201
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Maj E, Künneke L, Loresch E, Grund A, Melchert J, Pieler T, Aspelmeier T, Borchers A. Controlled levels of canonical Wnt signaling are required for neural crest migration. Dev Biol 2016; 417:77-90. [PMID: 27341758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling plays a dominant role in the development of the neural crest (NC), a highly migratory cell population that generates a vast array of cell types. Canonical Wnt signaling is required for NC induction as well as differentiation, however its role in NC migration remains largely unknown. Analyzing nuclear localization of β-catenin as readout for canonical Wnt activity, we detect nuclear β-catenin in premigratory but not migratory Xenopus NC cells suggesting that canonical Wnt activity has to decrease to basal levels to enable NC migration. To define a possible function of canonical Wnt signaling in Xenopus NC migration, canonical Wnt signaling was modulated at different time points after NC induction. This was accomplished using either chemical modulators affecting β-catenin stability or inducible glucocorticoid fusion constructs of Lef/Tcf transcription factors. In vivo analysis of NC migration by whole mount in situ hybridization demonstrates that ectopic activation of canonical Wnt signaling inhibits cranial NC migration. Further, NC transplantation experiments confirm that this effect is tissue-autonomous. In addition, live-cell imaging in combination with biophysical data analysis of explanted NC cells confirms the in vivo findings and demonstrates that modulation of canonical Wnt signaling affects the ability of NC cells to perform single cell migration. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that canonical Wnt signaling needs to be tightly controlled to enable migration of NC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Maj
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Künneke
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg August University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Loresch
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anita Grund
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Melchert
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomas Pieler
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timo Aspelmeier
- Institute for Mathematical Stochastics and Felix Bernstein Institute for Mathematical Statistics, Georg August University Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 7, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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202
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Anllo L, Schüpbach T. Signaling through the G-protein-coupled receptor Rickets is important for polarity, detachment, and migration of the border cells in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2016; 414:193-206. [PMID: 27130192 PMCID: PMC4887387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration plays crucial roles during development. An excellent model to study coordinated cell movements is provided by the migration of border cell clusters within a developing Drosophila egg chamber. In a mutagenesis screen, we isolated two alleles of the gene rickets (rk) encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor. The rk alleles result in border cell migration defects in a significant fraction of egg chambers. In rk mutants, border cells are properly specified and express the marker Slbo. Yet, analysis of both fixed as well as live samples revealed that some single border cells lag behind the main border cell cluster during migration, or, in other cases, the entire border cell cluster can remain tethered to the anterior epithelium as it migrates. These defects are observed significantly more often in mosaic border cell clusters, than in full mutant clusters. Reduction of the Rk ligand, Bursicon, in the border cell cluster also resulted in migration defects, strongly suggesting that Rk signaling is utilized for communication within the border cell cluster itself. The mutant border cell clusters show defects in localization of the adhesion protein E-cadherin, and apical polarity proteins during migration. E-cadherin mislocalization occurs in mosaic clusters, but not in full mutant clusters, correlating well with the rk border cell migration phenotype. Our work has identified a receptor with a previously unknown role in border cell migration that appears to regulate detachment and polarity of the border cell cluster coordinating processes within the cells of the cluster themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Anllo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Trudi Schüpbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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203
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Szabó A, Melchionda M, Nastasi G, Woods ML, Campo S, Perris R, Mayor R. In vivo confinement promotes collective migration of neural crest cells. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:543-55. [PMID: 27241911 PMCID: PMC4896058 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is fundamental throughout development and in many diseases. Spatial confinement using micropatterns has been shown to promote collective cell migration in vitro, but its effect in vivo remains unclear. Combining computational and experimental approaches, we show that the in vivo collective migration of neural crest cells (NCCs) depends on such confinement. We demonstrate that confinement may be imposed by the spatiotemporal distribution of a nonpermissive substrate provided by versican, an extracellular matrix molecule previously proposed to have contrasting roles: barrier or promoter of NCC migration. We resolve the controversy by demonstrating that versican works as an inhibitor of NCC migration and also acts as a guiding cue by forming exclusionary boundaries. Our model predicts an optimal number of cells in a given confinement width to allow for directional migration. This optimum coincides with the width of neural crest migratory streams analyzed across different species, proposing an explanation for the highly conserved nature of NCC streams during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Manuela Melchionda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Giancarlo Nastasi
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Mae L Woods
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- Center for Molecular and Translational Oncology, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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204
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Leader Cells Define Directionality of Trunk, but Not Cranial, Neural Crest Cell Migration. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2076-88. [PMID: 27210753 PMCID: PMC4893160 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is fundamental for life and a hallmark of cancer. Neural crest (NC) cells migrate collectively, but the mechanisms governing this process remain controversial. Previous analyses in Xenopus indicate that cranial NC (CNC) cells are a homogeneous population relying on cell-cell interactions for directional migration, while chick embryo analyses suggest a heterogeneous population with leader cells instructing directionality. Our data in chick and zebrafish embryos show that CNC cells do not require leader cells for migration and all cells present similar migratory capacities. In contrast, laser ablation of trunk NC (TNC) cells shows that leader cells direct movement and cell-cell contacts are required for migration. Moreover, leader and follower identities are acquired before the initiation of migration and remain fixed thereafter. Thus, two distinct mechanisms establish the directionality of CNC cells and TNC cells. This implies the existence of multiple molecular mechanisms for collective cell migration. CNC rely on cell-cell interactions to migrate directionally Leader cells dictate directionality to followers in the trunk NC population Leader and follower identities are acquired before the initiation of migration Leader and follower identities are non-interchangeable during migration
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205
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Tanaka M, Kuriyama S, Itoh G, Kohyama A, Iwabuchi Y, Shibata H, Yashiro M, Aiba N. Identification of anti-cancer chemical compounds using Xenopus embryos. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:803-11. [PMID: 27019404 PMCID: PMC4968590 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer tissues have biological characteristics similar to those observed in embryos during development. Many types of cancer cells acquire pro-invasive ability through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Similar processes (gastrulation and migration of cranial neural crest cells [CNCC]) are observed in the early stages of embryonic development in Xenopus during which cells that originate from epithelial sheets through EMT migrate to their final destinations. The present study examined Xenopus embryonic tissues to identify anti-cancer compounds that prevent cancer invasion. From the initial test of known anti-cancer drugs, AMD3100 (an inhibitor of CXCR4) and paclitaxel (a cytoskeletal drug targeting microtubules) effectively prevented migration during gastrulation or CNCC development. Blind-screening of 100 synthesized chemical compounds was performed, and nine candidates that inhibited migration of these embryonic tissues without embryonic lethality were selected. Of these, C-157 (an analog of podophyllotoxin) and D-572 (which is an indole alkaroid) prevented cancer cell invasion through disruption of interphase microtubules. In addition, these compounds affected progression of mitotic phase and induced apoptosis of SAS oral cancer cells. SAS tumors were reduced in size after intratumoral injection of C-157, and peritoneal dissemination of melanoma cells and intracranial invasion of glioma cells were inhibited by C-157 and D-572. When the other analogues of these chemicals were compared, those with subtle effect on embryos were not tumor suppressive. These results suggest that a novel chemical-screening approach based on Xenopus embryos is an effective method for isolating anti-cancer drugs and, in particular, targeting cancer cell invasion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Sei Kuriyama
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Aki Kohyama
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Namiko Aiba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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206
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Walderich B, Singh AP, Mahalwar P, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Homotypic cell competition regulates proliferation and tiling of zebrafish pigment cells during colour pattern formation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11462. [PMID: 27118125 PMCID: PMC4853480 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult striped pattern of zebrafish is composed of melanophores, iridophores and xanthophores arranged in superimposed layers in the skin. Previous studies have revealed that the assembly of pigment cells into stripes involves heterotypic interactions between all three chromatophore types. Here we investigate the role of homotypic interactions between cells of the same chromatophore type. Introduction of labelled progenitors into mutants lacking the corresponding cell type allowed us to define the impact of competitive interactions via long-term in vivo imaging. In the absence of endogenous cells, transplanted iridophores and xanthophores show an increased rate of proliferation and spread as a coherent net into vacant space. By contrast, melanophores have a limited capacity to spread in the skin even in the absence of competing endogenous cells. Our study reveals a key role for homotypic competitive interactions in determining number, direction of migration and individual spacing of cells within chromatophore populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Walderich
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ajeet Pratap Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Prateek Mahalwar
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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207
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Paksa A, Bandemer J, Hoeckendorf B, Razin N, Tarbashevich K, Minina S, Meyen D, Biundo A, Leidel SA, Peyrieras N, Gov NS, Keller PJ, Raz E. Repulsive cues combined with physical barriers and cell-cell adhesion determine progenitor cell positioning during organogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11288. [PMID: 27088892 PMCID: PMC4837475 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells constitutes an essential, yet poorly understood step during organogenesis. Using primordial germ cells that participate in gonad formation, we present the developmental mechanisms maintaining a motile progenitor cell population at the site where the organ develops. Employing high-resolution live-cell microscopy, we find that repulsive cues coupled with physical barriers confine the cells to the correct bilateral positions. This analysis revealed that cell polarity changes on interaction with the physical barrier and that the establishment of compact clusters involves increased cell–cell interaction time. Using particle-based simulations, we demonstrate the role of reflecting barriers, from which cells turn away on contact, and the importance of proper cell–cell adhesion level for maintaining the tight cell clusters and their correct positioning at the target region. The combination of these developmental and cellular mechanisms prevents organ fusion, controls organ positioning and is thus critical for its proper function. The precise positioning of organ progenitor cells is essential for organ development and function. Here the authors use live imaging and mathematical modelling to show that the confinement of a motile progenitor cell population results from coupled physical barriers and cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Paksa
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Nitzan Razin
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Sofia Minina
- Germ Cell Development, Max-Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dana Meyen
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Antonio Biundo
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Max Planck Research Group for RNA Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 54, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadine Peyrieras
- USR3695 BioEmergences, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute for Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Street 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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208
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Control of the collective migration of enteric neural crest cells by the Complement anaphylatoxin C3a and N-cadherin. Dev Biol 2016; 414:85-99. [PMID: 27041467 PMCID: PMC4937886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the adhesive and migratory behavior of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) during their collective migration within the developing mouse gut. We aimed to decipher the role of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a during this process, because this well-known immune system attractant has been implicated in cephalic NCC co-attraction, a process controlling directional migration. We used the conditional Ht-PA-cre transgenic mouse model allowing a specific ablation of the N-cadherin gene and the expression of a fluorescent reporter in migratory ENCCs without affecting the central nervous system. We performed time-lapse videomicroscopy of ENCCs from control and N-cad-herin mutant gut explants cultured on fibronectin (FN) and micropatterned FN-stripes with C3a or C3aR antagonist, and studied cell migration behavior with the use of triangulation analysis to quantify cell dispersion. We performed ex vivo gut cultures with or without C3aR antagonist to determine the effect on ENCC behavior. Confocal microscopy was used to analyze the cell-matrix adhesion properties. We provide the first demonstration of the localization of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a and its receptor on ENCCs during their migration in the embryonic gut. C3aR receptor inhibition alters ENCC adhesion and migration, perturbing directionality and increasing cell dispersion both in vitro and ex vivo. N-cad-herin-null ENCCs do not respond to C3a co-attraction. These findings indicate that C3a regulates cell migration in a N-cadherin-dependent process. Our results shed light on the role of C3a in regulating collective and directional cell migration, and in ganglia network organization during enteric nervous system ontogenesis. The detection of an immune system chemokine in ENCCs during ENS development may also shed light on new mechanisms for gastrointestinal disorders.
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209
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Melchionda M, Pittman JK, Mayor R, Patel S. Ca2+/H+ exchange by acidic organelles regulates cell migration in vivo. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:803-13. [PMID: 27002171 PMCID: PMC4810305 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201510019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A vertebrate Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX), which is part of a widespread conserved family in animals, localizes to acidic organelles, tempers evoked Ca2+ signals, and regulates cell-matrix adhesion during neural crest cell migration. Increasing evidence implicates Ca2+ in the control of cell migration. However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Acidic Ca2+ stores are fast emerging as signaling centers. But how Ca2+ is taken up by these organelles in metazoans and the physiological relevance for migration is unclear. Here, we identify a vertebrate Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX) as part of a widespread family of homologues in animals. CAX is expressed in neural crest cells and required for their migration in vivo. It localizes to acidic organelles, tempers evoked Ca2+ signals, and regulates cell-matrix adhesion during migration. Our data provide new molecular insight into how Ca2+ is handled by acidic organelles and link this to migration, thereby underscoring the role of noncanonical Ca2+ stores in the control of Ca2+-dependent function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Melchionda
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Jon K Pittman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, England, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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210
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Langhe RP, Gudzenko T, Bachmann M, Becker SF, Gonnermann C, Winter C, Abbruzzese G, Alfandari D, Kratzer MC, Franz CM, Kashef J. Cadherin-11 localizes to focal adhesions and promotes cell-substrate adhesion. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10909. [PMID: 26952325 PMCID: PMC4786774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin receptors have a well-established role in cell–cell adhesion, cell polarization and differentiation. However, some cadherins also promote cell and tissue movement during embryonic development and tumour progression. In particular, cadherin-11 is upregulated during tumour and inflammatory cell invasion, but the mechanisms underlying cadherin-11 stimulated cell migration are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that cadherin-11 localizes to focal adhesions and promotes adhesion to fibronectin in Xenopus neural crest, a highly migratory embryonic cell population. Transfected cadherin-11 also localizes to focal adhesions in different mammalian cell lines, while endogenous cadherin-11 shows focal adhesion localization in primary human fibroblasts. In focal adhesions, cadherin-11 co-localizes with β1-integrin and paxillin and physically interacts with the fibronectin-binding proteoglycan syndecan-4. Adhesion to fibronectin mediated by cadherin-11/syndecan-4 complexes requires both the extracellular domain of syndecan-4, and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of cadherin-11. These results reveal an unexpected role of a classical cadherin in cell–matrix adhesion during cell migration. Cadherins are typically involved in cell-cell adhesion, however cadherin-11 promotes cell migration through an undefined mechanism. Langhe et al. show that cadherin-11 mediates adhesion to the cell matrix at focal adhesions through interaction with syndecan-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul P Langhe
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tetyana Gudzenko
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Haid-und-Neu-Strasse 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah F Becker
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carina Gonnermann
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Claudia Winter
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Genevieve Abbruzzese
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Kratzer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesser Straße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens M Franz
- Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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211
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Zimmermann J, Camley BA, Rappel WJ, Levine H. Contact inhibition of locomotion determines cell-cell and cell-substrate forces in tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2660-5. [PMID: 26903658 PMCID: PMC4791011 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522330113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells organized in tissues exert forces on their neighbors and their environment. Those cellular forces determine tissue homeostasis as well as reorganization during embryonic development and wound healing. To understand how cellular forces are generated and how they can influence the tissue state, we develop a particle-based simulation model for adhesive cell clusters and monolayers. Cells are contractile, exert forces on their substrate and on each other, and interact through contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), meaning that cell-cell contacts suppress force transduction to the substrate and propulsion forces align away from neighbors. Our model captures the traction force patterns of small clusters of nonmotile cells and larger sheets of motile Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In agreement with observations in a spreading MDCK colony, the cell density in the center increases as cells divide and the tissue grows. A feedback between cell density, CIL, and cell-cell adhesion gives rise to a linear relationship between cell density and intercellular tensile stress and forces the tissue into a nonmotile state characterized by a broad distribution of traction forces. Our model also captures the experimentally observed tissue flow around circular obstacles, and CIL accounts for traction forces at the edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Zimmermann
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
| | - Brian A Camley
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005;
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212
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Camley BA, Zimmermann J, Levine H, Rappel WJ. Emergent Collective Chemotaxis without Single-Cell Gradient Sensing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:098101. [PMID: 26991203 PMCID: PMC4885034 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.098101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells chemotax, sensing and following chemical gradients. However, experiments show that even under conditions when single cells cannot chemotax, small clusters may still follow a gradient. This behavior is observed in neural crest cells, in lymphocytes, and during border cell migration in Drosophila, but its origin remains puzzling. Here, we propose a new mechanism underlying this "collective guidance," and study a model based on this mechanism both analytically and computationally. Our approach posits that contact inhibition of locomotion, where cells polarize away from cell-cell contact, is regulated by the chemoattractant. Individual cells must measure the mean attractant value, but need not measure its gradient, to give rise to directional motility for a cell cluster. We present analytic formulas for how the cluster velocity and chemotactic index depend on the number and organization of cells in the cluster. The presence of strong orientation effects provides a simple test for our theory of collective guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Camley
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Juliane Zimmermann
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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213
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Tweedy L, Knecht DA, Mackay GM, Insall RH. Self-Generated Chemoattractant Gradients: Attractant Depletion Extends the Range and Robustness of Chemotaxis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002404. [PMID: 26981861 PMCID: PMC4794234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis is fundamentally important, but the sources of gradients in vivo are rarely well understood. Here, we analyse self-generated chemotaxis, in which cells respond to gradients they have made themselves by breaking down globally available attractants, using both computational simulations and experiments. We show that chemoattractant degradation creates steep local gradients. This leads to surprising results, in particular the existence of a leading population of cells that moves highly directionally, while cells behind this group are undirected. This leading cell population is denser than those following, especially at high attractant concentrations. The local gradient moves with the leading cells as they interact with their surroundings, giving directed movement that is unusually robust and can operate over long distances. Even when gradients are applied from external sources, attractant breakdown greatly changes cells' responses and increases robustness. We also consider alternative mechanisms for directional decision-making and show that they do not predict the features of population migration we observe experimentally. Our findings provide useful diagnostics to allow identification of self-generated gradients and suggest that self-generated chemotaxis is unexpectedly universal in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tweedy
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Knecht
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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214
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Roycroft A, Mayor R. Molecular basis of contact inhibition of locomotion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1119-30. [PMID: 26585026 PMCID: PMC4761371 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a complex process, whereby cells undergoing a collision with another cell cease their migration towards the colliding cell. CIL has been identified in numerous cells during development including embryonic fibroblasts, neural crest cells and haemocytes and is the driving force behind a range of phenomenon including collective cell migration and dispersion. The loss of normal CIL behaviour towards healthy tissue has long been implicated in the invasion of cancer cells. CIL is a multi-step process that is driven by the tight coordination of molecular machinery. In this review, we shall breakdown CIL into distinct steps and highlight the key molecular mechanisms and components that are involved in driving each step of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roycroft
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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215
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Huang C, Kratzer MC, Wedlich D, Kashef J. E-cadherin is required for cranial neural crest migration in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2016; 411:159-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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216
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Guetta-Terrier C, Monzo P, Zhu J, Long H, Venkatraman L, Zhou Y, Wang P, Chew SY, Mogilner A, Ladoux B, Gauthier NC. Protrusive waves guide 3D cell migration along nanofibers. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:683-701. [PMID: 26553933 PMCID: PMC4639865 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201501106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductionist approaches based on 3D fibers reveal that single-cell migration along fibers is driven by lateral actin-based waves for various cell types. In vivo, cells migrate on complex three-dimensional (3D) fibrous matrices, which has made investigation of the key molecular and physical mechanisms that drive cell migration difficult. Using reductionist approaches based on 3D electrospun fibers, we report for various cell types that single-cell migration along fibronectin-coated nanofibers is associated with lateral actin-based waves. These cyclical waves have a fin-like shape and propagate up to several hundred micrometers from the cell body, extending the leading edge and promoting highly persistent directional movement. Cells generate these waves through balanced activation of the Rac1/N-WASP/Arp2/3 and Rho/formins pathways. The waves originate from one major adhesion site at leading end of the cell body, which is linked through actomyosin contractility to another site at the back of the cell, allowing force generation, matrix deformation and cell translocation. By combining experimental and modeling data, we demonstrate that cell migration in a fibrous environment requires the formation and propagation of dynamic, actin based fin-like protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascale Monzo
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Jie Zhu
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hongyan Long
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
| | - Lakshmi Venkatraman
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Yue Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228 Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - PeiPei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228 Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | - Alexander Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Institut Jacques Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
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217
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Middelbeek J, Visser D, Henneman L, Kamermans A, Kuipers AJ, Hoogerbrugge PM, Jalink K, van Leeuwen FN. TRPM7 maintains progenitor-like features of neuroblastoma cells: implications for metastasis formation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8760-76. [PMID: 25797249 PMCID: PMC4496182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an embryonal tumor derived from poorly differentiated neural crest cells. Current research is aimed at identifying the molecular mechanisms that maintain the progenitor state of neuroblastoma cells and to develop novel therapeutic strategies that induce neuroblastoma cell differentiation. Mechanisms controlling neural crest development are typically dysregulated during neuroblastoma progression, and provide an appealing starting point for drug target discovery. Transcriptional programs involved in neural crest development act as a context dependent gene regulatory network. In addition to BMP, Wnt and Notch signaling, activation of developmental gene expression programs depends on the physical characteristics of the tissue microenvironment. TRPM7, a mechanically regulated TRP channel with kinase activity, was previously found essential for embryogenesis and the maintenance of undifferentiated neural crest progenitors. Hence, we hypothesized that TRPM7 may preserve progenitor-like, metastatic features of neuroblastoma cells. Using multiple neuroblastoma cell models, we demonstrate that TRPM7 expression closely associates with the migratory and metastatic properties of neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, microarray-based expression profiling on control and TRPM7 shRNA transduced neuroblastoma cells indicates that TRPM7 controls a developmental transcriptional program involving the transcription factor SNAI2. Overall, our data indicate that TRPM7 contributes to neuroblastoma progression by maintaining progenitor-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Middelbeek
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Visser
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Henneman
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin Kamermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur J Kuipers
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Hoogerbrugge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Princes Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Jalink
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank N van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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218
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Radial Glial Cell-Neuron Interaction Directs Axon Formation at the Opposite Side of the Neuron from the Contact Site. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14517-32. [PMID: 26511243 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1266-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
How extracellular cues direct axon-dendrite polarization in mouse developing neurons is not fully understood. Here, we report that the radial glial cell (RGC)-cortical neuron interaction directs axon formation at the opposite side of the neuron from the contact site. N-cadherin accumulates at the contact site between the RGC and cortical neuron. Inhibition of the N-cadherin-mediated adhesion decreases this oriented axon formation in vitro, and disrupts the axon-dendrite polarization in vivo. Furthermore, the RGC-neuron interaction induces the polarized distribution of active RhoA at the contacting neurite and active Rac1 at the opposite neurite. Inhibition of Rho-Rho-kinase signaling in a neuron impairs the oriented axon formation in vitro, and prevents axon-dendrite polarization in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that the N-cadherin-mediated radial glia-neuron interaction determines the contacting neurite as the leading process for radial glia-guided neuronal migration and directs axon formation to the opposite side acting through the Rho family GTPases.
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219
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Wang J, Xiao Y, Hsu CW, Martinez-Traverso IM, Zhang M, Bai Y, Ishii M, Maxson RE, Olson EN, Dickinson ME, Wythe JD, Martin JF. Yap and Taz play a crucial role in neural crest-derived craniofacial development. Development 2016; 143:504-15. [PMID: 26718006 PMCID: PMC4760309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of the Hippo signaling pathway in cranial neural crest (CNC) development is poorly understood. We used the Wnt1(Cre) and Wnt1(Cre2SOR) drivers to conditionally ablate both Yap and Taz in the CNC of mice. When using either Cre driver, Yap and Taz deficiency in the CNC resulted in enlarged, hemorrhaging branchial arch blood vessels and hydrocephalus. However, Wnt1(Cre2SOR) mutants had an open cranial neural tube phenotype that was not evident in Wnt1(Cre) mutants. In O9-1 CNC cells, the loss of Yap impaired smooth muscle cell differentiation. RNA-sequencing data indicated that Yap and Taz regulate genes encoding Fox transcription factors, specifically Foxc1. Proliferation was reduced in the branchial arch mesenchyme of Yap and Taz CNC conditional knockout (CKO) embryos. Moreover, Yap and Taz CKO embryos had cerebellar aplasia similar to Dandy-Walker spectrum malformations observed in human patients and mouse embryos with mutations in Foxc1. In embryos and O9-1 cells deficient for Yap and Taz, Foxc1 expression was significantly reduced. Analysis of Foxc1 regulatory regions revealed a conserved recognition element for the Yap and Taz DNA binding co-factor Tead. ChIP-PCR experiments supported the conclusion that Foxc1 is directly regulated by the Yap-Tead complex. Our findings uncover important roles for Yap and Taz in CNC diversification and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Idaliz M Martinez-Traverso
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mamoru Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert E Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joshua D Wythe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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220
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221
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Mayor R, Etienne-Manneville S. The front and rear of collective cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:97-109. [PMID: 26726037 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration has a key role during morphogenesis and during wound healing and tissue renewal in the adult, and it is involved in cancer spreading. In addition to displaying a coordinated migratory behaviour, collectively migrating cells move more efficiently than if they migrated separately, which indicates that a cellular interplay occurs during collective cell migration. In recent years, evidence has accumulated confirming the importance of such intercellular communication and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved. These mechanisms are based both on direct physical interactions, which coordinate the cellular responses, and on the collective cell behaviour that generates an optimal environment for efficient directed migration. The recent studies have described how leader cells at the front of cell groups drive migration and have highlighted the importance of follower cells and cell-cell communication, both between followers and between follower and leader cells, to improve the efficiency of collective movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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222
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Kalcheim C. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions during Neural Crest and Somite Development. J Clin Med 2015; 5:jcm5010001. [PMID: 26712793 PMCID: PMC4730126 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a central process during embryonic development that affects selected progenitor cells of all three germ layers. In addition to driving the onset of cellular migrations and subsequent tissue morphogenesis, the dynamic conversions of epithelium into mesenchyme and vice-versa are intimately associated with the segregation of homogeneous precursors into distinct fates. The neural crest and somites, progenitors of the peripheral nervous system and of skeletal tissues, respectively, beautifully illustrate the significance of EMT to the above processes. Ongoing studies progressively elucidate the gene networks underlying EMT in each system, highlighting the similarities and differences between them. Knowledge of the mechanistic logic of this normal ontogenetic process should provide important insights to the understanding of pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis, which shares some common molecular themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Kalcheim
- Edmond and Lili Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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223
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Podleschny M, Grund A, Berger H, Rollwitz E, Borchers A. A PTK7/Ror2 Co-Receptor Complex Affects Xenopus Neural Crest Migration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145169. [PMID: 26680417 PMCID: PMC4683079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a highly migratory pluripotent cell population that generates a wide array of different cell types and failure in their migration can result in severe birth defects and malformation syndromes. Neural crest migration is controlled by various means including chemotaxis, repellent guidance cues and cell-cell interaction. Non-canonical Wnt PCP (planar cell polarity) signaling has previously been shown to control cell-contact mediated neural crest cell guidance. PTK7 (protein tyrosine kinase 7) is a transmembrane pseudokinase and a known regulator of Wnt/PCP signaling, which is expressed in Xenopus neural crest cells and required for their migration. PTK7 functions as a Wnt co-receptor; however, it remains unclear by which means PTK7 affects neural crest migration. Expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in Xenopus neural crest cells we find that PTK7 co-localizes with the Ror2 Wnt-receptor. Further, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that PTK7 interacts with Ror2. The PTK7/Ror2 interaction is likely relevant for neural crest migration, because Ror2 expression can rescue the PTK7 loss of function migration defect. Live cell imaging of explanted neural crest cells shows that PTK7 loss of function affects the formation of cell protrusions as well as cell motility. Co-expression of Ror2 can rescue these defects. In vivo analysis demonstrates that a kinase dead Ror2 mutant cannot rescue PTK7 loss of function. Thus, our data suggest that Ror2 can substitute for PTK7 and that the signaling function of its kinase domain is required for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Podleschny
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anita Grund
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Berger
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Rollwitz
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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224
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Barber M, Pierani A. Tangential migration of glutamatergic neurons and cortical patterning during development: Lessons from Cajal-Retzius cells. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:847-81. [PMID: 26581033 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tangential migration is a mode of cell movement, which in the developing cerebral cortex, is defined by displacement parallel to the ventricular surface and orthogonal to the radial glial fibers. This mode of long-range migration is a strategy by which distinct neuronal classes generated from spatially and molecularly distinct origins can integrate to form appropriate neural circuits within the cortical plate. While it was previously believed that only GABAergic cortical interneurons migrate tangentially from their origins in the subpallial ganglionic eminences to integrate in the cortical plate, it is now known that transient populations of glutamatergic neurons also adopt this mode of migration. These include Cajal-Retzius cells (CRs), subplate neurons (SPs), and cortical plate transient neurons (CPTs), which have crucial roles in orchestrating the radial and tangential development of the embryonic cerebral cortex in a noncell-autonomous manner. While CRs have been extensively studied, it is only in the last decade that the molecular mechanisms governing their tangential migration have begun to be elucidated. To date, the mechanisms of SPs and CPTs tangential migration remain unknown. We therefore review the known signaling pathways, which regulate parameters of CRs migration including their motility, contact-redistribution and adhesion to the pial surface, and discuss this in the context of how CR migration may regulate their signaling activity in a spatial and temporal manner. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 847-881, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Barber
- Institut Jacques-Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques-Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France
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225
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Abstract
Cells that undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) commonly switch from expressing E-cadherin to N-cadherin. But why this occurs is not well understood. In the current issue of Developmental Cell, Scarpa et al. (2015) identify a reason: cadherin switching controls Rac signaling to determine how cell locomotion is regulated by contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Priya
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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226
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Trinh LA, Fraser SE. Imaging the Cell and Molecular Dynamics of Craniofacial Development: Challenges and New Opportunities in Imaging Developmental Tissue Patterning. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:599-629. [PMID: 26589939 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate head requires cell-cell and tissue-tissue interactions between derivatives of the three germ layers to coordinate morphogenetic movements in four dimensions (4D: x, y, z, t). The high spatial and temporal resolution offered by optical microscopy has made it the main imaging modularity for capturing the molecular and cellular dynamics of developmental processes. In this chapter, we highlight the challenges and new opportunities provided by emerging technologies that enable dynamic, high-information-content imaging of craniofacial development. We discuss the challenges of varying spatial and temporal scales encountered from the biological and technological perspectives. We identify molecular and fluorescence imaging technology that can provide solutions to some of the challenges. Application of the techniques described within this chapter combined with considerations of the biological and technical challenges will aid in formulating the best image-based studies to extend our understanding of the genetic and environmental influences underlying craniofacial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le A Trinh
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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227
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Sisson BE, Dale RM, Mui SR, Topczewska JM, Topczewski J. A role of glypican4 and wnt5b in chondrocyte stacking underlying craniofacial cartilage morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:279-90. [PMID: 26459057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway controls cell morphology and behavior during animal development. Several zebrafish mutants were identified as having perturbed Wnt/PCP signaling. Many of these mutants have defects in craniofacial formation. To better understand the role that Wnt/PCP plays in craniofacial development we set out to identify which of the mutants, known to be associated with the Wnt/PCP pathway, perturb head cartilage formation by disrupting chondrocyte morphology. Here we demonstrate that while vang-like 2 (vangl2), wnt11 and scribbled (scrib) mutants have severe craniofacial morphogenesis defects they do not display the chondrocyte stacking and intercalation problems seen in glypican 4 (gpc4) and wnt5b mutants. The function of Gpc4 or Wnt5b appears to be important for chondrocyte organization, as the neural crest in both mutants is specified, undergoes migration, and differentiates into the same number of cells to compose the craniofacial cartilage elements. We demonstrate that Gpc4 activity is required cell autonomously in the chondrocytes and that the phenotype of single heterozygous mutants is slightly enhanced in embryos double heterozygous for wnt5b and gpc4. This data suggests a novel mechanism for Wnt5b and Gpc4 regulation of chondrocyte behavior that is independent of the core Wnt/PCP molecules and differs from their collaborative action of controlling cell movements during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Sisson
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Ripon College, Department of Biology, 300 Seward St., Ripon, WI 54971, USA.
| | - Rodney M Dale
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Loyola University Chicago, Department of Biology, Quinlan 222, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
| | - Stephanie R Mui
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jolanta M Topczewska
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 93, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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228
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Fritz RD, Menshykau D, Martin K, Reimann A, Pontelli V, Pertz O. SrGAP2-Dependent Integration of Membrane Geometry and Slit-Robo-Repulsive Cues Regulates Fibroblast Contact Inhibition of Locomotion. Dev Cell 2015; 35:78-92. [PMID: 26439400 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Migrating fibroblasts undergo contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), a process that was discovered five decades ago and still is not fully understood at the molecular level. We identify the Slit2-Robo4-srGAP2 signaling network as a key regulator of CIL in fibroblasts. CIL involves highly dynamic contact protrusions with a specialized actin cytoskeleton that stochastically explore cell-cell overlaps between colliding fibroblasts. A membrane curvature-sensing F-BAR domain pre-localizes srGAP2 to protruding edges and terminates their extension phase in response to cell collision. A FRET-based biosensor reveals that Rac1 activity is focused in a band at the tip of contact protrusions, in contrast to the broad activation gradient in contact-free protrusions. SrGAP2 specifically controls the duration of Rac1 activity in contact protrusions, but not in contact-free protrusions. We propose that srGAP2 integrates cell edge curvature and Slit-Robo-mediated repulsive cues to fine-tune Rac1 activation dynamics in contact protrusions to spatiotemporally coordinate CIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dominik Fritz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Menshykau
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pontelli
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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229
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Deichmann C, Link M, Seyfang M, Knotz V, Gradl D, Wedlich D. Neural crest specification by Prohibitin1 depends on transcriptional regulation of prl3 and vangl1. Genesis 2015; 53:627-39. [PMID: 26259516 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A complex network of transcription factors regulates specification of neural crest cells at early neurula stage by stabilizing neural crest identity and activating neural crest effector genes so that distinct subpopulations evolve. In this network, c-myc acts on top of the gene hierarchy controlling snail2, AP2 and prohibitin1 (phb1) expression. While snail2 and AP2 are well studied neural crest specifier genes little is known about the role of phb1 in this process. To identify phb1 regulated genes we analyzed the transcriptome of neural crest explants of phb1 morphant Xenopus embryos. Among 147 phb1 regulated genes we identified the membrane-associated protein-tyrosine phosphatase PRP4A3 (prl3) and the atypical cadherin and Wnt-PCP component van gogh like1 (vangl1). Gain of function, loss of function and epistasis experiments allowed us to allocate both genes in the neural crest specification network between phb1 and twist. Interestingly, both, vangl1 and prl3 regulate only a small subset of neural crest marker genes. The identification of two membrane-associated proteins as novel neural crest specifiers indicates that in addition to gene regulation by combinatory effects of transcription factors also post-translational modifications (prl3) and cell-cell adhesion and/or regulation of cell-polarity (vangl1) specify the identity of neural crest cell populations. genesis 53:627-639, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Deichmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, KIT, Campus South, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martina Link
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, KIT, Campus South, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Melanie Seyfang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, KIT, Campus South, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Viktoria Knotz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, KIT, Campus South, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dietmar Gradl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, KIT, Campus South, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Doris Wedlich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, KIT, Campus South, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe, Germany
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230
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Uriu K, Morelli LG. Collective cell movement promotes synchronization of coupled genetic oscillators. Biophys J 2015; 107:514-526. [PMID: 25028893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell movement is a crucial component of embryonic development. Intercellular interactions regulate collective cell movement by allowing cells to transfer information. A key question is how collective cell movement itself influences information flow produced in tissues by intercellular interactions. Here, we study the effect of collective cell movement on the synchronization of locally coupled genetic oscillators. This study is motivated by the segmentation clock in zebrafish somitogenesis, where short-range correlated movement of cells has been observed. We describe the segmentation clock tissue by a Voronoi diagram, cell movement by the force balance of self-propelled and repulsive forces between cells, the dynamics of the direction of self-propelled motion, and the synchronization of genetic oscillators by locally coupled phase oscillators. We find that movement with a correlation length of about 2 ∼ 3 cell diameters is optimal for the synchronization of coupled oscillators. Quantification of cell mixing reveals that this short-range correlation of cell movement allows cells to exchange neighbors most efficiently. Moreover, short-range correlated movement strongly destabilizes nonuniform spatial phase patterns, further promoting global synchronization. Our theoretical results suggest that collective cell movement may enhance the synchronization of the segmentation clock in zebrafish somitogenesis. More generally, collective cell movement may promote information flow in tissues by enhancing cell mixing and destabilizing spurious patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Uriu
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Luis G Morelli
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN UBA and IFIBA, CONICET, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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231
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Szabó A, Mayor R. Cell traction in collective cell migration and morphogenesis: the chase and run mechanism. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:380-3. [PMID: 26267782 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1019997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional collective cell migration plays an important role in development, physiology, and disease. An increasing number of studies revealed key aspects of how cells coordinate their movement through distances surpassing several cell diameters. While physical modeling and measurements of forces during collective cell movements helped to reveal key mechanisms, most of these studies focus on tightly connected epithelial cultures. Less is known about collective migration of mesenchymal cells. A typical example of such behavior is the migration of the neural crest cells, which migrate large distances as a group. A recent study revealed that this persistent migration is aided by the interaction between the neural crest and the neighboring placode cells, whereby neural crest chase the placodes via chemotaxis, but upon contact both populations undergo contact inhibition of locomotion and a rapid reorganization of cellular traction. The resulting asymmetric traction field of the placodes forces them to run away from the chasers. We argue that this chase and run interaction may not be specific only to the neural crest system, but could serve as the underlying mechanism for several morphogenetic processes involving collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; University College London ; London UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; University College London ; London UK
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232
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Powell DR, Williams JS, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Salcedo E, O'Brien JH, Artinger KB. Cdon promotes neural crest migration by regulating N-cadherin localization. Dev Biol 2015; 407:289-99. [PMID: 26256768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are essential embryonic progenitor cells that are unique to vertebrates and form a remarkably complex and coordinated system of highly motile cells. Migration of NCCs occurs along specific pathways within the embryo in response to both environmental cues and cell-cell interactions within the neural crest population. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for the putative Sonic hedgehog (Shh) receptor and cell adhesion regulator, cdon, in zebrafish neural crest migration. cdon is expressed in developing premigratory NCCs but is downregulated once the cells become migratory. Knockdown of cdon results in aberrant migration of trunk NCCs: crestin positive cells can emigrate out of the neural tube but stall shortly after the initiation of migration. Live cell imaging analysis demonstrates reduced directedness of migration, increased velocity and mispositioned cell protrusions. In addition, transplantation analysis suggests that cdon is required cell-autonomously for directed NCC migration in the trunk. Interestingly, N-cadherin is mislocalized following cdon knockdown suggesting that the role of cdon in NCCs is to regulate N-cadherin localization. Our results reveal a novel role for cdon in zebrafish neural crest migration, and suggest a mechanism by which Cdon is required to localize N-cadherin to the cell membrane in migratory NCCs for directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davalyn R Powell
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason S Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Laura Hernandez-Lagunas
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ernesto Salcedo
- Department of Cell and Developmental biology, School of Medicine and USA Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Anschutz Medical Campus , University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jenean H O'Brien
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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233
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Scarpa E, Szabó A, Bibonne A, Theveneau E, Parsons M, Mayor R. Cadherin Switch during EMT in Neural Crest Cells Leads to Contact Inhibition of Locomotion via Repolarization of Forces. Dev Cell 2015; 34:421-34. [PMID: 26235046 PMCID: PMC4552721 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is the process through which cells move away from each other after cell-cell contact, and it contributes to malignant invasion and developmental migration. Various cell types exhibit CIL, whereas others remain in contact after collision and may form stable junctions. To investigate what determines this differential behavior, we study neural crest cells, a migratory stem cell population whose invasiveness has been likened to cancer metastasis. By comparing pre-migratory and migratory neural crest cells, we show that the switch from E- to N-cadherin during EMT is essential for acquisition of CIL behavior. Loss of E-cadherin leads to repolarization of protrusions, via p120 and Rac1, resulting in a redistribution of forces from intercellular tension to cell-matrix adhesions, which break down the cadherin junction. These data provide insight into the balance of physical forces that contributes to CIL in cells in vivo. Neural crest cells acquire contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) during EMT An E- to N-cadherin switch controls CIL E-cadherin represses CIL by controlling Rac1-dependent protrusions via p120 During CIL, forces are redistributed from intercellular junctions to cell matrix
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scarpa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - András Szabó
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne Bibonne
- Centre de Biologie du Développement-UMR5547, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Centre de Biologie du Développement-UMR5547, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London SE11UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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234
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Abbruzzese G, Becker SF, Kashef J, Alfandari D. ADAM13 cleavage of cadherin-11 promotes CNC migration independently of the homophilic binding site. Dev Biol 2015. [PMID: 26206614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cranial neural crest (CNC) is a highly motile population of cells that is responsible for forming the face and jaw in all vertebrates and perturbing their migration can lead to craniofacial birth defects. Cell motility requires a dynamic modification of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. In the CNC, cleavage of the cell adhesion molecule cadherin-11 by ADAM13 is essential for cell migration. This cleavage generates a shed extracellular fragment of cadherin-11 (EC1-3) that possesses pro-migratory activity via an unknown mechanism. Cadherin-11 plays an important role in modulating contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) in the CNC to regulate directional cell migration. Here, we show that while the integral cadherin-11 requires the homophilic binding site to promote CNC migration in vivo, the EC1-3 fragment does not. In addition, we show that increased ADAM13 activity or expression of the EC1-3 fragment increases CNC invasiveness in vitro and blocks the repulsive CIL response in colliding cells. This activity requires the presence of an intact homophilic binding site on the EC1-3 suggesting that the cleavage fragment may function as a competitive inhibitor of cadherin-11 adhesion in CIL but not to promote cell migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Abbruzzese
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah F Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cu Strasbourg, France
| | - Jubin Kashef
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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235
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Barriga EH, Trainor PA, Bronner M, Mayor R. Animal models for studying neural crest development: is the mouse different? Development 2015; 142:1555-60. [PMID: 25922521 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a uniquely vertebrate cell type and has been well studied in a number of model systems. Zebrafish, Xenopus and chick embryos largely show consistent requirements for specific genes in early steps of neural crest development. By contrast, knockouts of homologous genes in the mouse often do not exhibit comparable early neural crest phenotypes. In this Spotlight article, we discuss these species-specific differences, suggest possible explanations for the divergent phenotypes in mouse and urge the community to consider these issues and the need for further research in complementary systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Marianne Bronner
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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236
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Vega‐López GA, Bonano M, Tríbulo C, Fernández JP, Agüero TH, Aybar MJ. Functional analysis of
Hairy
genes in
Xenopus
neural crest initial specification and cell migration. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:988-1013. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Bonano
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT
| | - Celeste Tríbulo
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT
- Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional de TucumánChacabuco San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
| | - Juan P. Fernández
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT
| | - Tristán H. Agüero
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT
| | - Manuel J. Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT
- Instituto de Biología “Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional de TucumánChacabuco San Miguel de Tucumán Argentina
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237
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Boesmans W, Hao MM, Vanden Berghe P. Optical Tools to Investigate Cellular Activity in the Intestinal Wall. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:337-51. [PMID: 26130630 PMCID: PMC4496899 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live imaging has become an essential tool to investigate the coordinated activity and output of cellular networks. Within the last decade, 2 Nobel prizes have been awarded to recognize innovations in the field of imaging: one for the discovery, use, and optimization of the green fluorescent protein (2008) and the second for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy (2014). New advances in both optogenetics and microscopy now enable researchers to record and manipulate activity from specific populations of cells with better contrast and resolution, at higher speeds, and deeper into live tissues. In this review, we will discuss some of the recent developments in microscope technology and in the synthesis of fluorescent probes, both synthetic and genetically encoded. We focus on how live imaging of cellular physiology has progressed our understanding of the control of gastrointestinal motility, and we discuss the hurdles to overcome in order to apply the novel tools in the field of neurogastroenterology and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlene M Hao
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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238
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Genuth MA, Weiner OD. Cell Migration: Recoiling from an Embrace. Curr Biol 2015; 25:R566-8. [PMID: 26126284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
For proper spacing or rapid dispersion, some migratory cells are guided by repulsive collisions with their neighbors. A new study reveals that a surprising intercellular coupling of leading edge actin networks forms the basis of mutual repulsion in Drosophila hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Genuth
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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239
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Roycroft A, Mayor R. Forcing contact inhibition of locomotion. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:373-5. [PMID: 25981318 PMCID: PMC4509518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion drives a variety of biological phenomenon, from cell dispersion to collective cell migration and cancer invasion. New imaging techniques have allowed contact inhibition of locomotion to be visualised in vivo for the first time, helping to elucidate some of the molecules and forces involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roycroft
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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240
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Abstract
Swarming or collective motion of living entities is one of the most common and spectacular manifestations of living systems that have been extensively studied in recent years. A number of general principles have been established. The interactions at the level of cells are quite different from those among individual animals, therefore the study of collective motion of cells is likely to reveal some specific important features which we plan to overview in this paper. In addition to presenting the most appealing results from the quickly growing related literature we also deliver a critical discussion of the emerging picture and summarize our present understanding of collective motion at the cellular level. Collective motion of cells plays an essential role in a number of experimental and real-life situations. In most cases the coordinated motion is a helpful aspect of the given phenomenon and results in making a related process more efficient (e.g., embryogenesis or wound healing), while in the case of tumor cell invasion it appears to speed up the progression of the disease. In these mechanisms cells both have to be motile and adhere to one another, the adherence feature being the most specific to this sort of collective behavior. One of the central aims of this review is to present the related experimental observations and treat them in light of a few basic computational models so as to make an interpretation of the phenomena at a quantitative level as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Előd Méhes
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary.
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241
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Painter KJ, Bloomfield JM, Sherratt JA, Gerisch A. A Nonlocal Model for Contact Attraction and Repulsion in Heterogeneous Cell Populations. Bull Math Biol 2015; 77:1132-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-015-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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242
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Lin B, Yin T, Wu YI, Inoue T, Levchenko A. Interplay between chemotaxis and contact inhibition of locomotion determines exploratory cell migration. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6619. [PMID: 25851023 PMCID: PMC4391292 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed cell migration in native environments is influenced by multiple migratory cues. These cues may include simultaneously occurring attractive soluble growth factor gradients and repulsive effects arising from cell-cell contact, termed contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). How single cells reconcile potentially conflicting cues remains poorly understood. Here we show that a dynamic crosstalk between epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated chemotaxis and CIL guides metastatic breast cancer cell motility, whereby cells become progressively insensitive to CIL in a chemotactic input-dependent manner. This balance is determined via integration of protrusion-enhancing signalling from EGF gradients and protrusion-suppressing signalling induced by CIL, mediated in part through EphB. Our results further suggest that EphB and EGF signalling inputs control protrusion formation by converging onto regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). We propose that this intricate interplay may enhance the spread of loose cell ensembles in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, and possibly other physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Taofei Yin
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Yi I Wu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology Investigator, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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243
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Davis JR, Luchici A, Mosis F, Thackery J, Salazar JA, Mao Y, Dunn GA, Betz T, Miodownik M, Stramer BM. Inter-cellular forces orchestrate contact inhibition of locomotion. Cell 2015; 161:361-73. [PMID: 25799385 PMCID: PMC4398973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a multifaceted process that causes many cell types to repel each other upon collision. During development, this seemingly uncoordinated reaction is a critical driver of cellular dispersion within embryonic tissues. Here, we show that Drosophila hemocytes require a precisely orchestrated CIL response for their developmental dispersal. Hemocyte collision and subsequent repulsion involves a stereotyped sequence of kinematic stages that are modulated by global changes in cytoskeletal dynamics. Tracking actin retrograde flow within hemocytes in vivo reveals synchronous reorganization of colliding actin networks through engagement of an inter-cellular adhesion. This inter-cellular actin-clutch leads to a subsequent build-up in lamellar tension, triggering the development of a transient stress fiber, which orchestrates cellular repulsion. Our findings reveal that the physical coupling of the flowing actin networks during CIL acts as a mechanotransducer, allowing cells to haptically sense each other and coordinate their behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Davis
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrei Luchici
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Fuad Mosis
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James Thackery
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jesus A Salazar
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Graham A Dunn
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Timo Betz
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, UMR168, France
| | - Mark Miodownik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Dumortier JG, David NB. The TORC2 component, Sin1, controls migration of anterior mesendoderm during zebrafish gastrulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118474. [PMID: 25710382 PMCID: PMC4339552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TORC2 is a serine-threonine kinase complex conserved through evolution that recently emerged as a new regulator of actin dynamics and cell migration. However, knockout in mice of its core components Sin1 and Rictor is embryonic lethal, which has limited in vivo analyses. Here, we analysed TORC2 function during early zebrafish development, using a morpholino-mediated loss of function of sin1. Sin1 appears required during gastrulation for migration of the prechordal plate, the anterior most mesoderm. In absence of Sin1, cells migrate both slower and less persistently, which can be correlated to a reduction in actin-rich protrusions and a randomisation of the remaining protrusions. These results demonstrate that, as established in vitro, the TORC2 component Sin1 controls actin dynamics and cell migration in vivo. We furthermore establish that Sin1 is required for protrusion formation downstream of PI3K, and is acting upstream of the GTPase Rac1, since expression of an activated form of Rac1 is sufficient to rescue sin1 loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien G. Dumortier
- INSERM U1024, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
- IBENS, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United-Kingdom
| | - Nicolas B. David
- INSERM U1024, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
- IBENS, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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245
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Nie S, Bronner ME. Dual developmental role of transcriptional regulator Ets1 in Xenopus cardiac neural crest vs. heart mesoderm. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:67-75. [PMID: 25691536 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ets1 is an important transcription factor that is expressed in both the cardiac neural crest (NC) and heart mesoderm of vertebrate embryos. Moreover, Ets1 deletion in humans results in congenital heart abnormalities. To clarify the functional contributions of Ets1 in cardiac NC vs. heart mesoderm, we performed tissue-targeted loss-of-function analysis to compare the relative roles of Ets1 in these two tissues during heart formation using Xenopus embryos as a model system. METHODS AND RESULTS We confirmed by in situ hybridization analysis that Ets1 is expressed in NC and heart mesoderm during embryogenesis. Using a translation-blocking antisense morpholino to knockdown Ets1 protein selectively in the NC, we observed defects in NC delamination from the neural tube, collective cell migration, as well as segregation of NC streams in the cranial and cardiac regions. Many cardiac NC cells failed to reach their destination in the heart, resulting in defective aortic arch artery formation. A different set of defects was noted when Ets1 knockdown was targeted to heart mesoderm. The formation of the primitive heart tube was dramatically delayed and the endocardial tissue appeared depleted. As a result, the conformation of the heart was severely disrupted. In addition, the outflow tract septum was missing, and trabeculae formation in the ventricle was abolished. CONCLUSION Our study shows that Ets1 is required in both the cardiac NC and heart mesoderm, albeit for different aspects of heart formation. Our results reinforce the suggestion that proper interaction between these tissues is critical for normal heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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246
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Embryonic cell-cell adhesion: a key player in collective neural crest migration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:301-23. [PMID: 25733144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for morphogenesis, adult tissue remodeling, wound healing, and cancer cell migration. Cells can migrate as individuals or groups. When cells migrate in groups, cell-cell interactions are crucial in order to promote the coordinated behavior, essential for collective migration. Interestingly, recent evidence has shown that cell-cell interactions are also important for establishing and maintaining the directionality of these migratory events. We focus on neural crest cells, as they possess extraordinary migratory capabilities that allow them to migrate and colonize tissues all over the embryo. Neural crest cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition at the same time than perform directional collective migration. Cell-cell adhesion has been shown to be an important source of planar cell polarity and cell coordination during collective movement. We also review molecular mechanisms underlying cadherin turnover, showing how the modulation and dynamics of cell-cell adhesions are crucial in order to maintain tissue integrity and collective migration in vivo. We conclude that cell-cell adhesion during embryo development cannot be considered as simple passive resistance to force, but rather participates in signaling events that determine important cell behaviors required for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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247
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Shamloo A, Heibatollahi M, Mofrad MRK. Directional migration and differentiation of neural stem cells within three-dimensional microenvironments. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:335-44. [PMID: 25633746 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00144c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing neural stem cells to repair neuronal damage is a promising potential treatment for neuronal diseases. To enable future therapeutic efficacy, the survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) should be accurately studied and optimized in in vitro platforms before transplanting these cells into the body for treatment purposes. Such studies can determine the appropriate quantities of the biochemical and biomechanical factors needed to control and optimize NPC behavior in vivo. In this study, NPCs were cultured within a microfluidic device while being encapsulated within the collagen matrix. The migration and differentiation of NPCs were studied in response to varying concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) and within varying densities of collagen matrices. It was shown that the migration and differentiation of NPCs can be significantly improved by providing the appropriate range of NGF concentrations while encapsulating the cells within the collagen matrix of optimal density. In particular, it was observed that within collagen matrices of intermediate density (0.9 mg ml(-1)), NPCs have a higher ability to migrate farther and in a collective manner while their differentiation into neurons is significantly higher and the cells can form protrusions and connections with their neighboring cells. Within collagen matrices with higher densities (1.8 mg ml(-1)), the cells did not migrate significantly as compared to the ones within lower matrix densities; within the matrices with lower collagen densities (0.45 mg ml(-1)) most of the cells migrated in an individual manner. However, no significant differentiation into neurons was observed for these two cases. It was also found that depending on the collagen matrix density, a minimum concentration of NGF caused a collective migration of NPCs, and a minimum concentration gradient of this factor stimulated the directional navigation of the cells. The results of this study can be implemented in designing platforms appropriate for regeneration of damaged neuronal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shamloo
- Molecular Cell Biomechanics Laboratory, Departments of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Boer EF, Howell ED, Schilling TF, Jette CA, Stewart RA. Fascin1-dependent Filopodia are required for directional migration of a subset of neural crest cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004946. [PMID: 25607881 PMCID: PMC4301650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional migration of neural crest (NC) cells is essential for patterning the vertebrate embryo, including the craniofacial skeleton. Extensive filopodial protrusions in NC cells are thought to sense chemo-attractive/repulsive signals that provide directionality. To test this hypothesis, we generated null mutations in zebrafish fascin1a (fscn1a), which encodes an actin-bundling protein required for filopodia formation. Homozygous fscn1a zygotic null mutants have normal NC filopodia due to unexpected stability of maternal Fscn1a protein throughout NC development and into juvenile stages. In contrast, maternal/zygotic fscn1a null mutant embryos (fscn1a MZ) have severe loss of NC filopodia. However, only a subset of NC streams display migration defects, associated with selective loss of craniofacial elements and peripheral neurons. We also show that fscn1a-dependent NC migration functions through cxcr4a/cxcl12b chemokine signaling to ensure the fidelity of directional cell migration. These data show that fscn1a-dependent filopodia are required in a subset of NC cells to promote cell migration and NC derivative formation, and that perdurance of long-lived maternal proteins can mask essential zygotic gene functions during NC development. During vertebrate embryogenesis, neural crest (NC) cells migrate extensively along stereotypical migration routes and differentiate into diverse derivatives, including the craniofacial skeleton and peripheral nervous system. While defects in NC migration underlie many human birth defects and may be coopted during cancer metastasis, the genetic pathways controlling directional NC migration remain incompletely understood. Filopodia protrusions are thought to act as “cellular antennae” that explore the environment for directional cues to ensure NC cells reach their correct location. To test this idea, we generated zebrafish fascin1a (fscn1a) mutants that have severe loss of filopodia. Surprisingly, we found that most NC cells migrate to their correct locations without robust filopodial protrusions. We found that fscn1a embryos have directional migration defects in a subset of NC cells, resulting in loss of specific craniofacial elements and peripheral neurons. Interestingly, these defects were only observed in ∼20% of fscn1a embryos, but were significantly enhanced by partial loss of the chemokine receptor Cxcr4a or disruption of the localized expression of its ligand Cxcl12b. Our data show that subsets of skeletal and neurogenic NC cells require filopodia to migrate and that fscn1a-dependent filopodia cooperate with chemokine signaling to promote directional migration of a subset of NC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F. Boer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D. Howell
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Cicely A. Jette
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rodney A. Stewart
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Leader cells regulate collective cell migration via Rac activation in the downstream signaling of integrin β1 and PI3K. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7656. [PMID: 25563751 PMCID: PMC5379035 DOI: 10.1038/srep07656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a crucial role in several biological processes, such as embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Here, we focused on collectively migrating Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells that follow a leader cell on a collagen gel to clarify the mechanism of collective cell migration. First, we removed a leader cell from the migrating collective with a micromanipulator. This then caused disruption of the cohesive migration of cells that followed in movement, called “follower” cells, which showed the importance of leader cells. Next, we observed localization of active Rac, integrin β1, and PI3K. These molecules were clearly localized in the leading edge of leader cells, but not in follower cells. Live cell imaging using active Rac and active PI3K indicators was performed to elucidate the relationship between Rac, integrin β1, and PI3K. Finally, we demonstrated that the inhibition of these molecules resulted in the disruption of collective migration. Our findings not only demonstrated the significance of a leader cell in collective cell migration, but also showed that Rac, integrin β1, and PI3K are upregulated in leader cells and drive collective cell migration.
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