins associated with dystrophin, the gene product responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, led to the discovery of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Sarcospan, a 25-kDa transmembrane protein, was the last component to be identified and its function in skeletal muscle has been elusive. This review will focus on progress over the last decade revealing that sarcospan is an important regulator of muscle cell adhesion, strength, and regeneration. Investigations using several transgenic mouse models demonstrate that overexpression of sarcospan in the mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy ameliorates pathology and restores muscle cell binding to laminin. Sarcospan improves cell surface expression of the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes as well as α7β1 integrin, which are the three major laminin-binding complexes in muscle. Utrophin and α7β1 integrin compensate for the loss of dystrophin and the finding that sarcospan increases their abundance at the extra-synaptic sarcolemma supports the use of sarcospan as a therapeutic target. Newly discovered phenotypes in sarcospan-deficient mice, including a reduction in specific force output and increased drop in force in the diaphragm muscle, result from decreased utrophin and dystrophin expression and further reveal sarcospan’s role in determining abundance of these complexes. Dystrophin protein levels and the specific force output of the diaphragm muscle are further reduced upon genetic removal of α7 integrin (Itga7) in SSPN-deficient mice, demonstrating that interactions between integrin and sarcospan are critical for maintenance of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and force production of the diaphragm muscle. Sarcospan is a major regulator of Akt signaling pathways and sarcospan-deficiency significantly impairs muscle regeneration, a process that is dependent on Akt activation. Intriguingly, sarcospan regulates glycosylation of a specific subpopulation of α-dystroglycan, the laminin-binding receptor associated with dystrophin and utrophin, localized to the neuromuscular junction. Understanding the basic mechanisms responsible for assembly and trafficking of the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes to the cell surface is lacking and recent studies suggest that sarcospan plays a role in these essential processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E, Young Drive East, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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236
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Celes MR, Prado CM, Rossi MA. Sepsis: Going to the Heart of the Matter. Pathobiology 2013; 80:70-86. [DOI: 10.1159/000341640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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237
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Le Borgne F, Guyot S, Logerot M, Beney L, Gervais P, Demarquoy J. Exploration of lipid metabolism in relation with plasma membrane properties of Duchenne muscular dystrophy cells: influence of L-carnitine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49346. [PMID: 23209572 PMCID: PMC3507830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) arises as a consequence of mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin is a membrane-spanning protein that connects the cytoskeleton and the basal lamina. The most distinctive features of DMD are a progressive muscular dystrophy, a myofiber degeneration with fibrosis and metabolic alterations such as fatty infiltration, however, little is known on lipid metabolism changes arising in Duchenne patient cells. Our goal was to identify metabolic changes occurring in Duchenne patient cells especially in terms of L-carnitine homeostasis, fatty acid metabolism both at the mitochondrial and peroxisomal level and the consequences on the membrane structure and function. In this paper, we compared the structural and functional characteristics of DMD patient and control cells. Using radiolabeled L-carnitine, we found, in patient muscle cells, a marked decrease in the uptake and the intracellular level of L-carnitine. Associated with this change, a decrease in the mitochondrial metabolism can be seen from the analysis of mRNA encoding for mitochondrial proteins. Probably, associated with these changes in fatty acid metabolism, alterations in the lipid composition of the cells were identified: with an increase in poly unsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in medium chain fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acids and in cholesterol contents. Functionally, the membrane of cells lacking dystrophin appeared to be less fluid, as determined at 37°C by fluorescence anisotropy. These changes may, at least in part, be responsible for changes in the phospholipids and cholesterol profile in cell membranes and ultimately may reduce the fluidity of the membrane. A supplementation with L-carnitine partly restored the fatty acid profile by increasing saturated fatty acid content and decreasing the amounts of MUFA, PUFA, VLCFA. L-carnitine supplementation also restored muscle membrane fluidity. This suggests that regulating lipid metabolism in DMD cells may improve the function of cells lacking dystrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Le Borgne
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique, Université de Bourgogne - Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Guyot
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques, AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne, bât Erasme, Dijon, France
| | - Morgan Logerot
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique, Université de Bourgogne - Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Beney
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques, AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne, bât Erasme, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Gervais
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe Procédés Microbiologiques et Biotechnologiques, AgroSup Dijon/Université de Bourgogne, bât Erasme, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Demarquoy
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, Biochimie du Peroxysome, Inflammation et Métabolisme Lipidique, Université de Bourgogne - Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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238
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Dobson CM, Hempel SJ, Stalnaker SH, Stuart R, Wells L. O-Mannosylation and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2849-57. [PMID: 23115008 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is arguably the most prevalent co- and post-translational modification. It is responsible for increased heterogeneity and functional diversity of proteins. Here we discuss the importance of one type of glycosylation, specifically O-mannosylation and its relationship to a number of human diseases. The most widely studied O-mannose modified protein is alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). Recent studies have focused intensely on α-DG due to the severity of diseases associated with its improper glycosylation. O-mannosylation of α-DG is involved in cancer metastasis, arenavirus entry, and multiple forms of congenital muscular dystrophy [1, 2]. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional characteristics of O-mannose-initiated glycan structures on α-DG, enzymes involved in the O-mannosylation pathway, and the diseases that are a direct result of disruptions within this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Marshall JL, Holmberg J, Chou E, Ocampo AC, Oh J, Lee J, Peter AK, Martin PT, Crosbie-Watson RH. Sarcospan-dependent Akt activation is required for utrophin expression and muscle regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:1009-27. [PMID: 22734004 PMCID: PMC3384411 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Utrophin is normally confined to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in adult muscle and partially compensates for the loss of dystrophin in mdx mice. We show that Akt signaling and utrophin levels were diminished in sarcospan (SSPN)-deficient muscle. By creating several transgenic and knockout mice, we demonstrate that SSPN regulates Akt signaling to control utrophin expression. SSPN determined α-dystroglycan (α-DG) glycosylation by affecting levels of the NMJ-specific glycosyltransferase Galgt2. After cardiotoxin (CTX) injury, regenerating myofibers express utrophin and Galgt2-modified α-DG around the sarcolemma. SSPN-null mice displayed delayed differentiation after CTX injury caused by loss of utrophin and Akt signaling. Treatment of SSPN-null mice with viral Akt increased utrophin and restored muscle repair after injury, revealing an important role for the SSPN-Akt-utrophin signaling axis in regeneration. SSPN improved cell surface expression of utrophin by increasing transportation of utrophin and DG from endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi membranes. Our experiments reveal functions of utrophin in regeneration and new pathways that regulate utrophin expression at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and 2 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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240
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Expression analysis in multiple muscle groups and serum reveals complexity in the microRNA transcriptome of the mdx mouse with implications for therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 1:e39. [PMID: 23344181 PMCID: PMC3437806 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2012.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNAs that regulate gene expression and are implicated in wide-ranging cellular processes and pathological conditions including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We have compared differential miRNA expression in proximal and distal limb muscles, diaphragm, heart and serum in the mdx mouse relative to wild-type controls. Global transcriptome analysis revealed muscle-specific patterns of differential miRNA expression as well as a number of changes common between tissues, including previously identified dystromirs. In the case of miR-31 and miR-34c, upregulation of primary-miRNA transcripts, precursor hairpins and all mature miRNAs derived from the same transcript or miRNA cluster, strongly suggests transcriptional regulation of these miRNAs. The most striking differences in differential miRNA expression were between muscle tissue and serum. Specifically, miR-1, miR-133a, and miR-206 were highly abundant in mdx serum but downregulated or modestly upregulated in muscle, suggesting that these miRNAs are promising disease biomarkers. Indeed, the relative serum levels of these miRNAs were normalized in response to peptide-phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO) mediated dystrophin restoration therapy. This study has revealed further complexity in the miRNA transcriptome of the mdx mouse, an understanding of which will be valuable in the development of novel therapeutics and for monitoring their efficacy.
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241
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Cutroneo G, Piancino MG, Ramieri G, Bracco P, Vita G, Isola G, Vermiglio G, Favaloro A, Anastasi G, Trimarchi F. Expression of muscle-specific integrins in masseter muscle fibers during malocclusion disease. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:235-42. [PMID: 22552408 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface membrane proteins linking the extracellular matrix to actin. α7B integrin is detected in proliferating and adult myofibers, whereas α7A plays a role in regenerating muscle fibers with a minor function in mature muscle fibers. The expression levels of β1A appear to be very low, whereas β1D appears to be the predominant integrin form in mature muscle. Considering the important features of masseter muscle we have studied integrin expression in masseter muscle specimens of surgical patients with posterior right crossbite and comparing them to left side masseter muscle specimens. Our results showed that the expression of integrins was significantly lower in the crossbite side muscle. Furthermore, the most important finding is that β1A is clearly detectable in adult masseter muscle. This behavior could be due to the particular composition of masseter, since it contains hybrid fibers showing the capacity to modify the contractile properties to optimize the energy efficiency or the action of the muscle during contraction. Moreover, masseter is characterized by a high turnover of muscle fibers producing a regeneration process. This may indicate a longer time to heal, justifying the loss of β1D and the consequential increase of β1A. Thus, our data provide the first suggestion that integrins in masseter muscle play a key role regulating the functional activity of muscle and allowing the optimization of contractile forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, Messina University, I-98125 Messina, Italy
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242
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Miller G, Moore CJ, Terry R, La Riviere T, Mitchell A, Piggott R, Dear TN, Wells DJ, Winder SJ. Preventing phosphorylation of dystroglycan ameliorates the dystrophic phenotype in mdx mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4508-20. [PMID: 22810924 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of dystrophin protein due to mutations in the DMD gene causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin loss also leads to the loss of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) from the sarcolemma which contributes to the dystrophic phenotype. Tyrosine phosphorylation of dystroglycan has been identified as a possible signal to promote the proteasomal degradation of the DGC. In order to test the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of dystroglycan in the aetiology of DMD, we generated a knock-in mouse with a phenylalanine substitution at a key tyrosine phosphorylation site in dystroglycan, Y890. Dystroglycan knock-in mice (Dag1(Y890F/Y890F)) had no overt phenotype. In order to examine the consequence of blocking dystroglycan phosphorylation on the aetiology of dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy, the Y890F mice were crossed with mdx mice an established model of muscular dystrophy. Dag1(Y890F/Y890F)/mdx mice showed a significant improvement in several parameters of muscle pathophysiology associated with muscular dystrophy, including a reduction in centrally nucleated fibres, less Evans blue dye infiltration and lower serum creatine kinase levels. With the exception of dystrophin, other DGC components were restored to the sarcolemma including α-sarcoglycan, α-/β-dystroglycan and sarcospan. Furthermore, Dag1(Y890F/Y890F)/mdx showed a significant resistance to muscle damage and force loss following repeated eccentric contractions when compared with mdx mice. While the Y890F substitution may prevent dystroglycan from proteasomal degradation, an increase in sarcolemmal plectin appeared to confer protection on Dag1(Y890F/Y890F)/mdx mouse muscle. This new model confirms dystroglycan phosphorylation as an important pathway in the aetiology of DMD and provides novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Miller
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Moore CJ, Winder SJ. The inside and out of dystroglycan post-translational modification. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:959-65. [PMID: 22770978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In neuromuscular systems dystroglycan provides a vital link between laminin in the extracellular matrix and dystrophin in the membrane cytoskeleton. The integrity of this link is maintained and regulated by post-translational modifications of dystroglycan that have effects both inside and outside the cell. Glycosylation of α-dystroglycan is crucial for its link to laminin and phosphorylation of β-dystroglycan on tyrosine regulates its association with intracellular binding partners. This short review focuses on some of the recent developments in our understanding of the role of these post-translational modification in regulating dystroglycan function, and how new knowledge of signalling through the laminin-dystroglycan axis is leading to hope for treatment for some neuromuscular diseases associated with this adhesion complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Moore
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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244
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Abstract
This article summarizes the basic cellular and extracellular events in the development of the glomerulus and assembly of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), paying special attention to laminin (LM) and type IV collagen. Cellular receptors for GBM proteins, including the integrins, dystroglycan, and discoidin domain receptor 1 also are discussed. Evidence is reviewed showing that the laminin isoform present in the earliest GBM, LM-111, and final isoform found in the mature GBM, LM-521, are each derived from both endothelial cells and podocytes. Although the early collagen α1α2α1(IV) similarly derives from endothelial cells and podocytes, collagen α3α4α5(IV) found in fully mature GBM is a product solely of podocytes. Genetic diseases affecting laminin and type IV collagen synthesis also are presented, with an emphasis on mutations to LAMB2 (Pierson syndrome) and COL4A3, COL4A4, and COL4A5 (Alport syndrome), and their experimental mouse models. Stress is placed on the assembly of a compositionally correct GBM for the acquisition and maintenance of glomerular barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Abrahamson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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245
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Barnabei MS, Metzger JM. Ex vivo stretch reveals altered mechanical properties of isolated dystrophin-deficient hearts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32880. [PMID: 22427904 PMCID: PMC3298453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive and fatal disease of muscle wasting caused by loss of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. In the heart, DMD results in progressive cardiomyopathy and dilation of the left ventricle through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Previous reports have shown that loss of dystrophin causes sarcolemmal instability and reduced mechanical compliance of isolated cardiac myocytes. To expand upon these findings, here we have subjected the left ventricles of dystrophin-deficient mdx hearts to mechanical stretch. Unexpectedly, isolated mdx hearts showed increased left ventricular (LV) compliance compared to controls during stretch as LV volume was increased above normal end diastolic volume. During LV chamber distention, sarcomere lengths increased similarly in mdx and WT hearts despite greater excursions in volume of mdx hearts. This suggests that the mechanical properties of the intact heart cannot be modeled as a simple extrapolation of findings in single cardiac myocytes. To explain these findings, a model is proposed in which disruption of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex perturbs cell-extracellular matrix contacts and promotes the apparent slippage of myocytes past each other during LV distension. In comparison, similar increases in LV compliance were obtained in isolated hearts from β-sarcoglycan-null and laminin-α2 mutant mice, but not in dysferlin-null mice, suggesting that increased whole-organ compliance in mdx mice is a specific effect of disrupted cell-extracellular matrix contacts and not a general consequence of cardiomyopathy via membrane defect processes. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel and cell-death independent mechanism for the progressive pathological LV dilation that occurs in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph M. Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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246
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a solid scaffold and signals to cells through ECM receptors. The cell-matrix interactions are crucial for normal biological processes and when disrupted they may lead to pathological processes. In particular, the biological importance of ECM-cell membrane-cytoskeleton interactions in skeletal muscle is accentuated by the number of inherited muscle diseases caused by mutations in proteins conferring these interactions. In this review we introduce laminins, collagens, dystroglycan, integrins, dystrophin and sarcoglycans. Mutations in corresponding genes cause various forms of muscular dystrophy. The muscle disorders are presented as well as advances toward the development of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Carmignac
- Muscle Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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247
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Rauch U, Shami A, Zhang F, Carmignac V, Durbeej M, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A. Increased neointimal thickening in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29904. [PMID: 22238670 PMCID: PMC3251593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dystrophin gene, which is mutated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), encodes a large cytoskeletal protein present in muscle fibers. While dystrophin in skeletal muscle has been extensively studied, the function of dystrophin in vascular smooth muscle is less clear. Here, we have analyzed the role of dystrophin in injury-induced arterial neointima formation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We detected a down-regulation of dystrophin, dystroglycan and β-sarcoglycan mRNA expression when vascular smooth muscle cells de-differentiate in vitro. To further mimic development of intimal lesions, we performed a collar-induced injury of the carotid artery in the mdx mouse, a model for DMD. As compared with control mice, mdx mice develop larger lesions with increased numbers of proliferating cells. In vitro experiments demonstrate increased migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from mdx mice whereas the rate of proliferation was similar in cells isolated from wild-type and mdx mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results show that dystrophin deficiency stimulates neointima formation and suggest that expression of dystrophin in vascular smooth muscle cells may protect the artery wall against injury-induced intimal thickening.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Dystrophin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/complications
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/complications
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima/genetics
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Organ Size
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rauch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annelie Shami
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Virginie Carmignac
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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248
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Cruz Guzmán ODR, Chávez García AL, Rodríguez-Cruz M. Muscular dystrophies at different ages: metabolic and endocrine alterations. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:485376. [PMID: 22701119 PMCID: PMC3371686 DOI: 10.1155/2012/485376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Common metabolic and endocrine alterations exist across a wide range of muscular dystrophies. Skeletal muscle plays an important role in glucose metabolism and is a major participant in different signaling pathways. Therefore, its damage may lead to different metabolic disruptions. Two of the most important metabolic alterations in muscular dystrophies may be insulin resistance and obesity. However, only insulin resistance has been demonstrated in myotonic dystrophy. In addition, endocrine disturbances such as hypogonadism, low levels of testosterone, and growth hormone have been reported. This eventually will result in consequences such as growth failure and delayed puberty in the case of childhood dystrophies. Other consequences may be reduced male fertility, reduced spermatogenesis, and oligospermia, both in childhood as well as in adult muscular dystrophies. These facts all suggest that there is a need for better comprehension of metabolic and endocrine implications for muscular dystrophies with the purpose of developing improved clinical treatments and/or improvements in the quality of life of patients with dystrophy. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe the current knowledge about of metabolic and endocrine alterations in diverse types of dystrophinopathies, which will be divided into two groups: childhood and adult dystrophies which have different age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana del Rocío Cruz Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, 06703 Ciudad México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Chávez García
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, 06703 Ciudad México, DF, Mexico
| | - Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, 06703 Ciudad México, DF, Mexico
- *Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz:
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249
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Arco A, Favaloro A, Gioffrè M, Santoro G, Speciale F, Vermiglio G, Cutroneo G. Sarcoglycans in the Normal and Pathological Breast Tissue of Humans: An Immunohistochemical and Molecular Study. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 195:550-62. [DOI: 10.1159/000329508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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250
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Cutroneo G, Lentini S, Favaloro A, Anastasi G, Di Mauro D. Costameric proteins: from benchside to future translational cardiovascular research. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2011; 61:55-60. [PMID: 22264821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Costameres encircle the myocyte perpendicular to its long axis, and comprise two protein complexes: the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) and the vinculin-talin-integrin system. They participate in signaling functions and protect muscle cells from damage induced by workload. The behaviour of those proteins has been a focus of study starting from skeletal and smooth muscle cells to cardiomyocytes, and still represents a topical subject for cardiovascular translational research. This review summarizes the past and present novel approaches of our and other groups of work on this subject of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Cutroneo
- Department of Biomorphology and Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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