201
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Izsak J, Seth H, Andersson M, Vizlin-Hodzic D, Theiss S, Hanse E, Ågren H, Funa K, Illes S. Robust Generation of Person-Specific, Synchronously Active Neuronal Networks Using Purely Isogenic Human iPSC-3D Neural Aggregate Cultures. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:351. [PMID: 31068774 PMCID: PMC6491690 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibly generating human induced pluripotent stem cell-based functional neuronal circuits, solely obtained from single individuals, poses particular challenges to achieve personalized and patient specific functional neuronal in vitro models. A hallmark of functional neuronal assemblies, synchronous neuronal activity, can be non-invasively studied by microelectrode array (MEA) technology, reliably capturing physiological and pathophysiological aspects of human brain function. In our here presented manuscript, we demonstrate a procedure to generate 3D neural aggregates comprising astrocytes, oligodendroglial cells, and neurons obtained from the same human tissue sample. Moreover, we demonstrate the robust ability of those neurons to create a highly synchronously active neuronal network within 3 weeks in vitro, without additionally applied astrocytes. The fusion of MEA-technology with functional neuronal circuits solely obtained from one individual's cells represent isogenic person-specific human neuronal sensor chips that pave the way for specific personalized in vitro neuronal networks as well as neurological and neuropsychiatric disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Izsak
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Seth
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dzeneta Vizlin-Hodzic
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Theiss
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Result Medical GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric Hanse
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Keiko Funa
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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202
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Deneault E, Faheem M, White SH, Rodrigues DC, Sun S, Wei W, Piekna A, Thompson T, Howe JL, Chalil L, Kwan V, Walker S, Pasceri P, Roth FP, Yuen RK, Singh KK, Ellis J, Scherer SW. CNTN5-/+or EHMT2-/+human iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with autism develop hyperactive neuronal networks. eLife 2019; 8:40092. [PMID: 30747104 PMCID: PMC6372285 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons are increasingly used to model Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. To study the complex relationship of penetrant and weaker polygenic risk variants to ASD, 'isogenic' iPSC-derived neurons are critical. We developed a set of procedures to control for heterogeneity in reprogramming and differentiation, and generated 53 different iPSC-derived glutamatergic neuronal lines from 25 participants from 12 unrelated families with ASD. Heterozygous de novo and rare-inherited presumed-damaging variants were characterized in ASD risk genes/loci. Combinations of putative etiologic variants (GLI3/KIF21A or EHMT2/UBE2I) in separate families were modeled. We used a multi-electrode array, with patch-clamp recordings, to determine a reproducible synaptic phenotype in 25% of the individuals with ASD (other relevant data on the remaining lines was collected). Our most compelling new results revealed a consistent spontaneous network hyperactivity in neurons deficient for CNTN5 or EHMT2. The biobank of iPSC-derived neurons and accompanying genomic data are available to accelerate ASD research. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Deneault
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean H White
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Deivid C Rodrigues
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Song Sun
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alina Piekna
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tadeo Thompson
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Howe
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leon Chalil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Vickie Kwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Susan Walker
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Pasceri
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Canada
| | - Ryan Kc Yuen
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Karun K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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203
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Pearl JR, Colantuoni C, Bergey DE, Funk CC, Shannon P, Basu B, Casella AM, Oshone RT, Hood L, Price ND, Ament SA. Genome-Scale Transcriptional Regulatory Network Models of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cell Syst 2019; 8:122-135.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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204
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Application of induced pluripotent stem cells to primary immunodeficiency diseases. Exp Hematol 2019; 71:43-50. [PMID: 30664903 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare immune disorders with genetic causes. Effective treatments using hematopoietic stem cells or pharmaceutical agents have been around for decades. However, for many patients, these treatment options are ineffective, partly because the rarity of these PIDs complicates the diagnosis and therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a potential solution to these problems. The proliferative capacity of iPSCs allows for the preparation of a large, stable supply of hematopoietic cells with the same genome as the patient, allowing for new human cell models that can trace cellular abnormalities during the pathogenesis and lead to new drug discovery. PID models using patient iPSCs have been instrumental in identifying deviations in the development or function of several types of immune cells, revealing new molecular targets for experimental therapies. These models are only in their early stages and for the most part have recapitulated results from existing models using animals or primary cells. However, iPSC-based models are being used to study complex diseases of other organs, including those with multigenic causes, suggesting that advances in differentiation processes will expand iPSC-based models to complex PIDs as well.
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205
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Pathological priming causes developmental gene network heterochronicity in autistic subject-derived neurons. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:243-255. [PMID: 30617258 PMCID: PMC6402576 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is thought to emerge during early cortical development. However, the exact developmental stages and associated molecular networks that prime disease propensity are elusive. To profile early neurodevelopmental alterations in ASD with macrocephaly, we monitored patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) throughout the recapitulation of cortical development. Our analysis revealed ASD-associated changes in the maturational sequence of early neuron development, involving temporal dysregulation of specific gene networks and morphological growth acceleration. The observed changes tracked back to a pathologically primed stage in neural stem cells (NSCs), reflected by altered chromatin accessibility. Concerted overrepresentation of network factors in control NSCs was sufficient to trigger ASD-like features, and circumventing the NSC stage by direct conversion of ASD iPSCs into induced neurons (iPSC-iNs) abolished ASD-associated phenotypes. Our findings identify heterochronic dynamics of a gene network that, while established earlier in development, contributes to subsequent neurodevelopmental aberrations in ASD.
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206
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Kaindl J, Winner B. Disease Modeling of Neuropsychiatric Brain Disorders Using Human Stem Cell-Based Neural Models. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 42:159-183. [PMID: 31407242 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem (PS) cells are a relevant platform to model human-specific neurological disorders. In this chapter, we focus on human stem cell models for neuropsychiatric disorders including induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs), neurons and cerebral organoids. We discuss crucial steps for planning human disease modeling experiments. We introduce the different strategies of human disease modeling including transdifferentiation, human embryonic stem (ES) cell-based models, iPS cell-based models and genome editing options. Analysis of disease-relevant phenotypes is discussed. In more detail, we provide exemplary insight into modeling of the neurodevelopmental defects in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the process of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Besides monogenic diseases, iPS cell-derived models also generated data from idiopathic and sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kaindl
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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207
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Cortical interneuron function in autism spectrum condition. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:146-154. [PMID: 30367159 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (INs) are a diverse group of neurons that project locally and shape the function of neural networks throughout the brain. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a proper balance of glutamate and GABA signaling is essential for both the proper function and development of the brain. Dysregulation of this system may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum condition (ASC). We evaluate the development and function of INs in rodent and human models and examine how neurodevelopmental dysfunction may produce core symptoms of ASC. Finding common physiological mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders may lead to novel pharmacological targets and candidates that could improve the cognitive and emotional symptoms associated with ASC.
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208
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Tran SS, Jun HI, Bahn JH, Azghadi A, Ramaswami G, Van Nostrand EL, Nguyen TB, Hsiao YHE, Lee C, Pratt GA, Martínez-Cerdeño V, Hagerman RJ, Yeo GW, Geschwind DH, Xiao X. Widespread RNA editing dysregulation in brains from autistic individuals. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:25-36. [PMID: 30559470 PMCID: PMC6375307 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic analyses of postmortem brains have begun to elucidate molecular abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, a crucial pathway involved in synaptic development, RNA editing, has not yet been studied on a genome-wide scale. Here we profiled global patterns of adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing in a large cohort of postmortem brains of people with ASD. We observed a global bias for hypoediting in ASD brains, which was shared across brain regions and involved many synaptic genes. We show that the Fragile X proteins FMRP and FXR1P interact with RNA-editing enzymes (ADAR proteins) and modulate A-to-I editing. Furthermore, we observed convergent patterns of RNA-editing alterations in ASD and Fragile X syndrome, establishing this as a molecular link between these related diseases. Our findings, which are corroborated across multiple data sets, including dup15q (genomic duplication of 15q11.2-13.1) cases associated with intellectual disability, highlight RNA-editing dysregulation in ASD and reveal new mechanisms underlying this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Tran
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyun-Ik Jun
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Bahn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adel Azghadi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gokul Ramaswami
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric L Van Nostrand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thai B Nguyen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Changhoon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Pratt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Randi J Hagerman
- The MIND Institute, Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Xinshu Xiao
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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209
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Richter M, Murtaza N, Scharrenberg R, White SH, Johanns O, Walker S, Yuen RKC, Schwanke B, Bedürftig B, Henis M, Scharf S, Kraus V, Dörk R, Hellmann J, Lindenmaier Z, Ellegood J, Hartung H, Kwan V, Sedlacik J, Fiehler J, Schweizer M, Lerch JP, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Morellini F, Scherer SW, Singh KK, Calderon de Anda F. Altered TAOK2 activity causes autism-related neurodevelopmental and cognitive abnormalities through RhoA signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1329-1350. [PMID: 29467497 PMCID: PMC6756231 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atypical brain connectivity is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). TAOK2 is one of several genes in the 16p11.2 microdeletion region, but whether it contributes to NDDs is unknown. We performed behavioral analysis on Taok2 heterozygous (Het) and knockout (KO) mice and found gene dosage-dependent impairments in cognition, anxiety, and social interaction. Taok2 Het and KO mice also have dosage-dependent abnormalities in brain size and neural connectivity in multiple regions, deficits in cortical layering, dendrite and synapse formation, and reduced excitatory neurotransmission. Whole-genome and -exome sequencing of ASD families identified three de novo mutations in TAOK2 and functional analysis in mice and human cells revealed that all the mutations impair protein stability, but they differentially impact kinase activity, dendrite growth, and spine/synapse development. Mechanistically, loss of Taok2 activity causes a reduction in RhoA activation, and pharmacological enhancement of RhoA activity rescues synaptic phenotypes. Together, these data provide evidence that TAOK2 is a neurodevelopmental disorder risk gene and identify RhoA signaling as a mediator of TAOK2-dependent synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Richter
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Neuronal Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadeem Murtaza
- 0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Robin Scharrenberg
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Neuronal Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sean H. White
- 0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Ole Johanns
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Neuronal Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan Walker
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Ryan K. C. Yuen
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Birgit Schwanke
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Neuronal Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Bedürftig
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Neuronal Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melad Henis
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Neuronal Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ,0000 0000 8632 679Xgrid.252487.eDepartment of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sarah Scharf
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Behavioral Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kraus
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Behavioral Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronja Dörk
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Behavioral Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Hellmann
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Behavioral Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Lindenmaier
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Mouse Imaging Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Mouse Imaging Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Henrike Hartung
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ,0000 0004 0410 2071grid.7737.4Present Address: Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vickie Kwan
- 0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Jan Sedlacik
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Fiehler
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Core Facility Morphology and Electronmicroscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jason P. Lerch
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Mouse Imaging Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Morellini
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Behavioral Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,0000 0001 2157 2938grid.17063.33Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Karun K. Singh
- 0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada ,0000 0004 1936 8227grid.25073.33Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Froylan Calderon de Anda
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Research Group Neuronal Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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210
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Courchesne E, Pramparo T, Gazestani VH, Lombardo MV, Pierce K, Lewis NE. The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:88-107. [PMID: 29934544 PMCID: PMC6309606 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has captured the attention of scientists, clinicians and the lay public because of its uncertain origins and striking and unexplained clinical heterogeneity. Here we review genetic, genomic, cellular, postmortem, animal model, and cell model evidence that shows ASD begins in the womb. This evidence leads to a new theory that ASD is a multistage, progressive disorder of brain development, spanning nearly all of prenatal life. ASD can begin as early as the 1st and 2nd trimester with disruption of cell proliferation and differentiation. It continues with disruption of neural migration, laminar disorganization, altered neuron maturation and neurite outgrowth, disruption of synaptogenesis and reduced neural network functioning. Among the most commonly reported high-confidence ASD (hcASD) genes, 94% express during prenatal life and affect these fetal processes in neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum. A majority of hcASD genes are pleiotropic, and affect proliferation/differentiation and/or synapse development. Proliferation and subsequent fetal stages can also be disrupted by maternal immune activation in the 1st trimester. Commonly implicated pathways, PI3K/AKT and RAS/ERK, are also pleiotropic and affect multiple fetal processes from proliferation through synapse and neural functional development. In different ASD individuals, variation in how and when these pleiotropic pathways are dysregulated, will lead to different, even opposing effects, producing prenatal as well as later neural and clinical heterogeneity. Thus, the pathogenesis of ASD is not set at one point in time and does not reside in one process, but rather is a cascade of prenatal pathogenic processes in the vast majority of ASD toddlers. Despite this new knowledge and theory that ASD biology begins in the womb, current research methods have not provided individualized information: What are the fetal processes and early-age molecular and cellular differences that underlie ASD in each individual child? Without such individualized knowledge, rapid advances in biological-based diagnostic, prognostic, and precision medicine treatments cannot occur. Missing, therefore, is what we call ASD Living Biology. This is a conceptual and paradigm shift towards a focus on the abnormal prenatal processes underlying ASD within each living individual. The concept emphasizes the specific need for foundational knowledge of a living child's development from abnormal prenatal beginnings to early clinical stages. The ASD Living Biology paradigm seeks this knowledge by linking genetic and in vitro prenatal molecular, cellular and neural measurements with in vivo post-natal molecular, neural and clinical presentation and progression in each ASD child. We review the first such study, which confirms the multistage fetal nature of ASD and provides the first in vitro fetal-stage explanation for in vivo early brain overgrowth. Within-child ASD Living Biology is a novel research concept we coin here that advocates the integration of in vitro prenatal and in vivo early post-natal information to generate individualized and group-level explanations, clinically useful prognoses, and precision medicine approaches that are truly beneficial for the individual infant and toddler with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Courchesne
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive, Suite 201, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Tiziano Pramparo
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive, Suite 201, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vahid H Gazestani
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive, Suite 201, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Psychology, Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Pierce
- Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive, Suite 201, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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211
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Schulz P. Opportunities and challenges in psychopharmacology
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 21:119-130. [PMID: 31636486 PMCID: PMC6787536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses novel approaches for influencing the transcriptome, the epigenome, the microbiome, the proteome, and the energy metabolome. These innovations help develop psychotropic medications which will directly reach the molecular targets, leading to beneficial effects, and which will be individually adapted to provide more efficacy and less toxicity. The series of advances described here show that these once utopian goals for psychiatric treatment are now real themes of research, indicating that the future path for psychopharmacology might not be as narrow and grim as considered during the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Schulz
- Private practice as psychiatrist; Head of the Unit of Clinical Psychopharmacology (retired), Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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212
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Hoffman GE, Schrode N, Flaherty E, Brennand KJ. New considerations for hiPSC-based models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:49-66. [PMID: 29483625 PMCID: PMC6109625 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has made possible patient-specific modeling across the spectrum of human disease. Here, we discuss recent advances in psychiatric genomics and post-mortem studies that provide critical insights concerning cell-type composition and sample size that should be considered when designing hiPSC-based studies of complex genetic disease. We review recent hiPSC-based models of SZ, in light of our new understanding of critical power limitations in the design of hiPSC-based studies of complex genetic disorders. Three possible solutions are a movement towards genetically stratified cohorts of rare variant patients, application of CRISPR technologies to engineer isogenic neural cells to study the impact of common variants, and integration of advanced genetics and hiPSC-based datasets in future studies. Overall, we emphasize that to advance the reproducibility and relevance of hiPSC-based studies, stem cell biologists must contemplate statistical and biological considerations that are already well accepted in the field of genetics. We conclude with a discussion of the hypothesis of biological convergence of disease-through molecular, cellular, circuit, and patient level phenotypes-and how this might emerge through hiPSC-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Hoffman
- Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Nadine Schrode
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Erin Flaherty
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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213
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Trujillo CA, Muotri AR. Brain Organoids and the Study of Neurodevelopment. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:982-990. [PMID: 30377071 PMCID: PMC6289846 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are 3D self-assembled structures composed of hundreds of thousands to millions of cells that resemble the cellular organization and transcriptional and epigenetic signature of a developing human brain. Advancements using brain organoids have been made to elucidate the genetic basis of certain neurodevelopmental disorders, such as microcephaly and autism; and to investigate the impact of environmental factors to the brain, such as during Zika virus infection. It remains to be explored how far brain organoids can functionally mature and process external information. An improved brain organoid model might reproduce important aspects of the human brain in a more reproducible and high-throughput fashion. This novel and complementary approach in the neuroscience toolbox opens perspectives to understand the fundamental features of the human neurodevelopment, with implications to personalize therapeutic opportunities for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037-0695, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037-0695, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695, USA.
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214
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Müller RA, Fishman I. Brain Connectivity and Neuroimaging of Social Networks in Autism. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1103-1116. [PMID: 30391214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in social communication (SC) predominate among the core diagnostic features of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Neuroimaging has revealed numerous findings of atypical activity and connectivity of 'social brain' networks, yet no consensus view on crucial developmental causes of SC deficits has emerged. Aside from methodological challenges, the deeper problem concerns the clinical label of ASD. While genetic studies have not comprehensively explained the causes of nonsyndromic ASDs, they highlight that the clinical label encompasses many etiologically different disorders. The question of how potential causes and etiologies converge onto a comparatively narrow set of SC deficits remains. Only neuroimaging designs searching for subtypes within ASD cohorts (rather than conventional group level designs) can provide translationally informative answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph-Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, SDSU Center for Autism and Developmental Disorders, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Inna Fishman
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, SDSU Center for Autism and Developmental Disorders, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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215
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García-Cabezas MÁ, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B. Parallel Development of Chromatin Patterns, Neuron Morphology, and Connections: Potential for Disruption in Autism. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:70. [PMID: 30174592 PMCID: PMC6107687 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of neurons and their connections depend on complex genetic and epigenetic processes that regulate the expression of genes in the nucleus during development and throughout life. Here we examined the distribution of nuclear chromatin patters in relation to the epigenetic landscape, phenotype and connections of neurons with a focus on the primate cerebral cortex. We show that nuclear patterns of chromatin in cortical neurons are related to neuron size and cortical connections. Moreover, we point to evidence that reveals an orderly sequence of events during development, linking chromatin and gene expression patterns, neuron morphology, function, and connections across cortical areas and layers. Based on this synthesis, we posit that systematic studies of changes in chromatin patterns and epigenetic marks across cortical areas will provide novel insights on the development and evolution of cortical networks, and their disruption in connectivity disorders of developmental origin, like autism. Achieving this requires embedding and interpreting genetic, transcriptional, and epigenetic studies within a framework that takes into consideration distinct types of neurons, local circuit interactions, and interareal pathways. These features vary systematically across cortical areas in parallel with laminar structure and are differentially affected in disorders. Finally, based on evidence that autism-associated genetic polymorphisms are especially prominent in excitatory neurons and connectivity disruption affects mostly limbic cortices, we employ this systematic approach to propose novel, targeted studies of projection neurons in limbic areas to elucidate the emergence and time-course of developmental disruptions in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Á García-Cabezas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Helen Barbas
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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216
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Anderson RH, Francis KR. Modeling rare diseases with induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:52-59. [PMID: 29307697 PMCID: PMC6033695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases, in totality, affect a significant proportion of the population and represent an unmet medical need facing the scientific community. However, the treatment of individuals affected by rare diseases is hampered by poorly understood mechanisms preventing the development of viable therapeutics. The discovery and application of cellular reprogramming to create novel induced pluripotent stem cell models of rare diseases has revolutionized the rare disease community. Through developmental and functional analysis of differentiated cell types, these stem cell models carrying patient-specific mutations have become an invaluable tool for rare disease research. In this review article, we discuss the reprogramming of samples from individuals affected with rare diseases to induced pluripotent stem cells, current and future applications for this technology, and how integration of genome editing to rare disease research will help to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthellen H Anderson
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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217
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Impaired Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Lacking the Engrailed-2 Gene. Neuroscience 2018; 386:137-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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218
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Iyer J, Singh MD, Jensen M, Patel P, Pizzo L, Huber E, Koerselman H, Weiner AT, Lepanto P, Vadodaria K, Kubina A, Wang Q, Talbert A, Yennawar S, Badano J, Manak JR, Rolls MM, Krishnan A, Girirajan S. Pervasive genetic interactions modulate neurodevelopmental defects of the autism-associated 16p11.2 deletion in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2548. [PMID: 29959322 PMCID: PMC6026208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As opposed to syndromic CNVs caused by single genes, extensive phenotypic heterogeneity in variably-expressive CNVs complicates disease gene discovery and functional evaluation. Here, we propose a complex interaction model for pathogenicity of the autism-associated 16p11.2 deletion, where CNV genes interact with each other in conserved pathways to modulate expression of the phenotype. Using multiple quantitative methods in Drosophila RNAi lines, we identify a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes for knockdown of individual 16p11.2 homologs in different tissues. We test 565 pairwise knockdowns in the developing eye, and identify 24 interactions between pairs of 16p11.2 homologs and 46 interactions between 16p11.2 homologs and neurodevelopmental genes that suppress or enhance cell proliferation phenotypes compared to one-hit knockdowns. These interactions within cell proliferation pathways are also enriched in a human brain-specific network, providing translational relevance in humans. Our study indicates a role for pervasive genetic interactions within CNVs towards cellular and developmental phenotypes. The 16p11.2 deletion leads to a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes, but to date, sequencing studies have not been able to pinpoint individual genes that are causative for the disease on their own. Here, using Drosophila homologs of 14 16p11.2 genes, the authors take a combinatorial approach to show that gene interactions contribute to a neurological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mayanglambam Dhruba Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Payal Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Emily Huber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Haley Koerselman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alexis T Weiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Paola Lepanto
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, CP11400, Uruguay
| | - Komal Vadodaria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alexis Kubina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Abigail Talbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sneha Yennawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jose Badano
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, CP11400, Uruguay
| | - J Robert Manak
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Arjun Krishnan
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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219
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Triunfol M, Rehen S, Simian M, Seidle T. Human-specific approaches to brain research for the 21st century: a South American perspective. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1929-1935. [PMID: 29908266 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 21st century paradigm in toxicology, which emphasizes mechanistic understanding and species-relevant modeling of human biology and pathophysiology, is gaining traction in the wider biosciences through a global workshop series organized by the BioMed21 Collaboration. The second of this series, entitled Emerging Technology Toward Pathway-Based Human Brain Research, was held in Brazil in 2017, bringing together leading South American and international scientists, research funders and other stakeholders. The aims were to foster strategic scientific dialogue and identify actionable consensus recommendations as a first step toward a roadmap for 21st century, human-specific health research and funding in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Triunfol
- Research & Toxicology Department, Humane Society International, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Stevens Rehen
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Simian
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Troy Seidle
- Research & Toxicology Department, Humane Society International, Toronto, Canada
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220
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DeRosa BA, El Hokayem J, Artimovich E, Garcia-Serje C, Phillips AW, Van Booven D, Nestor JE, Wang L, Cuccaro ML, Vance JM, Pericak-Vance MA, Cukier HN, Nestor MW, Dykxhoorn DM. Convergent Pathways in Idiopathic Autism Revealed by Time Course Transcriptomic Analysis of Patient-Derived Neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8423. [PMID: 29849033 PMCID: PMC5976773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentially pathogenic alterations have been identified in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) within a variety of key neurodevelopment genes. While this hints at a common ASD molecular etiology, gaps persist in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental mechanisms impacted by genetic variants enriched in ASD patients. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can model neurodevelopment in vitro, permitting the characterization of pathogenic mechanisms that manifest during corticogenesis. Taking this approach, we examined the transcriptional differences between iPSC-derived cortical neurons from patients with idiopathic ASD and unaffected controls over a 135-day course of neuronal differentiation. Our data show ASD-specific misregulation of genes involved in neuronal differentiation, axon guidance, cell migration, DNA and RNA metabolism, and neural region patterning. Furthermore, functional analysis revealed defects in neuronal migration and electrophysiological activity, providing compelling support for the transcriptome analysis data. This study reveals important and functionally validated insights into common processes altered in early neuronal development and corticogenesis and may contribute to ASD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A DeRosa
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239, USA
| | - Jimmy El Hokayem
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Elena Artimovich
- The Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, Maryland, 21229, USA
| | - Catherine Garcia-Serje
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Andre W Phillips
- The Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, Maryland, 21229, USA
| | - Derek Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | | | - Lily Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Holly N Cukier
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Michael W Nestor
- The Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, Maryland, 21229, USA.
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA. .,John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA.
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221
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Abstract
Understanding the development of the human brain in relation with evolution is an important frontier field in developmental biology. In particular, investigating the mechanisms underlying the greatly increased relative size and complexity of the cerebral cortex, the seat of our enhanced cognitive abilities, remains a fascinating yet largely unsolved question. Though many advances in our understanding have been gained from the study of animal models, as well as human genetics and embryology, large gaps remain in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that control human cortical development. Interestingly, many aspects of corticogenesis can be recapitulated in vitro from mouse and human embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), using a variety of experimental systems from 2D models to organoids to xenotransplantation. This has provided the opportunity to study these processes in an accessible and physiologically relevant setting. In this chapter, we will discuss how conserved and divergent features of primate/human corticogenesis can be modeled and studied mechanistically using PSC-based models of corticogenesis. We will also review what has been learned through these approaches about pathological defects of human corticogenesis, from early neurogenesis to late neuronal maturation and connectivity.
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222
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Wolff JJ, Jacob S, Elison JT. The journey to autism: Insights from neuroimaging studies of infants and toddlers. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:479-495. [PMID: 28631578 PMCID: PMC5834406 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
By definition, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that emerges during early childhood. It is during this time that infants and toddlers transition from appearing typical across multiple domains to exhibiting the behavioral phenotype of ASD. Neuroimaging studies focused on this period of development have provided crucial knowledge pertaining to this process, including possible mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of the disorder and offering the possibility of prodromal or presymptomatic prediction of risk. In this paper, we review findings from structural and functional brain imaging studies of ASD focused on the first years of life and discuss implications for next steps in research and clinical applications.
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223
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Guennewig B, Bitar M, Obiorah I, Hanks J, O’Brien EA, Kaczorowski DC, Hurd YL, Roussos P, Brennand KJ, Barry G. THC exposure of human iPSC neurons impacts genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:89. [PMID: 29691375 PMCID: PMC5915454 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong association between cannabis use and schizophrenia but the underlying cellular links are poorly understood. Neurons derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer a platform for investigating both baseline and dynamic changes in human neural cells. Here, we exposed neurons derived from hiPSCs to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and identified diagnosis-specific differences not detectable in vehicle-controls. RNA transcriptomic analyses revealed that THC administration, either by acute or chronic exposure, dampened the neuronal transcriptional response following potassium chloride (KCl)-induced neuronal depolarization. THC-treated neurons displayed significant synaptic, mitochondrial, and glutamate signaling alterations that may underlie their failure to activate appropriately; this blunted response resembles effects previously observed in schizophrenia hiPSC- derived neurons. Furthermore, we show a significant alteration in THC-related genes associated with autism and intellectual disability, suggesting shared molecular pathways perturbed in neuropsychiatric disorders that are exacerbated by THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Guennewig
- 0000 0004 1936 834Xgrid.1013.3Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW Australia ,0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4St. Vincent’s Clinical School and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW Australia ,0000 0000 9983 6924grid.415306.5Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW Australia
| | - Maina Bitar
- 0000 0001 2294 1395grid.1049.cQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Ifeanyi Obiorah
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - James Hanks
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 0420 1184grid.274295.fMental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Elizabeth A. O’Brien
- 0000 0001 2294 1395grid.1049.cQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Dominik C. Kaczorowski
- 0000 0000 9983 6924grid.415306.5Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW Australia
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cFishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 0420 1184grid.274295.fMental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Kristen J. Brennand
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Guy Barry
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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Fink JJ, Levine ES. Uncovering True Cellular Phenotypes: Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons to Study Early Insults in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurol 2018; 9:237. [PMID: 29713304 PMCID: PMC5911479 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders have provided invaluable insights into the molecular-, cellular-, and circuit-level defects associated with a plethora of genetic disruptions. In many cases, these deficits have been linked to changes in disease-relevant behaviors, but very few of these findings have been translated to treatments for human disease. This may be due to significant species differences and the difficulty in modeling disorders that involve deletion or duplication of multiple genes. The identification of primary underlying pathophysiology in these models is confounded by the accumulation of secondary disease phenotypes in the mature nervous system, as well as potential compensatory mechanisms. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell technology now provides a tool to accurately model complex genetic neurogenetic disorders. Using this technique, patient-specific cell lines can be generated and differentiated into specific subtypes of neurons that can be used to identify primary cellular and molecular phenotypes. It is clear that impairments in synaptic structure and function are a common pathophysiology across neurodevelopmental disorders, and electrophysiological analysis at the earliest stages of neuronal development is critical for identifying changes in activity and excitability that can contribute to synaptic dysfunction and identify targets for disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Fink
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Eric S Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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225
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Srikanth P, Lagomarsino VN, Muratore CR, Ryu SC, He A, Taylor WM, Zhou C, Arellano M, Young-Pearse TL. Shared effects of DISC1 disruption and elevated WNT signaling in human cerebral organoids. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:77. [PMID: 29643329 PMCID: PMC5895714 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional culture methods has allowed for the study of developing cortical morphology in human cells. This provides a new tool to study the neurodevelopmental consequences of disease-associated mutations. Here, we study the effects of isogenic DISC1 mutation in cerebral organoids. DISC1 has been implicated in psychiatric disease based on genetic studies, including its interruption by a balanced translocation that increases the risk of major mental illness. Isogenic wild-type and DISC1-disrupted human-induced pluripotent stem cells were used to generate cerebral organoids, which were then examined for morphology and gene expression. We show that DISC1-mutant cerebral organoids display disorganized structural morphology and impaired proliferation, which is phenocopied by WNT agonism and rescued by WNT antagonism. Furthermore, there are many shared changes in gene expression with DISC1 disruption and WNT agonism, including in neural progenitor and cell fate markers, regulators of neuronal migration, and interneuron markers. These shared gene expression changes suggest mechanisms for the observed morphologic dysregulation with DISC1 disruption and points to new avenues for future studies. The shared changes in three-dimensional cerebral organoid morphology and gene expression with DISC1 interruption and WNT agonism further strengthens the link between DISC1 mutation, abnormalities in WNT signaling, and neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Srikanth
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina N Lagomarsino
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina R Muratore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven C Ryu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy He
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter M Taylor
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance Zhou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marlise Arellano
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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226
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Psychiatry in a Dish: Stem Cells and Brain Organoids Modeling Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:558-568. [PMID: 29295738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are a group of pervasive neurodevelopmental conditions with heterogeneous etiology, characterized by deficits in social cognition, communication, and behavioral flexibility. Despite an increasing scientific effort to find the pathophysiological explanations for the disease, the neurobiological links remain unclear. A large amount of evidence suggests that pathological processes taking place in early embryonic neurodevelopment might be responsible for later manifestation of autistic symptoms. This dysfunctional development includes altered maturation/differentiation processes, disturbances in cell-cell communication, and an unbalanced ratio between certain neuronal populations. All those processes are highly dependent on the interconnectivity and three-dimensional organizations of the brain. Moreover, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the complex neurobiology of autism spectrum disorders, valid disease models are pivotal. Induced pluripotent stem cells could potentially help to elucidate the complex mechanisms of the disease and lead to the development of more effective individualized treatment. The induced pluripotent stem cells approach allows comparison between the development of various cellular phenotypes generated from cell lines of patients and healthy individuals. A newly advanced organoid technology makes it possible to create three-dimensional in vitro models of brain development and structural interconnectivity, based on induced pluripotent stem cells derived from the respective individuals. The biggest challenge for modeling psychiatric diseases in vitro is finding and establishing the link between cellular and molecular findings with the clinical symptoms, and this review aims to give an overview over the feasibility and applicability of this new tissue engineering tool in psychiatry.
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227
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Lombardo MV, Moon HM, Su J, Palmer TD, Courchesne E, Pramparo T. Maternal immune activation dysregulation of the fetal brain transcriptome and relevance to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1001-1013. [PMID: 28322282 PMCID: PMC5608645 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) via infection during pregnancy is known to increase risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear how MIA disrupts fetal brain gene expression in ways that may explain this increased risk. Here we examine how MIA dysregulates rat fetal brain gene expression (at a time point analogous to the end of the first trimester of human gestation) in ways relevant to ASD-associated pathophysiology. MIA downregulates expression of ASD-associated genes, with the largest enrichments in genes known to harbor rare highly penetrant mutations. MIA also downregulates expression of many genes also known to be persistently downregulated in the ASD cortex later in life and which are canonically known for roles in affecting prenatally late developmental processes at the synapse. Transcriptional and translational programs that are downstream targets of highly ASD-penetrant FMR1 and CHD8 genes are also heavily affected by MIA. MIA strongly upregulates expression of a large number of genes involved in translation initiation, cell cycle, DNA damage and proteolysis processes that affect multiple key neural developmental functions. Upregulation of translation initiation is common to and preserved in gene network structure with the ASD cortical transcriptome throughout life and has downstream impact on cell cycle processes. The cap-dependent translation initiation gene, EIF4E, is one of the most MIA-dysregulated of all ASD-associated genes and targeted network analyses demonstrate prominent MIA-induced transcriptional dysregulation of mTOR and EIF4E-dependent signaling. This dysregulation of translation initiation via alteration of the Tsc2-mTor-Eif4e axis was further validated across MIA rodent models. MIA may confer increased risk for ASD by dysregulating key aspects of fetal brain gene expression that are highly relevant to pathophysiology affecting ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Lombardo
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Neuroscience University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail: or
| | - H M Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T D Palmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E Courchesne
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Pramparo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Neuroscience University of California, San Diego, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. E-mail: or
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228
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Russo FB, Freitas BC, Pignatari GC, Fernandes IR, Sebat J, Muotri AR, Beltrão-Braga PCB. Modeling the Interplay Between Neurons and Astrocytes in Autism Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:569-578. [PMID: 29129319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear etiology and imprecise genetic causes. The main goal of this work was to investigate neuronal connectivity and the interplay between neurons and astrocytes from individuals with nonsyndromic ASD using induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS Induced pluripotent stem cells were derived from a clinically well-characterized cohort of three individuals with nonsyndromic ASD sharing common behaviors and three control subjects, two clones each. We generated mixed neural cultures analyzing synaptogenesis and neuronal activity using a multielectrode array platform. Furthermore, using an enriched astrocyte population, we investigated their role in neuronal maintenance. RESULTS ASD-derived neurons had a significant decrease in synaptic gene expression and protein levels, glutamate neurotransmitter release, and, consequently, reduced spontaneous firing rate. Based on co-culture experiments, we observed that ASD-derived astrocytes interfered with proper neuronal development. In contrast, control-derived astrocytes rescued the morphological neuronal phenotype and synaptogenesis defects from ASD neuronal co-cultures. Furthermore, after identifying interleukin-6 secretion from astrocytes in individuals with ASD as a possible culprit for neural defects, we were able to increase synaptogenesis by blocking interleukin-6 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal the contribution of astrocytes to neuronal phenotype and confirm previous studies linking interleukin-6 and autism, suggesting potential novel therapeutic pathways for a subtype of individuals with ASD. This is the first report demonstrating that glial dysfunctions could contribute to nonsyndromic autism pathophysiology using induced pluripotent stem cells modeling disease technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiele Baldino Russo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Camille Freitas
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Graciela Conceição Pignatari
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Rodrigues Fernandes
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alysson Renato Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Patricia Cristina Baleeiro Beltrão-Braga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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229
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson Renato Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California, 92037-0695
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230
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Highly efficient methods to obtain homogeneous dorsal neural progenitor cells from human and mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:67. [PMID: 29544541 PMCID: PMC5856210 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to generate cellular models harboring specific disease-related genotypes. Of particular importance are ESC and iPSC applications capable of producing dorsal telencephalic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that are representative of the cerebral cortex and overcome the challenges of maintaining a homogeneous population of cortical progenitors over several passages in vitro. While previous studies were able to derive NPCs from pluripotent cell types, the fraction of dorsal NPCs in this population is small and decreases over several passages. Here, we present three protocols that are highly efficient in differentiating mouse and human ESCs, as well as human iPSCs, into a homogeneous and stable population of dorsal NPCs. These protocols will be useful for modeling cerebral cortical neurological and neurodegenerative disorders in both mouse and human as well as for high-throughput drug screening for therapeutic development. Methods We optimized three different strategies for generating dorsal telencephalic NPCs from mouse and human pluripotent cell types through single or double inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and/or SMAD pathways. Mouse and human pluripotent cells were aggregated to form embryoid bodies in suspension and were treated with dorsomorphin alone (BMP inhibition) or combined with SB431542 (double BMP/SMAD inhibition) during neural induction. Neural rosettes were then selected from plated embryoid bodies to purify the population of dorsal NPCs. We tested the expression of key dorsal NPC markers as well as nonectodermal markers to confirm the efficiency of our three methods in comparison to published and commercial protocols. Results Single and double inhibition of BMP and/or SMAD during neural induction led to the efficient differentiation of dorsal NPCs, based on the high percentage of PAX6-positive cells and the NPC gene expression profile. There were no statistically significant differences in the variation of PAX6 and SOX1-positive NPCs between the two human pluripotent cell-derived methods; therefore, both methods are suitable for producing stable dorsal NPCs. When further differentiated into mature neurons, NPCs gave rise to a population of almost exclusively forebrain cortical neurons, confirming the dorsal fate commitment of the progenitors. Conclusions The methods described in this study show improvements over previously published studies and are highly efficient at differentiating human and mouse pluripotent cell types into dorsal PAX6-positive NPCs and eventually into forebrain cortical neurons. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0812-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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231
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Williams M, Prem S, Zhou X, Matteson P, Yeung PL, Lu CW, Pang Z, Brzustowicz L, Millonig JH, Dicicco-Bloom E. Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs). J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553565 DOI: 10.3791/56628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain development proceeds through a series of precisely orchestrated processes, with earlier stages distinguished by proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth; and later stages characterized by axon/dendrite outgrowth and synapse formation. In neurodevelopmental disorders, often one or more of these processes are disrupted, leading to abnormalities in brain formation and function. With the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology, researchers now have an abundant supply of human cells that can be differentiated into virtually any cell type, including neurons. These cells can be used to study both normal brain development and disease pathogenesis. A number of protocols using hiPSCs to model neuropsychiatric disease use terminally differentiated neurons or use 3D culture systems termed organoids. While these methods have proven invaluable in studying human disease pathogenesis, there are some drawbacks. Differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and generation of organoids are lengthy and costly processes that can impact the number of experiments and variables that can be assessed. In addition, while post-mitotic neurons and organoids allow the study of disease-related processes, including dendrite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, they preclude the study of earlier processes like proliferation and migration. In neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, abundant genetic and post-mortem evidence indicates defects in early developmental processes. Neural precursor cells (NPCs), a highly proliferative cell population, may be a suitable model in which to ask questions about ontogenetic processes and disease initiation. We now extend methodologies learned from studying development in mouse and rat cortical cultures to human NPCs. The use of NPCs allows us to investigate disease-related phenotypes and define how different variables (e.g., growth factors, drugs) impact developmental processes including proliferation, migration, and differentiation in only a few days. Ultimately, this toolset can be used in a reproducible and high-throughput manner to identify disease-specific mechanisms and phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Williams
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Smrithi Prem
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Paul Matteson
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Percy Luk Yeung
- The Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Chi-Wei Lu
- The Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Zhiping Pang
- The Child Health Institute of NJ, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | | | - James H Millonig
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Emanuel Dicicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School;
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232
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Sahakyan V, Duelen R, Tam WL, Roberts SJ, Grosemans H, Berckmans P, Ceccarelli G, Pelizzo G, Broccoli V, Deprest J, Luyten FP, Verfaillie CM, Sampaolesi M. Folic Acid Exposure Rescues Spina Bifida Aperta Phenotypes in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2942. [PMID: 29440666 PMCID: PMC5811493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe congenital abnormalities, caused by failed closure of neural tube during early embryonic development. Periconceptional folic acid (FA) supplementation greatly reduces the risk of NTDs. However, the molecular mechanisms behind NTDs and the preventive role of FA remain unclear. Here, we use human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from fetuses with spina bifida aperta (SBA) to study the pathophysiology of NTDs and explore the effects of FA exposure. We report that FA exposure in SBA model is necessary for the proper formation and maturation of neural tube structures and robust differentiation of mesodermal derivatives. Additionally, we show that the folate antagonist methotrexate dramatically affects the formation of neural tube structures and FA partially reverts this aberrant phenotype. In conclusion, we present a novel model for human NTDs and provide evidence that it is a powerful tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying NTDs, test drugs for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardine Sahakyan
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Duelen
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wai Long Tam
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, and Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, and Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hanne Grosemans
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Berckmans
- Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Istituto Mediterraneo di Eccellenza Pediatrica (ISMEP), Children's Hospital "G di Cristina", Palermo, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- CNR-Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan Deprest
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division Woman and Child, Fetal Medicine Unit, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Women's Health (IWH), University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, and Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute and Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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233
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Lewis EMA, Kroll KL. Development and disease in a dish: the epigenetics of neurodevelopmental disorders. Epigenomics 2018; 10:219-231. [PMID: 29334242 PMCID: PMC5810842 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) involve mutations in hundreds of individual genes, with over-representation in genes encoding proteins that alter chromatin structure to modulate gene expression. Here, we highlight efforts to model these NDDs through in vitro differentiation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells into neurons. We discuss how epigenetic regulation controls normal cortical development, how mutations in several classes of epigenetic regulators contribute to NDDs, and approaches for modeling cortical development and function using both directed differentiation and formation of cerebral organoids. We explore successful applications of these models to study both syndromic and nonsyndromic NDDs and to define convergent mechanisms, addressing both the potential and challenges of using this approach to define cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily MA Lewis
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristen L Kroll
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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234
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Wang X, Christian KM, Song H, Ming GL. Synaptic dysfunction in complex psychiatric disorders: from genetics to mechanisms. Genome Med 2018; 10:9. [PMID: 29386063 PMCID: PMC5793422 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakthroughs on many fronts have provided strong evidence to support synaptic dysfunction as a causal factor for neuropsychiatric diseases. Genetic studies have identified variants implicated in novel biological and synaptic pathways, and animal and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-based models have allowed mechanistic investigations of synaptic dysfunction in pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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235
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Mesci P, Macia A, Moore SM, Shiryaev SA, Pinto A, Huang CT, Tejwani L, Fernandes IR, Suarez NA, Kolar MJ, Montefusco S, Rosenberg SC, Herai RH, Cugola FR, Russo FB, Sheets N, Saghatelian A, Shresta S, Momper JD, Siqueira-Neto JL, Corbett KD, Beltrão-Braga PCB, Terskikh AV, Muotri AR. Blocking Zika virus vertical transmission. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1218. [PMID: 29352135 PMCID: PMC5775359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with increased incidence of congenital malformations. Although recent efforts have focused on vaccine development, treatments for infected individuals are needed urgently. Sofosbuvir (SOF), an FDA-approved nucleotide analog inhibitor of the Hepatitis C (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was recently shown to be protective against ZIKV both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that SOF protected human neural progenitor cells (NPC) and 3D neurospheres from ZIKV infection-mediated cell death and importantly restored the antiviral immune response in NPCs. In vivo, SOF treatment post-infection (p.i.) decreased viral burden in an immunodeficient mouse model. Finally, we show for the first time that acute SOF treatment of pregnant dams p.i. was well-tolerated and prevented vertical transmission of the virus to the fetus. Taken together, our data confirmed SOF-mediated sparing of human neural cell types from ZIKV-mediated cell death in vitro and reduced viral burden in vivo in animal models of chronic infection and vertical transmission, strengthening the growing body of evidence for SOF anti-ZIKV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Mesci
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
| | - Angela Macia
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
| | - Spencer M Moore
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
| | - Sergey A Shiryaev
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chun-Teng Huang
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Leon Tejwani
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
| | - Isabella R Fernandes
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
| | - Nicole A Suarez
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
| | - Matthew J Kolar
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sandro Montefusco
- University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, MC 0755, USA
| | - Scott C Rosenberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, MC 2385, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, MC 2385, USA
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Cugola
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Disease Modeling, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, School of Arts Sciences and Humanities, Department of Obstetrics, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NETCEM), São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Fabiele B Russo
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Disease Modeling, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, School of Arts Sciences and Humanities, Department of Obstetrics, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NETCEM), São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jair L Siqueira-Neto
- University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, MC 0755, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, MC 2385, USA
| | - Patricia C B Beltrão-Braga
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Disease Modeling, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, School of Arts Sciences and Humanities, Department of Obstetrics, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NETCEM), São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Alexey V Terskikh
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA.
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236
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Forsberg SL, Ilieva M, Maria Michel T. Epigenetics and cerebral organoids: promising directions in autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:14. [PMID: 29317608 PMCID: PMC5802583 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) affect 1 in 68 children in the US according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It is characterized by impairments in social interactions and communication, restrictive and repetitive patterns of behaviors, and interests. Owing to disease complexity, only a limited number of treatment options are available mainly for children that alleviate but do not cure the debilitating symptoms. Studies confirm a genetic link, but environmental factors, such as medications, toxins, and maternal infection during pregnancy, as well as birth complications also play a role. Some studies indicate a set of candidate genes with different DNA methylation profiles in ASD compared to healthy individuals. Thus epigenetic alterations could help bridging the gene-environment gap in deciphering the underlying neurobiology of autism. However, epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) have mainly included a very limited number of postmortem brain samples. Hence, cellular models mimicking brain development in vitro will be of great importance to study the critical epigenetic alterations and when they might happen. This review will give an overview of the state of the art concerning knowledge on epigenetic changes in autism and how new, cutting edge expertise based on three-dimensional (3D) stem cell technology models (brain organoids) can contribute in elucidating the multiple aspects of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Louise Forsberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry in the region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Center for Applied Neuroscience BRIDGE, University of Southern Denmark, Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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237
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Wang P, Zhao D, Lachman HM, Zheng D. Enriched expression of genes associated with autism spectrum disorders in human inhibitory neurons. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 29317598 PMCID: PMC5802446 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly heritable but genetically heterogeneous. The affected neural circuits and cell types remain unclear and may vary at different developmental stages. By analyzing multiple sets of human single cell transcriptome profiles, we found that ASD candidates showed relatively enriched gene expression in neurons, especially in inhibitory neurons. ASD candidates were also more likely to be the hubs of the co-expression gene module that is highly expressed in inhibitory neurons, a feature not detected for excitatory neurons. In addition, we found that upregulated genes in multiple ASD cortex samples were enriched with genes highly expressed in inhibitory neurons, suggesting a potential increase of inhibitory neurons and an imbalance in the ratio between excitatory and inhibitory neurons in ASD brains. Furthermore, the downstream targets of several ASD candidates, such as CHD8, EHMT1 and SATB2, also displayed enriched expression in inhibitory neurons. Taken together, our analyses of single cell transcriptomic data suggest that inhibitory neurons may be a major neuron subtype affected by the disruption of ASD gene networks, providing single cell functional evidence to support the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Herbert M Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY, USA.
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238
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Liang N, Trujillo CA, Negraes PD, Muotri AR, Lameu C, Ulrich H. Stem cell contributions to neurological disease modeling and personalized medicine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:54-62. [PMID: 28576415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a revolutionary tool for disease modeling and drug discovery. The generation of tissue-relevant cell types exhibiting a patient's genetic and molecular background offers the ability to develop individual and effective therapies. In this review, we present some major achievements in the neuroscience field using iPSCs and discuss promising perspectives in personalized medicine. In addition to disease modeling, the understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of neurological disorders is explored, including the discovery of new targets and potential drugs. Ultimately, we highlight how iPSC technology, together with genome editing approaches, may bring a deep impact on pre-clinical trials by reducing costs and increasing the success of treatments in a personalized fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Liang
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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239
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Bury LAD, Wynshaw-Boris A. Modeling Non-Syndromic Autism with Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:219-220. [PMID: 29192665 PMCID: PMC5719103 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke AD Bury
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA,E-mail:
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240
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Freitas BC, Mei A, Mendes APD, Beltrão-Braga PCB, Marchetto MC. Modeling Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders Using Stem Cells. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:394. [PMID: 30619789 PMCID: PMC6299043 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports show an increase in the incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) to 1 in every 59 children up to 8 years old in 11 states in North America. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a groundbreaking platform for the study of polygenic neurodevelopmental disorders in live cells. Robust inflammation states and immune system dysfunctions are associated with ASD and several cell types participate on triggering and sustaining these processes. In this review, we will examine the contribution of neuroinflammation to the development of autistic features and discuss potential therapeutic approaches. We will review the available tools, emphasizing stem cell modeling as a technology to investigate the various molecular pathways and different cell types involved in the process of neuroinflammation in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz C Freitas
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arianna Mei
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Patricia C B Beltrão-Braga
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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241
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Karagiannis P, Nakauchi A, Yamanaka S. Bringing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology to the Bedside. JMA J 2018; 1:6-14. [PMID: 33748517 PMCID: PMC7969850 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) describe somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to the pluripotent state. From a scientific perspective, their discovery has provided a molecular roadmap for turning on and off cell identities, effectively allowing any cell type to have its identity changed into any other cell type. They also act as a human model for understanding the development of every cell and organ in the body. In addition, because they can be prepared from patients, iPSCs offer a unique human model for studying disease development, including many diseases that are generally diagnosed at a late stage of their development. These models have provided new insights on the pathogenesis and new targets to prevent or reverse the disease development process. Indeed, clinical studies on compounds based on drug screening hits in human iPSC disease models have begun. Because of their proliferation and differentiation capacity, iPSCs can also be used to prepare cells for transplantations, and related clinical studies using iPSC-based cell therapies are ongoing. The combination of iPSCs with other technologies or therapeutic strategies is expected to expand their medical benefits. In this review, we consider medical accomplishments based on iPSC research and future ones that can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakauchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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242
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Arai Y, Taverna E. Neural Progenitor Cell Polarity and Cortical Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:384. [PMID: 29259543 PMCID: PMC5723293 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons populating the cerebral cortex are generated during embryonic development from neural stem and progenitor cells in a process called neurogenesis. Neural stem and progenitor cells are classified into several classes based on the different location of mitosis (apical or basal) and polarity features (bipolar, monopolar and non-polar). The polarized architecture of stem cells is linked to the asymmetric localization of proteins, mRNAs and organelles, such as the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus (GA). Polarity affects stem cell function and allows stem cells to integrate environmental cues from distinct niches in the developing cerebral cortex. The crucial role of polarity in neural stem and progenitor cells is highlighted by the fact that impairment of cell polarity is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Arai
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Elena Taverna
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPG), Leipzig, Germany
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243
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Fingher N, Dinstein I, Ben-Shachar M, Haar S, Dale AM, Eyler L, Pierce K, Courchesne E. Toddlers later diagnosed with autism exhibit multiple structural abnormalities in temporal corpus callosum fibers. Cortex 2017; 97:291-305. [PMID: 28202133 PMCID: PMC5522774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interhemispheric functional connectivity abnormalities are often reported in autism and it is thus not surprising that structural defects of the corpus callosum (CC) are consistently found using both traditional MRI and DTI techniques. Past DTI studies however, have subdivided the CC into 2 or 3 segments without regard for where fibers may project to within the cortex, thus placing limitations on our ability to understand the nature, timing and neurobehavioral impact of early CC abnormalities in autism. Leveraging a unique cohort of 97 toddlers (68 autism; 29 typical) we utilized a novel technique that identified seven CC tracts according to their cortical projections. Results revealed that younger (<2.5 years old), but not older toddlers with autism exhibited abnormally low mean, radial, and axial diffusivity values in the CC tracts connecting the occipital lobes and the temporal lobes. Fractional anisotropy and the cross sectional area of the temporal CC tract were significantly larger in young toddlers with autism. These findings indicate that water diffusion is more restricted and unidirectional in the temporal CC tract of young toddlers who develop autism. Such results may be explained by a potential overabundance of small caliber axons generated by excessive prenatal neural proliferation as proposed by previous genetic, animal model, and postmortem studies of autism. Furthermore, early diffusion measures in the temporal CC tract of the young toddlers were correlated with outcome measures of autism severity at later ages. These findings regarding the potential nature, timing, and location of early CC abnormalities in autism add to accumulating evidence, which suggests that altered inter-hemispheric connectivity, particularly across the temporal lobes, is a hallmark of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fingher
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Israel.
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Israel; Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University, Israel
| | - Michal Ben-Shachar
- Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Bar Ilan University, Israel; The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shlomi Haar
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Israel
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Lisa Eyler
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, USA; Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Eric Courchesne
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, USA
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244
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Brennand KJ. Personalized medicine in a dish: the growing possibility of neuropsychiatric disease drug discovery tailored to patient genetic variants using stem cells. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:91. [PMID: 29270417 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Brennand
- Departments of Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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245
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Lacivita E, Perrone R, Margari L, Leopoldo M. Targets for Drug Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenges and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9114-9141. [PMID: 29039668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Various factors are involved in the etiopathogenesis of ASD, including genetic factors, environmental toxins and stressors, impaired immune responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. The heterogeneity in the phenotype among ASD patients and the complex etiology of the condition have long impeded the advancement of the development of pharmacological therapies. In the recent years, the integration of findings from mouse models to human genetics resulted in considerable progress toward the understanding of ASD pathophysiology. Currently, strategies to treat core symptoms of ASD are directed to correct synaptic dysfunctions, abnormalities in central oxytocin, vasopressin, and serotonin neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation. Here, we present a survey of the studies that have suggested molecular targets for drug development for ASD and the state-of-the-art of medicinal chemistry efforts in related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Unità di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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246
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Turner TN, Coe BP, Dickel DE, Hoekzema K, Nelson BJ, Zody MC, Kronenberg ZN, Hormozdiari F, Raja A, Pennacchio LA, Darnell RB, Eichler EE. Genomic Patterns of De Novo Mutation in Simplex Autism. Cell 2017; 171:710-722.e12. [PMID: 28965761 PMCID: PMC5679715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To further our understanding of the genetic etiology of autism, we generated and analyzed genome sequence data from 516 idiopathic autism families (2,064 individuals). This resource includes >59 million single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 9,212 private copy number variants (CNVs), of which 133,992 and 88 are de novo mutations (DNMs), respectively. We estimate a mutation rate of ∼1.5 × 10-8 SNVs per site per generation with a significantly higher mutation rate in repetitive DNA. Comparing probands and unaffected siblings, we observe several DNM trends. Probands carry more gene-disruptive CNVs and SNVs, resulting in severe missense mutations and mapping to predicted fetal brain promoters and embryonic stem cell enhancers. These differences become more pronounced for autism genes (p = 1.8 × 10-3, OR = 2.2). Patients are more likely to carry multiple coding and noncoding DNMs in different genes, which are enriched for expression in striatal neurons (p = 3 × 10-3), suggesting a path forward for genetically characterizing more complex cases of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tychele N Turner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bradley P Coe
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Diane E Dickel
- Functional Genomics Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Zev N Kronenberg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fereydoun Hormozdiari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | - Archana Raja
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Functional Genomics Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Robert B Darnell
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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247
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Adegbola A, Bury LA, Fu C, Zhang M, Wynshaw-Boris A. Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models for Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2062-2070. [PMID: 29027744 PMCID: PMC5702513 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major neuropsychiatric conditions of schizophrenia, affective disorders, and infantile autism are characterized by chronic symptoms of episodic, stable, or progressive nature that result in significant morbidity. Symptomatic treatments are the mainstay but do not resolve the underlying disease processes, which are themselves poorly understood. The prototype psychotropic drugs are of variable efficacy, with therapeutic mechanisms of action that are still uncertain. Thus, neuropsychiatric disorders are ripe for new technologies and approaches with the potential to revolutionize mechanistic understanding and drive the development of novel targeted treatments. The advent of methods to produce patient‐derived stem cell models and three‐dimensional organoids with the capacity to differentiate into neurons and the various neuronal cellular lineages mark such an advance. We discuss numerous techniques involved, their applications, and areas that require further optimization. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2062–2070
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi Adegbola
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Luke A Bury
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chen Fu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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248
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Piven J, Elison JT, Zylka MJ. Toward a conceptual framework for early brain and behavior development in autism. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1385-1394. [PMID: 28937691 PMCID: PMC5621737 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies of infant siblings of older autistic probands, who are at elevated risk for autism, have demonstrated that the defining features of autism are not present in the first year of life but emerge late in the first and into the second year. A recent longitudinal neuroimaging study of high-risk siblings revealed a specific pattern of brain development in infants later diagnosed with autism, characterized by cortical surface area hyper-expansion in the first year followed by brain volume overgrowth in the second year that is associated with the emergence of autistic social deficits. Together with new observations from genetically defined autism risk alleles and rodent model, these findings suggest a conceptual framework for the early, post-natal development of autism. This framework postulates that an increase in the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and hyper-expansion of cortical surface area in the first year, occurring during a pre-symptomatic period characterized by disrupted sensorimotor and attentional experience, leads to altered experience-dependent neuronal development and decreased elimination of neuronal processes. This process is linked to brain volume overgrowth and disruption of the refinement of neural circuit connections and is associated with the emergence of autistic social deficits in the second year of life. A better understanding of the timing of developmental brain and behavior mechanisms in autism during infancy, a period which precedes the emergence of the defining features of this disorder, will likely have important implications for designing rational approaches to early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Piven
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Campus Box 7255, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7255, USA. E-mail:
| | - J T Elison
- Institute of Child Development and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M J Zylka
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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249
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Riikonen R. Insulin-Like Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Diseases in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2056. [PMID: 28954393 PMCID: PMC5666738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors play a key role for neuronal growth, differentiation, the survival of neurons and synaptic formation. The action of IGF-1 is most pronounced in the developing brain. In this paper we will try to give an answer to the following questions: Why are studies in children important? What clinical studies in neonatal asphyxia, infantile spasms, progressive encephalopathy-hypsarrhythmia-optical atrophy (PEHO) syndrome, infantile ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and subacute sclerosing encephalopathy (SSPE) have been carried out? What are IGF-based therapeutic strategies? What are the therapeutic approaches? We conclude that there are now great hopes for the therapeutic use of IGF-1 for some neurological disorders (particularly ASD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raili Riikonen
- Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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250
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Lee CT, Bendriem RM, Wu WW, Shen RF. 3D brain Organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells: promising experimental models for brain development and neurodegenerative disorders. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:59. [PMID: 28822354 PMCID: PMC5563385 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), appear to recapitulate the brain's 3D cytoarchitectural arrangement and provide new opportunities to explore disease pathogenesis in the human brain. Human iPSC (hiPSC) reprogramming methods, combined with 3D brain organoid tools, may allow patient-derived organoids to serve as a preclinical platform to bridge the translational gap between animal models and human clinical trials. Studies using patient-derived brain organoids have already revealed novel insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of certain complex human neurological disorders such as microcephaly, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the combination of hiPSC technology and small-molecule high-throughput screening (HTS) facilitates the development of novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies, while transcriptome sequencing enables the transcriptional profiling of patient-derived brain organoids. Finally, the addition of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing provides incredible potential for personalized cell replacement therapy with genetically corrected hiPSCs. This review describes the history and current state of 3D brain organoid differentiation strategies, a survey of applications of organoids towards studies of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and the challenges associated with their use as in vitro models of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Lee
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Building 52, Rm 1121, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Raphael M. Bendriem
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Wells W. Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
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