201
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Howe GA, Major IT, Koo AJ. Modularity in Jasmonate Signaling for Multistress Resilience. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:387-415. [PMID: 29539269 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate coordinates immune and growth responses to increase plant survival in unpredictable environments. The core jasmonate signaling pathway comprises several functional modules, including a repertoire of COI1-JAZ (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1-JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN) coreceptors that couple jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine perception to the degradation of JAZ repressors, JAZ-interacting transcription factors that execute physiological responses, and multiple negative feedback loops to ensure timely termination of these responses. Here, we review the jasmonate signaling pathway with an emphasis on understanding how transcriptional responses are specific, tunable, and evolvable. We explore emerging evidence that JAZ proteins integrate multiple informational cues and mediate crosstalk by propagating changes in protein-protein interaction networks. We also discuss recent insights into the evolution of jasmonate signaling and highlight how plant-associated organisms manipulate the pathway to subvert host immunity. Finally, we consider how this mechanistic foundation can accelerate the rational design of jasmonate signaling for improving crop resilience and harnessing the wellspring of specialized plant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; ,
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Ian T Major
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA; ,
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA;
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202
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Zhang L, Huang X, He C, Zhang QY, Zou X, Duan K, Gao Q. Novel Fungal Pathogenicity and Leaf Defense Strategies Are Revealed by Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Colletotrichum fructicola and Strawberry Infected by This Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:434. [PMID: 29922301 PMCID: PMC5996897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola, which is part of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, can cause anthracnose diseases in strawberries worldwide. However, the molecular interactions between C. fructicola and strawberry are largely unknown. A deep RNA-sequencing approach was applied to gain insights into the pathogenicity mechanisms of C. fructicola and the defense response of strawberry plants at different stages of infection. The transcriptome data showed stage-specific transcription accompanied by a step-by-step strawberry defense response and the evasion of this defense system by fungus. Fungal genes involved in plant cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, and detoxification were up-regulated at different stage of infection. Most importantly, C. fructicola infection was accompanied by a large number of highly expressed effectors. Four new identified effectors function in the suppression of Bax-mediated programmed cell death. Strawberry utilizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity to prevent C. fructicola invasion, followed by the initiation of downstream innate immunity. The up-regulation of genes related to salicylic acid provided evidence that salicylic acid signaling may serve as the core defense signaling mechanism, while jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways were largely inhibited by C. fructicola. The necrotrophic stage displayed a significant up-regulation of genes involved in reactive oxygen species activation. Collectively, the transcriptomic data of both C. fructicola and strawberry shows that even though plants build a multilayered defense against infection, C. fructicola employs a series of escape or antagonizing mechanisms to successfully infect host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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203
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The role of chloroplasts in plant pathology. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:21-39. [PMID: 29273582 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex tolerance systems to survive abiotic and biotic stresses. Central to these programmes is a sophisticated conversation of signals between the chloroplast and the nucleus. In this review, we examine the antagonism between abiotic stress tolerance (AST) and immunity: we propose that to generate immunogenic signals, plants must disable AST systems, in particular those that manage reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the pathogen seeks to reactivate or enhance those systems to achieve virulence. By boosting host systems of AST, pathogens trick the plant into suppressing chloroplast immunogenic signals and steer the host into making an inappropriate immune response. Pathogens disrupt chloroplast function, both transcriptionally-by secreting effectors that alter host gene expression by interacting with defence-related kinase cascades, with transcription factors, or with promoters themselves-and post-transcriptionally, by delivering effectors that enter the chloroplast or alter the localization of host proteins to change chloroplast activities. These mechanisms reconfigure the chloroplast proteome and chloroplast-originating immunogenic signals in order to promote infection.
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204
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Overmyer K, Vuorinen K, Brosché M. Interaction points in plant stress signaling pathways. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:191-204. [PMID: 28857168 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants live in a world where they are challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses. In response to unfavorable conditions or an acute challenge like a pathogen attack, plants use various signaling pathways that regulate expression of defense genes and other mechanisms to provide resistance or stress adaptation. Identification of the regulatory steps in defense signaling has seen much progress in recent years. Many of the identified signaling pathways show interactions with each other, exemplified by the modulation of the jasmonic acid response by salicylic acid. Accordingly, defense regulation is more appropriately thought of as a web of interactions, rather than linear pathways. Here we describe various regulatory components and how they interact to provide an appropriate defense response. One of the common assays to monitor the output of defense signaling, as well as interaction between signaling pathways, is the measurement of altered gene expression. We illustrate that, while this is a suitable assay to monitor defense regulation, it can also inadvertently provide overstated conclusions about interaction among signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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205
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Niu Y, Hu B, Li X, Chen H, Takáč T, Šamaj J, Xu C. Comparative Digital Gene Expression Analysis of Tissue-Cultured Plantlets of Highly Resistant and Susceptible Banana Cultivarsin Response to Fusarium oxysporum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E350. [PMID: 29364855 PMCID: PMC5855572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases. In this study, young tissue-cultured plantlets of banana (Musa spp. AAA) cultivars differing in Foc susceptibility were used to reveal their differential responses to this pathogen using digital gene expression (DGE). Data were evaluated by various bioinformatic tools (Venn diagrams, gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses) and immunofluorescence labelling method to support the identification of gene candidates determining the resistance of banana against Foc. Interestingly, we have identified MaWRKY50 as an important gene involved in both constitutive and induced resistance. We also identified new genes involved in the resistance of banana to Foc, including several other transcription factors (TFs), pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and some genes related to the plant cell wall biosynthesis or degradation (e.g., pectinesterases, β-glucosidases, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase and endoglucanase). The resistant banana cultivar shows activation of PR-3 and PR-4 genes as well as formation of different constitutive cell barriers to restrict spreading of the pathogen. These data suggest new mechanisms of banana resistance to Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Niu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Bei Hu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
| | - Houbin Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 01 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 01 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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206
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Yang Y, Chen T, Ling X, Ma Z. Gbvdr6, a Gene Encoding a Receptor-Like Protein of Cotton ( Gossypium barbadense), Confers Resistance to Verticillium Wilt in Arabidopsis and Upland Cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2272. [PMID: 29387078 PMCID: PMC5776133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a soil-borne disease that can cause devastating losses in cotton production. Because there is no effective chemical means to combat the disease, the only effective way to control Verticillium wilt is through genetic improvement. Therefore, the identification of additional disease-resistance genes will benefit efforts toward the genetic improvement of cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. Based on screening of a BAC library with a partial Ve homologous fragment and expression analysis, a V. dahliae-induced gene, Gbvdr6, was isolated and cloned from the Verticillium wilt-resistant cotton G. barbadense cultivar Hai7124. The gene was located in the gene cluster containing Gbve1 and Gbvdr5 and adjacent to the Verticillium wilt-resistance QTL hotspot. Gbvdr6 was induced by Verticillium dahliae Kleb and by the plant hormones salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon (ETH) but not by abscisic acid (ABA). Gbvdr6 was localized to the plasma membrane. Overexpression of Gbvdr6 in Arabidopsis and cotton enhanced resistance to V. dahliae. Moreover, the JA/ET signaling pathway-related genes PR3, PDF 1.2, ERF1 and the SA-related genes PR1 and PR2 were constitutively expressed in transgenic plants. Gbvdr6-overexpressing Arabidopsis was less sensitive than the wild-type plant to MeJA. Furthermore, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose was triggered at early time points after V. dahliae infection. These results suggest that Gbvdr6 confers resistance to V. dahliae through regulation of the JA/ET and SA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Yang
- The Applied Plant Genomics Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianzi Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xitie Ling
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Ma
- The Applied Plant Genomics Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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207
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Tripathi D, Zhang T, Koo AJ, Stacey G, Tanaka K. Extracellular ATP Acts on Jasmonate Signaling to Reinforce Plant Defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:511-523. [PMID: 29180381 PMCID: PMC6108377 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Damaged cells send various signals to stimulate defense responses. Recent identification and genetic studies of the plant purinoceptor, P2K1 (also known as DORN1), have demonstrated that extracellular ATP is a signal involved in plant stress responses, including wounding, perhaps to evoke plant defense. However, it remains largely unknown how extracellular ATP induces plant defense responses. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular ATP induces plant defense mediated through activation of the intracellular signaling of jasmonate (JA), a well-characterized defense hormone. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves, ATP pretreatment induced resistance against the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea The induced resistance was enhanced in the P2K1 receptor overexpression line, but reduced in the receptor mutant, dorn1-3 Mining the transcriptome data revealed that ATP induces a set of JA-induced genes. In addition, the P2K1-associated coexpression network contains defense-related genes, including those encoding jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins, which play key roles as repressors of JA signaling. We examined whether extracellular ATP impacts the stability of JAZ1 in Arabidopsis. The results showed that the JAZ1 stability decreased in response to ATP addition in a proteasome-dependent manner. This reduction required intracellular signaling via second messengers-cytosolic calcium, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. Interestingly, the ATP-induced JAZ1 degradation was attenuated in the JA receptor mutant, coi1, but not in the JA biosynthesis mutant, aos, or upon addition of JA biosynthesis inhibitors. Immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that ATP increases the interaction between COI1 and JAZ1, suggesting direct cross talk between extracellular ATP and JA in intracellular signaling events. Taken together, these results suggest that extracellular ATP signaling directly impacts the JA signaling pathway to maximize plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Tong Zhang
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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208
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Betsuyaku S, Katou S, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Nomura N, Fukuda H. Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Pathways are Activated in Spatially Different Domains Around the Infection Site During Effector-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:8-16. [PMID: 29177423 PMCID: PMC6012717 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is, in the first place, elicited at the site of infection. Thus, the host response can be different among the infected cells and the cells surrounding them. Effector-triggered immunity (ETI), a form of innate immunity in plants, is triggered by specific recognition between pathogen effectors and their corresponding plant cytosolic immune receptors, resulting in rapid localized cell death known as hypersensitive response (HR). HR cell death is usually limited to a few cells at the infection site, and is surrounded by a few layers of cells massively expressing defense genes such as Pathogenesis-Related Gene 1 (PR1). This virtually concentric pattern of the cellular responses in ETI is proposed to be regulated by a concentration gradient of salicylic acid (SA), a phytohormone accumulated around the infection site. Recent studies demonstrated that jasmonic acid (JA), another phytohormone known to be mutually antagonistic to SA in many cases, is also accumulated in and required for ETI, suggesting that ETI is a unique case. However, the molecular basis for this uniqueness remained largely to be solved. Here, we found that, using intravital time-lapse imaging, the JA signaling pathway is activated in the cells surrounding the central SA-active cells around the infection sites in Arabidopsis thaliana. This distinct spatial organization explains how these two phythormone pathways in a mutually antagonistic relationship can be activated simultaneously during ETI. Our results re-emphasize that the spatial consideration is a key strategy to gain mechanistic insights into the apparently complex signaling cross-talk in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibarakim, Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-29-853-6110
| | - Shinpei Katou
- Institute of Agriculture, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Nomura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibarakim, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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209
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Zheng Y, Lan Y, Shi T, Zhu Z. Diverse contributions of MYC2 and EIN3 in the regulation of Arabidopsis jasmonate-responsive gene expression. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00015. [PMID: 31245664 PMCID: PMC6508547 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Derepression of transcription factors is the key mechanism for triggering plant jasmonate (JA) responses. Unlike regulating certain physiological functions for the majority of transcription factors in JA signaling, MYC2 and EIN3 control more diverse aspects. MYC2 predominantly participates in wounding response, metabolism, and root growth inhibition, while EIN3 (and its closest homolog EIL1) regulates defense gene expression and root hair development. Recently, it was reported that MYC2 and EIN3/EIL1 proteins mutually interact with each other and suppress their interaction partner's transcriptional activities. To understand their contributions in the modulation of transcriptomic network, we initially identified 1,495 differentially expressed jasmonate (JA)-responsive genes in wild-type Arabidopsis through RNA-seq analysis. Among them, 25% or 4.2% were independently regulated by EIN3/EIL1 or MYC2, respectively. Further analysis showed that EIN3/EIL1 and MYC2 interdependently regulate 16.3% of the JA-regulated transcriptome, including downregulation of three auxin-related genes, which might confer JA-inhibited root elongation. Lastly, we found that <30 genes were antagonistically regulated by MYC2 and EIN3/EIL1. We conclude that EIN3/EIL1 play a dominant role while MYC2 largely relies on EIN3/EIL1 for executing its transcriptional activity, either synergistically or antagonistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yiheng Lan
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory BiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life SciencesEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
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210
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Noman A, Liu Z, Aqeel M, Zainab M, Khan MI, Hussain A, Ashraf MF, Li X, Weng Y, He S. Basic leucine zipper domain transcription factors: the vanguards in plant immunity. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1779-1791. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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211
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Palmer IA, Shang Z, Fu ZQ. Salicylic acid-mediated plant defense: Recent developments, missing links, and future outlook. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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212
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Birkenbihl RP, Liu S, Somssich IE. Transcriptional events defining plant immune responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:1-9. [PMID: 28458046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and massive transcriptional reprogramming upon pathogen recognition is the decisive step in plant-phytopathogen interactions. Plant transcription factors (TFs) are key players in this process but they require a suite of other context-specific co-regulators to establish sensory transcription regulatory networks to bring about host immunity. Molecular, genetic and biochemical studies, particularly in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice, are continuously uncovering new components of the transcriptional machinery that can selectively impact host resistance toward a diverse range of pathogens. Moreover, detailed studies on key immune regulators, such as WRKY TFs and NPR1, are beginning to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which defense hormones influence the function of these factors. Here we provide a short update on such recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer P Birkenbihl
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Koeln, Germany.
| | - Shouan Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, 130062 Changchun, China.
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Koeln, Germany.
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213
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Withers J, Dong X. Post-translational regulation of plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:124-132. [PMID: 28538164 PMCID: PMC5644497 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved multi-layered molecular defense strategies to protect against pathogens. Plant immune signaling largely relies on post-translational modifications (PTMs) to induce rapid alterations of signaling pathways to achieve a response that is appropriate to the type of pathogen and infection pressure. In host cells, dynamic PTMs have emerged as powerful regulatory mechanisms that cells use to adjust their immune response. PTM is also a virulence strategy used by pathogens to subvert host immunity through the activities of effector proteins secreted into the host cell. Recent studies focusing on deciphering post-translational mechanisms underlying plant immunity have offered an in-depth view of how PTMs facilitate efficient immune responses and have provided a more dynamic and holistic view of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Withers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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214
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Pathogen exploitation of an abscisic acid- and jasmonate-inducible MAPK phosphatase and its interception by Arabidopsis immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7456-7461. [PMID: 28652328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702613114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens promote virulence by, for example, exploiting signaling pathways mediated by phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonate (JA). Some plants can counteract pathogen virulence by invoking a potent form of immunity called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Here, we report that ABA and JA mediate inactivation of the immune-associated MAP kinases (MAPKs), MPK3 and MPK6, in Arabidopsis thaliana ABA induced expression of genes encoding the protein phosphatases 2C (PP2Cs), HAI1, HAI2, and HAI3 through ABF/AREB transcription factors. These three HAI PP2Cs interacted with MPK3 and MPK6 and were required for ABA-mediated MPK3/MPK6 inactivation and immune suppression. The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000 activates ABA signaling and produces a JA-mimicking phytotoxin, coronatine (COR), that promotes virulence. We found that Pto DC3000 induces HAI1 through COR-mediated activation of MYC2, a master transcription factor in JA signaling. HAI1 dephosphorylated MPK3 and MPK6 in vitro and was necessary for COR-mediated suppression of MPK3/MPK6 activation and immunity. Intriguingly, upon ETI activation, A. thaliana plants overcame the HAI1-dependent virulence of COR by blocking JA signaling. Finally, we showed conservation of induction of HAI PP2Cs by ABA and JA in other Brassicaceae species. Taken together, these results suggest that ABA and JA signaling pathways, which are hijacked by the bacterial pathogen, converge on the HAI PP2Cs that suppress activation of the immune-associated MAPKs. Also, our data unveil interception of JA-signaling activation as a host counterstrategy against the bacterial suppression of MAPKs during ETI.
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215
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Positive regulatory role of sound vibration treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana against Botrytis cinerea infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2527. [PMID: 28559545 PMCID: PMC5449397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sound vibration (SV), a mechanical stimulus, can trigger various molecular and physiological changes in plants like gene expression, hormonal modulation, induced antioxidant activity and calcium spiking. It also alters the seed germination and growth of plants. In this study, we investigated the effects of SV on the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Botrytis cinerea infection. The microarray analysis was performed on infected Arabidopsis plants pre-exposed to SV of 1000 Hertz with 100 decibels. Broadly, the transcriptomic analysis revealed up-regulation of several defense and SA-responsive and/or signaling genes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of selected genes also validated the induction of SA-mediated response in the infected Arabidopsis plants pre-exposed to SV. Corroboratively, hormonal analysis identified the increased concentration of salicylic acid (SA) in the SV-treated plants after pathogen inoculation. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA) level in the SV-treated plants remained stable but lower than control plants during the infection. Based on these findings, we propose that SV treatment invigorates the plant defense system by regulating the SA-mediated priming effect, consequently promoting the SV-induced resistance in Arabidopsis against B. cinerea.
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216
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Karasov TL, Chae E, Herman JJ, Bergelson J. Mechanisms to Mitigate the Trade-Off between Growth and Defense. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:666-680. [PMID: 28320784 PMCID: PMC5435432 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying critical implications for natural and agricultural populations. This review focuses on how costs are generated and whether and how they can be mitigated. Most well-characterized growth-defense trade-offs stem from antagonistic crosstalk among hormones rather than an identified metabolic expenditure. A primary way plants mitigate such costs is through restricted expression of resistance; this can be achieved through inducible expression of defense genes or by the concentration of defense to particular times or tissues. Defense pathways can be primed for more effective induction, and primed states can be transmitted to offspring. We examine the resistance (R) genes as a case study of how the toll of defense can be generated and ameliorated. The fine-scale regulation of R genes is critical to alleviate the burden of their expression, and the genomic organization of R genes into coregulatory modules reduces costs. Plants can also recruit protection from other species. Exciting new evidence indicates that a plant's genotype influences the microbiome composition, lending credence to the hypothesis that plants shape their microbiome to enhance defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia L Karasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jacob J Herman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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217
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Zwart L, Berger DK, Moleleki LN, van der Merwe NA, Myburg AA, Naidoo S. Evidence for salicylic acid signalling and histological changes in the defence response of Eucalyptus grandis to Chrysoporthe austroafricana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45402. [PMID: 28349984 PMCID: PMC5368643 DOI: 10.1038/srep45402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus species are cultivated for forestry and are of economic importance. The fungal stem canker pathogen Chrysoporthe austroafricana causes disease of varying severity on E. grandis. The Eucalyptus grandis-Chrysoporthe austroafricana interaction has been established as a model system for studying Eucalyptus antifungal defence. Previous studies revealed that the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) affects the levels of resistance in highly susceptible (ZG14) and moderately resistant (TAG5) clones. The aims of this study were to examine histochemical changes in response to wounding and inoculation as well as host responses at the protein level. The anatomy and histochemical changes induced by wounding and inoculation were similar between the clones, suggesting that anatomical differences do not underlie their different levels of resistance. Tyloses and gum-like substances were present after inoculation and wounding, but cell death occurred only after inoculation. Hyphae of C. austroafricana were observed inside dead and living cells, suggesting that the possibility of a hemibiotrophic interaction requires further investigation. Proteomics analysis revealed the possible involvement of proteins associated with cell death, SA signalling and systemic resistance. In combination with previous information, this study forms a basis for future functional characterisation of candidate genes involved in resistance of E. grandis to C. austroafricana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave Kenneth Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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218
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The Role of Specialized Photoreceptors in the Protection of Energy‐Rich Tissues. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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219
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Timmermann T, Armijo G, Donoso R, Seguel A, Holuigue L, González B. Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Protects Arabidopsis thaliana Against a Virulent Strain of Pseudomonas syringae Through the Activation of Induced Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:215-230. [PMID: 28118091 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-16-0192-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) that stimulates plant growth and improves tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study analyzed whether strain PsJN can reduce plant disease severity and proliferation of the virulent strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, in Arabidopsis plants, through the activation of induced resistance. Arabidopsis plants previously exposed to strain PsJN showed a reduction in disease severity and pathogen proliferation in leaves compared with noninoculated, infected plants. The plant defense-related genes WRKY54, PR1, ERF1, and PDF1.2 demonstrated increased and more rapid expression in strain PsJN-treated plants compared with noninoculated, infected plants. Transcriptional analyses and functional analysis using signaling mutant plants suggested that resistance to infection by DC3000 in plants treated with strain PsJN involves salicylic acid-, jasmonate-, and ethylene-signaling pathways to activate defense genes. Additionally, activation occurs through a specific PGPR-host recognition, being a necessary metabolically active state of the bacterium to trigger the resistance in Arabidopsis, with a strain PsJN-associated molecular pattern only partially involved in the resistance response. This study provides the first report on the mechanism used by the PGPR P. phytofirmans PsJN to protect A. thaliana against a widespread virulent pathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Timmermann
- 1 Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- 3 Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Santiago, Chile; and
- 4 Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Santiago, Chile
| | - Grace Armijo
- 2 Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 3 Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Raúl Donoso
- 1 Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- 3 Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Santiago, Chile; and
- 4 Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel
- 2 Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 3 Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Loreto Holuigue
- 2 Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 3 Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Bernardo González
- 1 Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- 3 Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic Biology, Santiago, Chile; and
- 4 Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Santiago, Chile
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220
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Kuhn H, Lorek J, Kwaaitaal M, Consonni C, Becker K, Micali C, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Bednarek P, Raaymakers TM, Appiano M, Bai Y, Meldau D, Baum S, Conrath U, Feussner I, Panstruga R. Key Components of Different Plant Defense Pathways Are Dispensable for Powdery Mildew Resistance of the Arabidopsis mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 Triple Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1006. [PMID: 28674541 PMCID: PMC5475338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations of particular plant MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O (MLO) genes confer durable and broad-spectrum penetration resistance against powdery mildew fungi. Here, we combined genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to explore the defense mechanisms in the fully resistant Arabidopsis thaliana mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutant. We found that this genotype unexpectedly overcomes the requirement for indolic antimicrobials and defense-related secretion, which are critical for incomplete resistance of mlo2 single mutants. Comparative microarray-based transcriptome analysis of mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 mutants and wild type plants upon Golovinomyces orontii inoculation revealed an increased and accelerated accumulation of many defense-related transcripts. Despite the biotrophic nature of the interaction, this included the non-canonical activation of a jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent transcriptional program. In contrast to a non-adapted powdery mildew pathogen, the adapted powdery mildew fungus is able to defeat the accumulation of defense-relevant indolic metabolites in a MLO protein-dependent manner. We suggest that a broad and fast activation of immune responses in mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 plants can compensate for the lack of single or few defense pathways. In addition, our results point to a role of Arabidopsis MLO2, MLO6, and MLO12 in enabling defense suppression during invasion by adapted powdery mildew fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Justine Lorek
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Chiara Consonni
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Katia Becker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Cristina Micali
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | | | - Paweł Bednarek
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Tom M. Raaymakers
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michela Appiano
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dorothea Meldau
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Stephani Baum
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology III, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg August University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralph Panstruga
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