201
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Overlapping Brain Circuits for Homeostatic and Hedonic Feeding. Cell Metab 2018; 27:42-56. [PMID: 29107504 PMCID: PMC5762260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central regulation of food intake is a key mechanism contributing to energy homeostasis. Many neural circuits that are thought to orchestrate feeding behavior overlap with the brain's reward circuitry both anatomically and functionally. Manipulation of numerous neural pathways can simultaneously influence food intake and reward. Two key systems underlying these processes-those controlling homeostatic and hedonic feeding-are often treated as independent. Homeostatic feeding is necessary for basic metabolic processes and survival, while hedonic feeding is driven by sensory perception or pleasure. Despite this distinction, their functional and anatomical overlap implies considerable interaction that is often overlooked. Here, we argue that the neurocircuits controlling homeostatic feeding and hedonic feeding are not completely dissociable given the current data and urge researchers to assess behaviors extending beyond food intake in investigations of the neural control of feeding.
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202
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Lizbinski KM, Dacks AM. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Neuromodulation of Olfactory Processing. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 11:424. [PMID: 29375314 PMCID: PMC5767172 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation is a ubiquitous feature of neural systems, allowing flexible, context specific control over network dynamics. Neuromodulation was first described in invertebrate motor systems and early work established a basic dichotomy for neuromodulation as having either an intrinsic origin (i.e., neurons that participate in network coding) or an extrinsic origin (i.e., neurons from independent networks). In this conceptual dichotomy, intrinsic sources of neuromodulation provide a “memory” by adjusting network dynamics based upon previous and ongoing activation of the network itself, while extrinsic neuromodulators provide the context of ongoing activity of other neural networks. Although this dichotomy has been thoroughly considered in motor systems, it has received far less attention in sensory systems. In this review, we discuss intrinsic and extrinsic modulation in the context of olfactory processing in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems. We begin by discussing presynaptic modulation of olfactory sensory neurons by local interneurons (LNs) as a mechanism for gain control based on ongoing network activation. We then discuss the cell-class specific effects of serotonergic centrifugal neurons on olfactory processing. Finally, we briefly discuss the integration of intrinsic and extrinsic neuromodulation (metamodulation) as an effective mechanism for exerting global control over olfactory network dynamics. The heterogeneous nature of neuromodulation is a recurring theme throughout this review as the effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic modulation are generally non-uniform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn M Lizbinski
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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203
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Deneris E, Gaspar P. Serotonin neuron development: shaping molecular and structural identities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:10.1002/wdev.301. [PMID: 29072810 PMCID: PMC5746461 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The continuing fascination with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) as a nervous system chemical messenger began with its discovery in the brains of mammals in 1953. Among the many reasons for this decades-long interest is that the small numbers of neurons that make 5-HT influence the excitability of neural circuits in nearly every region of the brain and spinal cord. A further reason is that 5-HT dysfunction has been linked to a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders many of which have a neurodevelopmental component. This has led to intense interest in understanding 5-HT neuron development with the aim of determining whether early alterations in their generation lead to brain disease susceptibility. Here, we present an overview of the neuroanatomical organization of vertebrate 5-HT neurons, their neurogenesis, and prodigious axonal architectures, which enables the expansive reach of 5-HT neuromodulation in the central nervous system. We review recent findings that have revealed the molecular basis for the tremendous diversity of 5-HT neuron subtypes, the impact of environmental factors on 5-HT neuron development, and how 5-HT axons are topographically organized through disparate signaling pathways. We summarize studies of the gene regulatory networks that control the differentiation, maturation, and maintenance of 5-HT neurons. These studies show that the regulatory factors controlling acquisition of 5-HT-type transmitter identity continue to play critical roles in the functional maturation and the maintenance of 5-HT neurons. New insights are presented into how continuously expressed 5-HT regulatory factors control 5-HT neurons at different stages of life and how the regulatory networks themselves are maintained. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e301. doi: 10.1002/wdev.301 This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation Nervous System Development > Secondary: Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Deneris
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia Gaspar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-S839, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Campus Jussieu, Paris, France
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204
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Vahid-Ansari F, Albert PR. Chronic Fluoxetine Induces Activity Changes in Recovery From Poststroke Anxiety, Depression, and Cognitive Impairment. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:200-215. [PMID: 29204954 PMCID: PMC5794702 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poststroke depression (PSD) is a common outcome of stroke that limits recovery and is only partially responsive to chronic antidepressant treatment. In order to elucidate changes in the cortical-limbic circuitry associated with PSD and its treatment, we examined a novel mouse model of persistent PSD. Focal endothelin-1-induced ischemia of the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in male C57BL6 mice resulted in a chronic anxiety and depression phenotype. Here, we show severe cognitive impairment in spatial learning and memory in the stroke mice. The behavioral and cognitive phenotypes were reversed by chronic (4-week) treatment with fluoxetine, alone or with voluntary exercise (free-running wheel), but not by exercise alone. To assess chronic cellular activation, FosB+ cells were co-labeled for markers of glutamate/pyramidal (VGluT1-3/CaMKIIα), γ-aminobutyric acid (GAD67), and serotonin (TPH). At 6 weeks poststroke versus sham (or 4 days poststroke), left mPFC stroke induced widespread FosB activation, more on the right (contralesional) than on the left side. Stroke activated glutamate cells of the mPFC, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, and raphe serotonin neurons. Chronic fluoxetine balanced bilateral neuronal activity, reducing total FosB and FosB/CamKII+ cells (mPFC, nucleus accumbens), and unlike exercise, increasing FosB/GAD67+ cells (septum, amygdala) or both (hippocampus, raphe). In summary, chronic antidepressant but not exercise mediates recovery in this unilateral ischemic PSD model that is associated with region-specific reversal of stroke-induced pyramidal cell hyperactivity and increase in γ-aminobutyric acidergic activity. Targeted brain stimulation to restore brain activity could provide a rational approach for treating clinical PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Vahid-Ansari
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), UOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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205
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Zhang Z, Liu Q, Wen P, Zhang J, Rao X, Zhou Z, Zhang H, He X, Li J, Zhou Z, Xu X, Zhang X, Luo R, Lv G, Li H, Cao P, Wang L, Xu F. Activation of the dopaminergic pathway from VTA to the medial olfactory tubercle generates odor-preference and reward. eLife 2017; 6:25423. [PMID: 29251597 PMCID: PMC5777817 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Odor-preferences are usually influenced by life experiences. However, the neural circuit mechanisms remain unclear. The medial olfactory tubercle (mOT) is involved in both reward and olfaction, whereas the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons are considered to be engaged in reward and motivation. Here, we found that the VTA (DAergic)-mOT pathway could be activated by different types of naturalistic rewards as well as odors in DAT-cre mice. Optogenetic activation of the VTA-mOT DAergic fibers was able to elicit preferences for space, location and neutral odor, while pharmacological blockade of the dopamine receptors in the mOT fully prevented the odor-preference formation. Furthermore, inactivation of the mOT-projecting VTA DAergic neurons eliminated the previously formed odor-preference and strongly affected the Go-no go learning efficiency. In summary, our results revealed that the VTA (DAergic)-mOT pathway mediates a variety of naturalistic reward processes and different types of preferences including odor-preference in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhang
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengjie Wen
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Rao
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziming Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongruo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobin He
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoran Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghui Lv
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohong Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Cao
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
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206
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Gracida X, Dion MF, Harris G, Zhang Y, Calarco JA. An Elongin-Cullin-SOCS Box Complex Regulates Stress-Induced Serotonergic Neuromodulation. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3089-3101. [PMID: 29241538 PMCID: PMC6283282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulatory cells transduce environmental information into long-lasting behavioral responses. However, the mechanisms governing how neuronal cells influence behavioral plasticity are difficult to characterize. Here, we adapted the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) approach in C. elegans to profile ribosome-associated mRNAs from three major tissues and the neuromodulatory dopaminergic and serotonergic cells. We identified elc-2, an Elongin C ortholog, specifically expressed in stress-sensing amphid neuron dual ciliated sensory ending (ADF) serotonergic sensory neurons, and we found that it plays a role in mediating a long-lasting change in serotonin-dependent feeding behavior induced by heat stress. We demonstrate that ELC-2 and the von Hippel-Lindau protein VHL-1, components of an Elongin-Cullin-SOCS box (ECS) E3 ubiquitin ligase, modulate this behavior after experiencing stress. Also, heat stress induces a transient redistribution of ELC-2, becoming more nuclearly enriched. Together, our results demonstrate dynamic regulation of an E3 ligase and a role for an ECS complex in neuromodulation and control of lasting behavioral states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicotencatl Gracida
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael F Dion
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gareth Harris
- Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - John A Calarco
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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207
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Luo YLL, Welker KM, Way B, DeWall N, Bushman BJ, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is associated with nostalgia proneness: The role of neuroticism. Soc Neurosci 2017; 14:183-190. [PMID: 29210327 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1414717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, is a self-relevant and social emotion. Nostalgia proneness is associated with alleviation of distress or instability (e.g., neuroticism). Although nostalgia proneness is heritable, the specific molecular contributors to this heritability are unknown. We focused on a polymorphism in the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) as a possible biological basis of nostalgia proneness, because the serotonin system has been associated with sensitivity to negative experience. Participants (N = 397 adults) who had reported levels of nostalgia proneness were genotyped. A subsample also completed a measure of neuroticism. Participants with the 5-HTTLPR short allele were higher on nostalgia proneness than those without this allele. Neuroticism mediated the relation between 5-HTTLPR and nostalgia proneness. These findings enrich our understanding of the genetic and personality underpinnings of nostalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu L L Luo
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science , Institute of Psychology , Beijing , China
| | - Keith M Welker
- b Department of Psychology , University of Massachusetts Boston , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Baldwin Way
- c Department of Psychology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Nathan DeWall
- d Department of Psychology , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Brad J Bushman
- e School of Communication and Department of Psychology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Tim Wildschut
- f Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- f Center for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
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208
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Keesom SM, Sloss BG, Erbowor-Becksen Z, Hurley LM. Social experience alters socially induced serotonergic fluctuations in the inferior colliculus. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:3230-3241. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00431.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Past social experience and current social context shape the responses of animals to social signals. The serotonergic system is one potential mechanism by which both experiential and contextual factors could be conveyed to sensory systems, such as the auditory system, for multiple reasons. 1) Many features of the serotonergic system are sensitive to social experience. 2) Elevations in serotonergic activity are triggered by social partners, and variations in socially triggered serotonergic responses reflect behavioral differences among social encounters. 3) Serotonin is an auditory neuromodulator, altering how auditory neurons respond to sounds including conspecific vocalizations. In this study, we tested how social experience influences the socially triggered serotonergic response in the inferior colliculus, an auditory midbrain region with an important role in vocalization processing. We used carbon fiber voltammetry to measure serotonin during social interactions of male mice ( Mus musculus) from different social backgrounds: 4 weeks of grouped or individual housing. When paired with an unfamiliar male, both group-housed and individually housed males demonstrated elevations in serotonin; however, individually housed males exhibited socially triggered serotonergic responses with delayed time courses compared with the group-housed males. Furthermore, group-housed males displayed previously described correlations between the socially triggered serotonergic response and behaviors such as social investigation. In contrast, individually housed males did not show these serotonin-behavior relationships. These results suggest that social experience gained via social housing may shape the ability of the central serotonergic system to encode social context in sensory regions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that past social experience influences the fidelity with which the serotonergic system represents social context in an auditory region. Social experience altered the time course of socially triggered serotonergic responses and changed how the serotonergic system reflects behavioral variations among social encounters of the same context. These findings are significant to the study of communication, suggesting that centralized neuromodulatory systems potentially convey integrated information regarding past experience and current context to primary sensory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Keesom
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | | | - Laura M. Hurley
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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209
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Cao T, Xu J, Wang D, Restrepo D, Li A. Insulin Modulates Neural Activity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Anterior Piriform Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:378. [PMID: 29234275 PMCID: PMC5712367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is an important peptide hormone that regulates food intake and olfactory function. While a multitude of studies investigated the effect of insulin in the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium, research on how it modulates higher olfactory centers is lacking. Here we investigate how insulin modulates neural activity of pyramidal neurons in the anterior piriform cortex, a key olfactory signal processing center that plays important roles in odor perception, preference learning, and odor pattern separation. In vitro we find from brain slice recordings that insulin increases the excitation of pyramidal neurons, and excitatory synaptic transmission while it decreases inhibitory synaptic transmission. In vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings indicate that insulin decreases both ongoing gamma oscillations and odor evoked beta responses. Moreover, recordings of calcium activity from pyramidal neurons reveal that insulin modulates the odor-evoked responses by an inhibitory effect. These results indicate that insulin alters olfactory signal processing in the anterior piriform cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jinshan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dejuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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210
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Zhou L, Liu MZ, Li Q, Deng J, Mu D, Sun YG. Organization of Functional Long-Range Circuits Controlling the Activity of Serotonergic Neurons in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3018-3032. [PMID: 28329692 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic neurons play key roles in various biological processes. However, circuit mechanisms underlying tight control of serotonergic neurons remain largely unknown. Here, we systematically investigated the organization of long-range synaptic inputs to serotonergic neurons and GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of mice with a combination of viral tracing, slice electrophysiological, and optogenetic techniques. We found that DRN serotonergic neurons and GABAergic neurons receive largely comparable synaptic inputs from six major upstream brain areas. Upon further analysis of the fine functional circuit structures, we found both bilateral and ipsilateral patterns of topographic connectivity in the DRN for the axons from different inputs. Moreover, the upstream brain areas were found to bidirectionally control the activity of DRN serotonergic neurons by recruiting feedforward inhibition or via a push-pull mechanism. Our study provides a framework for further deciphering the functional roles of long-range circuits controlling the activity of serotonergic neurons in the DRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Di Mu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Gang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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211
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Long H, Liu B, Wang C, Zhang X, Li J, Yu C, Jiang T. Interaction effect between 5-HTTLPR and HTR1A rs6295 polymorphisms on the frontoparietal network. Neuroscience 2017; 362:239-247. [PMID: 28793232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a close relationship between the serotonin system and working memory (WM), but the neural mechanism for the role of the serotonin system on the WM is unclear. The frontoparietal network is involved in WM and is associated with the serotonin system. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction effect of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and the polymorphism in the serotonin 1A receptor gene (rs6295) on the frontoparietal network obtained from the independent component analysis in a large, young Chinese sample population. The current study found a significant interaction effect of 5-HTTLPR and rs6295 on the connectivity within the right frontoparietal network, specifically in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule. Moreover, the mean connectivity in the right inferior parietal lobule was positively correlated with WM performance. These brain network analysis findings could provide a new perspective on the neural mechanisms of gene-gene interactions and on individual differences in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Long
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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212
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Fischer AG, Ullsperger M. An Update on the Role of Serotonin and its Interplay with Dopamine for Reward. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:484. [PMID: 29075184 PMCID: PMC5641585 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific role of serotonin and its interplay with dopamine (DA) in adaptive, reward guided behavior as well as drug dependance, still remains elusive. Recently, novel methods allowed cell type specific anatomical, functional and interventional analyses of serotonergic and dopaminergic circuits, promising significant advancement in understanding their functional roles. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognized that co-release of neurotransmitters is functionally relevant, understanding of which is required in order to interpret results of pharmacological studies and their relationship to neural recordings. Here, we review recent animal studies employing such techniques with the aim to connect their results to effects observed in human pharmacological studies and subjective effects of drugs. It appears that the additive effect of serotonin and DA conveys significant reward related information and is subjectively highly euphorizing. Neither DA nor serotonin alone have such an effect. This coincides with optogenetically targeted recordings in mice, where the dopaminergic system codes reward prediction errors (PE), and the serotonergic system mainly unsigned PE. Overall, this pattern of results indicates that joint activity between both systems carries essential reward information and invites parallel investigation of both neurotransmitter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian G Fischer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Ullsperger
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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213
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Vitrac C, Benoit-Marand M. Monoaminergic Modulation of Motor Cortex Function. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:72. [PMID: 29062274 PMCID: PMC5640772 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Elaboration of appropriate responses to behavioral situations rests on the ability of selecting appropriate motor outcomes in accordance to specific environmental inputs. To this end, the primary motor cortex (M1) is a key structure for the control of voluntary movements and motor skills learning. Subcortical loops regulate the activity of the motor cortex and thus contribute to the selection of appropriate motor plans. Monoamines are key mediators of arousal, attention and motivation. Their firing pattern enables a direct encoding of different states thus promoting or repressing the selection of actions adapted to the behavioral context. Monoaminergic modulation of motor systems has been extensively studied in subcortical circuits. Despite evidence of converging projections of multiple neurotransmitters systems in the motor cortex pointing to a direct modulation of local circuits, their contribution to the execution and learning of motor skills is still poorly understood. Monoaminergic dysregulation leads to impaired plasticity and motor function in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, thus it is critical to better understand how monoamines modulate neural activity in the motor cortex. This review aims to provide an update of our current understanding on the monoaminergic modulation of the motor cortex with an emphasis on motor skill learning and execution under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vitrac
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marianne Benoit-Marand
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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214
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Brain-wide Mapping of Endogenous Serotonergic Transmission via Chemogenetic fMRI. Cell Rep 2017; 21:910-918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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215
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Wong-Lin K, Wang DH, Moustafa AA, Cohen JY, Nakamura K. Toward a multiscale modeling framework for understanding serotonergic function. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1121-1136. [PMID: 28417684 PMCID: PMC5606304 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117699612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite its importance in regulating emotion and mental wellbeing, the complex structure and function of the serotonergic system present formidable challenges toward understanding its mechanisms. In this paper, we review studies investigating the interactions between serotonergic and related brain systems and their behavior at multiple scales, with a focus on biologically-based computational modeling. We first discuss serotonergic intracellular signaling and neuronal excitability, followed by neuronal circuit and systems levels. At each level of organization, we will discuss the experimental work accompanied by related computational modeling work. We then suggest that a multiscale modeling approach that integrates the various levels of neurobiological organization could potentially transform the way we understand the complex functions associated with serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- KongFatt Wong-Lin
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Derry~Londonderry, UK
| | - Da-Hui Wang
- School of Systems Science, and National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kae Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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216
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The “highs and lows” of the human brain on dopaminergics: Evidence from neuropharmacology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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217
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Learning and Stress Shape the Reward Response Patterns of Serotonin Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8863-8875. [PMID: 28821671 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1181-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict reward promotes animal survival. Both dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area and serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) participate in reward processing. Although the learning effects on dopamine neurons have been extensively characterized, it remains largely unknown how the response of serotonin neurons evolves during learning. Moreover, although stress is known to strongly influence reward-related behavior, we know very little about how stress modulates neuronal reward responses. By monitoring Ca2+ signals during the entire process of Pavlovian conditioning, we here show that learning differentially shapes the response patterns of serotonin neurons and dopamine neurons in mice of either sex. Serotonin neurons gradually develop a slow ramp-up response to the reward-predicting cue, and ultimately remain responsive to the reward, whereas dopamine neurons increase their response to the cue but reduce their response to the reward. For both neuron types, the responses to the cue and the reward depend on reward value, are reversible when the reward is omitted, and are rapidly reinstated by restoring the reward. We also found that stressors including head restraint and fearful context substantially reduce the response strength of both neuron types, to both the cue and the reward. These results reveal the dynamic nature of the reward responses, support the hypothesis that DRN serotonin neurons signal the current likelihood of receiving a net benefit, and suggest that the inhibitory effect of stress on the reward responses of serotonin neurons and dopamine neurons may contribute to stress-induced anhedonia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Both serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe and dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area are intimately involved in reward processing. Using long-term fiber photometry of Ca2+ signals from freely behaving mice, we here show that learning produces a ramp-up activation pattern in serotonin neurons that differs from that in dopamine neurons, indicating complementary roles for these two neuron types in reward processing. Moreover, stress treatment substantially reduces the reward responses of both serotonin neurons and dopamine neurons, suggesting a possible physiological basis for stress-induced anhedonia.
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218
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Fore S, Palumbo F, Pelgrims R, Yaksi E. Information processing in the vertebrate habenula. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 78:130-139. [PMID: 28797836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is a brain region that has gained increasing popularity over the recent years due to its role in processing value-related and experience-dependent information with a strong link to depression, addiction, sleep and social interactions. This small diencephalic nucleus is proposed to act as a multimodal hub or a switchboard, where inputs from different brain regions converge. These diverse inputs to the habenula carry information about the sensory world and the animal's internal state, such as reward expectation or mood. However, it is not clear how these diverse habenular inputs interact with each other and how such interactions contribute to the function of habenular circuits in regulating behavioral responses in various tasks and contexts. In this review, we aim to discuss how information processing in habenular circuits, can contribute to specific behavioral programs that are attributed to the habenula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fore
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robbrecht Pelgrims
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, Norwegian Brain Centre, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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219
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IGF1-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity of Mitral Cells in Olfactory Memory during Social Learning. Neuron 2017; 95:106-122.e5. [PMID: 28683263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During social transmission of food preference (STFP), mice form long-term memory of food odors presented by a social partner. How does the brain associate a social context with odor signals to promote memory encoding? Here we show that odor exposure during STFP, but not unconditioned odor exposure, induces glomerulus-specific long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic strength selectively at the GABAergic component of dendrodendritic synapses of granule and mitral cells in the olfactory bulb. Conditional deletion of synaptotagmin-10, the Ca2+ sensor for IGF1 secretion from mitral cells, or deletion of IGF1 receptor in the olfactory bulb prevented the socially relevant GABAergic LTP and impaired memory formation after STFP. Conversely, the addition of IGF1 to acute olfactory bulb slices elicited the GABAergic LTP in mitral cells by enhancing postsynaptic GABA receptor responses. Thus, our data reveal a synaptic substrate for a socially conditioned long-term memory that operates at the level of the initial processing of sensory information.
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220
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Goto S, Ogi H, Fushiki S, Itoh K. Prenatal and lactational bisphenol A exposure does not alter serotonergic neurons morphologically in the murine dorsal raphe nucleus. Brain Dev 2017; 39:475-482. [PMID: 28233694 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is concern that bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, affects brain development when exposed to a fetus and/or infant. We previously reported that increased serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite (5-HIAA) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in murine adult brains when they were prenatally exposed to low doses of BPA. This study investigates the morphological alteration of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in order to explain the disrupted serotonergic system after prenatal and lactational exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). METHODS The murine dams were orally administrated with 500μg/kg/day of BPA from embryonic day 0 to postnatal 3weeks. The DRN, the main region of serotonin production, was morphometrically analyzed at 14weeks, using immunohistochemistry and image analysis combined with 3-dimensional reconstruction. RESULTS No significant differences were revealed in the number of tryptophan hydroxylase 2-immunoreactive neurons in any of the DRN sub-regions or the morphometric parameters, including the whole volume, ventrodorsal, longitudinal, and wing lengths of the DRN among the BPA treatment and sex groups. CONCLUSIONS The murine DRN was not morphologically affected by prenatal and lactational exposure to low doses of BPA. Further studies are necessary regarding the function of serotonergic neurons and the activity of different kinds of related receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Goto
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan; Department of Pathology, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogi
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinji Fushiki
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.
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221
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Wang D, Li Y, Feng Q, Guo Q, Zhou J, Luo M. Learning shapes the aversion and reward responses of lateral habenula neurons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28561735 PMCID: PMC5469615 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is believed to encode negative motivational values. It remains unknown how LHb neurons respond to various stressors and how learning shapes their responses. Here, we used fiber-photometry and electrophysiology to track LHb neuronal activity in freely-behaving mice. Bitterness, pain, and social attack by aggressors intensively excite LHb neurons. Aversive Pavlovian conditioning induced activation by the aversion-predicting cue in a few trials. The experience of social defeat also conditioned excitatory responses to previously neutral social stimuli. In contrast, fiber photometry and single-unit recordings revealed that sucrose reward inhibited LHb neurons and often produced excitatory rebound. It required prolonged conditioning and high reward probability to induce inhibition by reward-predicting cues. Therefore, LHb neurons can bidirectionally process a diverse array of aversive and reward signals. Importantly, their responses are dynamically shaped by learning, suggesting that the LHb participates in experience-dependent selection of behavioral responses to stressors and rewards. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23045.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiru Feng
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
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222
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Flanigan M, Aleyasin H, Takahashi A, Golden SA, Russo SJ. An emerging role for the lateral habenula in aggressive behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 162:79-86. [PMID: 28499809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inter-male aggression is an essential component of social behavior in organisms from insects to humans. However, when expressed inappropriately, aggression poses significant threats to the mental and physical health of both the aggressor and the target. Inappropriate aggression is a common feature of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders in humans and has been hypothesized to result from the atypical activation of reward circuitry in response to social targets. The lateral habenula (LHb) has recently been identified as a major node of the classical reward circuitry and inhibits the release of dopamine from the midbrain to signal negative valence. Here, we discuss the evidence linking LHb function to aggression and its valence, arguing that strong LHb outputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are likely to play roles in aggression and its rewarding components. Future studies should aim to elucidate how various inputs and outputs of the LHb shape motivation and reward in the context of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Flanigan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hossein Aleyasin
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aki Takahashi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sam A Golden
- National Institute of Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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223
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Huang L, Yuan T, Tan M, Xi Y, Hu Y, Tao Q, Zhao Z, Zheng J, Han Y, Xu F, Luo M, Sollars PJ, Pu M, Pickard GE, So KF, Ren C. A retinoraphe projection regulates serotonergic activity and looming-evoked defensive behaviour. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14908. [PMID: 28361990 PMCID: PMC5381010 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals promote their survival by avoiding rapidly approaching objects that indicate threats. In mice, looming-evoked defensive responses are triggered by the superior colliculus (SC) which receives direct retinal inputs. However, the specific neural circuits that begin in the retina and mediate this important behaviour remain unclear. Here we identify a subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that controls mouse looming-evoked defensive responses through axonal collaterals to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and SC. Looming signals transmitted by DRN-projecting RGCs activate DRN GABAergic neurons that in turn inhibit serotoninergic neurons. Moreover, activation of DRN serotoninergic neurons reduces looming-evoked defensive behaviours. Thus, a dedicated population of RGCs signals rapidly approaching visual threats and their input to the DRN controls a serotonergic self-gating mechanism that regulates innate defensive responses. Our study provides new insights into how the DRN and SC work in concert to extract and translate visual threats into defensive behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Minjie Tan
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Psychology Department, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiajun Zheng
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yushui Han
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science, Park 7 Science Park Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Patricia J Sollars
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
| | - Mingliang Pu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Gary E Pickard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chaoran Ren
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Guangdong key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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224
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Matias S, Lottem E, Dugué GP, Mainen ZF. Activity patterns of serotonin neurons underlying cognitive flexibility. eLife 2017; 6:e20552. [PMID: 28322190 PMCID: PMC5360447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is implicated in mood and affective disorders. However, growing evidence suggests that a core endogenous role is to promote flexible adaptation to changes in the causal structure of the environment, through behavioral inhibition and enhanced plasticity. We used long-term photometric recordings in mice to study a population of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons, whose activity we could link to normal reversal learning using pharmacogenetics. We found that these neurons are activated by both positive and negative prediction errors, and thus report signals similar to those proposed to promote learning in conditions of uncertainty. Furthermore, by comparing the cue responses of serotonin and dopamine neurons, we found differences in learning rates that could explain the importance of serotonin in inhibiting perseverative responding. Our findings show how the activity patterns of serotonin neurons support a role in cognitive flexibility, and suggest a revised model of dopamine-serotonin opponency with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Matias
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- MIT-Portugal Program, Porto Salvo, Portugal
| | - Eran Lottem
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guillaume P Dugué
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Zachary F Mainen
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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225
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Lv J, Liu F. The Role of Serotonin beyond the Central Nervous System during Embryogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fnpit.2017.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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226
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Singh AK, Zajdel J, Mirrasekhian E, Almoosawi N, Frisch I, Klawonn AM, Jaarola M, Fritz M, Engblom D. Prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of serotonin signaling controls the affective component of inflammatory pain. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1370-1374. [PMID: 28287401 DOI: 10.1172/jci90678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is fundamentally unpleasant and induces a negative affective state. The affective component of pain is mediated by circuits that are distinct from those mediating the sensory-discriminative component. Here, we have investigated the role of prostaglandins in the affective dimension of pain using a rodent pain assay based on conditioned place aversion to formalin injection, an inflammatory noxious stimulus. We found that place aversion induced by inflammatory pain depends on prostaglandin E2 that is synthesized by cyclooxygenase 2 in neural cells. Further, mice lacking the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 selectively on serotonergic cells or selectively in the area of the dorsal raphe nucleus failed to form an aversion to formalin-induced pain, as did mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Chemogenetic manipulations revealed that EP3 receptor activation elicited conditioned place aversion to pain via inhibition of serotonergic neurons. In contrast to their role in inflammatory pain aversion, EP3 receptors on serotonergic cells were dispensable for acute nociceptive behaviors and for aversion induced by thermal pain or a κ opioid receptor agonist. Collectively, our findings show that prostaglandin-mediated modulation of serotonergic transmission controls the affective component of inflammatory pain.
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227
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Lv J, Liu F. The Role of Serotonin beyond the Central Nervous System during Embryogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:74. [PMID: 28348520 PMCID: PMC5346549 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a well-known neurotransmitter that plays vital roles in neural activities and social behaviors. Clinically, deficiency of serotonin is linked with many psychiatric disorders. Interestingly, a large proportion of serotonin is also produced outside the central nervous system (CNS). There is increasing evidence demonstrating important roles of serotonin in the peripheral tissues. Here, we will describe the multiple biological functions of serotonin in hematopoietic system, such as development of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), differentiation of hematopoietic cells, maintenance of vascular system, and relationship with hematological diseases. The roles of serotonin in inflammatory responses mediated by hematopoietic cells as well as in liver regeneration are also discussed. Our recent understandings of the impact of serotonin on hematopoietic system, immune responses, and tissue regeneration support utilization of serotonin as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hematological diseases and organ repair in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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228
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Abstract
Optogenetic stimulation of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe causes mice to move more slowly without causing any apparent motor deficits or anxiety-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshige Uchida
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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229
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Control of Amygdala Circuits by 5-HT Neurons via 5-HT and Glutamate Cotransmission. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1785-1796. [PMID: 28087766 PMCID: PMC5320609 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2238-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) system and the amygdala are key regulators of emotional behavior. Several lines of evidence suggest that 5-HT transmission in the amygdala is implicated in the susceptibility and drug treatment of mood disorders. Therefore, elucidating the physiological mechanisms through which midbrain 5-HT neurons modulate amygdala circuits could be pivotal in understanding emotional regulation in health and disease. To shed light on these mechanisms, we performed patch-clamp recordings from basal amygdala (BA) neurons in brain slices from mice with channelrhodopsin genetically targeted to 5-HT neurons. Optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals at low frequencies (≤1 Hz) evoked a short-latency excitation of BA interneurons (INs) that was depressed at higher frequencies. Pharmacological analysis revealed that this effect was mediated by glutamate and not 5-HT because it was abolished by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals at higher frequencies (10–20 Hz) evoked both slow excitation and slow inhibition of INs. These effects were mediated by 5-HT because they were blocked by antagonists of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively. These fast glutamate- and slow 5-HT-mediated responses often coexisted in the same neuron. Interestingly, fast-spiking and non-fast-spiking INs displayed differential modulation by glutamate and 5-HT. Furthermore, optical stimulation of 5-HT terminals did not evoke glutamate release onto BA principal neurons, but inhibited these cells directly via activation of 5-HT1A receptors and indirectly via enhanced GABA release. Collectively, these findings suggest that 5-HT neurons exert a frequency-dependent, cell-type-specific control over BA circuitry via 5-HT and glutamate co-release to inhibit the BA output. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The modulation of the amygdala by serotonin (5-HT) is important for emotional regulation and is implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders. Therefore, it is essential to determine the physiological mechanisms through which 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei modulate amygdala circuits. Here, we combined optogenetic, electrophysiological, and pharmacological approaches to study the effects of activation of 5-HT axons in the basal nucleus of the amygdala (BA). We found that 5-HT neurons co-release 5-HT and glutamate onto BA neurons in a cell-type-specific and frequency-dependent manner. Therefore, we suggest that theories on the contribution of 5-HT neurons to amygdala function should be revised to incorporate the concept of 5-HT/glutamate cotransmission.
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Abstract
The homeostatic control of body temperature is essential for survival in mammals and is known to be regulated in part by temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus. However, the specific neural pathways and corresponding neural populations have not been fully elucidated. To identify these pathways, we used cFos staining to identify neurons that are activated by a thermal challenge and found induced expression in subsets of neurons within the ventral part of the lateral preoptic nucleus (vLPO) and the dorsal part of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMD). Activation of GABAergic neurons in the vLPO using optogenetics reduced body temperature, along with a decrease in physical activity. Optogenetic inhibition of these neurons resulted in fever-level hyperthermia. These GABAergic neurons project from the vLPO to the DMD and optogenetic stimulation of the nerve terminals in the DMD also reduced body temperature and activity. Electrophysiological recording revealed that the vLPO GABAergic neurons suppressed neural activity in DMD neurons, and fiber photometry of calcium transients revealed that DMD neurons were activated by cold. Accordingly, activation of DMD neurons using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) or optogenetics increased body temperature with a strong increase in energy expenditure and activity. Finally, optogenetic inhibition of DMD neurons triggered hypothermia, similar to stimulation of the GABAergic neurons in the vLPO. Thus, vLPO GABAergic neurons suppressed the thermogenic effect of DMD neurons. In aggregate, our data identify vLPO→DMD neural pathways that reduce core temperature in response to a thermal challenge, and we show that outputs from the DMD can induce activity-induced thermogenesis.
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231
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Correia PA, Matias S, Mainen ZF. Stereotaxic Adeno-associated Virus Injection and Cannula Implantation in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus of Mice. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2549. [PMID: 29021994 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic methods are now widespread in neuroscience research. Here we present a detailed surgical procedure to inject adeno-associated viruses and implant optic fiber cannulas in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of living mice. Combined with transgenic mouse lines, this protocol allows specific targeting of serotonin-producing neurons in the brain. It includes fixing a mouse in a stereotaxic frame, performing a craniotomy, virus injection and fiber implantation. Animals can be later used in behavioral experiments, combined with optogenetic manipulations (Dugué et al., 2014; Correia et al., 2017) or monitoring of neuronal activity (Matias et al., 2017). The described procedure is a fundamental step in both optogenetic and fiber photometry experiments of deep brain areas. It is optimized for serotonin neurons in the DRN, but it can be applied to any other cell type and brain region. When using transgenic mouse lines that express functionally relevant levels of optogenetic tools or reporter lines, the virus injection step can be skipped and the protocol is reduced to the cannula implantation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A Correia
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Matias
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zachary F Mainen
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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232
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McCue DL, Kasper JM, Hommel JD. Regulation of motivation for food by neuromedin U in the paraventricular nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:120-128. [PMID: 27748746 PMCID: PMC5209284 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motivation for high-fat food is thought to contribute to excess caloric intake in obese individuals. A novel regulator of motivation for food may be neuromedin U (NMU), a highly-conserved neuropeptide that influences food intake. Although these effects of NMU have primarily been attributed to signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), NMU has also been found in other brain regions involved in both feeding behavior and motivation. We investigate the effects of NMU on motivation for food and food intake, and identify the brain regions mediating these effects. METHODS The motivational state for a particular reinforcer (e.g., high-fat food) can be assessed using a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement under which an increasing number of lever presses are required to obtain subsequent reinforcers. Here, we have used a progressive-ratio operant responding paradigm in combination with an assessment of cumulative food intake to evaluate the effects of NMU administration in rats, and identify the brain regions mediating these effects. RESULTS We found that peripheral administration of NMU decreases operant responding for high-fat food in rats. Evaluation of Fos-like immunoreactivity in response to peripheral NMU indicated the PVN and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) as sites of action for NMU. NMU infusion into either region mimics the effects of peripheral NMU on food intake and operant responding for food. NMU-containing projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to the PVN and DRN were identified as an endogenous source of NMU. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the DRN as a site of action for NMU, demonstrate that the LH provides endogenous NMU to the PVN and DRN and implicate NMU signaling in the PVN and DRN as a novel regulator of motivation for high-fat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. McCue
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
| | - James M. Kasper
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
| | - Jonathan D. Hommel
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0615
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233
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Lv J, Wang L, Gao Y, Ding YQ, Liu F. 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesized in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros regulates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell survival. J Exp Med 2016; 214:529-545. [PMID: 28031476 PMCID: PMC5294845 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lv et al. show that in mice, 5-HT can be synthesized in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros and acts as a novel endogenous regulator of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) development. The promoting effect of 5-HT on the survival of HSPCs in the intraaortic hematopoietic cluster is mediated through Htr5a-AKT-Foxo1 signaling. The in vitro or ex vivo production of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) holds great promise for the treatment of hematological diseases in the clinic. However, HSCs have not been produced from either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells. In this study, we report that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; also called serotonin) can enhance the generation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vitro and is essential for the survival of HSPCs in vivo during embryogenesis. In tryptophan hydroxylase 2–deficient embryos, a decrease in 5-HT synthesized in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros leads to apoptosis of nascent HSPCs. Mechanistically, 5-HT inhibits the AKT-Foxo1 signaling cascade to protect the earliest HSPCs in intraaortic hematopoietic clusters from excessive apoptosis. Collectively, our results reveal an unexpected role of 5-HT in HSPC development and suggest that 5-HT signaling may be a potential therapeutic target for promoting HSPC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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234
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Huertas MA, Schwettmann SE, Shouval HZ. The Role of Multiple Neuromodulators in Reinforcement Learning That Is Based on Competition between Eligibility Traces. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:37. [PMID: 28018206 PMCID: PMC5156839 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to maximize reward and avoid punishment is essential for animal survival. Reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the algorithms used by biological or artificial systems to learn how to maximize reward or avoid negative outcomes based on past experiences. While RL is also important in machine learning, the types of mechanistic constraints encountered by biological machinery might be different than those for artificial systems. Two major problems encountered by RL are how to relate a stimulus with a reinforcing signal that is delayed in time (temporal credit assignment), and how to stop learning once the target behaviors are attained (stopping rule). To address the first problem synaptic eligibility traces were introduced, bridging the temporal gap between a stimulus and its reward. Although, these were mere theoretical constructs, recent experiments have provided evidence of their existence. These experiments also reveal that the presence of specific neuromodulators converts the traces into changes in synaptic efficacy. A mechanistic implementation of the stopping rule usually assumes the inhibition of the reward nucleus; however, recent experimental results have shown that learning terminates at the appropriate network state even in setups where the reward nucleus cannot be inhibited. In an effort to describe a learning rule that solves the temporal credit assignment problem and implements a biologically plausible stopping rule, we proposed a model based on two separate synaptic eligibility traces, one for long-term potentiation (LTP) and one for long-term depression (LTD), each obeying different dynamics and having different effective magnitudes. The model has been shown to successfully generate stable learning in recurrent networks. Although, the model assumes the presence of a single neuromodulator, evidence indicates that there are different neuromodulators for expressing the different traces. What could be the role of different neuromodulators for expressing the LTP and LTD traces? Here we expand on our previous model to include several neuromodulators, and illustrate through various examples how different these contribute to learning reward-timing within a wide set of training paradigms and propose further roles that multiple neuromodulators can play in encoding additional information of the rewarding signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Huertas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah E Schwettmann
- Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice UniversityHouston, TX, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harel Z Shouval
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School Houston, TX, USA
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Luo M, Li Y, Zhong W. Do dorsal raphe 5-HT neurons encode “beneficialness”? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 135:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hypocretin/Orexin Peptides Alter Spike Encoding by Serotonergic Dorsal Raphe Neurons through Two Distinct Mechanisms That Increase the Late Afterhyperpolarization. J Neurosci 2016; 36:10097-115. [PMID: 27683906 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0635-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Orexins (hypocretins) are neuropeptides that regulate multiple homeostatic processes, including reward and arousal, in part by exciting serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons, the major source of forebrain serotonin. Here, using mouse brain slices, we found that, instead of simply depolarizing these neurons, orexin-A altered the spike encoding process by increasing the postspike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) via two distinct mechanisms. This orexin-enhanced AHP (oeAHP) was mediated by both OX1 and OX2 receptors, required Ca(2+) influx, reversed near EK, and decayed with two components, the faster of which resulted from enhanced SK channel activation, whereas the slower component decayed like a slow AHP (sAHP), but was not blocked by UCL2077, an antagonist of sAHPs in some neurons. Intracellular phospholipase C inhibition (U73122) blocked the entire oeAHP, but neither component was sensitive to PKC inhibition or altered PKA signaling, unlike classical sAHPs. The enhanced SK current did not depend on IP3-mediated Ca(2+) release but resulted from A-current inhibition and the resultant spike broadening, which increased Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+)-induced-Ca(2+) release, whereas the slower component was insensitive to these factors. Functionally, the oeAHP slowed and stabilized orexin-induced firing compared with firing produced by a virtual orexin conductance lacking the oeAHP. The oeAHP also reduced steady-state firing rate and firing fidelity in response to stimulation, without affecting the initial rate or fidelity. Collectively, these findings reveal a new orexin action in serotonergic raphe neurons and suggest that, when orexin is released during arousal and reward, it enhances the spike encoding of phasic over tonic inputs, such as those related to sensory, motor, and reward events. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Orexin peptides are known to excite neurons via slow postsynaptic depolarizations. Here we elucidate a significant new orexin action that increases and prolongs the postspike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in 5-HT dorsal raphe neurons and other arousal-system neurons. Our mechanistic studies establish involvement of two distinct Ca(2+)-dependent AHP currents dependent on phospholipase C signaling but independent of IP3 or PKC. Our functional studies establish that this action preserves responsiveness to phasic inputs while attenuating responsiveness to tonic inputs. Thus, our findings bring new insight into the actions of an important neuropeptide and indicate that, in addition to producing excitation, orexins can tune postsynaptic excitability to better encode the phasic sensory, motor, and reward signals expected during aroused states.
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Puri BK. The effects of stress on the dorsal raphe nucleus of the reticular formation and its role in the aetiology of disparate medical and neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Hypotheses 2016; 96:A4-A5. [PMID: 27663632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Mlinar B, Montalbano A, Piszczek L, Gross C, Corradetti R. Firing Properties of Genetically Identified Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic Neurons in Brain Slices. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:195. [PMID: 27536220 PMCID: PMC4971071 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonic spiking of serotonergic neurons establishes serotonin levels in the brain. Since the first observations, slow regular spiking has been considered as a defining feature of serotonergic neurons. Recent studies, however, have revealed the heterogeneity of serotonergic neurons at multiple levels, comprising their electrophysiological properties, suggesting the existence of functionally distinct cellular subpopulations. In order to examine in an unbiased manner whether serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are heterogeneous, we used a non-invasive loose-seal cell-attached method to record α1 adrenergic receptor-stimulated spiking of a large sample of neurons in brain slices obtained from transgenic mice lines that express fluorescent marker proteins under the control of serotonergic system-specific Tph2 and Pet-1 promoters. We found wide homogeneous distribution of firing rates, well fitted by a single Gaussian function (r (2) = 0.93) and independent of anatomical location (P = 0.45), suggesting that in terms of intrinsic firing properties, serotonergic neurons in the DRN represent a single cellular population. Characterization of the population in terms of spiking regularity was hindered by its dependence on the firing rate. For instance, the coefficient of variation of the interspike intervals (ISI), a common measure of spiking irregularity, is of limited usefulness since it correlates negatively with the firing rate (r = -0.33, P < 0.0001). Nevertheless, the majority of neurons exhibited regular, pacemaker-like activity, with coefficient of variance of the ISI lower than 0.5 in ~97% of cases. Unexpectedly, a small percentage of neurons (~1%) exhibited a particular spiking pattern, characterized by low frequency (~0.02-0.1 Hz) oscillations in the firing rate. Transitions between regular and oscillatory firing were observed, suggesting that the oscillatory firing is an alternative firing pattern of serotonergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mlinar
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Montalbano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Lukasz Piszczek
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Cornelius Gross
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, University of Florence Florence, Italy
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239
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Hu
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310012, People's Republic of China;
- Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Tan L, Ren Y, Liang J, Lin R, Feng Q, Zhou J, Hu F, Ren J, Wei C, Yu T, Zhuang Y, Bettler B, Wang F, Luo M. Presynaptic Excitation via GABA B Receptors in Habenula Cholinergic Neurons Regulates Fear Memory Expression. Cell 2016; 166:716-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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241
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Bocchio M, McHugh SB, Bannerman DM, Sharp T, Capogna M. Serotonin, Amygdala and Fear: Assembling the Puzzle. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:24. [PMID: 27092057 PMCID: PMC4820447 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fear circuitry orchestrates defense mechanisms in response to environmental threats. This circuitry is evolutionarily crucial for survival, but its dysregulation is thought to play a major role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric conditions in humans. The amygdala is a key player in the processing of fear. This brain area is prominently modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The 5-HT input to the amygdala has drawn particular interest because genetic and pharmacological alterations of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) affect amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli. Nonetheless, the impact of 5-HT on fear processing remains poorly understood.The aim of this review is to elucidate the physiological role of 5-HT in fear learning via its action on the neuronal circuits of the amygdala. Since 5-HT release increases in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) during both fear memory acquisition and expression, we examine whether and how 5-HT neurons encode aversive stimuli and aversive cues. Next, we describe pharmacological and genetic alterations of 5-HT neurotransmission that, in both rodents and humans, lead to altered fear learning. To explore the mechanisms through which 5-HT could modulate conditioned fear, we focus on the rodent BLA. We propose that a circuit-based approach taking into account the localization of specific 5-HT receptors on neurochemically-defined neurons in the BLA may be essential to decipher the role of 5-HT in emotional behavior. In keeping with a 5-HT control of fear learning, we review electrophysiological data suggesting that 5-HT regulates synaptic plasticity, spike synchrony and theta oscillations in the BLA via actions on different subcellular compartments of principal neurons and distinct GABAergic interneuron populations. Finally, we discuss how recently developed optogenetic tools combined with electrophysiological recordings and behavior could progress the knowledge of the mechanisms underlying 5-HT modulation of fear learning via action on amygdala circuits. Such advancement could pave the way for a deeper understanding of 5-HT in emotional behavior in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bocchio
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen B McHugh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Trevor Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Marco Capogna
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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