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Christie BR, Trivino‐Paredes J, Pinar C, Neale KJ, Meconi A, Reid H, Hutton CP. A Rapid Neurological Assessment Protocol for Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Awake Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 89:e80. [DOI: 10.1002/cpns.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Juan Trivino‐Paredes
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Cristina Pinar
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Katie J. Neale
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hannah Reid
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Craig P. Hutton
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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202
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Ragagnin AMG, Shadfar S, Vidal M, Jamali MS, Atkin JD. Motor Neuron Susceptibility in ALS/FTD. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:532. [PMID: 31316328 PMCID: PMC6610326 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the death of both upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) in the brain, brainstem and spinal cord. The neurodegenerative mechanisms leading to MN loss in ALS are not fully understood. Importantly, the reasons why MNs are specifically targeted in this disorder are unclear, when the proteins associated genetically or pathologically with ALS are expressed ubiquitously. Furthermore, MNs themselves are not affected equally; specific MNs subpopulations are more susceptible than others in both animal models and human patients. Corticospinal MNs and lower somatic MNs, which innervate voluntary muscles, degenerate more readily than specific subgroups of lower MNs, which remain resistant to degeneration, reflecting the clinical manifestations of ALS. In this review, we discuss the possible factors intrinsic to MNs that render them uniquely susceptible to neurodegeneration in ALS. We also speculate why some MN subpopulations are more vulnerable than others, focusing on both their molecular and physiological properties. Finally, we review the anatomical network and neuronal microenvironment as determinants of MN subtype vulnerability and hence the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M G Ragagnin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sina Shadfar
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta Vidal
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Shafi Jamali
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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203
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Human Immune System Increases Breast Cancer-Induced Osteoblastic Bone Growth in a Humanized Mouse Model without Affecting Normal Bone. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4260987. [PMID: 31211147 PMCID: PMC6532310 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4260987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are prevalent in many common cancers such as breast, prostate, and lung cancers, and novel therapies for treating bone metastases are needed. Human immune system-engrafted models are used in immuno-oncology (IO) studies for subcutaneous cancer cell or patient-derived xenograft implantations that mimic primary tumor growth. Novel efficacy models for IO compounds on bone metastases need to be established. The study was performed using CIEA NOG (NOG) mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (huNOG) and age-matched immunodeficient NOG mice. Bone phenotyping was performed to evaluate baseline differences. BT-474 human breast cancer cells were inoculated into the tibia bone marrow, and cancer-induced bone changes were monitored by X-ray imaging. Bone content and volume were analyzed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and microcomputed tomography. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the expression of immune checkpoint markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Bone phenotyping showed no differences in bone architecture or volume of the healthy bones in huNOG and NOG mice, but the bone marrow fat was absent in huNOG mice. Fibrotic areas were observed in the bone marrow of some huNOG mice. BT-474 tumors induced osteoblastic bone growth. Bone lesions appeared earlier and were larger, and bone mineral density was higher in huNOG mice. huNOG mice had a high number of human CD3-, CD4-, and CD8-positive T cells and CD20-positive B cells in immune-related organs. A low number of TILs and PD-1-positive cells and low PD-L1 expression were observed in the BT-474 tumors at the endpoint. This study reports characterization of the first breast cancer bone growth model in huNOG mice. BT-474 tumors represent a “cold” tumor with a low number of TILs. This model can be used for evaluating the efficacy of combination treatments of IO therapies with immune-stimulatory compounds or therapeutic approaches on bone metastatic breast cancer.
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204
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Jiang L, Li S, Zheng J, Li Y, Huang H. Recent Progress in Microfluidic Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060375. [PMID: 31195652 PMCID: PMC6630552 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical physical and chemical barrier that maintains brain homeostasis. Researchers in academia and industry are highly motivated to develop experimental models that can accurately mimic the physiological characteristics of the BBB. Microfluidic systems, which manipulate fluids at the micrometer scale, are ideal tools for simulating the BBB microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the progress in the design and evaluation of microfluidic in vitro BBB models, including advances in chip materials, porous membranes, the use of endothelial cells, the importance of shear stress, the detection specific markers to monitor tight junction formation and integrity, measurements of TEER and permeability. We also pointed out several shortcomings of the current microfluidic models. The purpose of this paper is to let the readers understand the characteristics of different types of model design, and select appropriate design parameters according to the research needs, so as to obtain the best experimental results. We believe that the microfluidics BBB models will play an important role in neuroscience and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Junsong Zheng
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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205
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Shultz LD, Keck J, Burzenski L, Jangalwe S, Vaidya S, Greiner DL, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models of immunological diseases and precision medicine. Mamm Genome 2019; 30:123-142. [PMID: 30847553 PMCID: PMC6610695 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-019-09796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the increase in knowledge resulting from the sequencing of the human genome, the genetic basis for the underlying differences in individuals, their diseases, and how they respond to therapies is starting to be understood. This has formed the foundation for the era of precision medicine in many human diseases that is beginning to be implemented in the clinic, particularly in cancer. However, preclinical testing of therapeutic approaches based on individual biology will need to be validated in animal models prior to translation into patients. Although animal models, particularly murine models, have provided significant information on the basic biology underlying immune responses in various diseases and the response to therapy, murine and human immune systems differ markedly. These fundamental differences may be the underlying reason why many of the positive therapeutic responses observed in mice have not translated directly into the clinic. There is a critical need for preclinical animal models in which human immune responses can be investigated. For this, many investigators are using humanized mice, i.e., immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells, tissues, and immune systems. We will briefly review the history of humanized mice, the remaining limitations, approaches to overcome them and how humanized mouse models are being used as a preclinical bridge in precision medicine for evaluation of human therapies prior to their implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard D Shultz
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - James Keck
- The Jackson Laboratory, 1650 Santa Ana Avenue, Sacramento, CA, 95838, USA
| | - Lisa Burzenski
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Sonal Jangalwe
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Shantashri Vaidya
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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206
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Saul MC, Philip VM, Reinholdt LG, Chesler EJ. High-Diversity Mouse Populations for Complex Traits. Trends Genet 2019; 35:501-514. [PMID: 31133439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary mouse genetic reference populations are a powerful platform to discover complex disease mechanisms. Advanced high-diversity mouse populations include the Collaborative Cross (CC) strains, Diversity Outbred (DO) stock, and their isogenic founder strains. When used in systems genetics and integrative genomics analyses, these populations efficiently harnesses known genetic variation for precise and contextualized identification of complex disease mechanisms. Extensive genetic, genomic, and phenotypic data are already available for these high-diversity mouse populations and a growing suite of data analysis tools have been developed to support research on diverse mice. This integrated resource can be used to discover and evaluate disease mechanisms relevant across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Saul
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Vivek M Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA; Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
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207
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Frimat JP, Luttge R. The Need for Physiological Micro-Nanofluidic Systems of the Brain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:100. [PMID: 31134196 PMCID: PMC6514106 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review brain-on-a-chip models and associated underlying technologies. Micro-nanofluidic systems of the brain can utilize the entire spectrum of organoid technology. Notably, there is an urgent clinical need for a physiologically relevant microfluidic platform that can mimic the brain. Brain diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and this number will grow as the size of elderly population increases, thus making brain disease a serious public health problem. Brain disease modeling typically involves the use of in vivo rodent models, which is time consuming, resource intensive, and arguably unethical because many animals are required for a single study. Moreover, rodent models may not accurately predict human diseases, leading to erroneous results, thus rendering animal models poor predictors of human responses to treatment. Various clinical researchers have highlighted this issue, showing that initial physiological descriptions of animal models rarely encompass all the desired human features, including how closely the model captures what is observed in patients. Consequently, such animal models only mimic certain disease aspects, and they are often inadequate for studying how a certain molecule affects various aspects of a disease. Thus, there is a great need for the development of the brain-on-a-chip technology based on which a human brain model can be engineered by assembling cell lines to generate an organ-level model. To produce such a brain-on-a-chip device, selection of appropriate cells lines is critical because brain tissue consists of many different neuronal subtypes, including a plethora of supporting glial cell types. Additionally, cellular network bio-architecture significantly varies throughout different brain regions, forming complex structures and circuitries; this needs to be accounted for in the chip design process. Compartmentalized microenvironments can also be designed within the microphysiological cell culture system to fulfill advanced requirements of a given application. On-chip integration methods have already enabled advances in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy modeling, which are discussed herein. In conclusion, for the brain model to be functional, combining engineered microsystems with stem cell (hiPSC) technology is specifically beneficial because hiPSCs can contribute to the complexity of tissue architecture based on their level of differentiation and thereby, biology itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Frimat
- Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering Group, Microsystems Section & ICMS Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Regina Luttge
- Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering Group, Microsystems Section & ICMS Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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208
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Abstract
Although the investigation into biomarkers specific for pulmonary metastasis within osteosarcoma (OS) has recently expanded, their usage within the clinic remains sparse. The current screening protocol after any OS diagnosis includes a chest CT scan; however, metastatic lung nodules frequently go undetected and remain the primary cause of death in OS. Recently, screening technologies such as liquid biopsy and next-generation sequencing have revealed a promising array of biomarkers with predictive and diagnostic value for the pulmonary metastasis associated with OS. These biomarkers draw from genomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, and metabolomics. When assessed in concert, their utility is most promising as OS is a highly heterogeneous cancer. Accordingly, there has been an expansion of clinical trials not only aimed at further demonstrating the significance of these individual biomarkers but to also reveal which therapies resolve the pulmonary metastasis once detected. This review will focus on the recently discovered and novel metastatic biomarkers within OS, their molecular and cellular mechanisms, the expansion of humanized OS mouse models amenable to their testing, and the associated clinical trials aimed at managing the metastatic phase of OS.
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209
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Åhlgren J, Voikar V. Experiments done in Black-6 mice: what does it mean? Lab Anim (NY) 2019; 48:171-180. [DOI: 10.1038/s41684-019-0288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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210
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Miller AJ, Dye BR, Ferrer-Torres D, Hill DR, Overeem AW, Shea LD, Spence JR. Generation of lung organoids from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:518-540. [PMID: 30664680 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lung epithelium is derived from the endodermal germ layer, which undergoes a complex series of endoderm-mesoderm-mediated signaling events to generate the final arborized network of conducting airways (bronchi, bronchioles) and gas-exchanging units (alveoli). These stages include endoderm induction, anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral patterning, lung specification, lung budding, branching morphogenesis, and, finally, maturation. Here we describe a protocol that recapitulates several of these milestones in order to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into ventral-anterior foregut spheroids and further into two distinct types of organoids: human lung organoids and bud tip progenitor organoids. The resulting human lung organoids possess cell types and structures that resemble the bronchi/bronchioles of the developing human airway surrounded by lung mesenchyme and cells expressing alveolar-cell markers. The bud tip progenitor organoids possess a population of highly proliferative multipotent cells with in vitro multilineage differentiation potential and in vivo engraftment potential. Human lung organoids can be generated from hPSCs in 50-85 d, and bud tip progenitor organoids can be generated in 22 d. The two hPSC-derived models presented here have been benchmarked with human fetal tissue and found to be representative of human fetal-like tissue. The bud tip progenitor organoids are thus ideal for exploring epithelial fate decisions, while the human lung organoids can be used to model epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk during human lung development. In addition to their applications in developmental biology, human lung organoids and bud tip progenitor organoids may be implemented in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and pharmaceutical safety and efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Miller
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Briana R Dye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daysha Ferrer-Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David R Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arend W Overeem
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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211
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Wagner F, Holzapfel BM, Martine LC, McGovern J, Lahr CA, Boxberg M, Prodinger PM, Grässel S, Loessner D, Hutmacher DW. A humanized bone microenvironment uncovers HIF2 alpha as a latent marker for osteosarcoma. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:372-381. [PMID: 30836200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The quest for predictive tumor markers for osteosarcoma (OS) has not well progressed over the last two decades due to a lack of preclinical models. The aim of this study was to investigate if microenvironmental modifications in an original humanized in vivo model alter the expression of OS tumor markers. Human bone micro-chips and bone marrow, harvested during hip arthroplasty, were implanted at the flanks of NOD/scid mice. We administered recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 7 (rhBMP-7) in human bone micro-chips/bone marrow group I in order to modulate bone matrix and bone marrow humanization. Ten weeks post-implantation, human Luc-SAOS-2 OS cells were injected into the humanized tissue-engineered bone organs (hTEBOs). Tumors were harvested 5 weeks post-implantation to determine the expression of the previously described OS markers ezrin, periostin, VEGF, HIF1α and HIF2α. Representation of these proteins was analyzed in two different OS patient cohorts. Ezrin was downregulated in OS in hTEBOs with rhBMP-7, whereas HIF2α was significantly upregulated in comparison to hTEBOs without rhBMP-7. The expression of periostin, VEGF and HIF1α did not differ significantly between both groups. HIF2α was consistently present in OS patients and dependent on tumor site and clinical stage. OS patients post-chemotherapy had suppressed levels of HIF2α. In conclusion, we demonstrated the overall expression of OS-related factors in a preclinical model, which is based on a humanized bone organ. Our preclinical research results and analysis of two comprehensive patient cohorts imply that HIF2α is a potential prognostic marker and/or therapeutic target. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the clinical relevance of the humanized organ bone microenvironment in osteosarcoma research and validates the expression of tumor markers, especially HIF2α. The convergence of clinically proven bone engineering concepts for the development of humanized mice models is a new starting point for investigations of OS-related marker expression. The validation and first data set in such a model let one conclude that further clinical studies on the role of HIF2α as a prognostic marker and its potential as therapeutic target is a condition sine qua non.
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212
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Palomo V, Tosat-Bitrian C, Nozal V, Nagaraj S, Martin-Requero A, Martinez A. TDP-43: A Key Therapeutic Target beyond Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1183-1196. [PMID: 30785719 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm of diseased neurons is the pathological hallmark of frontotemporal dementia-TDP (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), two diseases that lack efficacious medicine to prevent or to stop disease progression. The discovery of mutations in the TARDBP gene (encoding the nuclear protein known as TDP-43) in both FTLD and ALS patients provided evidence for a link between TDP-43 alterations and neurodegeneration. Our understanding of TDP-43 function has advanced profoundly in the past several years; however, its complete role and the molecular mechanisms that lead to disease are not fully understood. Here we summarize the recent studies of this protein, its relation to neurodegenerative diseases, and the therapeutic strategies for restoring its homeostasis with small molecules. Finally, we briefly discuss the available cellular and animal models that help to shed light on TDP-43 pathology and could serve as tools for the discovery of pharmacological agents for the treatment of TDP-43-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valle Palomo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vanesa Nozal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Siranjeevi Nagaraj
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Martin-Requero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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213
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Chu X. Preliminary validation of natural depression in macaques with acute treatments of the fast-acting antidepressant ketamine. Behav Brain Res 2019; 360:60-68. [PMID: 30508610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-human primates have become one of the most important model animals for the investigation of brain diseases because they share a wide-range of genetics and social similarities with human beings. Naturally-evoked depression models in macaques may offer a full spectrum of similarity to human depression states, but they require validation and corroboration of specific phenotypes to depression-associated states before they can be used in research into more effective interventions. It is reported here that depressed cynomolgus monkeys developed in the natural condition display higher levels of typical depressive-like huddling behavior than healthy monkeys. Moreover, these depressed macaques presented other key phenotypes linked to depression, including low levels of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites, increased passive states, reduced positive behaviors and disrupted nocturnal sleep. When subjected to an acute subanesthetic dose of ketamine, the depressed monkeys responded substantially in rapid and sustained antidepressant-like ways, which demonstrated decreased huddling behavior, an elevated interest in exploration activities and sleep improvement. Taken together, this naturally-evoked depression monkey model was systematically validated for ecological, face, construct and predictive validities. This model will serve as a qualified platform for studying depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunxun Chu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, PR China; Center for Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
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214
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Carias KV, Wevrick R. Preclinical Testing in Translational Animal Models of Prader-Willi Syndrome: Overview and Gap Analysis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:344-358. [PMID: 30989085 PMCID: PMC6447752 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder causing endocrine, musculoskeletal, and neurological dysfunction. PWS is caused by the inactivation of contiguous genes, complicating the development of targeted therapeutics. Clinical trials are now underway in PWS, with more trials to be implemented in the next few years. PWS-like endophenotypes are recapitulated in gene-targeted mice in which the function of one or more PWS genes is disrupted. These animal models can guide priorities for clinical trials or provide information about efficacy of a compound within the context of the specific disease. We now review the current status of preclinical studies that measure the effect of therapeutics on PWS-like endophenotypes. Seven categories of therapeutics (oxytocin and related compounds, K+-ATP channel agonists, melanocortin 4 receptor agonists, incretin mimetics and/or GLP-1 receptor agonists, cannabinoids, ghrelin agents, and Caralluma fimbriata [cactus] extract) have been tested for their effect on endophenotypes in both PWS animal models and clinical trials. Many other therapeutics have been tested in clinical trials, but not preclinical models of PWS or vice versa. Fostering dialogs among investigators performing preclinical validation of animal models and those implementing clinical studies will accelerate the discovery and translation of therapies into clinical practice in PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vanessa Carias
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Wevrick
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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215
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van den Berg LH, Sorenson E, Gronseth G, Macklin EA, Andrews J, Baloh RH, Benatar M, Berry JD, Chio A, Corcia P, Genge A, Gubitz AK, Lomen-Hoerth C, McDermott CJ, Pioro EP, Rosenfeld J, Silani V, Turner MR, Weber M, Brooks BR, Miller RG, Mitsumoto H. Revised Airlie House consensus guidelines for design and implementation of ALS clinical trials. Neurology 2019; 92:e1610-e1623. [PMID: 30850440 PMCID: PMC6448453 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To revise the 1999 Airlie House consensus guidelines for the design and implementation of preclinical therapeutic studies and clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS A consensus committee comprising 140 key members of the international ALS community (ALS researchers, clinicians, patient representatives, research funding representatives, industry, and regulatory agencies) addressed 9 areas of need within ALS research: (1) preclinical studies; (2) biological and phenotypic heterogeneity; (3) outcome measures; (4) disease-modifying and symptomatic interventions; (5) recruitment and retention; (6) biomarkers; (7) clinical trial phases; (8) beyond traditional trial designs; and (9) statistical considerations. Assigned to 1 of 8 sections, committee members generated a draft set of guidelines based on a "background" of developing a (pre)clinical question and a "rationale" outlining the evidence and expert opinion. Following a 2-day, face-to-face workshop at the Airlie House Conference Center, a modified Delphi process was used to develop draft consensus research guidelines, which were subsequently reviewed and modified based on comments from the public. Statistical experts drafted a separate document of statistical considerations (section 9). RESULTS In this report, we summarize 112 guidelines and their associated backgrounds and rationales. The full list of guidelines, the statistical considerations, and a glossary of terms can be found in data available from Dryad (appendices e-3-e-5, doi.org/10.5061/dryad.32q9q5d). The authors prioritized 15 guidelines with the greatest potential to improve ALS clinical research. CONCLUSION The revised Airlie House ALS Clinical Trials Consensus Guidelines should serve to improve clinical trial design and accelerate the development of effective treatments for patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H van den Berg
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA.
| | - Eric Sorenson
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Gary Gronseth
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Eric A Macklin
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Jinsy Andrews
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Robert H Baloh
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Michael Benatar
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - James D Berry
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Adriano Chio
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Philippe Corcia
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Angela Genge
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Amelie K Gubitz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Catherine Lomen-Hoerth
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Erik P Pioro
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Jeffrey Rosenfeld
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Martin R Turner
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Markus Weber
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Benjamin Rix Brooks
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Robert G Miller
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
| | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- From the Department of Neurology (L.H.v.d.B.), Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (E.S.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Medicine (E.A.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Biostatistics Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurology (J.A., H.M.), Columbia University, Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (R.H.B.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurology (M.B.), University of Miami, FL; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (J.D.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience (A.C.), University of Torino, Italy; Centre Constitutif SLA (P.C.), Université de Tours, France; Department of Neurology (A.G.), Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (A.K.G.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; ALS Center (C.L.-H.), University of California San Francisco; Department of Neuroscience (C.J.M.), Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK; Department of Neurology (E.P.P.), Section of ALS & Related Disorders, Cleveland Clinic, OH; Department of Neurology (J.R.), The Center for Restorative Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), "Dino Ferrari" Centre, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.R.T.), University of Oxford, UK; Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic (M.W.), Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Switzerland; Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Care Center (B.R.B.), Charlotte; Department of Neurology (B.R.B.), Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte; Forbes Norris ALS Treatment and Research Center (R.G.M.), California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco; and Department of Neurosciences (R.G.M.), Stanford University, CA
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Mullane K, Williams M. Preclinical Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance and Translational Validity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 84:e57. [PMID: 30802363 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The only drugs currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA antagonist memantine. Apart from these drugs, which have minimal to no clinical benefit, the 40-year search for effective therapeutics to treat AD has resulted in a clinical failure rate of 100% not only for compounds that prevent brain amyloid deposition or remove existing amyloid plaques but also those acting by a variety of other putative disease-associated mechanisms. This indicates that the preclinical data generated from current AD targets to support the selection, optimization, and translation of new chemical entities (NCEs) and biologics to clinical trials is seriously compromised. While many of these failures reflect flawed hypotheses or a lack of adequate characterization of the preclinical pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PD/PK) properties of lead NCEs-including their bioavailability and toxicity-the conceptualization, validation, and interrogation of the current animal models of AD represent key limitations. The overwhelming majority of these AD models are transgenic, based on aspects of the amyloid hypothesis and the genetics of the familial form of the disease. As a result, these generally lack construct and predictive validity for the sporadic form of the human disease. The 170 or so transgenic models, perhaps the largest number ever focused on a single disease, use rodents, mainly mice, and in addition to amyloid also address aspects of tau causality with more complex multigene models including other presumed causative factors together with amyloid. This overview discusses the current animal models of AD in the context of both the controversies surrounding the causative role of amyloid in the disease and the need to develop validated models of cognitive function/dysfunction that more appropriately reflect the phenotype(s) of human aged-related dementias. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Hmeljak J, Justice MJ. From gene to treatment: supporting rare disease translational research through model systems. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/2/dmm039271. [PMID: 30819728 PMCID: PMC6398488 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual rare diseases may affect only a few people, making them difficult to recognize, diagnose or treat by studying humans alone. Instead, model organisms help to validate genetic associations, understand functional pathways and develop therapeutic interventions for rare diseases. In this Editorial, we point to the key parameters in face, construct, predictive and target validity for accurate disease modelling, with special emphasis on rare disease models. Raising the experimental standards for disease models will enhance successful clinical translation and benefit rare disease research. Summary: This Editorial discusses the importance of model systems with accurate face, construct, target and predictive validity for rare disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julija Hmeljak
- Disease Models & Mechanisms, The Company of Biologists, Bidder Building, Station Road, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9LF, UK
| | - Monica J Justice
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4 Canada
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218
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Schinnerling K, Rosas C, Soto L, Thomas R, Aguillón JC. Humanized Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis for Studies on Immunopathogenesis and Preclinical Testing of Cell-Based Therapies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:203. [PMID: 30837986 PMCID: PMC6389733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been used over decades to study the immunopathogenesis of the disease and to explore intervention strategies. Nevertheless, mouse models of RA reach their limit when it comes to testing of new therapeutic approaches such as cell-based therapies. Differences between the human and the murine immune system make it difficult to draw reliable conclusions about the success of immunotherapies. To overcome this issue, humanized mouse models have been established that mimic components of the human immune system in mice. Two main strategies have been pursued for humanization: the introduction of human transgenes such as human leukocyte antigen molecules or specific T cell receptors, and the generation of mouse/human chimera by transferring human cells or tissues into immunodeficient mice. Recently, both approaches have been combined to achieve more sophisticated humanized models of autoimmune diseases. This review discusses limitations of conventional mouse models of RA-like disease and provides a closer look into studies in humanized mice exploring their usefulness and necessity as preclinical models for testing of cell-based therapies in autoimmune diseases such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Brauer R, Lau WCY, Hayes JF, Man KKC, Osborn DPJ, Howard R, Kim J, Wong ICK. Trazodone use and risk of dementia: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002728. [PMID: 30721226 PMCID: PMC6363148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and animal studies have suggested that trazodone, a licensed antidepressant, may protect against dementia. However, no studies have been conducted to assess the effect of trazodone on dementia in humans. This electronic health records study assessed the association between trazodone use and the risk of developing dementia in clinical practice. METHODS AND FINDINGS The Health Improvement Network (THIN), an archive of anonymised medical and prescribing records from primary care practices in the United Kingdom, contains records of over 15 million patients. We assessed patients from THIN aged ≥50 years who received at least two consecutive prescriptions for an antidepressant between January 2000 and January 2017. We compared the risk of dementia among patients who were prescribed trazodone to that of patients with similar baseline characteristics prescribed other antidepressants, using a Cox regression model with 1:5 propensity score matching. Patients prescribed trazodone who met the inclusion criteria (n = 4,716; 59.2% female) were older (mean age 70.9 ± 13.1 versus 65.6 ± 11.4 years) and were more likely than those prescribed other antidepressants (n = 420,280; 59.7% female) to have cerebrovascular disease and use anxiolytic or antipsychotic drugs. After propensity score matching, 4,596 users of trazadone and 22,980 users of other antidepressants were analysed. The median time to dementia diagnosis for people prescribed trazodone was 1.8 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.5-5.0 years). Incidence of dementia among patients taking trazodone was higher than in matched users of other antidepressants (1.8 versus 1.1 per 100 person-years), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56-2.09; p < 0.001). However, our results do not suggest a causal association. When we restricted the control group to users of mirtazapine only in a sensitivity analysis, the findings were very similar to the results of the main analysis. The main limitation of our study is the possibility of indication bias, because people in the prodromal stage of dementia might be preferentially prescribed trazodone. Due to the observational nature of this study, we cannot rule out residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS In this study of UK population-based electronic health records, we found no association between trazodone use and a reduced risk of dementia compared with other antidepressants. These results suggest that the clinical use of trazodone is not associated with a reduced risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Brauer
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wallis C. Y. Lau
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph F. Hayes
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth K. C. Man
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Faculty of Social Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David P. J. Osborn
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Kim
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence for Retrospective Studies, Real World Insights, IQVIA, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C. K. Wong
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Everitt JI, Treuting PM, Scudamore C, Sellers R, Turner PV, Ward JM, Zeiss CJ. Pathology Study Design, Conduct, and Reporting to Achieve Rigor and Reproducibility in Translational Research Using Animal Models. ILAR J 2019; 59:4-12. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn translational research, animal models are an important tool to aid in decision-making when taking potential therapies into human clinical trials. Recently, there have been a number of papers that have suggested limited concordance of preclinical animal experiments with subsequent human clinical experience. Assessments of preclinical animal studies have led to concerns about the reproducibility of data and have highlighted the need for an emphasis on rigor and quality in the planning, conduct, analysis, and reporting of such studies. The incorporation of a wider role for the comparative pathologist using pathology best practices in the planning and conduct of animal model-based research is one way to increase the quality and reproducibility of data. The use of optimal design and planning of tissue collection, incorporation of pathology methods into written protocols, conduct of pathology procedures using accepted best practices, and the use of optimal pathology analysis and reporting methods enhance the quality of the data acquired from many types of preclinical animal models and studies. Many of these pathology practices are well established in the discipline of toxicologic pathology and have a proven and useful track record in enhancing the data from animal-based studies used in safety assessment of human therapeutics. Some of this experience can be adopted by the wider community of preclinical investigators to increase the reproducibility of animal study data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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221
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Gurumurthy CB, Lloyd KCK. Generating mouse models for biomedical research: technological advances. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm029462. [PMID: 30626588 PMCID: PMC6361157 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, new methods and procedures have been developed to generate genetically engineered mouse models of human disease. This At a Glance article highlights several recent technical advances in mouse genome manipulation that have transformed our ability to manipulate and study gene expression in the mouse. We discuss how conventional gene targeting by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells has given way to more refined methods that enable allele-specific manipulation in zygotes. We also highlight advances in the use of programmable endonucleases that have greatly increased the feasibility and ease of editing the mouse genome. Together, these and other technologies provide researchers with the molecular tools to functionally annotate the mouse genome with greater fidelity and specificity, as well as to generate new mouse models using faster, simpler and less costly techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106-5915, USA
| | - Kevin C Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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222
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Precision medicine review: rare driver mutations and their biophysical classification. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:5-19. [PMID: 30610579 PMCID: PMC6381362 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
How can biophysical principles help precision medicine identify rare driver mutations? A major tenet of pragmatic approaches to precision oncology and pharmacology is that driver mutations are very frequent. However, frequency is a statistical attribute, not a mechanistic one. Rare mutations can also act through the same mechanism, and as we discuss below, “latent driver” mutations may also follow the same route, with “helper” mutations. Here, we review how biophysics provides mechanistic guidelines that extend precision medicine. We outline principles and strategies, especially focusing on mutations that drive cancer. Biophysics has contributed profoundly to deciphering biological processes. However, driven by data science, precision medicine has skirted some of its major tenets. Data science embodies genomics, tissue- and cell-specific expression levels, making it capable of defining genome- and systems-wide molecular disease signatures. It classifies cancer driver genes/mutations and affected pathways, and its associated protein structural data guide drug discovery. Biophysics complements data science. It considers structures and their heterogeneous ensembles, explains how mutational variants can signal through distinct pathways, and how allo-network drugs can be harnessed. Biophysics clarifies how one mutation—frequent or rare—can affect multiple phenotypic traits by populating conformations that favor interactions with other network modules. It also suggests how to identify such mutations and their signaling consequences. Biophysics offers principles and strategies that can help precision medicine push the boundaries to transform our insight into biological processes and the practice of personalized medicine. By contrast, “phenotypic drug discovery,” which capitalizes on physiological cellular conditions and first-in-class drug discovery, may not capture the proper molecular variant. This is because variants of the same protein can express more than one phenotype, and a phenotype can be encoded by several variants.
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223
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Fundamentals of Pharmacokinetics to Assess the Correlation Between Plasma Drug Concentrations and Different Blood Sampling Methods. Pharm Res 2019; 36:32. [PMID: 30604282 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various blood collection methods were developed and used in the pharmacokinetic evaluation of drugs. However, the influence of different blood sampling methods on plasma drug concentrations has not been clarified. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether the plasma concentration of a target drug changes based on the collection site and elucidate the mechanism responsible for this change. METHODS We compared three blood sampling methods commonly used in small animals. Eight clinical drugs were selected and administered to rats simultaneously via intracardiac injection or oral gavage. Blood samples were collected from different sites at the same individual, and pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs were then evaluated. RESULTS Study results showed that the maximum plasma concentration or area under the curve of three study drugs was significantly higher in rats when blood was sampled from the carotid artery than when it was sampled from the caudal vein or by tail snip. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacokinetics of certain drugs may differ based on the blood sampling site. The acid-base properties of drugs may influence pharmacokinetic evaluation. The rate and extent of drug distribution may also cause such differences and have significant effects on plasma drug levels.
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Abildgaard A, Kern T, Pedersen O, Hansen T, Wegener G, Lund S. The antidepressant-like effect of probiotics and their faecal abundance may be modulated by the cohabiting gut microbiota in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:98-110. [PMID: 30396698 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been published describing the effect of various probiotics (PRO) on behaviours related to psychiatric disease. We have previously shown a robust antidepressant-like effect of PRO in rats, but over time, the treatment effect seems to vary significantly between different sets of rats from the same commercial vendor. Therefore, we hypothesised that the antidepressant-like response may be modulated by the cohabiting gut microbiota. The aims of the present study were (1) to investigate any differences in the gut microbiota composition between responders (Resp) and non-responders (Non-resp) to PRO with regards to depressive-like behaviour, and (2) to evaluate the effects of PRO on the microbiota composition. Two sets of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats each were treated with multi-species PRO (nine Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus and Lactobacillus species) for eight weeks and subjected to a behavioural assessment. Faecal samples were collected for 16 s rRNA (VR4) gene amplicon sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). As previously reported, PRO-treated Resp animals showed a marked decrease in depressive-like behaviour, whereas no such response was seen in Non-resp. We observed profound differences in the gut microbiota composition between the two sets of rats, and the relative faecal abundance of the genera that comprised PRO was higher in Resp than in Non-resp although treated with the same dose of PRO. Particularly, the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus was not increased in PRO-treated Non-resp animals. In conclusion, the cohabiting microbiota and the faecal abundance of PRO may modulate the antidepressant-like effect of PRO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Abildgaard
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Timo Kern
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Sten Lund
- Department of Medical Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, Aarhus C, Denmark
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225
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Valko K, Ciesla L. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 58:63-117. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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226
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Zingarelli B, Coopersmith CM, Drechsler S, Efron P, Marshall JC, Moldawer L, Wiersinga WJ, Xiao X, Osuchowski MF, Thiemermann C. Part I: Minimum Quality Threshold in Preclinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS) for Study Design and Humane Modeling Endpoints. Shock 2019; 51:10-22. [PMID: 30106874 PMCID: PMC6296871 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies are mandatory before new treatments can be tested in clinical trials. However, their use in developing new therapies for sepsis has been controversial because of limitations of the models and inconsistencies with the clinical conditions. In consideration of the revised definition for clinical sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3), a Wiggers-Bernard Conference was held in Vienna in May 2017 to propose standardized guidelines on preclinical sepsis modeling. The participants conducted a literature review of 260 most highly cited scientific articles on sepsis models published between 2003 and 2012. The review showed, for example, that mice were used in 79% and euthanasia criteria were defined in 9% of the studies. Part I of this report details the recommendations for study design and humane modeling endpoints that should be addressed in sepsis models. The first recommendation is that survival follow-up should reflect the clinical time course of the infectious agent used in the sepsis model. Furthermore, it is recommended that therapeutic interventions should be initiated after the septic insult replicating clinical care. To define an unbiased and reproducible association between a new treatment and outcome, a randomization and blinding of treatments as well as inclusion of all methodological details in scientific publications is essential. In all preclinical sepsis studies, the high standards of animal welfare must be implemented. Therefore, development and validation of specific criteria for monitoring pain and distress, and euthanasia of septic animals, as well as the use of analgesics are recommended. A set of four considerations is also proposed to enhance translation potential of sepsis models. Relevant biological variables and comorbidities should be included in the study design and sepsis modeling should be extended to mammalian species other than rodents. In addition, the need for source control (in case of a defined infection focus) should be considered. These recommendations and considerations are proposed as "best practices" for animal models of sepsis that should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basilia Zingarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Susanne Drechsler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Efron
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John C Marshall
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lyle Moldawer
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, The Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Chagnsha, Hunan, China
| | - Marcin F Osuchowski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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227
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Weinhart M, Hocke A, Hippenstiel S, Kurreck J, Hedtrich S. 3D organ models-Revolution in pharmacological research? Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:446-451. [PMID: 30395949 PMCID: PMC7129286 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
3D organ models have gained increasing attention as novel preclinical test systems and alternatives to animal testing. Over the years, many excellent in vitro tissue models have been developed. In parallel, microfluidic organ-on-a-chip tissue cultures have gained increasing interest for their ability to house several organ models on a single device and interlink these within a human-like environment. In contrast to these advancements, the development of human disease models is still in its infancy. Although major advances have recently been made, efforts still need to be intensified. Human disease models have proven valuable for their ability to closely mimic disease patterns in vitro, permitting the study of pathophysiological features and new treatment options. Although animal studies remain the gold standard for preclinical testing, they have major drawbacks such as high cost and ongoing controversy over their predictive value for several human conditions. Moreover, there is growing political and social pressure to develop alternatives to animal models, clearly promoting the search for valid, cost-efficient and easy-to-handle systems lacking interspecies-related differences. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art regarding 3D organ as well as the opportunities, limitations and future implications of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Weinhart
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Dept. of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Dept. of Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Technical University Berlin, Institute for Biotechnology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Königin-Luise-Str. 2-4, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
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228
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Carvalho C, Gaspar A, Knight A, Vicente L. Ethical and Scientific Pitfalls Concerning Laboratory Research with Non-Human Primates, and Possible Solutions. Animals (Basel) 2018; 9:E12. [PMID: 30597951 PMCID: PMC6356609 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic and applied laboratory research, whenever intrusive or invasive, presents substantial ethical challenges for ethical committees, be it with human beings or with non-human animals. In this paper we discuss the use of non-human primates (NHPs), mostly as animal models, in laboratory based research. We examine the two ethical frameworks that support current legislation and guidelines: deontology and utilitarianism. While human based research is regulated under deontological principles, guidelines for laboratory animal research rely on utilitarianism. We argue that the utilitarian framework is inadequate for this purpose: on the one hand, it is almost impossible to accurately predict the benefits of a study for all potential stakeholders; and on the other hand, harm inflicted on NHPs (and other animals) used in laboratory research is extensive despite the increasing efforts of ethics committees and the research community to address this. Although deontology and utilitarianism are both valid ethical frameworks, we advocate that a deontological approach is more suitable, since we arguably have moral duties to NHPs. We provide suggestions on how to ensure that research currently conducted in laboratory settings shifts towards approaches that abide by deontological principles. We assert that this would not impede reasonable scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constança Carvalho
- Centre for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon, Department Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.
| | - Augusta Gaspar
- Catolica Research Center for Psychological, Family and Social Wellbeing (CRC-W), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, Lisboa 1649-023, Portugal.
| | - Andrew Knight
- Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 4NR, UK.
| | - Luís Vicente
- Centre for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon, Department Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.
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229
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Motor neuron degeneration, severe myopathy and TDP-43 increase in a transgenic pig model of SOD1-linked familiar ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 124:263-275. [PMID: 30471417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neural disorder gradually leading to paralysis of the whole body. Alterations in superoxide dismutase SOD1 gene have been linked with several variants of familial ALS. Here, we investigated a transgenic (Tg) cloned swine model expressing the human pathological hSOD1G93A allele. As in patients, these Tg pigs transmitted the disease to the progeny with an autosomal dominant trait and showed ALS onset from about 27 months of age. Post mortem analysis revealed motor neuron (MN) degeneration, gliosis and hSOD1 protein aggregates in brainstem and spinal cord. Severe skeletal muscle pathology including necrosis and inflammation was observed at the end stage, as well. Remarkably, as in human patients, these Tg pigs showed a quite long presymptomatic phase in which gradually increasing amounts of TDP-43 were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, this transgenic swine model opens the unique opportunity to investigate ALS biomarkers even before disease onset other than testing novel drugs and possible medical devices.
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230
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Hankenson FC, Marx JO, Gordon CJ, David JM. Effects of Rodent Thermoregulation on Animal Models in the Research Environment. Comp Med 2018; 68:425-438. [PMID: 30458902 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To best promote animal wellbeing and the efficacy of biomedical models, scientific, husbandry, and veterinary professionals must consider the mechanisms, influences, and outcomes of rodent thermoregulation in contemporary research environments. Over the last 2 decades, numerous studies have shown that laboratory mice and rats prefer temperatures that are several degrees warmer than the environments in which they typically are housed within biomedical facilities. Physiologic changes to rodents that are cage-housed under standard temperatures (20 to 26 °C) are attributed to 'cold stress' and include alterations in metabolism, cardiovascular parameters, respiration, and immunologic function. This review article describes common behavioral and physiologic adaptations of laboratory mice and rats to cold stress within modern vivaria, with emphasis on environmental enrichment and effects of anesthesia and procedural support efforts. In addition, potential interventions and outcomes for rodents are presented, relative to the importance of repeating and reproducing experiments involving laboratory rodent research models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Claire Hankenson
- Campus Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Gordon
- Toxicity Assessment Division, Neurotoxicology Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John M David
- Comparative Medicine, Pfizer, La Jolla, California, USA
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231
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Pound P, Ritskes-Hoitinga M. Is it possible to overcome issues of external validity in preclinical animal research? Why most animal models are bound to fail. J Transl Med 2018; 16:304. [PMID: 30404629 PMCID: PMC6223056 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pharmaceutical industry is in the midst of a productivity crisis and rates of translation from bench to bedside are dismal. Patients are being let down by the current system of drug discovery; of the several 1000 diseases that affect humans, only a minority have any approved treatments and many of these cause adverse reactions in humans. A predominant reason for the poor rate of translation from bench to bedside is generally held to be the failure of preclinical animal models to predict clinical efficacy and safety. Attempts to explain this failure have focused on problems of internal validity in preclinical animal studies (e.g. poor study design, lack of measures to control bias). However there has been less discussion of another key factor that influences translation, namely the external validity of preclinical animal models. Review of problems of external validity External validity is the extent to which research findings derived in one setting, population or species can be reliably applied to other settings, populations and species. This paper argues that the reliable translation of findings from animals to humans will only occur if preclinical animal studies are both internally and externally valid. We review several key aspects that impact external validity in preclinical animal research, including unrepresentative animal samples, the inability of animal models to mimic the complexity of human conditions, the poor applicability of animal models to clinical settings and animal–human species differences. We suggest that while some problems of external validity can be overcome by improving animal models, the problem of species differences can never be overcome and will always undermine external validity and the reliable translation of preclinical findings to humans. Conclusion We conclude that preclinical animal models can never be fully valid due to the uncertainties introduced by species differences. We suggest that even if the next several decades were spent improving the internal and external validity of animal models, the clinical relevance of those models would, in the end, only improve to some extent. This is because species differences would continue to make extrapolation from animals to humans unreliable. We suggest that to improve clinical translation and ultimately benefit patients, research should focus instead on human-relevant research methods and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandora Pound
- Safer Medicines Trust, PO Box 122, Kingsbridge, TQ7 9AX, UK.
| | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, Route 133, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Swiegers J, Bhagwandin A, Sherwood CC, Bertelsen MF, Maseko BC, Hemingway J, Rockland KS, Molnár Z, Manger PR. The distribution, number, and certain neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons in a lar gibbon (Hylobates lar) brain. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:1633-1653. [PMID: 30378128 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the number, distribution, and immunoreactivity of the infracortical white matter neuronal population, also termed white matter interstitial cells (WMICs), in the brain of a lesser ape, the lar gibbon. Staining for neuronal nuclear marker (NeuN) revealed WMICs throughout the infracortical white matter, these cells being most numerous and dense close to cortical layer VI, decreasing significantly in density with depth in the white matter. Stereological analysis of NeuN-immunopositive cells revealed a global estimate of ~67.5 million WMICs within the infracortical white matter of the gibbon brain, indicating that the WMICs are a numerically significant population, ~2.5% of the total cortical gray matter neurons that would be estimated for a primate brain the mass of that of the lar gibbon. Immunostaining revealed subpopulations of WMICs containing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, ~7 million in number, with both small and large soma volumes), calretinin (~8.6 million in number, all of similar soma volume), very few WMICs containing parvalbumin, and no calbindin-immunopositive neurons. These nNOS, calretinin, and parvalbumin immunopositive WMICs, presumably all inhibitory neurons, represent ~23.1% of the total WMIC population. As the white matter is affected in many cognitive conditions, such as schizophrenia, autism and also in neurodegenerative diseases, understanding these neurons across species is important for the translation of findings of neural dysfunction in animal models to humans. Furthermore, studies of WMICs in species such as apes provide a crucial phylogenetic context for understanding the evolution of these cell types in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Swiegers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Busisiwe C Maseko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jason Hemingway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Paul R Manger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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Bidot WA, Ericsson AC, Franklin CL. Effects of water decontamination methods and bedding material on the gut microbiota. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198305. [PMID: 30359379 PMCID: PMC6201873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent models are invaluable to understanding health and disease in many areas of biomedical research. Unfortunately, many models suffer from lack of phenotype reproducibility. Our laboratory has shown that differences in gut microbiota (GM) can modulate phenotypes of models of colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. We and others have also shown that a number of factors associated with rodent research, including vendor, cage system, and bedding can alter GM. The objective of this study was to expand these studies to examine the effect of additional bedding materials and methods of water decontamination on GM diversity and composition. To this end, Crl:CD1 (ICR) mice were housed on corn cob or compressed paper chip bedding and provided water that was decontaminated by four different methods: autoclaving with reverse osmosis, autoclaving with hydrochloric acid, autoclaving with sulfuric acid, and autoclaving alone. Feces was collected at day 0, and at day 28 (endpoint), fecal and cecal samples were collected. DNA was extracted from samples, amplified by PCR using conserved bacterial primer sets and subjected to next generation sequencing. Sequence data were analyzed using Qiime and groups were compared using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Two factor PERMANOVA of cecal GM data revealed significant changes when comparing bedding and water decontamination methods, while no significant effects were noted in the fecal GM data. Subsequent PERMANOVA and PCoA of cecal data revealed that several combinations of bedding and water decontamination methods resulted in differing GM, highlighting the complexity by which environmental factors interact to modulate GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willie A. Bidot
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Mutant Mouse Resource & Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Craig L. Franklin
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Mutant Mouse Resource & Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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234
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is one of the most exciting recent breakthroughs in the field of cancer treatment. Many different approaches are being developed and a number have already gained regulatory approval or are under investigation in clinical trials. However, learning from the past, preclinical animal models often insufficiently reflect the physiological situation in humans, which subsequently causes treatment failures in clinical trials. Due to species-specific differences in most parts of the immune system, the transfer of knowledge from preclinical studies to clinical trials is eminently challenging. Human tumor cell line-based or patient-derived xenografts in immunocompromised mice have been successfully applied in the preclinical testing of cytotoxic or molecularly targeted agents, but naturally these systems lack the human immune system counterpart. The co-transplantation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells is employed to overcome this limitation. This review summarizes some important aspects of the different available tumor xenograft mouse models, their history, and their implementation in drug development and personalized therapy. Moreover, recent progress, opportunities and limitations of different humanized mouse models will be discussed.
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235
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Dobson THW, Gopalakrishnan V. Preclinical Models of Pediatric Brain Tumors-Forging Ahead. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040081. [PMID: 30279402 PMCID: PMC6315787 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately five out of 100,000 children from 0 to 19 years old are diagnosed with a brain tumor. These children are treated with medication designed for adults that are highly toxic to a developing brain. Those that survive are at high risk for a lifetime of limited physical, psychological, and cognitive abilities. Despite much effort, not one drug exists that was designed specifically for pediatric patients. Stagnant government funding and the lack of economic incentives for the pharmaceutical industry greatly limits preclinical research and the development of clinically applicable pediatric brain tumor models. As more data are collected, the recognition of disease sub-groups based on molecular heterogeneity increases the need for designing specific models suitable for predictive drug screening. To overcome these challenges, preclinical approaches will need continual enhancement. In this review, we examine the advantages and shortcomings of in vitro and in vivo preclinical pediatric brain tumor models and explore potential solutions based on past, present, and future strategies for improving their clinical relevancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara H W Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences UT-Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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236
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Campisi M, Shin Y, Osaki T, Hajal C, Chiono V, Kamm RD. 3D self-organized microvascular model of the human blood-brain barrier with endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Biomaterials 2018; 180:117-129. [PMID: 30032046 PMCID: PMC6201194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates molecular trafficking, protects against pathogens, and prevents efficient drug delivery to the brain. Models to date failed to reproduce the human anatomical complexity of brain barriers, contributing to misleading results in clinical trials. To overcome these limitations, a novel 3-dimensional BBB microvascular network model was developed via vasculogenesis to accurately replicate the in vivo neurovascular organization. This microfluidic system includes human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells, brain pericytes, and astrocytes as self-assembled vascular networks in fibrin gel. Gene expression of membrane transporters, tight junction and extracellular matrix proteins, was consistent with computational analysis of geometrical structures and quantitative immunocytochemistry, indicating BBB maturation and microenvironment remodelling. Confocal microscopy validated microvessel-pericyte/astrocyte dynamic contact-interactions. The BBB model exhibited perfusable and selective microvasculature, with permeability lower than conventional in vitro models, and similar to in vivo measurements in rat brain. This robust and physiologically relevant BBB microvascular model offers an innovative and valuable platform for drug discovery to predict neuro-therapeutic transport efficacy in pre-clinical applications as well as recapitulate patient-specific and pathological neurovascular functions in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campisi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tatsuya Osaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cynthia Hajal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research&Technology (SMART), BioSytems and Micromechanics (BioSyM), Singapore, Singapore.
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237
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Wagar LE, DiFazio RM, Davis MM. Advanced model systems and tools for basic and translational human immunology. Genome Med 2018; 10:73. [PMID: 30266097 PMCID: PMC6162943 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are fundamental differences between humans and the animals we typically use to study the immune system. We have learned much from genetically manipulated and inbred animal models, but instances in which these findings have been successfully translated to human immunity have been rare. Embracing the genetic and environmental diversity of humans can tell us about the fundamental biology of immune cell types and the elasticity of the immune system. Although people are much more immunologically diverse than conventionally housed animal models, tools and technologies are now available that permit high-throughput analysis of human samples, including both blood and tissues, which will give us deep insights into human immunity in health and disease. As we gain a more detailed picture of the human immune system, we can build more sophisticated models to better reflect this complexity, both enabling the discovery of new immunological mechanisms and facilitating translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Robert M DiFazio
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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238
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Bodhak S, de Castro LF, Kuznetsov SA, Azusa M, Bonfim D, Robey PG, Simon CG. Combinatorial cassettes to systematically evaluate tissue-engineered constructs in recipient mice. Biomaterials 2018; 186:31-43. [PMID: 30278344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic bone formation in mice is the gold standard for evaluation of osteogenic constructs. By regular procedures, usually only 4 constructs can be accommodated per mouse, limiting screening power. Combinatorial cassettes (combi-cassettes) hold up to 19 small, uniform constructs from the time of surgery, through time in vivo, and subsequent evaluation. Two types of bone tissue engineering constructs were tested in the combi-cassettes: i) a cell-scaffold construct containing primary human bone marrow stromal cells with hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate particles (hBMSCs + HA/TCP) and ii) a growth factor-scaffold construct containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 in a gelatin sponge (BMP2+GS). Measurements of bone formation by histology, bone formation by X-ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) and gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed that constructs in combi-cassettes were similar to those created by regular procedures. Combi-cassettes afford placement of multiple replicates of multiple formulations into the same animal, which enables, for the first time, rigorous statistical assessment of: 1) the variability for a given formulation within an animal (intra-animal variability), 2) differences between different tissue-engineered formulations within the same animal and 3) the variability for a given formulation in different animals (inter-animal variability). Combi-cassettes enable a more high-throughput, systematic approach to in vivo studies of tissue engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Bodhak
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA; National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis F de Castro
- National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sergei A Kuznetsov
- National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maeda Azusa
- National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Bonfim
- National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Carl G Simon
- Biosystems & Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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239
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Berg J, Hiller T, Kissner MS, Qazi TH, Duda GN, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Elomaa L, Weinhart M, Fahrenson C, Kurreck J. Optimization of cell-laden bioinks for 3D bioprinting and efficient infection with influenza A virus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13877. [PMID: 30224659 PMCID: PMC6141611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting is a new technology, which arranges cells with high spatial resolution, but its potential to create models for viral infection studies has not yet been fully realized. The present study describes the optimization of a bioink composition for extrusion printing. The bioinks were biophysically characterized by rheological and electron micrographic measurements. Hydrogels consisting of alginate, gelatin and Matrigel were used to provide a scaffold for a 3D arrangement of human alveolar A549 cells. A blend containing 20% Matrigel provided the optimal conditions for spatial distribution and viability of the printed cells. Infection of the 3D model with a seasonal influenza A strain resulted in widespread distribution of the virus and a clustered infection pattern that is also observed in the natural lung but not in two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, which demonstrates the advantage of 3D printed constructs over conventional culture conditions. The bioink supported viral replication and proinflammatory interferon release of the infected cells. We consider our strategy to be paradigmatic for the generation of humanized 3D tissue models by bioprinting to study infections and develop new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Berg
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maya S Kissner
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Taimoor H Qazi
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies & Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious and Respiratory Diseases, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Fahrenson
- Center for electron microscopy (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biochemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
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240
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Barker-Haliski M, Harte-Hargrove LC, Ravizza T, Smolders I, Xiao B, Brandt C, Löscher W. A companion to the preclinical common data elements for pharmacologic studies in animal models of seizures and epilepsy. A Report of the TASK3 Pharmacology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:53-68. [PMID: 30450485 PMCID: PMC6210039 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical pharmacology studies in animal models of seizures and epilepsy have provided a platform to identify more than 20 antiseizure drugs in recent decades. To minimize variability in lab‐to‐lab studies and to harmonize approaches to data collection and reporting methodology in pharmacologic evaluations of the next generation of therapies, we present common data elements (CDEs), case report forms (CRFs), and this companion manuscript to help with the implementation of methods for studies in established preclinical seizure and epilepsy models in adult rodents. The development of and advocacy for CDEs in preclinical research has been encouraged previously by both clinical and preclinical groups. It is anticipated that adoption and implementation of these CDEs in preclinical studies may help standardize approaches to minimize variability and increase the reproducibility of preclinical studies. Moreover, they may provide a methodologic framework for pharmacology studies in atypical animal models or models in development, which may ultimately promote novel therapy development. In the present document, we refer selectively to animal models that have a long history of preclinical use, and in some cases, are clinically validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy University of Washington Seattle Washington U.S.A
| | - Lauren C Harte-Hargrove
- ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force International League Against Epilepsy West Hartford Connecticut U.S.A
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience IRCCS-Institute for Pharmacological Research Mario Negri Milan Italy
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Drug Information Center for Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Claudia Brandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover Germany
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241
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Dickey AS, Sanchez DN, Arreola M, Sampat KR, Fan W, Arbez N, Akimov S, Van Kanegan MJ, Ohnishi K, Gilmore-Hall SK, Flores AL, Nguyen JM, Lomas N, Hsu CL, Lo DC, Ross CA, Masliah E, Evans RM, La Spada AR. PPARδ activation by bexarotene promotes neuroprotection by restoring bioenergetic and quality control homeostasis. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/419/eaal2332. [PMID: 29212711 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurons must maintain protein and mitochondrial quality control for optimal function, an energetically expensive process. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. We recently determined that transcriptional dysregulation of PPARδ contributes to Huntington's disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a CAG-polyglutamine repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene. We documented that the PPARδ agonist KD3010 is an effective therapy for HD in a mouse model. PPARδ forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), and RXR agonists are capable of promoting PPARδ activation. One compound with potent RXR agonist activity is the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug bexarotene. We tested the therapeutic potential of bexarotene in HD and found that bexarotene was neuroprotective in cellular models of HD, including medium spiny-like neurons generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with HD. To evaluate bexarotene as a treatment for HD, we treated the N171-82Q mouse model with the drug and found that bexarotene improved motor function, reduced neurodegeneration, and increased survival. To determine the basis for PPARδ neuroprotection, we evaluated metabolic function and noted markedly impaired oxidative metabolism in HD neurons, which was rescued by bexarotene or KD3010. We examined mitochondrial and protein quality control in cellular models of HD and observed that treatment with a PPARδ agonist promoted cellular quality control. By boosting cellular activities that are dysfunctional in HD, PPARδ activation may have therapeutic applications in HD and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey S Dickey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dafne N Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Arreola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kunal R Sampat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicolas Arbez
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sergey Akimov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael J Van Kanegan
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kohta Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - April L Flores
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Janice M Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Lomas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cynthia L Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Donald C Lo
- Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. .,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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242
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Hilderbrand ER, Lasek AW. Studying Sex Differences in Animal Models of Addiction: An Emphasis on Alcohol-Related Behaviors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1907-1916. [PMID: 29227676 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for understanding the biological factors that contribute to drug and alcohol addiction and discovering new pharmacotherapies to treat these disorders. Alcohol (ethanol) is the most commonly abused drug in the world, and as the prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) increases, so does the need for effective pharmacotherapies. In particular, treatments with high efficacy in the growing number of female AUD sufferers are needed. Female animals remain underrepresented in biomedical research and sex differences in the brain's response to alcohol are poorly understood. To help bridge the gender gap in addiction research, this Review discusses strategies that researchers can use to examine sex differences in the context of several common animal models of AUD. Self-administration, two-bottle choice, drinking in the dark, and conditioned place preference are discussed, with a focus on the role of estrogen as a mediator of sex differences in alcohol-related behaviors.
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243
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Jaiswal MK. Riluzole and edaravone: A tale of two amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drugs. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:733-748. [PMID: 30101496 DOI: 10.1002/med.21528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a multitude of experimental drugs have been shown to delay disease progression in preclinical animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but failed to show efficacy in human clinical trials or are still waiting for approval under Phase I-III trials. Riluzole, a glutamatergic neurotransmission inhibitor, is the only drug approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration for ALS treatment with modest benefits on survival. Recently, an antioxidant drug, edaravone, developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma was found to be effective in halting ALS progression during early stages. The newly approved drug edaravone is a force multiplier for ALS treatment. This short report provides an overview of the two drugs that have been approved for ALS treatment and highlights an update on the timeline of drug development, how clinical trials were done, the outcome of these trials, primary endpoint, mechanism of actions, dosing information, administration, side effects, and storage procedures. Moreover, we also discussed the pressing issues and challenges of ALS clinical trials and drug developments as well as future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jaiswal
- Center of Physiology, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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244
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A mouse model reproducing the pathophysiology of neonatal group B streptococcal infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3138. [PMID: 30087335 PMCID: PMC6081475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcal (GBS) meningitis remains a devastating disease. The absence of an animal model reproducing the natural infectious process has limited our understanding of the disease and, consequently, delayed the development of effective treatments. We describe here a mouse model in which bacteria are transmitted to the offspring from vaginally colonised pregnant females, the natural route of infection. We show that GBS strain BM110, belonging to the CC17 clonal complex, is more virulent in this vertical transmission model than the isogenic mutant BM110∆cylE, which is deprived of hemolysin/cytolysin. Pups exposed to the more virulent strain exhibit higher mortality rates and lung inflammation than those exposed to the attenuated strain. Moreover, pups that survive to BM110 infection present neurological developmental disability, revealed by impaired learning performance and memory in adulthood. The use of this new mouse model, that reproduces key steps of GBS infection in newborns, will promote a better understanding of the physiopathology of GBS-induced meningitis. Animal models of group-B streptococcal infections are needed to develop effective therapies. Here, Andrade et al. present a mouse model in which the bacteria are transmitted from vaginally colonised pregnant females to their offspring, causing neonatal meningitis and neurological developmental disabilities.
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245
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Fernandes E, Soares TB, Gonçalves H, Lúcio M. Spectroscopic Studies as a Toolbox for Biophysical and Chemical Characterization of Lipid-Based Nanotherapeutics. Front Chem 2018; 6:323. [PMID: 30109226 PMCID: PMC6080416 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to provide tools to minimize trial-and-error in the development of novel lipid-based nanotherapeutics, in favor of a rational design process. For this purpose, we present case-study examples of biophysical assays that help addressing issues of lipid-based nanotherapeutics' profiling and assist in the design of lipid nanocarriers for therapeutic usage. The assays presented are rooted in spectroscopic methods (steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence; UV-Vis derivative spectroscopy; fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence lifetime image microscopy) and allow accessing physical-chemical interactions between drugs and lipid nanocarriers, as well as studying interactions between lipid-based nanotherapeutics and membranes and/or proteins, as this is a key factor in predicting their therapeutic and off target effects. Derivative spectroscopy revealed Naproxen's high distribution (LogD ≈ 3) in different lipid-based nanocarriers (micelles and unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles) confirming the adequacy of such systems for encapsulating this anti-inflammatory drug. Fluorescence quenching studies revealed that the anti-inflammatory drugs Acemetacin and Indomethacin can reach an inner location at the lipid nanocarrier while being anchored with its carboxylic moiety at the polar headgroup. The least observed quenching effect suggested that Tolmetin is probably located at the polar headgroup region of the lipid nanocarriers and this superficial location may translate in a fast drug release from the nanocarriers. Fluorescent anisotropy measurements indicated that the drugs deeply buried within the lipid nanocarrier where the ones that had a greater fluidizing effect which can also translate in a faster drug release. The drug binding strength to serum albumin was also compared for a free drug (Clonixin) or for the same drug after encapsulation in a lipid nanocarrier DSPC:DODAP (2:1). Under both conditions there is a strong binding to serum albumin, at one binding site, suggesting the need to produce a stealth nanosystem. Finally the cellular uptake of lipid nanocarriers loaded with Daunorubicin was investigated in cancer cells using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. From the images obtained it was possible to conclude that even at short incubation times (15 min) there was a distribution of the drug in the cytoplasm, whereas for longer incubation periods (4 h) the drug has reached the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Fernandes
- Department of Physics, Centre of Physics of University of Minho and Porto, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Telma B Soares
- Department of Physics, Centre of Physics of University of Minho and Porto, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Hugo Gonçalves
- Department of Physics, Centre of Physics of University of Minho and Porto, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- Department of Physics, Centre of Physics of University of Minho and Porto, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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246
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in the maintenance of brain homeostasis. It strictly restricts the passage of molecules from the brain vasculature into the brain via its high transendothelial electrical resistance and low paracellular and transcellular permeability. Specialized brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, neurons, and microglia contribute synergistically to the functional properties of the BBB. Because of its complexity and relative inaccessibility, BBB research is fraught with difficulties. Most studies rely on animal or cell culture models, which are not able to fully recapitulate the properties of the human BBB. The recent development of three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic models of the BBB could address this issue. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in modeling the BBB on microdevices, and illustrate important considerations for the design of such models. In addition, protocols for the fabrication of a 3D BBB microfluidic chip and BBB assessment experiments, including immunocytochemistry for analyzing cell morphology and protein marker expression, permeability assay, and calcium imaging for studying neuronal function as a measure of BBB integrity, are presented here. It is envisioned that continued advancements in microtechnology can lead to the creation of realistic in vivo-like BBB-on-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Chin
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eyleen Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore.
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247
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Vesikansa A. Unraveling of Central Nervous System Disease Mechanisms Using CRISPR Genome Manipulation. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2018; 10:1179573518787469. [PMID: 30013417 PMCID: PMC6043941 DOI: 10.1177/1179573518787469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex structure and highly variable gene expression profile of the brain makes it among the most challenging fields to study in both basic and translational biological research. Most of the brain diseases are multifactorial and despite the rapidly increasing genomic data, molecular pathways and causal links between genes and central nervous system (CNS) diseases are largely unknown. The advent of an easy and flexible CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology has rapidly revolutionized the field of functional genomics and opened unprecedented possibilities to dissect the mechanisms of CNS disease. CRISPR-Cas allows a plenitude of applications for both gene-focused and genome-wide approaches, ranging from original “gene scissors” making permanent modifications in the genome to the regulation of gene expression and epigenetics. CRISPR technology provides a unique opportunity to establish new cellular and animal models of CNS diseases and holds potential for breakthroughs in the CNS research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Vesikansa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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248
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Ferrari CR, Cooley J, Mujahid N, Costa LR, Wills RW, Johnson ME, Swiderski CE. Horses With Pasture Asthma Have Airway Remodeling That Is Characteristic of Human Asthma. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:144-158. [PMID: 29254472 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817741729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe equine asthma, formerly recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is the horse counterpart of human asthma, affecting horses maintained indoors in continental climates. Equine pasture asthma, formerly summer pasture RAO, is clinically similar but affects grazing horses during hot, humid conditions in the southeastern United States and United Kingdom. To advance translational relevance of equine pasture asthma to human asthma, histologic features of airway remodeling in human asthma were scored in lung lobes from 15 pasture asthma-affected and 9 control horses of mixed breeds. All noncartilaginous airways were scored using a standardized grading rubric (0-3) in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Movat's pentachrome-stained sections; 15 airways were chosen randomly from each lobe for analysis. Logistic regression identified disease, age, and lobe effects on probability of histologic outcomes. Airway smooth muscle (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, P < .001), goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia (OR = 37.6, P < .0001), peribronchiolar elastic system fibers (OR = 4.2, P < .001), peribronchiolar fibrosis (OR = 3.8, P = .01), airway occlusion by mucus/inflammation (OR = 4.2, P = .04), and airway adventitial inflammation (OR = 3.0, P = .01) were significantly greater in diseased airways. A novel complex tissue disorganization, designated terminal bronchiolar remodeling, was overrepresented in diseased airways (OR = 3.7, P < .0001). Distribution of terminal bronchiolar remodeling corresponded to putative sites of air trapping in human asthma, at secondary pulmonary lobules. Age (>15 years) was an independent risk factor for increased peribronchiolar fibrosis, elastic system fibers, and terminal bronchiolar remodeling. Remodeling differed significantly between lung lobes, congruent with nonhomogeneous remodeling in human asthma. Equine pasture asthma recapitulates airway remodeling in human asthma in a manner not achieved in induced animal asthma models, endorsing its translational relevance for human asthma investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudenir R Ferrari
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Jim Cooley
- 2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Nisma Mujahid
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Lais R Costa
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- 2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Melanie E Johnson
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Cyprianna E Swiderski
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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249
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Zuk A, Palevsky PM, Fried L, Harrell FE, Khan S, McKay DB, Devey L, Chawla L, de Caestecker M, Kaufman JS, Thompson BT, Agarwal A, Greene T, Okusa MD, Bonventre JV, Dember LM, Liu KD, Humphreys BD, Gossett D, Xie Y, Norton JM, Kimmel PL, Star RA. Overcoming Translational Barriers in Acute Kidney Injury: A Report from an NIDDK Workshop. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13:1113-1123. [PMID: 29523680 PMCID: PMC6032575 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.06820617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AKI is a complex clinical condition associated with high mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. Despite improvements in methodology and design of clinical trials, and advances in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of rodent AKI, no pharmacologic agent exists for the prevention or treatment of AKI in humans. To address the barriers that affect successful clinical translation of drug targets identified and validated in preclinical animal models of AKI in this patient population, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases convened the "AKI Outcomes: Overcoming Barriers in AKI" workshop on February 10-12, 2015. The workshop used a reverse translational medicine approach to identify steps necessary to achieve clinical success. During the workshop, breakout groups were charged first to design feasible, phase 2, proof-of-concept clinical trials for delayed transplant graft function, prevention of AKI (primary prevention), and treatment of AKI (secondary prevention and recovery). Breakout groups then were responsible for identification of preclinical animal models that would replicate the pathophysiology of the phase 2 proof-of-concept patient population, including primary and secondary end points. Breakout groups identified considerable gaps in knowledge regarding human AKI, our understanding of the pathophysiology of AKI in preclinical animal models, and the fidelity of cellular and molecular targets that have been evaluated preclinically to provide information regarding human AKI of various etiologies. The workshop concluded with attendees defining a new path forward to a better understanding of the etiology, pathology, and pathophysiology of human AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zuk
- Akebia R&D, Akebia Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M. Palevsky
- Department of Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System/University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Linda Fried
- Department of Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System/University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank E. Harrell
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Samina Khan
- Department of Clinical Development, Quark Pharmaceuticals, Fremont, California
| | - Dianne B. McKay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Luke Devey
- Heart Failure Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lakhmir Chawla
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Mark de Caestecker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James S. Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York
| | - B. Taylor Thompson
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tom Greene
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark Douglas Okusa
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joseph V. Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M. Dember
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen D. Liu
- Department of Medicine and Nephrology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel Gossett
- Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yining Xie
- Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jenna M. Norton
- Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul L. Kimmel
- Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert A. Star
- Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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250
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Hart ML, Ericsson AC, Lloyd KCK, Grimsrud KN, Rogala AR, Godfrey VL, Nielsen JN, Franklin CL. Development of outbred CD1 mouse colonies with distinct standardized gut microbiota profiles for use in complex microbiota targeted studies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10107. [PMID: 29973630 PMCID: PMC6031694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that the gut microbiota (GM) can significantly influence both local and systemic host physiologic processes. With rising concern for optimization of experimental reproducibility and translatability, it is essential to consider the GM in study design. However, GM profiles can vary between rodent producers making consistency between models challenging. To circumvent this, we developed outbred CD1 mouse colonies with stable, complex GM profiles that can be used as donors for a variety of GM transfer techniques including rederivation, co-housing, cross-foster, and fecal microbiota transfer (FMT). CD1 embryos were surgically transferred into CD1 or C57BL/6 surrogate dams that varied by GM composition and complexity to establish four separate mouse colonies harboring GM profiles representative of contemporary mouse producers. Using targeted 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, subsequent female offspring were found to have similar GM profiles to surrogate dams. Furthermore, breeding colonies of CD1 mice with distinct GM profiles were maintained for nine generations, demonstrating GM stability within these colonies. To confirm GM stability, we shipped cohorts of these four colonies to collaborating institutions and found no significant variation in GM composition. These mice are an invaluable experimental resource that can be used to investigate GM effects on mouse model phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Hart
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.,University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.,University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.,Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin N Grimsrud
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Allison R Rogala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,National Gnotobiotic Rodent Resource Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Virginia L Godfrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Judith N Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America. .,University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America. .,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America. .,Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.
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