201
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Kormos V, Gaszner B. Role of neuropeptides in anxiety, stress, and depression: from animals to humans. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:401-19. [PMID: 24210138 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depression, with its strikingly high prevalence, is the most common cause of disability in communities of Western type, according to data of the World Health Organization. Stress-related mood disorders, besides their deleterious effects on the patient itself, also challenge the healthcare systems with their great social and economic impact. Our knowledge on the neurobiology of these conditions is less than sufficient as exemplified by the high proportion of patients who do not respond to currently available medications targeting monoaminergic systems. The search for new therapeutical strategies became therefore a "hot topic" in neuroscience, and there is a large body of evidence suggesting that brain neuropeptides not only participate is stress physiology, but they may also have clinical relevance. Based on data obtained in animal studies, neuropeptides and their receptors might be targeted by new candidate neuropharmacons with the hope that they will become important and effective tools in the management of stress related mood disorders. In this review, we attempt to summarize the latest evidence obtained using animal models for mood disorders, genetically modified rodent models for anxiety and depression, and we will pay some attention to previously published clinical data on corticotropin releasing factor, urocortin 1, urocortin 2, urocortin 3, arginine-vasopressin, neuropeptide Y, pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide, neuropeptide S, oxytocin, substance P and galanin fields of stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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202
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and debilitating psychiatric disorders. Owing to the complex aetiology of anxiety disorders, translational studies involving multiple approaches, including human and animal genetics, molecular, endocrinological and imaging studies, are needed to get a converging picture of function or dysfunction of anxiety-related circuits. An advantage of anxiety disorders is that the neural circuitry of fear is comparatively well understood, with striking analogies between animal and human models, and this article aims to provide a brief overview of current translational approaches to anxiety. Experimental models that involve similar tasks in animals and humans, such as fear conditioning and extinction, seem particularly promising and can be readily integrated with imaging, behavioural and physiological readouts. The cross-validation between animal and human genetics models is essential to examine the relevance of candidate genes, as well as their neural pathways, for anxiety disorders; a recent example of such cross-validation work is provided by preclinical and clinical work on TMEM132D, which has been identified as a candidate gene for panic disorder. Further integration of epigenetic data and gene × environment interaction are promising approaches, as highlighted by FKPB5 and PACAP, early life trauma and stress-related anxiety disorders. Finally, connecting genetic and epigenetic data with functionally relevant imaging readouts will allow a comparison of overlap and differences across species in mechanistic pathways from genes to brain functioning and behaviour.
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203
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Aubry JM. CRF system and mood disorders. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 54:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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204
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Paul ED, Lowry CA. Functional topography of serotonergic systems supports the Deakin/Graeff hypothesis of anxiety and affective disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:1090-106. [PMID: 23704363 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113490328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 20 years ago, Deakin and Graeff hypothesized about the role of different serotonergic pathways in controlling the behavioral and physiologic responses to aversive stimuli, and how compromise of these pathways could lead to specific symptoms of anxiety and affective disorders. A growing body of evidence suggests these serotonergic pathways arise from topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons located in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. We argue that serotonergic neurons in the dorsal/caudal parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus project to forebrain limbic regions involved in stress/conflict anxiety-related processes, which may be relevant for anxiety and affective disorders. Serotonergic neurons in the "lateral wings" of the dorsal raphe nucleus provide inhibitory control over structures controlling fight-or-flight responses. Dysfunction of this pathway could be relevant for panic disorder. Finally, serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus, and the developmentally and functionally-related interfascicular part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, give rise to forebrain limbic projections that are involved in tolerance and coping with aversive stimuli, which could be important for affective disorders like depression. Elucidating the mechanisms through which stress activates these topographically and functionally distinct serotonergic pathways, and how dysfunction of these pathways leads to symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders, may lead to the development of novel approaches to both the prevention and treatment of anxiety and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Paul
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
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205
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Zhao XP, Yu L, Chen ZY, Hua R, Zhang YM. Effect of early-life stress on chronic functional visceral pain and CRH R1 expression in the paraventricular nucleus in adult rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3344-3355. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i31.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effect of early-life stress on chronic functional visceral pain and expression of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRH R1) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats with chronic functional visceral pain to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders.
METHODS: Neonatal rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10), including a male control group, a female control group, a male separation group, a female separation group, a male distension group and a female distension group. HE staining was used to detect histologic changes in the colon tissue. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the changes in CRH R1 expression in the PVN. Brain tissue sections were immunostained for c-fos as a marker for activation of the PVN. Furthermore, normal male adult rats were randomly divided into three groups (normal control, saline and lidocaine, n = 6 for each group) to observe the role of PVN in the regulation of chronic functional visceral pain in normal rats by intra-PVN administration of lidocaine (1%, 0.3 µL).
RESULTS: Neonatal maternal separation (NMS) or colorectal distension (CRD) resulted in chronic visceral hypersensitivity without pathological changes in the colon tissue. There was no gender difference in the above change. Electrical discharge of the abdominal external oblique muscle in rats 10, 20, and 30 min after intra-PVN microinjection of 1% lidocaine was decreased significantly under the stimulation of CRD at 60 mmHg compared with normal controls and saline rats. The expression of CRH R1 and c-fos in the PVN of NMS and CRD rats increased compared with control rats.
CONCLUSION: Early-life stress can lead to chronic functional visceral pain in rats in adulthood. Allodynia caused by NMS is more obvious than that by CRD. The PVN and CRH R1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic functional visceral pain caused by early-life stress.
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206
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Maccarrone G, Ditzen C, Yassouridis A, Rewerts C, Uhr M, Uhlen M, Holsboer F, Turck CW. Psychiatric patient stratification using biosignatures based on cerebrospinal fluid protein expression clusters. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1572-80. [PMID: 23962679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are caused by perturbed molecular pathways that affect brain circuitries. The identification of specific biosignatures that are the result of altered pathway activities in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia can contribute to a better understanding of disease etiology and aid in the implementation of diagnostic assays. In the present study we identified disease-specific protein biosignatures in cerebrospinal fluid of depressed (n: 36), bipolar (n: 27) and schizophrenic (n: 35) patients using the Reverse Phase Protein Microarray technology. These biosignatures were able to stratify patient groups in an objective manner according to cerebrospinal fluid protein expression patterns. Correct classification rates were over 90%. At the same time several protein sets that play a role in neuronal growth, proliferation and differentiation (NEGR1, NPDC1), neurotransmission (SEZ6) and protection from oxidative damage (GPX3) were able to distinguish diseased from healthy individuals (n: 35) indicating a molecular signature overlap for the different psychiatric phenotypes. Our study is a first step toward implementing a psychiatric patient stratification system based on molecular biosignatures. Protein signatures may eventually be of use as specific and sensitive biomarkers in clinical trials not only for patient diagnostic and subgroup stratification but also to follow treatment response.
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207
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Callahan LB, Tschetter KE, Ronan PJ. Inhibition of corticotropin releasing factor expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuates stress-induced behavioral and endocrine responses. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:195. [PMID: 24194694 PMCID: PMC3810776 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a primary mediator of endocrine, autonomic and behavioral stress responses. Studies in both humans and animal models have implicated CRF in a wide-variety of psychiatric conditions including anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, sleep disorders and addiction among others. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), a key limbic structure with one of the highest concentrations of CRF-producing cells outside of the hypothalamus, has been implicated in anxiety-like behavior and a number of stress-induced disorders. This study investigated the specific role of CRF in the CeA on both endocrine and behavioral responses to stress. We used RNA Interference (RNAi) techniques to locally and specifically knockdown CRF expression in CeA. Behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OF). Knocking down CRF expression in the CeA had no significant effect on measures of anxiety-like behavior in these tests. However, it did have an effect on grooming behavior, a CRF-induced behavior. Prior exposure to a stressor sensitized an amygdalar CRF effect on stress-induced HPA activation. In these stress-challenged animals silencing CRF in the CeA significantly attenuated corticosterone responses to a subsequent behavioral stressor. Thus, it appears that while CRF projecting from the CeA does not play a significant role in the expression stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors on the EPM and OF it does play a critical role in stress-induced HPA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah B Callahan
- Avera Research Institute, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center Sioux Falls, SD, USA ; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine Vermillion, SD, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine Sioux Falls, SD, USA ; Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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208
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Fox JH, Lowry CA. Corticotropin-releasing factor-related peptides, serotonergic systems, and emotional behavior. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:169. [PMID: 24065880 PMCID: PMC3778254 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid neuropeptide that is involved in stress-related physiology and behavior, including control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Members of the CRF family of neuropeptides, including urocortin 1 (UCN 1), UCN 2, and UCN 3, bind to the G protein-coupled receptors, CRF type 1 (CRF1) and CRF2 receptors. In addition, CRF binding protein (CRFBP) binds both CRF and UCN 1 and can modulate their activities. There are multiple mechanisms through which CRF-related peptides may influence emotional behavior, one of which is through altering the activity of brainstem neuromodulatory systems, including serotonergic systems. CRF and CRF-related peptides act within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), the major source for serotonin (5-HT) in the brain, to alter the neuronal activity of specific subsets of serotonergic neurons and to influence stress-related behavior. CRF-containing axonal fibers innervate the DR in a topographically organized manner, which may contribute to the ability of CRF to alter the activity of specific subsets of serotonergic neurons. CRF and CRF-related peptides can either increase or decrease serotonergic neuronal firing rates and serotonin release, depending on their concentrations and on the specific CRF receptor subtype(s) involved. This review aims to describe the interactions between CRF-related peptides and serotonergic systems, the consequences for stress-related behavior, and implications for vulnerability to anxiety and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Fox
- Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
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209
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Daskalakis NP, Bagot RC, Parker KJ, Vinkers CH, de Kloet ER. The three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience: toward understanding adaptation to early-life adversity outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1858-73. [PMID: 23838101 PMCID: PMC3773020 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stressful experiences during early-life can modulate the genetic programming of specific brain circuits underlying emotional and cognitive aspects of behavioral adaptation to stressful experiences later in life. Although this programming effect exerted by experience-related factors is an important determinant of mental health, its outcome depends on cognitive inputs and hence the valence an individual assigns to a given environmental context. From this perspective we will highlight, with studies in rodents, non-human primates and humans, the three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience to stress-related mental disorders, which is based on gene-environment interactions during critical phases of perinatal and juvenile brain development. The three-hit (i.e., hit-1: genetic predisposition, hit-2: early-life environment, and hit-3: later-life environment) concept accommodates the cumulative stress hypothesis stating that in a given context vulnerability is enhanced when failure to cope with adversity accumulates. Alternatively, the concept also points to the individual's predictive adaptive capacity, which underlies the stress inoculation and match/mismatch hypotheses. The latter hypotheses propose that the experience of relatively mild early-life adversity prepares for the future and promotes resilience to similar challenges in later-life; when a mismatch occurs between early and later-life experience, coping is compromised and vulnerability is enhanced. The three-hit concept is fundamental for understanding how individuals can either be prepared for coping with life to come and remain resilient or are unable to do so and succumb to a stress-related mental disorder, under seemingly identical circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Traumatic Stress Studies Division & Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA,PTSD Clinical Research Program & Laboratory of Clinical Neuroendocrinology and Neurochemistry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, USA,Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/ Amsterdam Center for Drug Research & Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,Correspondence: Dr. Nikolaos Daskalakis, Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1668, Annenberg building - Room 22-38, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA,
| | - Rosemary C. Bagot
- Neuroscience Division, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Karen J. Parker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Christiaan H. Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E. R. de Kloet
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/ Amsterdam Center for Drug Research & Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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210
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Ben-Efraim YJ, Wasserman D, Wasserman J, Sokolowski M. Family-based study of AVPR1B association and interaction with stressful life events on depression and anxiety in suicide attempts. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1504-11. [PMID: 23422793 PMCID: PMC3682145 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol response to psychosocial stress may become dysregulated in stress-related disorders. It is potentiated by pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is, in part, regulated by arginine vasopressin receptor-1B (AVPR1B). AVPR1B variants were previously reported to associate with mood and anxiety disorders. This study aims, for the first time, to investigate association of AVPR1B genetic variants with mood and anxiety outcomes in suicidal behavior.Using a family-based study design of 660 complete nuclear family trios with offspring who have made a suicide attempt (SA), we tested the direct association and linkage of AVPR1B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with SA, as well as with depression and anxiety in SA. Main findings were the association and linkage of AVPR1B exon 1 SNP rs33990840 and a major 6-SNP haplotype representative of all common AVPR1B-SNPs, on the outcome of high Beck Depression Inventory scores in SA. By contrast, genetic associations with lifetime diagnoses of depression and anxiety in SA or gene-environment interactions between AVPR1B variants and stressful life events (SLEs) were not significant. An exploratory screen of interactions between AVPR1B and CRHR1 (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-1), the principal pituitary regulator of ACTH secretion, showed no support for gene-gene interactions on the studied outcomes. The results suggest that AVPR1B genetic variation, eg, non-synonymous SNP rs33990840 mediating putative consequences on ligand binding, has a role in SA etiology characterized by elevated depression symptoms, without involving AVPR1B-moderation of SLEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair J Ben-Efraim
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Wasserman
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Sokolowski
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden,National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden. Tel: +468 5248 6938, Fax: +4683 06439, E-mail:
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211
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Andrews J, Ali N, Pruessner JC. Reflections on the interaction of psychogenic stress systems in humans: the stress coherence/compensation model. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:947-61. [PMID: 23522990 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although stress simultaneously affects and causes changes in central nervous system systems together with the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, this interaction and its behavioral consequences are rarely assessed. The current paper first describes the different systems involved in the perception and processing of stressful stimuli on an anatomical and functional level, and the available measures to assess changes in these systems. It then explores, based on theoretical and empirical grounds, the interaction of the systems. This is followed by a review of previous stress models, and how these attempted to integrate the interaction of these systems. Then, it complements previous models by suggesting a complementary regulation of the stress systems, and discusses potential behavioral consequences. Finally, based on the three-system approach to assess stress it is argued that psychological measures, together with physiological and endocrine measures are indispensable. However, the lack of consensus on how to best assess the central and sympathetic nervous system components of stress make it more difficult to include measures of all systems routinely in future stress studies. Thus, the paper closes by giving some recommendations on how to include a minimum of feasible stress measures for all systems involved in stress processing and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Andrews
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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212
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Rogers J, Raveendran M, Fawcett GL, Fox AS, Shelton SE, Oler JA, Cheverud J, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Davidson RJ, Kalin NH. CRHR1 genotypes, neural circuits and the diathesis for anxiety and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:700-7. [PMID: 23147386 PMCID: PMC3663915 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) system integrates the stress response and is associated with stress-related psychopathology. Previous reports have identified interactions between childhood trauma and sequence variation in the CRH receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) that increase risk for affective disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms that connect variation in CRHR1 to psychopathology are unknown. To explore potential mechanisms, we used a validated rhesus macaque model to investigate association between genetic variation in CRHR1, anxious temperament (AT) and brain metabolic activity. In young rhesus monkeys, AT is analogous to the childhood risk phenotype that predicts the development of human anxiety and depressive disorders. Regional brain metabolism was assessed with (18)F-labeled fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography in 236 young, normally reared macaques that were also characterized for AT. We show that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting exon 6 of CRHR1 influence both AT and metabolic activity in the anterior hippocampus and amygdala, components of the neural circuit underlying AT. We also find evidence for association between SNPs in CRHR1 and metabolism in the intraparietal sulcus and precuneus. These translational data suggest that genetic variation in CRHR1 affects the risk for affective disorders by influencing the function of the neural circuit underlying AT and that differences in gene expression or the protein sequence involving exon 6 may be important. These results suggest that variation in CRHR1 may influence brain function before any childhood adversity and may be a diathesis for the interaction between CRHR1 genotypes and childhood trauma reported to affect human psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - M Raveendran
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - GL Fawcett
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - AS Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - SE Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Health Emotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - JA Oler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Health Emotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Cheverud
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - DM Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - RA Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - RJ Davidson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Health Emotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - NH Kalin
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA,Health Emotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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213
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Salomons AR, Arndt SS, Lavrijsen M, Kirchhoff S, Ohl F. Expression of CRFR1 and Glu5R mRNA in different brain areas following repeated testing in mice that differ in habituation behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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214
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Ziv L, Muto A, Schoonheim PJ, Meijsing SH, Strasser D, Ingraham HA, Schaaf MJ, Yamamoto KR, Baier H. An affective disorder in zebrafish with mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:681-91. [PMID: 22641177 PMCID: PMC4065652 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Upon binding of cortisol, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates the transcription of specific target genes, including those that encode the stress hormones corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Dysregulation of the stress axis is a hallmark of major depression in human patients. However, it is still unclear how glucocorticoid signaling is linked to affective disorders. We identified an adult-viable zebrafish mutant in which the negative feedback on the stress response is disrupted, due to abolition of all transcriptional activity of GR. As a consequence, cortisol is elevated, but unable to signal through GR. When placed into an unfamiliar aquarium ('novel tank'), mutant fish become immobile ('freeze'), show reduced exploratory behavior and do not habituate to this stressor upon repeated exposure. Addition of the antidepressant fluoxetine to the holding water and social interactions restore normal behavior, followed by a delayed correction of cortisol levels. Fluoxetine does not affect the overall transcription of CRH, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), the serotonin transporter (Serta) or GR itself. Fluoxetine, however, suppresses the stress-induced upregulation of MR and Serta in both wild-type fish and mutants. Our studies show a conserved, protective function of glucocorticoid signaling in the regulation of emotional behavior and reveal novel molecular aspects of how chronic stress impacts vertebrate brain physiology and behavior. Importantly, the zebrafish model opens up the possibility of high-throughput drug screens in search of new classes of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Ziv
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Akira Muto
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter J. Schoonheim
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan H. Meijsing
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Daniel Strasser
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Holly A. Ingraham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Keith R. Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Herwig Baier
- Department of Physiology, Programs in Neuroscience, Genetics and Developmental & Stem Cell biology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department Genes – Circuits – Behavior, Martinsried, Germany
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Human fear acquisition deficits in relation to genetic variants of the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 and the serotonin transporter. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63772. [PMID: 23717480 PMCID: PMC3661730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify predictors of aversive events allows organisms to appropriately respond to these events, and failure to acquire these fear contingencies can lead to maladaptive contextual anxiety. Recently, preclinical studies demonstrated that the corticotropin-releasing factor and serotonin systems are interactively involved in adaptive fear acquisition. Here, 150 healthy medication-free human subjects completed a cue and context fear conditioning procedure in a virtual reality environment. Fear potentiation of the eyeblink startle reflex (FPS) was measured to assess both uninstructed fear acquisition and instructed fear expression. All participants were genotyped for polymorphisms located within regulatory regions of the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1 - rs878886) and the serotonin transporter (5HTTLPR). These polymorphisms have previously been linked to panic disorder and anxious symptomology and personality, respectively. G-allele carriers of CRHR1 (rs878886) showed no acquisition of fear conditioned responses (FPS) to the threat cue in the uninstructed phase, whereas fear acquisition was present in C/C homozygotes. Moreover, carrying the risk alleles of both rs878886 (G-allele) and 5HTTLPR (short allele) was associated with increased FPS to the threat context during this phase. After explicit instructions regarding the threat contingency were given, the cue FPS and context FPS normalized in all genotype groups. The present results indicate that genetic variability in the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1, especially in interaction with the 5HTTLPR, is involved in the acquisition of fear in humans. This translates prior animal findings to the human realm.
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216
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Morava É, Kozicz T. Mitochondria and the economy of stress (mal)adaptation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:668-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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217
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Nowacka M, Obuchowicz E. BDNF and VEGF in the pathogenesis of stress-induced affective diseases: An insight from experimental studies. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:535-46. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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218
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Regulation of AMPA receptor surface trafficking and synaptic plasticity by a cognitive enhancer and antidepressant molecule. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:471-84. [PMID: 22733125 PMCID: PMC3606944 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of excitatory synapses is an essential brain process involved in cognitive functions, and dysfunctions of such adaptations have been linked to psychiatric disorders such as depression. Although the intracellular cascades that are altered in models of depression and stress-related disorders have been under considerable scrutiny, the molecular interplay between antidepressants and glutamatergic signaling remains elusive. Using a combination of electrophysiological and single nanoparticle tracking approaches, we here report that the cognitive enhancer and antidepressant tianeptine (S 1574, [3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxo-6,11-dihydro-(c,f)-dibenzo-(1,2-thiazepine)-11-yl) amino]-7 heptanoic acid, sodium salt) favors synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons both under basal conditions and after acute stress. Strikingly, tianeptine rapidly reduces the surface diffusion of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) through a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-dependent mechanism that enhances the binding of AMPAR auxiliary subunit stargazin with PSD-95. This prevents corticosterone-induced AMPAR surface dispersal and restores long-term potentiation of acutely stressed mice. Collectively, these data provide the first evidence that a therapeutically used drug targets the surface diffusion of AMPAR through a CaMKII-stargazin-PSD-95 pathway, to promote long-term synaptic plasticity.
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Subbannayya T, Balakrishnan L, Sudarshan G, Advani J, Kumar S, Mahmood R, Nair B, Sirdeshmukh R, Mukherjee KK, Umathe SN, Raju R, Prasad TSK. An integrated map of corticotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 7:295-300. [PMID: 23504413 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560 066, India,
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220
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol plays a multifaceted role in major depression disorder (MDD). Diurnal rhythms are disturbed, there is increased resistance to the feedback action of glucocorticoids, excess cortisol may induce MDD, basal levels may be higher and the post-awakening cortisol surge accentuated in those at risk for MDD. Does this suggest new avenues for studying MDD or its clinical management? METHOD The relevant literature was reviewed. RESULTS Cortisol contributes to genetic variants for the risk for MDD and the way that environmental events amplify risk. The corticoids' influence begins prenatally, but continues into adulthood. The impact of cortisol at each phase depends not only on its interaction with other factors, such as psychological traits and genetic variants, but also on events that have, or have not, occurred previously. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that the time is now right for serious consideration of the role of cortisol in a clinical context. Estimates of cortisol levels and the shape of the diurnal rhythm might well guide the understanding of subtypes of MDD and yield additional indicators for optimal treatment. Patients with disturbed cortisol rhythms might benefit from restitution of those rhythms; they may be distinct from those with more generally elevated levels, who might benefit from cortisol blockade. Higher levels of cortisol are a risk for subsequent depression. Should manipulation of cortisol or its receptors be considered as a preventive measure for some of those at very high risk of future MDD, or to reduce other cortisol-related consequences such as long-term cognitive decline?
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Affiliation(s)
- J Herbert
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK.
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221
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Wu G, Feder A, Cohen H, Kim JJ, Calderon S, Charney DS, Mathé AA. Understanding resilience. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:10. [PMID: 23422934 PMCID: PMC3573269 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. Stressful life events, trauma, and chronic adversity can have a substantial impact on brain function and structure, and can result in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and other psychiatric disorders. However, most individuals do not develop such illnesses after experiencing stressful life events, and are thus thought to be resilient. Resilience as successful adaptation relies on effective responses to environmental challenges and ultimate resistance to the deleterious effects of stress, therefore a greater understanding of the factors that promote such effects is of great relevance. This review focuses on recent findings regarding genetic, epigenetic, developmental, psychosocial, and neurochemical factors that are considered essential contributors to the development of resilience. Neural circuits and pathways involved in mediating resilience are also discussed. The growing understanding of resilience factors will hopefully lead to the development of new pharmacological and psychological interventions for enhancing resilience and mitigating the untoward consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai NY, USA
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222
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Ryan PJ, Büchler E, Shabanpoor F, Hossain MA, Wade JD, Lawrence AJ, Gundlach AL. Central relaxin-3 receptor (RXFP3) activation decreases anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 244:142-51. [PMID: 23380674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is a recently discovered neuropeptide and the results of earlier anatomical and pharmacological studies suggest it plays a physiological role in modulating functions such as arousal, learning and memory, food intake and neuroendocrine homeostasis. Relaxin-3 is also postulated to modulate affective behaviour, based on high densities of the relaxin-3 G-protein coupled receptor (RXFP3) in brain areas involved in stress and mood/anxiety, including the central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN); and strong activation of relaxin-3 neurons by stressors, via activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1). This study assessed the effect of central administration of a newly developed RXFP3-selective agonist, on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in rats. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats administered 5 μg [R3A(11-24,C15→A)B] (referred to as RXFP3-A2), intracerebroventricularly, demonstrated decreased anxiety-like behaviour in the light-dark box and elevated plus maze, but not in the open field. Notably, in the repeat forced swim test, central RXFP3-A2 administration decreased immobility in rats that had been subjected to the 'stress' of former exposure to the anxiety tests, but not in experimentally naïve rats. These data implicate relaxin-3/RXFP3 signalling in the modulation of effects of acute (anxiety) and cumulative (depression) neurogenic stressors on behaviour; and suggest a potential for RXFP3 agonists as anxiolytic and anti-depressant agents. In addition, our results demonstrate that exposure of adult Sprague-Dawley rats to tests of anxiety-like behaviour (∼10-14 days prior) can significantly increase immobility time in the repeat forced swim test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Ryan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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223
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Fernandez JW, Grizzell JA, Wecker L. The role of estrogen receptor β and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in postpartum depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:199-206. [PMID: 23063492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a devastating disease occurring in approximately 20% of women. Women who suffer from PPD appear to be more sensitive to postpartum hormonal changes than women who do not experience this form of depression. Furthermore, women who quit smoking prior to or during pregnancy, and who develop PPD, are at an increased risk of smoking relapse. Unfortunately, the mechanistic relationship between the pathophysiology of PPD and smoking relapse is unknown. Here we review the roles of both estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and cholinergic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in the pathogenesis of depression and propose a mechanistic rationale to explain the high rate of smoking relapse exhibited by women who develop PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Winderbaum Fernandez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3515 E. Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33611, USA.
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Seifried C, Boehncke S, Heinzmann J, Baudrexel S, Weise L, Gasser T, Eggert K, Fogel W, Baas H, Badenhoop K, Steinmetz H, Hilker R. Diurnal variation of hypothalamic function and chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:283-90. [PMID: 23051911 DOI: 10.1159/000343808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) improves quality of life in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), but is associated with neuropsychiatric side effects and weight gain in some individuals. The pathomechanisms of these phenomena are still unknown. Considering anatomical and functional connections of the STN with the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) system, we prospectively investigated whether chronic STN-DBS alters HP functioning in 11 PD patients. METHODS Basal hormone levels of the HP-adrenal (HPA), HP-gonadal and HP-somatotropic axis were determined before surgery as well as 3 and 6 months after electrode implantation. In addition, 24-hour cortisol profiles and dexamethasone suppression tests were obtained. Postoperative hormone changes were correlated with individual neuropsychological test performance, psychiatric status and anthropometric measures. RESULTS While PD patients experienced weight gain (p = 0.025) at follow-up, most neuropsychological data and basal HP hormone levels did not change over time. HPA regulation and diurnal rhythmicity of cortisol remained intact in all patients. The 24-hour mean cortisol levels decreased 6 months after surgery (p = 0.002) correlating with improved postoperative depression (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Chronic application of high-frequency electrical stimuli in the STN was not associated with HP dysfunction in patients with advanced PD. The diurnal variability of peripheral cortisol secretion as one important element of the endogenous biological clock remained intact. Evening cortisol levels decreased after surgery reflecting a favorable regulation of the cortisol setpoint. STN-DBS can be considered safe from a neuroendocrine perspective, but the origin of unwanted side effects warrants further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Seifried
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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225
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Corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin regulate spine and synapse formation: structural basis for stress-induced neuronal remodeling and pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:86-92. [PMID: 22547117 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are important sites of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain with their function determined by their structure and molecular content. Alterations in spine number, morphology and receptor content are a hallmark of many psychiatric disorders, most notably those because of stress. We investigated the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) stress peptides on the plasticity of spines in the cerebellum, a structure implicated in a host of mental illnesses, particularly of a developmental origin. We used organotypic slice cultures of the cerebellum and restraint stress in behaving animals to determine whether CRF in vitro and stress in vivo affects Purkinje cell (PC) spine density. Application of CRF and urocortin (UCN) to cerebellar slice cultures increased the density of spines on PC signaling via CRF receptors (CRF-Rs) 1 and 2 and RhoA downregulation, although the structural phenotypes of the induced spines varied, suggesting that CRF-Rs differentially induce the outgrowth of functionally distinct populations of spines. Furthermore, CRF and UCN exert a trophic effect on the surface contact between synaptic elements by increasing active zones and postsynaptic densities and facilitating the alignment of pre- and post-synaptic membranes of synapses on PCs. In addition, 1 h of restraint stress significantly increased PC spine density compared with those animals that were only handled. This study provides unprecedented resolution of CRF pathways that regulate the structural machinery essential for synaptic transmission and provides a basis for understanding stress-induced mental illnesses.
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226
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UROPSYCHIATRY: The Relationship Between Overactive Bladder and Psychiatric Disorders. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-012-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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227
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Bosch OG, Seifritz E, Wetter TC. Stress-related depression: neuroendocrine, genetic, and therapeutical aspects. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:556-68. [PMID: 22676799 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2012.665477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize current concepts on neuroendocrine and genetic principles underlying stress-related depression and to discuss the challenges of personalized treatment in depression. METHODS Review of the literature pertaining to genetic and neuroendocrine basis of stress-related depression including aspects of treatment response with a focus on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. RESULTS There is increasing evidence that genetic polymorphisms and dysregulation of the HPA axis are associated with the pathophysiology of stress-related depression. Individual stress hormone reactivity seems to be determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, contributing to both, resilience or vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS Although substantial progress has been made, current knowledge is still limited. Further basic and clinical research is needed to identify specific subgroups and to minimize heterogeneity of the depression phenotype. A better characterization is essential to detect genetic and functional predictors of antidepressant treatment response to follow the vision of personalized therapy in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Bosch
- Clinic of Affective Disorders and General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
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228
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Moussaieff A, Gross M, Nesher E, Tikhonov T, Yadid G, Pinhasov A. Incensole acetate reduces depressive-like behavior and modulates hippocampal BDNF and CRF expression of submissive animals. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1584-93. [PMID: 23015543 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112458729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Incensole acetate (IA), a constituent of Boswellia resin ('frankincense'), was previously demonstrated to exhibit an antidepressive-like effect in the Forced Swim Test (FST) in mice following single dose administration (50 mg/kg). Here, we show that acute administration of considerably lower dose (10 mg/kg) IA to selectively bred mice, showing prominent submissive behavior, exerted significant antidepressant-like effects in the FST. Furthermore, chronic administration of 1 or 5 mg/kg per day of IA for three consecutive weeks dose- and time-dependently reduced the submissiveness of the mice in the Dominant-Submissive Relationship test, developed to screen the chronic effect of antidepressants. This behavioral effect was concomitant to reduced serum corticosterone levels, dose-dependent down-regulation of corticotropin releasing factor and up-regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor transcripts IV and VI expression in the hippocampus. These data suggest that IA modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and influences hippocampal gene expression, leading to beneficial behavioral effects supporting its potential as a novel treatment of depressive-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Moussaieff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel
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229
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de Jong S, Chepelev I, Janson E, Strengman E, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Ophoff RA. Common inversion polymorphism at 17q21.31 affects expression of multiple genes in tissue-specific manner. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:458. [PMID: 22950410 PMCID: PMC3582489 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosome 17q21.31 contains a common inversion polymorphism of approximately 900 kb in populations with European ancestry. Two divergent MAPT haplotypes, H1 and H2 are described with distinct linkage disequilibrium patterns across the region reflecting the inversion status at this locus. The MAPT H1 haplotype has been associated with progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, while the H2 is linked to recurrent deletion events associated with the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome, a disease characterized by developmental delay and learning disability. Results In this study, we investigate the effect of the inversion on the expression of genes in the 17q21.31 region. We find the expression of several genes in and at the borders of the inversion to be affected; specific either to whole blood or different regions of the human brain. The H1 haplotype was found to be associated with an increased expression of LRRC37A4, PLEKH1M and MAPT. In contrast, a decreased expression of MGC57346, LRRC37A and CRHR1 was associated with H1. Conclusions Studies thus far have focused on the expression of MAPT in the inversion region. However, our results show that the inversion status affects expression of other genes in the 17q21.31 region as well. Given the link between the inversion status and different neurological diseases, these genes may also be involved in disease pathology, possibly in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Jong
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht3584 CG, The Netherlands
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230
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Harald B, Gordon P. Meta-review of depressive subtyping models. J Affect Disord 2012; 139:126-40. [PMID: 21885128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing dissatisfaction with the non-specificity of major depression has led many to propose more specific depressive subtyping models. The present meta-review seeks to map dominant depressive subtype models, and highlight definitions and overlaps. METHODS A database search in Medline and EMBASE of proposed depressive subtypes, and limited to reviews published between 2000 and 2011, was undertaken. Of the more than four thousand reviews, 754 were judged as potentially relevant and provided the base for the present selective meta-review. RESULTS Fifteen subtype models were identified. The subtypes could be divided into five molar categories of (1) symptom-based subtypes, such as melancholia, psychotic depression, atypical depression and anxious depression, (2) aetiologically-based subtypes, exemplified by adjustment disorders, early trauma depression, reproductive depression, perinatal depression, organic depression and drug-induced depression, (3) time of onset-based subtypes, as illustrated by early and late onset depression, as well as seasonal affective disorder, (4) gender-based (e.g. female) depression, and (5) treatment resistant depression. An overview considering definition, bio-psycho-social correlates and the evidence base of treatment options for each subtype is provided. LIMITATIONS Despite the large data base, this meta-review is nevertheless narrative focused. CONCLUSIONS Subtyping depression is a promising attempt to overcome the non-specificity of many diagnostic constructs such as major depression, both in relation to their intrinsic non-specificity and failure to provide treatment-specific information. If a subtyping model is to be advanced it would need, however, to demonstrate differential impacts of causes and treatments.
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231
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Wang XD, Labermaier C, Holsboer F, Wurst W, Deussing JM, Müller MB, Schmidt MV. Early-life stress-induced anxiety-related behavior in adult mice partially requires forebrain corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2360-7. [PMID: 22672268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress may lead to persistent changes in central corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) system that modulates anxiety-related behavior. However, it remains unknown whether CRH-CRHR1 signaling is involved in early-life stress-induced anxiety-related behavior in adult animals. In the present study, we used conditional forebrain CRHR1 knockout (CRHR1-CKO) mice and examined the potential role of forebrain CRHR1 in the anxiogenic effects of early-life stress. As adults, wild-type mice that received unstable maternal care during the first postnatal week showed reduced body weight gain and increased anxiety levels in the open field test, which were prevented in stressed CRHR1-CKO mice. In the light-dark box test, control CRHR1-CKO mice were less anxious, but early-life stress increased anxiety levels in both wild-type and CRHR1-CKO mice. In the elevated plus maze test, early-life stress had only subtle effects on anxiety-related behavior. Moreover, early-life stress did not alter the basal home cage activity and gene expression levels of key hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulators in adult wild-type and CRHR1-CKO mice, but enhanced neuroendocrine reactivity to acute immobilization stress in CRHR1-CKO mice. Our findings highlight the importance of forebrain CRHR1 in modulating some of the anxiogenic effects of early-life stress, and suggest that other neural circuits are also involved in the programming effects of early-life stress on anxiety-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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232
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Bogdan R, Nikolova YS, Pizzagalli DA. Neurogenetics of depression: a focus on reward processing and stress sensitivity. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 52:12-23. [PMID: 22659304 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is etiologically complex and has a heterogeneous presentation. This heterogeneity hinders the ability of molecular genetic research to reliably detect the small effects conferred by common genetic variation. As a result, significant research efforts have been directed at investigating more homogenous intermediate phenotypes believed to be more proximal to gene function and lie between genes and/or environmental effects and disease processes. In the current review we survey and integrate research on two promising intermediate phenotypes linked to depression: reward processing and stress sensitivity. A synthesis of this burgeoning literature indicates that a molecular genetic approach focused on intermediate phenotypes holds significant promise to fundamentally improve our understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of depression, which will be required for improved diagnostic definitions and the development of novel and more efficacious treatment and prevention strategies. We conclude by highlighting challenges facing intermediate phenotype research and future development that will be required to propel this pivotal research into new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- BRAIN Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, Box 1125, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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233
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Kendler KS. The dappled nature of causes of psychiatric illness: replacing the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy with empirically based pluralism. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:377-88. [PMID: 22230881 PMCID: PMC3312951 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our tendency to see the world of psychiatric illness in dichotomous and opposing terms has three major sources: the philosophy of Descartes, the state of neuropathology in late nineteenth century Europe (when disorders were divided into those with and without demonstrable pathology and labeled, respectively, organic and functional), and the influential concept of computer functionalism wherein the computer is viewed as a model for the human mind-brain system (brain=hardware, mind=software). These mutually re-enforcing dichotomies, which have had a pernicious influence on our field, make a clear prediction about how 'difference-makers' (aka causal risk factors) for psychiatric disorders should be distributed in nature. In particular, are psychiatric disorders like our laptops, which when they dysfunction, can be cleanly divided into those with software versus hardware problems? I propose 11 categories of difference-makers for psychiatric illness from molecular genetics through culture and review their distribution in schizophrenia, major depression and alcohol dependence. In no case do these distributions resemble that predicted by the organic-functional/hardware-software dichotomy. Instead, the causes of psychiatric illness are dappled, distributed widely across multiple categories. We should abandon Cartesian and computer-functionalism-based dichotomies as scientifically inadequate and an impediment to our ability to integrate the diverse information about psychiatric illness our research has produced. Empirically based pluralism provides a rigorous but dappled view of the etiology of psychiatric illness. Critically, it is based not on how we wish the world to be but how the difference-makers for psychiatric illness are in fact distributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Depue RA, Fu Y. Modeling borderline personality disorder based on the neurobehavioral foundation of major personality traits. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2012; 40:131-180. [PMID: 23006033 DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2012.40.1.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is an exceedingly complex behavioral phenomenon that is in need of conceptual clarification within a larger model of personality disorders (PDs). The association of personality traits to BPD is discussed initially as a means of introducing a dimensional personality approach to understanding BPD. While this model suggests that PDs emerge at the extremes of personality dimensions, attempts to demonstrate such an association have been empirically disappointing and conceptually unilluminating. Therefore, in this article, we attempt to extend such models by outlining the neurobehavioral systems that underlie major personality traits, and highlight the evidence that they are subject to experience-dependent modification that can be enduring through effects on genetic expression, mainly through processes known as epigenetics. It is through such processes that risk for personality disorder may be modified by experience at any point in development, but perhaps especially during early critical periods of development. We conclude by presenting a multidimensional model of PDs, in general, and BPD, in particular, that relies on the concepts developed earlier in the article. Our goal is to provide a guide for novel clinical conceptualization and assessment of PDs, as well as research on their psychobiological nature and pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Depue
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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235
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Fournier NM, Duman RS. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in adult hippocampal neurogenesis: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:440-9. [PMID: 21536078 PMCID: PMC3176958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the adult brain has the capacity to generate new neurons throughout life. Although the functional significance of adult neurogenesis still remains to be established, increasing evidence has implicated compromised hippocampal neurogenesis as a possible contributor in the development of major depressive disorder. Antidepressants increase hippocampal neurogenesis and there is evidence in rodent models that the therapeutic efficacy of these agents is attributable, in part, to this neurogenic effect. As such, considerable interest has been directed at identifying molecular signals, including neurotrophic factors and related signaling pathways that are associated with antidepressant action and could operate as key modulators in the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. One interesting candidate is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is known to possess strong neurogenic effects. In this review, we will discuss the involvement of VEGF signaling in the etiology and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Fournier
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT., 06508
| | - Ronald S. Duman
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT., 06508
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236
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Bogdan R, Carré JM, Hariri AR. Toward a mechanistic understanding of how variability in neurobiology shapes individual differences in behavior. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:361-393. [PMID: 22437943 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research has begun to identify how variability in brain function contributes to individual differences in complex behavioral traits. Examining variability in molecular signaling pathways with emerging and established methodologies such as pharmacologic fMRI, multimodal PET/fMRI, and hormonal assays are beginning to provide a mechanistic understanding of how individual differences in brain function arise. Against this background, functional genetic polymorphisms are being utilized to understand the origins of variability in signaling pathways as well as to efficiently model how such emergent variability impacts behaviorally relevant brain function and health outcomes. This chapter provides an overview of a research strategy that integrates these complimentary levels of analysis; existing empirical data is used to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach in illuminating the mechanistic neurobiology of individual differences in complex behavioral traits. This chapter also discusses how such efforts can contribute to the identification of predictive risk markers that interact with unique environmental factors to precipitate psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA,
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237
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Spijker AT, van Rossum EFC. Glucocorticoid sensitivity in mood disorders. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95:179-86. [PMID: 22076031 DOI: 10.1159/000329846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide an overview of recent literature on glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity in mood disorders. Assessing GC sensitivity is often performed by measuring the cortisol awakening rise (CAR), by challenging the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis using a dexamethasone suppression test (DST) or a dexamethasone/cortisol-releasing hormone test (DEX/CRH); more recently by measuring cortisol as a retrospective calendar in scalp hair. The main findings in mood disorders are higher mean cortisol levels in hair samples and a higher CAR, showing a hyperactivity of the HPA axis. This is in line with the mild resistance for GCs previously observed in challenge tests during mood episodes. GC sensitivity is partly determined by polymorphisms in the genes encoding receptors and other proteins involved in the regulation of the HPA axis. We shortly discuss the glucocorticoid receptor, as well as the mineralocorticoid receptor, the cortisol-releasing hormone receptor-1, and the glucocorticoid receptor co-chaperone FKBP5. Data clearly indicate genetic changes, along with epigenetic changes which influence the set-point and regulation of the HPA axis. Early trauma, as well as influences in utero, appears to be important. Future research is necessary to further clarify the biological background and consequences of an individual's cortisol exposure in relation to mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Spijker
- Department of Mood Disorders, PsyQ The Hague, The Netherlands.
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238
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Larauche M, Mulak A, Taché Y. Stress and visceral pain: from animal models to clinical therapies. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:49-67. [PMID: 21575632 PMCID: PMC3224675 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have implicated stress (psychosocial and physical) as a trigger of first onset or exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms of which visceral pain is an integrant landmark. A number of experimental acute or chronic exteroceptive or interoceptive stressors induce visceral hyperalgesia in rodents although recent evidence also points to stress-related visceral analgesia as established in the somatic pain field. Underlying mechanisms of stress-related visceral hypersensitivity may involve a combination of sensitization of primary afferents, central sensitization in response to input from the viscera and dysregulation of descending pathways that modulate spinal nociceptive transmission or analgesic response. Biochemical coding of stress involves the recruitment of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling pathways. Experimental studies established that activation of brain and peripheral CRF receptor subtype 1 plays a primary role in the development of stress-related delayed visceral hyperalgesia while subtype 2 activation induces analgesic response. In line with stress pathways playing a role in IBS, non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment modalities aimed at reducing stress perception using a broad range of evidence-based mind-body interventions and centrally-targeted medications to reduce anxiety impact on brain patterns activated by visceral stimuli and dampen visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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239
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Vinkers CH, Hendriksen H, van Oorschot R, Cook JM, Rallipalli S, Huang S, Millan MJ, Olivier B, Groenink L. Lifelong CRF overproduction is associated with altered gene expression and sensitivity of discrete GABA(A) and mGlu receptor subtypes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:897-908. [PMID: 21833506 PMCID: PMC3259347 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated activation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors is associated with increased anxiety and enhanced stress responsivity, which may be mediated via limbic GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated molecular and functional alterations in GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R) and metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) responsivity in transgenic mice that chronically overexpress CRF. METHODS CRF(1) receptor, GABA(A)R, and mGluR sensitivity were determined in CRF-overexpressing mice using the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) test. In addition, we measured mRNA expression levels of GABA(A)R α subunits and mGluRs in the amygdala and hypothalamus. RESULTS CRF-overexpressing mice were less sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of the CRF(1) receptor antagonists CP154,526 and DMP695, the GABA(A)R α(3)-selective agonist TP003 (0-3 mg/kg) and the mGluR(2/3) agonist LY379268 (0-10 mg/kg) in the SIH test. The hypothermic effect of the non-selective GABA(A)R agonist diazepam (0-4 mg/kg) and the α(1)-subunit-selective GABA(A)R agonist zolpidem (0-10 mg/kg) was reduced in CRF-overexpressing mice. No genotype differences were found using the GABA(A)R α(5)-subunit preferential compound SH-053-2'F-R-CH(3) and mGluR(5) antagonists MPEP and MTEP. CRF-overexpressing mice showed decreased expression levels of GABA(A)R α(2) subunit and mGluR(3) mRNA levels in the amygdala, whereas these expression levels were increased in the hypothalamus. CRF-overexpressing mice also showed increased hypothalamic mRNA levels of α(1) and α(5) GABA(A)R subunits. CONCLUSIONS We found that lifelong CRF overproduction is associated with altered gene expression and reduced functional sensitivity of discrete GABA(A) and mGluR receptor subtypes. These findings suggest that sustained over-activation of cerebral CRF receptors may contribute to the development of altered stress-related behavior via modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan H Vinkers
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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240
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Hubbard CS, Rose JD. Brainstem neuronal and behavioral activation by corticotropin-releasing hormone depend on the behavioral state of the animal. Horm Behav 2012; 61:121-33. [PMID: 22137972 PMCID: PMC4465356 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Central administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is known to enhance locomotion across a wide range of vertebrates, including the roughskin newt, Taricha granulosa. The present study aimed to identify the CRH effects on locomotor-controlling medullary neurons that underlie the peptide's behavioral stimulating actions. Single neurons were recorded from the rostral medullary reticular formation before and after intraventricular infusion of CRH in freely behaving newts and newts paralyzed with a myoneural blocking agent. In behaving newts, most medullary neurons showed increased firing 3-23 min after CRH infusion. Decreases in firing were less common. Of particular importance was the finding that in behaving newts, medullary neurons showed a cyclic firing pattern that was strongly associated with an increase in the incidence of walking bouts, an effect blocked by pretreatment with the CRH antagonist, alpha-helical CRH and not seen following vehicle administration. In contrast, the majority of medullary neurons sampled in immobilized newts lacked temporal cyclicity in their firing patterns following intraventricular infusion of CRH. That is, there was no evidence for a fictive locomotor activity pattern. Our results indicate that the actual expression of locomotion is a critical factor in regulating the behavior-activating effects of CRH and underscore the importance of using an awake, unrestrained animal for analysis of a hormone's neurobehavioral actions.
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241
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Webhofer C, Gormanns P, Tolstikov V, Zieglgänsberger W, Sillaber I, Holsboer F, Turck CW. Metabolite profiling of antidepressant drug action reveals novel drug targets beyond monoamine elevation. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e58. [PMID: 22832350 PMCID: PMC3309495 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently used antidepressants elevate monoamine levels in the synaptic cleft. There is good reason to assume that this is not the only source for antidepressant therapeutic activities and that secondary downstream effects may be relevant for alleviating symptoms of depression. We attempted to elucidate affected biochemical pathways downstream of monoamine reuptake inhibition by interrogating metabolomic profiles in DBA/2Ola mice after chronic paroxetine treatment. Metabolomic changes were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling and group differences were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics. Pathways affected by antidepressant treatment were related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and hormone signaling. The identified pathways reveal further antidepressant therapeutic action and represent targets for drug development efforts. A comparison of the central nervous system with blood plasma metabolite alterations identified GABA, galactose-6-phosphate and leucine as biomarker candidates for assessment of antidepressant treatment effects in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Webhofer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - P Gormanns
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - W Zieglgänsberger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - I Sillaber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Phenoquest AG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - F Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - C W Turck
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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242
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (CRHR1) genetic variation and stress interact to influence reward learning. J Neurosci 2011; 31:13246-54. [PMID: 21917807 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2661-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a general risk factor for psychopathology, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain largely unknown. Animal studies and limited human research suggest that stress can induce anhedonic behavior. Moreover, emerging data indicate that genetic variation within the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor gene (CRHR1) at rs12938031 may promote psychopathology, particularly in the context of stress. Using an intermediate phenotypic neurogenetics approach, we assessed how stress and CRHR1 genetic variation (rs12938031) influence reward learning, an important component of anhedonia. Psychiatrically healthy female participants (n = 75) completed a probabilistic reward learning task during stress and no-stress conditions while 128-channel event-related potentials were recorded. Fifty-six participants were also genotyped across CRHR1. Response bias, an individual's ability to modulate behavior as a function of reward, was the primary behavioral variable of interest. The feedback-related positivity (FRP) in response to reward feedback was used as a neural index of reward learning. Relative to the no-stress condition, acute stress was associated with blunted response bias as well as a smaller and delayed FRP (indicative of disrupted reward learning) and reduced anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex activation to reward. Critically, rs12938031 interacted with stress to influence reward learning: both behaviorally and neurally, A homozygotes showed stress-induced reward learning abnormalities. These findings indicate that acute, uncontrollable stressors reduce participants' ability to modulate behavior as a function of reward, and that such effects are modulated by CRHR1 genotype. Homozygosity for the A allele at rs12938031 may increase risk for psychopathology via stress-induced reward learning deficits.
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243
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Xiao Z, Jaiswal MK, Deng PY, Matsui T, Shin HS, Porter JE, Lei S. Requirement of phospholipase C and protein kinase C in cholecystokinin-mediated facilitation of NMDA channel function and anxiety-like behavior. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1438-50. [PMID: 22072552 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although cholecystokinin (CCK) has long been known to exert anxiogenic effects in both animal anxiety models and humans, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are ill-defined. CCK interacts with CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors resulting in up-regulation of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC). However, the roles of PLC and PKC in CCK-mediated anxiogenic effects have not been determined. We have shown previously that CCK facilitates glutamate release in the hippocampus especially at the synapses formed by the perforant path and dentate gyrus granule cells via activations of PLC and PKC. Here we further demonstrated that CCK enhanced NMDA receptor function in dentate gyrus granule cells via activation of PLC and PKC pathway. At the single-channel level, CCK increased NMDA single-channel open probability and mean open time, reduced the mean close time, and had no effects on the conductance of NMDA channels. Because elevation of glutamatergic functions results in anxiety, we explored the roles of PLC and PKC in CCK-induced anxiogenic actions using the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT). Our results from both pharmacological approach and knockout mice demonstrated that microinjection of CCK into the dentate gyrus concentration-dependently increased anxiety-like behavior via activation of PLC and PKC. Our results provide a novel unidentified signaling mechanism whereby CCK increases anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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244
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Ethanol concentration-dependent effects and the role of stress on ethanol drinking in corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 and double type 1 and 2 receptor knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:169-77. [PMID: 21487655 PMCID: PMC3312392 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exposure to stressors promotes ethanol (EtOH) consumption and enhances drug craving during abstinence. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and in particular, CRF actions via type 1 CRF receptors (CRF(1)) are critical in behavioral responses to stressors. CRF(1) play a role in EtOH-induced behavioral neuroadaptation, in binge-like EtOH consumption, and in heightened EtOH consumption in dependent animals. OBJECTIVES We investigated the involvement of CRF(1) in swim-stress-induced changes in EtOH consumption and in baseline consumption as a function of EtOH concentration. The role of CRF(2) in adapting to effects of the stressor was also examined. METHODS Wild-type mice and knockout mice lacking CRF(1) were tested for two-bottle choice EtOH consumption at concentrations of 3-20%. Also, intake of 10% EtOH was examined in wild-type mice and knockout mice lacking CRF(1), or lacking both CRF(1) and CRF(2), before and after acute or repeated swim stress exposures. RESULTS EtOH intake was reduced in CRF(1) compared with wild-type mice when presented at a concentration of 20% but not when presented at lower concentrations. No genotype-dependent effects were found for saccharin or quinine drinking. Acute swim stress had no effect, but repeated swim stress resulted in higher levels of EtOH consumption in wild-type mice, compared with both types of knockout mice. Stress effects on EtOH drinking were longer lasting in double knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a prominent role of CRF(1) in stressor-induced changes in EtOH consumption, with involvement of CRF(2) in recovery from stressor effects.
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245
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Kokras N, Sotiropoulos I, Pitychoutis P, Almeida O, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Citalopram-mediated anxiolysis and differing neurobiological responses in both sexes of a genetic model of depression. Neuroscience 2011; 194:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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246
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Taniguchi H, He M, Wu P, Kim S, Paik R, Sugino K, Kvitsiani D, Kvitsani D, Fu Y, Lu J, Lin Y, Miyoshi G, Shima Y, Fishell G, Nelson SB, Huang ZJ. A resource of Cre driver lines for genetic targeting of GABAergic neurons in cerebral cortex. Neuron 2011; 71:995-1013. [PMID: 21943598 PMCID: PMC3779648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1343] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A key obstacle to understanding neural circuits in the cerebral cortex is that of unraveling the diversity of GABAergic interneurons. This diversity poses general questions for neural circuit analysis: how are these interneuron cell types generated and assembled into stereotyped local circuits and how do they differentially contribute to circuit operations that underlie cortical functions ranging from perception to cognition? Using genetic engineering in mice, we have generated and characterized approximately 20 Cre and inducible CreER knockin driver lines that reliably target major classes and lineages of GABAergic neurons. More select populations are captured by intersection of Cre and Flp drivers. Genetic targeting allows reliable identification, monitoring, and manipulation of cortical GABAergic neurons, thereby enabling a systematic and comprehensive analysis from cell fate specification, migration, and connectivity, to their functions in network dynamics and behavior. As such, this approach will accelerate the study of GABAergic circuits throughout the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Taniguchi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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247
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Sex differences and phase of light cycle modify chronic stress effects on anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Behav Brain Res 2011; 222:212-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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248
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Ron-Harel N, Cardon M, Schwartz M. Brain homeostasis is maintained by "danger" signals stimulating a supportive immune response within the brain's borders. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1036-43. [PMID: 21182929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An organism's behavior is determined by the way it senses and perceives the surrounding environment, and by its responses to these stimuli. The major factors known to affect the behavioral response to an event are genetic background, environmental factors, and past experiences, and their imprinting on the relevant brain circuits. Recently, circulating immune cells were introduced as novel players into this system. It was proposed that the brain and circulating immune cells engage in a continuous dialogue that takes place within the brain's territory, though outside the parenchyma (occurring within the brain's borders - the choroid plexi, the brain meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)). The cytokines secreted by activated leukocytes residing at the borders were shown to affect neurotrophic factors production within the parenchyma. Here, we suggest that such a dialogue is stimulated at the brain's borders, upon need, by a "danger" signal that originates in the parenchyma in response to any destabilizing event, and discuss the potential role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transmitting this signal. Accordingly, a failure to restore balance is likely to lead to aberrant responses to subsequent events. This view thus supports the contention that circulating immune cells are required to maintain the brain's balanced activity and suggests a novel mechanism whereby the surveying immune cells are sensing the brain's status and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Ron-Harel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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249
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Depue RA, Fu Y. Neurogenetic and experiential processes underlying major personality traits: implications for modelling personality disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry 2011; 23:258-81. [PMID: 21923227 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2011.599315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The association of personality traits to personality disorders (PDs) is assumed by many to fit a dimensional model, where PDs emerge at the extremes of personality dimensions. Nevertheless, attempts to demonstrate such an association have been empirically disappointing and conceptually unilluminating. In this article we attempt to extend such models by outlining the neurobehavioural systems that underlie major personality traits, and highlight the evidence that they are subject to experience-dependent modification that can be enduring through effects on genetic expression, mainly through processes known as epigenetics. It is through such processes that risk for personality disorder may be modified by experience at any point in development, but perhaps especially during early critical periods of development. We conclude by presenting a novel multidimensional model of PDs that relies on the concepts developed earlier in the article. Our goal is to provide a guide for research on the psychobiological nature and pharmacological treatment of PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Depue
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Personality, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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250
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Larauche M, Mulak A, Taché Y. Stress and visceral pain: from animal models to clinical therapies. Exp Neurol 2011. [PMID: 21575632 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.020.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have implicated stress (psychosocial and physical) as a trigger of first onset or exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms of which visceral pain is an integrant landmark. A number of experimental acute or chronic exteroceptive or interoceptive stressors induce visceral hyperalgesia in rodents although recent evidence also points to stress-related visceral analgesia as established in the somatic pain field. Underlying mechanisms of stress-related visceral hypersensitivity may involve a combination of sensitization of primary afferents, central sensitization in response to input from the viscera and dysregulation of descending pathways that modulate spinal nociceptive transmission or analgesic response. Biochemical coding of stress involves the recruitment of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling pathways. Experimental studies established that activation of brain and peripheral CRF receptor subtype 1 plays a primary role in the development of stress-related delayed visceral hyperalgesia while subtype 2 activation induces analgesic response. In line with stress pathways playing a role in IBS, non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment modalities aimed at reducing stress perception using a broad range of evidence-based mind-body interventions and centrally-targeted medications to reduce anxiety impact on brain patterns activated by visceral stimuli and dampen visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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