201
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Gottesman GS, Madson KL, McAlister WH, Nenninger A, Wenkert D, Mumm S, Whyte MP. Auricular ossification: A newly recognized feature of osteoprotegerin-deficiency juvenile Paget disease. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170A:978-85. [PMID: 26762549 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report auricular ossification (AO) affecting the elastic cartilage of the ear as a newly recognized feature of osteoprotegerin (OPG)-deficiency juvenile Paget disease (JPD). AO and auricular calcification refer interchangeably to rigid pinnae, sparing the ear lobe, from various etiologies. JPD is a rare Mendelian disorder characterized by elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity accompanied by skeletal pain and deformity from rapid bone turnover. Autosomal recessive transmission of loss-of-function mutations within TNFRSF11B encoding OPG accounts for most JPD (JPD1). JPD2 results from heterozygous constitutive activation of TNFRSF11A encoding RANK. Other causes of JPD remain unknown. In 2007, we reported a 60-year-old man with JPD1 who described hardening of his external ears at age 45 years, after 4 years of treatment with bisphosphonates (BPs). Subsequently, we noted rigid pinnae in a 17-year-old boy and 14-year-old girl, yet pliable pinnae in a 12-year-old boy, each with JPD1 and several years of BP treatment. Cranial imaging indicated cortical bone within the pinnae of both teenagers. Radiologic studies of our three JPD patients without mutations in TNFRSF11B showed normal auricles. Review of the JPD literature revealed possible AO in several reports. Two of our JPD1 patients had experienced difficult tracheal intubation, raising concern for mineralization of laryngeal elastic cartilage. Thus, AO is a newly recognized feature of JPD1, possibly exacerbated by BP treatment. Elastic cartilage at other sites in JPD1 might also ossify, and warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Gottesman
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Katherine L Madson
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William H McAlister
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine at St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Angela Nenninger
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deborah Wenkert
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven Mumm
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri.,Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael P Whyte
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, Missouri.,Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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202
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Abstract
A hallmark of aging, and major contributor to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), is the progressive structural and functional deterioration of the arteries and concomitant accrual of mineral. Vascular calcification (VC) was long viewed as a degenerative age-related pathology that resulted from the passive deposition of mineral in the extracellular matrix; however, since the discovery of "bone-related" protein expression in calcified atherosclerotic plaques over 20 years ago, a plethora of studies have evoked the now widely accepted view that VC is a highly regulated and principally cell-mediated phenomenon that recapitulates many features of physiologic ossification. Central to this theory are changes in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and viability, thought to be driven by chronic exposure to a number of dystrophic stimuli characteristics of the uremic state. Here, dedifferentiated synthetic VSMCs are seen to spawn calcifying matrix vesicles that actively seed mineralization of the arterial matrix. This review provides an overview of the major epidemiological, histological, and molecular aspects of VC in the context of CKD, and a counterpoint to the prevailing paradigm that emphasizes the primacy of VSMC-mediated mechanisms. Particular focus is given to the import of protein and small molecule inhibitors in regulating physiologic and pathological mineralization and the emerging role of mineral nanoparticles and their interplay with proinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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203
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Li Q, Sundberg JP, Levine MA, Terry SF, Uitto J. The effects of bisphosphonates on ectopic soft tissue mineralization caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:1082-9. [PMID: 25607347 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) are heritable ectopic mineralization disorders. Most cases of PXE and many cases of GACI harbor mutations in the ABCC6 gene. There is no effective treatment for these disorders. We explored the potential efficacy of bisphosphonates to prevent ectopic calcification caused by ABCC6 mutations by feeding Abcc6(-/-) mice with diet containing etidronate disodium (ETD) or alendronate sodium trihydrate (AST) in quantities corresponding to 1x, 5x, or 12x of the doses used to treat osteoporosis in humans. The mice were placed on diet at 4 weeks of age, and the degree of mineralization was assessed at 12 weeks by quantitation of the calcium deposits in the dermal sheath of vibrissae, a progressive biomarker of the mineralization, by computerized morphometry of histopathologic sections and by direct chemical assay of calcium. We found that ETD, but not AST, at the 12x dosage, significantly reduced mineralization, suggesting that selected bisphosphonates may be helpful for prevention of mineral deposits in PXE and GACI caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, when combined with careful monitoring of efficacy and potential side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- a Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology; Sidney Kimmel Medical College ; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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204
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Levoy CS, Hall DJ, Berman D. Achromobacter xylosoxidans endocarditis and septic arthritis in an infant affected by generalized arterial calcification of infancy. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Levoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Bayfront Health, 700 Sixth Street South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - David J. Hall
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and All Children's Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, 601 Fifth Street South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - David Berman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, All Children's Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, 601 Fifth Street South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
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205
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ENPP1-Fc prevents mortality and vascular calcifications in rodent model of generalized arterial calcification of infancy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10006. [PMID: 26624227 PMCID: PMC4686714 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of ectopic calcification of the vascular wall range from lethal orphan diseases such as generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), to common diseases such as hardening of the arteries associated with aging and calciphylaxis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). GACI is a lethal orphan disease in which infants calcify the internal elastic lamina of their medium and large arteries and expire of cardiac failure as neonates, while calciphylaxis of CKD is a ubiquitous vascular calcification in patients with renal failure. Both disorders are characterized by vascular Mönckeburg's sclerosis accompanied by decreased concentrations of plasma inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Here we demonstrate that subcutaneous administration of an ENPP1-Fc fusion protein prevents the mortality, vascular calcifications and sequela of disease in animal models of GACI, and is accompanied by a complete clinical and biomarker response. Our findings have implications for the treatment of rare and common diseases of ectopic vascular calcification. Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is a terminal disease caused by the ENPP1 enzyme deficiency. Here, Albrigh et al. show that ENPP1 enzyme replacement therapy prevents the ectopic calcifications and mortality in mice with GACI, suggesting a novel treatment for vascular calcification in humans.
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206
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Abstract
Vascular calcification can lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The initiating factors and clinical consequences depend on the underlying disease state and location of the calcification. The pathogenesis of vascular calcification is complex and involves a transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells to an osteo/chondrocytic cell that expresses RUNX2 and produces matrix vesicles. The imbalance of promoters (such as hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia) and inhibitors (e.g., fetuin-A) is critical in the development of vascular calcification. The altered mineral metabolism and deficiency in inhibitors are common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is one reason why vascular calcification is so prevalent in that population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal X Chen
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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207
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Villa-Bellosta R. Vascular Calcification Revisited: A New Perspective for Phosphate Transport. Curr Cardiol Rev 2015; 11:341-351. [PMID: 26242187 PMCID: PMC4774640 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x11666150805120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum phosphorus has emerged as a key risk factor for pathologic calcification of
cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification (VC). To prevent the formation of calciumphosphate
deposits (CPD), the body uses adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) to synthesize inhibitors of
calcification, including proteins and inhibitors of low molecular weight. Extracellular pyrophosphate
(PPi) is a potent inhibitor of VC, which is produced during extracellular hydrolysis of ATP. Loss of
function in the enzymes and transporters that are involved in the cycle of extracellular ATP, including
Pi transporters, leads to excessive deposition of calcium-phosphate salts. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia
with Pi-binders and Injection of exogenous PPi are the effective treatments to prevent CPD
in the aortic wall. The role of sodium phosphate cotransporters in ectopic calcification is contradictory and not well defined,
but their important role in the control of intracellular Pi levels and the synthesis of ATP make them an important
target to study.
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208
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Attia TH, Abd Alhamed MM, Selim MF, Haggag MS, Fathalla D. Idiopathic Arterial Calcification of Infancy: Case Report. J Radiol Case Rep 2015; 9:32-40. [PMID: 27252793 DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v9i11.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy is a rare autosomal recessive disease, characterized by deposition of calcium along the internal elastic membrane of arteries, accompanied by fibrous thickening of the intima which causes luminal narrowing. Here we are reporting a case of idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy in a Saudi female newborn of non-consanguineous pregnant woman who had polyhydramnios. The newborn baby had severe respiratory distress, systemic hypertension and persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn. She was admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, where she was ventilated and proper treatment was provided. Molecular genetic testing was positive for mutations of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase1 gene which is reported in 80% of cases of Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy. The baby died at about 5 month of age because of myocardial ischemia and cardiorespiratory arrest. Idiopathic Arterial Calcification of Infancy should be considered in any newborn who presented with persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn, severe systemic hypertension and echogenic vessels on any radiological study. Calcifications of large and medium-sized arteries are important diagnostic finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hamed Attia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Fouad Selim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Diaa Fathalla
- Department of cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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209
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Levine MA. Pathological calcification and the mystery of Lot's wife. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:3354-5. [PMID: 26375426 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Levine
- a Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine ; Philadelphia , PA USA
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210
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Hewitson TD, Holt SG, Smith ER. Animal Models to Study Links between Cardiovascular Disease and Renal Failure and Their Relevance to Human Pathology. Front Immunol 2015; 6:465. [PMID: 26441970 PMCID: PMC4585255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The close association between cardiovascular pathology and renal dysfunction is well documented and significant. Patients with conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease like diabetes and hypertension also suffer renal dysfunction. This is unsurprising if the kidney is simply regarded as a “modified blood vessel” and thus, traditional risk factors will affect both systems. Consistent with this, it is relatively easy to comprehend how patients with either sudden or gradual cardiac and or vascular compromise have changes in both renal hemodynamic and regulatory systems. However, patients with pure or primary renal dysfunction also have metabolic changes (e.g., oxidant stress, inflammation, nitric oxide, or endocrine changes) that affect the cardiovascular system. Thus, cardiovascular and renal systems are intimately, bidirectionally and inextricably linked. Whilst we understand several of these links, some of the mechanisms for these connections remain incompletely explained. Animal models of cardiovascular and renal disease allow us to explore such mechanisms, and more importantly, potential therapeutic strategies. In this article, we review various experimental models used, and examine critically how representative they are of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medicine - RMH, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medicine - RMH, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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211
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Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 49:473-97. [PMID: 25418535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides mediate diverse signaling effects in virtually all organs and tissues. Most models of purinergic signaling depend on functional interactions between distinct processes, including (i) the release of endogenous ATP and other nucleotides, (ii) triggering of signaling events via a series of nucleotide-selective ligand-gated P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors as well as adenosine receptors and (iii) ectoenzymatic interconversion of purinergic agonists. The duration and magnitude of purinergic signaling is governed by a network of ectoenzymes, including the enzymes of the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and other alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Along with "classical" inactivating ectoenzymes, recent data provide evidence for the co-existence of a counteracting ATP-regenerating pathway comprising the enzymes of the adenylate kinase (AK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/NME/NM23) families and ATP synthase. This review describes recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on purine-converting ectoenzymes as a complex and integrated network regulating purinergic signaling in such (patho)physiological states as immunomodulation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, arterial calcification and other diseases. The second part of this review provides a comprehensive overview and basic principles of major approaches employed for studying purinergic activities, including spectrophotometric Pi-liberating assays, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses of purine substrates and metabolites, capillary electrophoresis, bioluminescent, fluorometric and electrochemical enzyme-coupled assays, histochemical staining, and further emphasizes their advantages, drawbacks and suitability for assaying a particular catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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212
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Tölle M, Reshetnik A, Schuchardt M, Höhne M, van der Giet M. Arteriosclerosis and vascular calcification: causes, clinical assessment and therapy. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:976-85. [PMID: 26153098 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriosclerosis is a pathological, structural (media vascular calcification) and physiological (modified vascular smooth vessel cells; increased arterial stiffness) alteration of the vessel wall. Through improved assessment methods (functional and imaging), it has become a well-known phenomenon in recent decades. However, its clinical importance was underestimated until recently. MATERIALS AND METHODS Currently available English-speaking data about conditions/diseases associated with arteriosclerosis, its clinical sequels, available diagnostic procedures and therapeutic modalities were reviewed and summarized. RESULTS In recent decades, emerging data have brought about a better understanding of causes and consequences of arteriosclerosis and highlight its growing clinical impact. CONCLUSION Although arteriosclerosis showed an independent clinical impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease (CKD/ESRD) and diabetes mellitus, convincing clinical therapy concepts are not available until now. The establishment of novel therapeutic strategies derived from basic research is strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tölle
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Reshetnik
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Markus van der Giet
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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213
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Granter SR, Laga AC, Larson AR. Calciphylaxis and the persistence of medical misinformation in the era of Google. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:427-31. [PMID: 26276773 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpdmwvgkw9n1cu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We illustrate the important and troubling issue of persistent misinformation and false claims in the medical literature using a frequently cited case inaccurately believed by many to be the first case of calciphylaxis. METHODS We identified a recurring error in the medical literature in the form of numerous citations of a study from the 1890s of a 6-month-old child with idiopathic infantile arterial calcification that is purported to be the first description of a case of calciphylaxis. We performed searches to determine the frequency of this error. Google Scholar and PubMed were searched for references citing the Bryant and White article. Accuracy of the citations was determined. RESULTS A Google Scholar search identified 33 references that incorrectly cite the Bryant and White article as the first description of a case of calciphylaxis. Of the 100 most recent PubMed publications on calciphylaxis, we identified five studies that incorrectly attribute the Bryant and White article as the first description of calciphylaxis, which accounts for approximately 5% of the contemporary literature on this topic. CONCLUSIONS Medical misinformation such as this is frequently perpetuated. We propose that computational resources could be better used to flag erroneous and contradicted claims to update and correct the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R. Granter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and
| | - Alvaro C. Laga
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and
| | - Allison R. Larson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
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214
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Bolster F, Ali Z, Southall P, Fowler D. Generalized arterial calcification of infancy—Findings at post-mortem computed tomography and autopsy. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 254:e7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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215
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Marconi B, Bobyr I, Campanati A, Molinelli E, Consales V, Brisigotti V, Scarpelli M, Racchini S, Offidani A. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and skin: Clinical manifestations, histopathology, pathomechanism, perspectives of treatment. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2015; 4:113-22. [PMID: 26361562 PMCID: PMC4561240 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2015.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoxantoma elasticum (PXE), also known as Groenblad-Strandberg syndrome, is a rare heritable disease with an estimated prevalence of 1:50,000 in the general population. PXE is considered a prototype of multisystem ectopic mineralization disorders and it is characterized by aberrant mineralization of soft connective tissue with degeneration of the elastic fibers, involving primarily the eyes, the cardiovascular system, and the skin. Cutaneous lesions consist of small, asymptomatic, yellowish papules or larger coalescent plaques, typically located on the neck and the flexural areas. PXE is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 6) gene that encodes a transmembrane ATP binding efflux transporter, normally expressed in the liver and the kidney; however, the exact mechanism of ectopic mineralization remains largely unknown. The histological examination of cutaneous lesions, revealing accumulation of pleomorphic elastic structures in middermis, is essential for the definitive diagnosis of PXE, excluding PXE-like conditions. PXE is currently an intractable disease; although the cutaneous findings primarily present a cosmetic problem, they signify the risk for development of ocular and cardiovascular complications associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of this rare form of hereditary connective tissue disorders, focus on the pathogenesis, the clinical manifestation, and the differential diagnosis of PXE. Emphasis is also placed on the management of cutaneous lesions and treatment perspectives of PXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Marconi
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytehnic Marche University, Ancona, Italty
| | - Ivan Bobyr
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytehnic Marche University, Ancona, Italty
| | - Anna Campanati
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytehnic Marche University, Ancona, Italty
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Anna Campanati, Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, Via Conca 71, Ancona 60020, Italty. E-mail:
| | - Elisa Molinelli
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytehnic Marche University, Ancona, Italty
| | - Veronica Consales
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytehnic Marche University, Ancona, Italty
| | - Valerio Brisigotti
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytehnic Marche University, Ancona, Italty
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, Polytechnic University Marche, Ancona, Italty
| | - Stefano Racchini
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, Polytechnic University Marche, Ancona, Italty
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytehnic Marche University, Ancona, Italty
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216
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Vilder EYGD, Vanakker OM. From variome to phenome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ectopic mineralization disorders. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3:556-574. [PMID: 26244149 PMCID: PMC4517332 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic mineralization - inappropriate biomineralization in soft tissues - is a frequent finding in physiological aging processes and several common disorders, which can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Further, pathologic mineralization is seen in several rare genetic disorders, which often present life-threatening phenotypes. These disorders are classified based on the mechanisms through which the mineralization occurs: metastatic or dystrophic calcification or ectopic ossification. Underlying mechanisms have been extensively studied, which resulted in several hypotheses regarding the etiology of mineralization in the extracellular matrix of soft tissue. These hypotheses include intracellular and extracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of matrix vesicles, aberrant osteogenic and chondrogenic signaling, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Though coherence between the different findings is not always clear, current insights have led to improvement of the diagnosis and management of ectopic mineralization patients, thus translating pathogenetic knowledge (variome) to the phenotype (phenome). In this review, we will focus on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis and management of primary genetic soft tissue mineralization disorders. As examples of dystrophic calcification disorders Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Generalized arterial calcification of infancy, Keutel syndrome, Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification and Arterial calcification due to CD73 (NT5E) deficiency will be discussed. Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis will be reviewed as an example of mineralization disorders caused by metastatic calcification.
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217
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Bessueille L, Magne D. Inflammation: a culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2475-89. [PMID: 25746430 PMCID: PMC11113748 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is today acknowledged that aging is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory status, and that inflammation exacerbates age-related diseases such as osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Vascular calcification is a complication that also occurs during aging, in particular in association with atherosclerosis and T2DM. Recent studies provided compelling evidence that vascular calcification is associated with inflammatory status and is enhanced by inflammatory cytokines. In the present review, we propose on one hand to highlight the most important and recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis and T2DM. On the other hand, we will present the effects of inflammatory mediators on the trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cell and on the deposition of crystals. Since vascular calcification significantly impacts morbidity and mortality in affected individuals, a better understanding of its induction and development will pave the way to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Bessueille
- University of Lyon, ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246, Bâtiment Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - D. Magne
- University of Lyon, ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246, Bâtiment Raulin, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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218
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Tang F, Chan E, Lu M, Zhang X, Dai C, Mei M, Zhang S, Wang H, Song Q. Calpain-1 Mediated Disorder of Pyrophosphate Metabolism Contributes to Vascular Calcification Induced by oxLDL. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129128. [PMID: 26047104 PMCID: PMC4457882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) accelerated the calcification in aorta of rats and rat vascular smooth muscle cells (RVSMCs). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the acceleration remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the role of calpain-1, Ca2+-sensitive intracellular cysteine proteases, in the vascular calcification of rats treated with both high dose of vitamin D2 and high cholesterol diet. The results showed that calpain activity significantly increased in calcified aortic tissue of rats and RVSMCs treated with oxLDL. Specific calpain inhibitor I (CAI, 0.5mg/kg, intraperitoneal) inhibited the vascular calcification in rats with hypercholesterolemia accompanied by the increase in the level of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), the endogenous inhibitor of vascular calcification. In addition, CAI increased the content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), decreased the activity, mRNA and protein expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and reduced the production of superoxide anion in calcified aortic tissue. CAI also increased the activity of ATP synthase as well as protein expression of ATP5D, δ subunit of ATP synthase. In the in vitro study, suppression of calpain-1 using siRNA assay inhibited the calcium deposition, increased the levels of PPi and ATP, improved the activity of ATP synthase as well as protein expression of ATP5D in RVSMCs treated with oxLDL. Calpain-1 suppression also decreased the activity, mRNA and protein expression of ALP and reduced the mitochondrial ROS (Mito-ROS) production in RVSMCs. However, mito-TEMPO, the mitochondria-targeted ROS scavenger, reduced the calcium deposition, increased the PPi in culture medium, decreased the activity, mRNA and protein expression of ALP in RVSMCs treated with oxLDL. Taken together, the results suggested that calpain-1 activation plays critical role in vascular calcification caused by oxLDL, which might be mediated by PPi metabolism disorder. The results also implied that Mito-ROS might contribute to the PPi metabolism disorder through regulation of the activity and expression of ALP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Erqing Chan
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Center of Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Sports Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Suping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardio- and Cerebro-vascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Drug Research Institute, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HXW); (QS)
| | - Qing Song
- Guangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HXW); (QS)
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219
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Affiliation(s)
- András Váradi
- a Institute of Enyzmology, RCNS ; Hungarian Academy of Sciences
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220
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Zukowska P, Kutryb-Zajac B, Toczek M, Smolenski RT, Slominska EM. The role of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in endothelial dysfunction and vascular pathologies. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:675-81. [PMID: 26321267 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5NT, CD73) is an enzyme that is highly expressed in endothelium and is involved in the extracellular nucleotide catabolism. CD73 converts AMP to adenosine that via specific subtypes of P1 receptor mediates cytoprotection involving diverse mechanisms such as vasodilatation, suppression of inflammation, inhibition of thrombosis and anti-adrenergic effect. Physiological intravascular concentration of adenosine is in nanomolar range, but could become micromolar in response to various forms of stress. Endothelium is a major site for both CD73 mediated production of adenosine and its cytoprotective effect. Nucleotides (predominantly ATP or ADP) that could be released from different cells via controlled specific of unspecific mechanisms constitute a major source of substrate for adenosine production via CD73. Direct effects of extracellular nucleotides (mediated by P2 receptors) are typically opposite to adenosine P1 mediated activities. Retention of nucleotides and decreased adenosine production due to loss of CD73 function may have negative implications and could be important cause of various pathologies. Protective role of CD73 was indicated in ectopic calcification, atherosclerosis, rejection after xenotransplantation and thrombosis. Reduced activity of CD73 due to lymphocyte contact with endothelium increases its permeability that leads to enhanced leukocyte transmigration. Upregulation of endothelial CD73 may therefore be protective in a number of cardiovascular pathologies. Such effect has been confirmed for some common drugs such as statins and it could be part of its pleiotropic portfolio. Activation of CD73 could be a new target for specific treatment strategy that in particular will enhance endothelial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Zukowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Marta Toczek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ewa M Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
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221
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Huesa C, Staines KA, Millán JL, MacRae VE. Effects of etidronate on the Enpp1⁻/⁻ mouse model of generalized arterial calcification of infancy. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:159-65. [PMID: 25975272 PMCID: PMC4494596 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is an autosomal recessive disorder of spontaneous infantile arterial and periarticular calcification which is attributed to mutations in the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1) gene. Whilst the bisphosphonate, etidronate, is currently used off-label for the treatment for GACI, recent studies have highlighted its detrimental effects on bone mineralisation. In the present study, we used the Enpp1-/- mouse model of GACI to examine the effects of etidronate treatment (100 µg/kg), on vascular and skeletal calcification. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) analysis revealed a significant decrease in trabecular bone mass, as reflected by the decrease in trabecular bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV; %), trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number and pattern factor (P<0.05) in the Enpp1-/- mice in comparison to the wild-type (WT) mice. Mechanical testing revealed that in the WT mice, treatment with etidronate significantly improved work to fracture and increased work post-failure (P<0.05, in comparison to the vehicle-treated WT mice). This significant increase, however, was not observed in the Enpp1-/- mice. Treatment with etidronate had no effect on bone parameters in the WT mice; however, the Enpp1-/- mice displayed an increased structural model index (SMI; P<0.05). We used a recently developed 3D µCT protocol to reconstruct and quantify the extensive aortic calcification in Enpp1-/- mice in comparison to the WT mice. However, treatment with etidronate did not prevent de novo calcification, and did not arrest the progression of established calcification of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Huesa
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jose Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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222
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Sheen CR, Kuss P, Narisawa S, Yadav MC, Nigro J, Wang W, Chhea TN, Sergienko EA, Kapoor K, Jackson MR, Hoylaerts MF, Pinkerton AB, O'Neill WC, Millán JL. Pathophysiological role of vascular smooth muscle alkaline phosphatase in medial artery calcification. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:824-36. [PMID: 25428889 PMCID: PMC4406354 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification (MVC) is a pathological phenomenon that causes vascular stiffening and can lead to heart failure; it is common to a variety of conditions, including aging, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, and a variety of rare genetic diseases. These conditions share the common feature of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) upregulation in the vasculature. To evaluate the role of TNAP in MVC, we developed a mouse model that overexpresses human TNAP in vascular smooth muscle cells in an X-linked manner. Hemizygous overexpressor male mice (Tagln-Cre(+/-) ; Hprt(ALPL) (/Y) or TNAP-OE) show extensive vascular calcification, high blood pressure, and cardiac hypertrophy, and have a median age of death of 44 days, whereas the cardiovascular phenotype is much less pronounced and life expectancy is longer in heterozygous (Tagln-Cre(+/-) ; Hprt(ALPL) (/-) ) female TNAP-OE mice. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of osteoblast and chondrocyte markers and decreased expression of vascular smooth muscle markers in the aortas of TNAP-OE mice. Through medicinal chemistry efforts, we developed inhibitors of TNAP with drug-like pharmacokinetic characteristics. TNAP-OE mice were treated with the prototypical TNAP inhibitor SBI-425 or vehicle to evaluate the feasibility of TNAP inhibition in vivo. Treatment with this inhibitor significantly reduced aortic calcification and cardiac hypertrophy, and extended lifespan over vehicle-treated controls, in the absence of secondary effects on the skeleton. This study shows that TNAP in the vasculature contributes to the pathology of MVC and that it is a druggable target.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Ultrasonography
- Vascular Calcification/blood
- Vascular Calcification/diagnostic imaging
- Vascular Calcification/enzymology
- Vascular Calcification/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell R Sheen
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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223
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Jin L, Jiang Q, Wu Z, Shao C, Zhou Y, Yang L, Uitto J, Wang G. Genetic heterogeneity of pseudoxanthoma elasticum: the Chinese signature profile of ABCC6 and ENPP1 mutations. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1294-1302. [PMID: 25615550 PMCID: PMC4402129 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ectopic mineralization, is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. We examined clinically 29 Chinese PXE patients from unrelated families, so far the largest cohort of Asian PXE patients. In a subset of 22 patients, we sequenced ABCC6 and another candidate gene, ENPP1, and conducted pathogenicity analyses for each variant. We identified a total of 17 distinct mutations in ABCC6, 15 of them being, to our knowledge, previously unreported, including 5 frameshift and 10 missense variants. In addition, a missense mutation in combination with a recurrent nonsense mutation in ENPP1 was discovered in a pediatric PXE case. No cases with p.R1141X or del23-29 mutations, common in Caucasian patient populations, were identified. The 10 missense mutations in ABCC6 were expressed in the mouse liver via hydrodynamic tail-vein injections. One mutant protein showed cytoplasmic accumulation indicating abnormal subcellular trafficking, while the other nine mutants showed correct plasma membrane location. These nine mutations were further investigated for their pathogenicity using a recently developed zebrafish mRNA rescue assay. Minimal rescue of the morpholino-induced phenotype was achieved with eight of the nine mutant human ABCC6 mRNAs tested, implying pathogenicity. This study demonstrates that the Chinese PXE population harbors unique ABCC6 mutations. These genetic data have implications for allele-specific therapy currently being developed for PXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiujie Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhengsheng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changxia Shao
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Dermatology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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224
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Lack of the nucleoside transporter ENT1 results in the Augustine-null blood type and ectopic mineralization. Blood 2015; 125:3651-4. [PMID: 25896650 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-631598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Augustine-negative alias At(a-) blood type, which seems to be restricted to people of African ancestry, was identified half a century ago but remains one of the last blood types with no known genetic basis. Here we report that a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in SLC29A1 (rs45458701) is responsible for the At(a-) blood type. The resulting p.Glu391Lys variation in the last extracellular loop of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1; also called SLC29a1) is known not to alter its ability to transport nucleosides and nucleoside analog drugs. Furthermore, we identified 3 individuals of European ancestry who are homozygous for a null mutation in SLC29A1 (c.589+1G>C) and thus have the Augustine-null blood type. These individuals lacking ENT1 exhibit periarticular and ectopic mineralization, which confirms an important role for ENT1/SLC29A1 in human bone homeostasis as recently suggested by the skeletal phenotype of aging Slc29a1(-/-) mice. Our results establish Augustine as a new blood group system and place SLC29A1 as a new candidate gene for idiopathic disorders characterized with ectopic calcification/mineralization.
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225
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Lei Y, Iwashita M, Choi J, Aikawa M, Aikawa E. N-acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase Suppresses Lysosomal Hydrolases in Dysfunctional Osteoclasts: A Potential Mechanism for Vascular Calcification. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:31-47. [PMID: 29371511 PMCID: PMC5753093 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to increased differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like phenotypes, the limited accumulation of osteoclasts in atherosclerotic plaques or their dysfunction may participate in potential mechanisms for vascular calcification. N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase containing alpha and beta subunits (GNPTAB) is a transmembrane enzyme complex that mediates the vesicular transport of lysosomal hydrolases. GNPTAB may also regulate the biogenesis of lysosomal hydrolases from bone-marrow derived osteoclasts. In this study, the areas surrounding calcification in human atherosclerotic plaques contained high levels of GNPTAB and low levels of lysosomal hydrolases such as cathepsin K (CTSK) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and laser-capture microdissection-assisted mRNA expression analysis. We therefore hypothesized that GNPTAB secretion may suppress the release of CTSK and TRAP by vascular osteoclast-like cells, thus causing their dysfunction and reducing the resorption of calcification. We used human primary macrophages derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, an established osteoclast differentiation model. GNPTAB siRNA silencing accelerated the formation of functional osteoclasts as detected by increased secretion of CTSK and TRAP and increased their bone resorption activity as gauged by resorption pits assay. We concluded that high levels of GNPTAB inhibit secretion of lysosomal hydrolases in dysfunctional osteoclasts, thereby affecting their resorption potential in cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lei
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Masaya Iwashita
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jung Choi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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226
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Esapa CT, Hannan FM, Babinsky VN, Potter P, Thomas GP, Croucher PI, Brown MA, Brown SDM, Cox RD, Thakker RV. N-ethyl-N-Nitrosourea (ENU) induced mutations within the klotho gene lead to ectopic calcification and reduced lifespan in mouse models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122650. [PMID: 25860694 PMCID: PMC4393098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic calcification (EC), which is the pathological deposition of calcium and phosphate in extra-skeletal tissues, may be associated with hypercalcaemic and hyperphosphataemic disorders, or it may occur in the absence of metabolic abnormalities. In addition, EC may be inherited as part of several monogenic disorders and studies of these have provided valuable insights into the metabolic pathways regulating mineral metabolism. For example, studies of tumoural calcinosis, a disorder characterised by hyperphosphataemia and progressive EC, have revealed mutations of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), polypeptide N-acetyl galactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3) and klotho (KL), which are all part of a phosphate-regulating pathway. However, such studies in humans are limited by the lack of available large families with EC, and to facilitate such studies we assessed the progeny of mice treated with the chemical mutagen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) for EC. This identified two mutants with autosomal recessive forms of EC, and reduced lifespan, designated Ecalc1 and Ecalc2. Genetic mapping localized the Ecalc1 and Ecalc2 loci to a 11.0 Mb region on chromosome 5 that contained the klotho gene (Kl), and DNA sequence analysis identified nonsense (Gln203Stop) and missense (Ile604Asn) Kl mutations in Ecalc1 and Ecalc2 mice, respectively. The Gln203Stop mutation, located in KL1 domain, was severely hypomorphic and led to a 17-fold reduction of renal Kl expression. The Ile604Asn mutation, located in KL2 domain, was predicted to impair klotho protein stability and in vitro expression studies in COS-7 cells revealed endoplasmic reticulum retention of the Ile604Asn mutant. Further phenotype studies undertaken in Ecalc1 (kl203X/203X) mice demonstrated elevations in plasma concentrations of phosphate, FGF23 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Thus, two allelic variants of Kl that develop EC and represent mouse models for tumoural calcinosis have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Esapa
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Fadil M. Hannan
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie N. Babinsky
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Potter
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Gethin P. Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Matthew A. Brown
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steve D. M. Brown
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Roger D. Cox
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh V. Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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227
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Goldsweig BK, Carpenter TO. Hypophosphatemic rickets: lessons from disrupted FGF23 control of phosphorus homeostasis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:88-97. [PMID: 25620749 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-015-0259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) regulates phosphate reabsorption in the kidney and therefore plays an essential role in phosphate balance in humans. There is a host of defects that ultimately lead to excess FGF23 levels and thereby cause renal phosphate wasting and hypophosphatemic rickets. We describe the genetic, pathophysiologic, and clinical aspects of this group of disorders with a focus on X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), the best characterized of these abnormalities. We also discuss autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR) and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) in addition to other rarer FGF23-mediated conditions. We contrast the FGF23-mediated disorders with FGF23-independent hypophosphatemia, specifically hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). Errant diagnosis of hypophosphatemic disorders is common. This review aims to enhance the recognition and appropriate diagnosis of hypophosphatemia and to guide appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bracha K Goldsweig
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA,
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228
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Abstract
Phosphate is essential for growth and maintenance of the skeleton and for generating high-energy phosphate compounds. Evolutionary adaptation to high dietary phosphorous in humans and other terrestrial vertebrates involves regulated mechanisms assuring the efficient renal elimination of excess phosphate. These mechanisms prominently include PTH, FGF23, and Vitamin D, which directly and indirectly regulate phosphate transport. Disordered phosphate homeostasis is associated with pathologies ranging from kidney stones to kidney failure. Chronic kidney disease results in hyperphosphatemia, an elevated calcium×phosphate product with considerable morbidity and mortality, mostly associated with adverse cardiovascular events. This chapter highlights recent findings and insights regarding the hormonal regulation of renal phosphate transport along with imbalances of phosphate balance due to acquired or inherited diseases states.
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229
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Winberg J, Berggren H, Malm T, Johansson S, Johansson Ramgren J, Nilsson B, Liedén A, Nordenskjöld A, Gustavsson P, Nordgren A. No evidence for mosaic pathogenic copy number variations in cardiac tissue from patients with congenital heart malformations. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:129-33. [PMID: 25652018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) are present in mosaic form in patients with congenital heart malformations. We have collected cardiac tissue and blood samples from 23 patients with congenital heart malformations that underwent cardiac surgery and screened for mosaic gene dose alterations restricted to cardiac tissue using array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). We did not find evidence of CNVs in mosaic form after array CGH analysis. Pathogenic CNVs that were present in both cardiac tissue and blood were detected in 2/23 patients (9%), and in addition we found several constitutional CNVs of unclear clinical significance. This is the first study investigating mosaicism for CNVs in heart tissue compared to peripheral blood and the results do not indicate that pathogenic mosaic copy number changes are common in patients with heart malformations. Importantly, in line with previous studies, our results show that constitutional pathogenic CNVs are important factors contributing to congenital heart malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Winberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Håkan Berggren
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torsten Malm
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sune Johansson
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Boris Nilsson
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agne Liedén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordenskjöld
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Gustavsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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230
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Brachet C, Mansbach AL, Clerckx A, Deltenre P, Heinrichs C. Hearing loss is part of the clinical picture of ENPP1 loss of function mutation. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:63-6. [PMID: 24216977 DOI: 10.1159/000354661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecto/nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) loss-of-function mutations have been described in patients with autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (HR), in patients with generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) and in several patients with both conditions. Out of more than 50 cases of homozygous or compound heterozygous ENPP1 loss-of-function mutations published so far, 1 case with labyrinthine deafness probably due to occlusion of inner ear supplying arteries and 2 cases of conductive hearing loss due to stapedovestibular calcification diagnosed in childhood have been reported. AIMS To report a case of ENPP1 loss-of-function novel mutation presenting with HR and very early onset and severe hearing loss. METHODS Case report and review of the literature. RESULTS We report on a patient homozygous for a novel 1-bp deletion in ENPP1 that presented with GACI evolving towards HR associated with a mixed hearing loss (both labyrinthine and conductive) diagnosed at 9 days of life that evolved towards profound labyrinthine deafness. CONCLUSION Hearing loss is a rare finding in patients with ENPP1 loss-of-function mutations. Interestingly, it has already been described in other affected patients, in ENPP1 knock-out mice and in other diseases of pyrophosphate metabolism. Conversely it seems to be absent in children with the X-linked form of HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brachet
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola-ULB, Brussels, Belgium
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231
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Evrard S, Delanaye P, Kamel S, Cristol JP, Cavalier E. Vascular calcification: from pathophysiology to biomarkers. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:401-14. [PMID: 25236333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The link between vascular calcification (VC) and increased mortality is now well established. Over time, as clinical importance of this phenomenon has begun to be fully considered, scientists have highlighted more and more physiopathological mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie VC. Several conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and renal diseases are undoubtedly identified as predisposing factors. But even if the process is better understood, many questions still remain unanswered. This review briefly develops the various theories that attempt to explain mineralization genesis. Nonetheless, the main purpose of the article is to provide a profile of the various existing biomarkers of VC. Indeed, in the past years, a lot of inhibitors and promoters, which form a dense and interconnected network, were identified. Given importance to assess and control mineralization process, a focusing on accumulated knowledge of each marker seemed to be necessary. Therefore, we tried to define their respective role in the physiopathology and how they can contribute to calcification risk assessment. Among these, Klotho/fibroblast growth factor-23, fetuin-A, Matrix Gla protein, Bone morphogenetic protein-2, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, osteonectin, osteocalcin, pyrophosphate and sclerostin are specifically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Evrard
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Delanaye
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Hypertension, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Said Kamel
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Amiens, Amiens, France; INSERM U1088, Université de Picardie Jules-Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Paul Cristol
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHRU de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
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Corbacioglu Esmer A, Kalelioglu I, Omeroglu RE, Kayserili H, Gulluoglu M, Has R, Yuksel A. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of generalized arterial calcification of infancy. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2015; 43:50-54. [PMID: 24420383 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A healthy 19-year-old nulliparous pregnant woman was referred to our clinic because of fetal pericardial effusion and ascites. The sonographic examination performed at 28 weeks' gestation revealed scalp edema, severe skin edema, bilateral hydrocele, ascites, and pleural and pericardial effusion. Fetal echocardiographic examination showed that both ventricles were dilated with severely depressed contractility. The aortic annulus, ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac arteries, main pulmonary artery, tricuspid valve, and mitral chordae tendinae were hyperechogenic. Right ventricular outflow tract was narrow with decreased blood flow. There was tricuspid and mitral valve regurgitation and tricuspid valve stenosis. On the basis of these findings, we made the diagnosis of generalized arterial calcification, which is characterized by extensive calcification of internal elastic lamina and intimal proliferation of medium-sized and large arteries. This diagnosis was confirmed histologically after the termination of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytul Corbacioglu Esmer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Capa/Fatih, 34090, Istanbul, Turkey
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233
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Mastrolia SA, Weintraub AY, Baron J, Sciaky-Tamir Y, Koifman A, Loverro G, Hershkovitz R. Antenatal diagnosis of idiopathic arterial calcification: a systematic review with a report of two cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014; 291:977-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-014-3567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li Q, Pratt CH, Dionne LA, Fairfield H, Karst SY, Sundberg JP, Uitto J. Spontaneous asj-2J mutant mouse as a model for generalized arterial calcification of infancy: a large deletion/insertion mutation in the Enpp1 gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113542. [PMID: 25479107 PMCID: PMC4257536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene, manifests with extensive mineralization of the cardiovascular system. The affected individuals in most cases die within the first year of life, and there is currently no effective treatment for this disorder. In this study, we characterized a spontaneous mutant mouse, asj-2J, as a model for GACI. These mice were identified as part of a phenotypic deviant search in a large-scale production colony of BALB/cJ mice at The Jackson Laboratory. They demonstrated a characteristic gait due to stiffening of the joints, with phenotypic similarity to a previously characterized asj (“ages with stiffened joints”) mouse, caused by a missense mutation in the Enpp1 gene. Complementation testing indicated that asj-2J and asj were allelic. PCR-based mutation detection strategy revealed in asj-2J mice a large, 40,035 bp, deletion spanning from intron 1 to the 3′-untranslated region of the Enpp1 gene, coupled with a 74 bp insertion. This was accompanied with a significant reduction in the plasma PPi concentration and reduced PPi/Pi ratio. As a consequence, extensive aberrant mineralization affecting the arterial vasculature, a number of internal organs, and the dermal sheath of vibrissae, a progressive biomarker of the ectopic mineralization process, was demonstrated by a combination of micro computed tomography, histopathology with calcium-specific stains, and direct chemical assay of calcium. Comparison of the asj and asj-2J mice demonstrated that the latter ones, particularly when placed on an acceleration diet high in phosphate and low in magnesium, had more extensive mineralization. Thus, the asj-2J mouse serves as a novel model for GACI, a currently intractable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Louise A. Dionne
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Son Yong Karst
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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235
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Sun RX, Chong LC, Simmons TT, Houlahan KE, Prokopec SD, Watson JD, Moffat ID, Lensu S, Lindén J, P'ng C, Okey AB, Pohjanvirta R, Boutros PC. Cross-species transcriptomic analysis elucidates constitutive aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1053. [PMID: 25467400 PMCID: PMC4301818 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has largely focused on variations in toxic outcomes resulting from its activation by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. But the AHR also plays key roles in regulating pathways critical for development, and after decades of research the mechanisms underlying physiological regulation by the AHR remain poorly characterized. Previous studies identified several core genes that respond to xenobiotic AHR ligands across a broad range of species and tissues. However, only limited inferences have been made regarding its role in regulating constitutive gene activity, i.e. in the absence of exogenous ligands. To address this, we profiled transcriptomic variations between AHR-active and AHR-less-active animals in the absence of an exogenous agonist across five tissues, three of which came from rats (hypothalamus, white adipose and liver) and two of which came from mice (kidney and liver). Because AHR status alone has been shown sufficient to alter transcriptomic responses, we reason that by contrasting profiles amongst AHR-variant animals, we may elucidate effects of the AHR on constitutive mRNA abundances. Results We found significantly more overlap in constitutive mRNA abundances amongst tissues within the same species than from tissues between species and identified 13 genes (Agt, Car3, Creg1, Ctsc, E2f6, Enpp1, Gatm, Gstm4, Kcnj8, Me1, Pdk1, Slc35a3, and Sqrdl) that are affected by AHR-status in four of five tissues. One gene, Creg1, was significantly up-regulated in all AHR-less-active animals. We also find greater overlap between tissues at the pathway level than at the gene level, suggesting coherency to the AHR signalling response within these processes. Analysis of regulatory motifs suggests that the AHR mostly mediates transcriptional regulation via direct binding to response elements. Conclusions These findings, though preliminary, present a platform for further evaluating the role of the AHR in regulation of constitutive mRNA levels and physiologic function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1053) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul C Boutros
- Informatics and Bio-computing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.
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Shimokado A, Sun Y, Nakanishi M, Sato F, Oikawa K, Akasaka T, Muragaki Y. Smad3 plays an inhibitory role in phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:458-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Barreto FC, de Oliveira RB, Benchitrit J, Louvet L, Rezg R, Poirot S, Jorgetti V, Drüeke TB, Riser BL, Massy ZA. Effects of pyrophosphate delivery in a peritoneal dialysis solution on bone tissue of apolipoprotein-E knockout mice with chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32:636-44. [PMID: 24442863 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pyrophosphate (PPi), an endogenous molecule that inhibits hydroxyapatite crystal formation, has been shown to prevent the development of VC in animal models of CKD. However, the possibility of harmful effects of exogenous administration of PPi on bone requires further investigation. To this end, we examined by histomorphometry the bone of CKD mice after intraperitoneal PPi administration. After CKD creation or sham surgery, 10-week-old female apolipoprotein-E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice were randomized to one non-CKD group or 4 CKD groups (n = 10-35/group) treated with placebo or three distinct doses of PPi, and fed with standard diet. Eight weeks later, the animals were killed. Serum and femurs were sampled. Femurs were processed for bone histomorphometry. Placebo-treated CKD mice had significantly higher values of osteoid volume, osteoid surface and bone formation rate than sham-placebo mice with normal renal function. Slightly higher osteoid values were observed in CKD mice in response to very low PPi dose (OV/BV, O.Th and ObS/BS) and, for one parameter measured, to high PPi dose (O.Th), compared to placebo-treated CKD mice. Treatment with PPi did not modify any other structural parameters. Mineral apposition rates, and other parameters of bone formation and resorption were not significantly different among the treated animal groups or control CKD placebo group. In conclusion, PPi does not appear to be deleterious to bone tissue in apoE(-/-) mice with CKD, although a possible stimulatory PPi effect on osteoid formation may be worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fellype C Barreto
- INSERM Unit 1088, UFR de Médecine et Pharmacie, Picardie University Jules Verne (UPJV), 1, Rue des Louvels, bat A, 3ème, 80037, Amiens Cedex, France
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238
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Takabayashi S, Seto S, Katoh H. A new Enpp1 allele, Enpp1(ttw-Ham), identified in an ICR closed colony. Exp Anim 2014; 63:193-204. [PMID: 24770645 PMCID: PMC4160980 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently have reported on a novel ankylosis gene that is closely linked to the Enpp1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1) gene on chromosome 10. Here, we have discovered novel mutant mice in a Jcl:ICR closed colony with ankylosis in the toes of the forelimbs at about 3 weeks of age. The mutant mice exhibited rigidity in almost all joints, including the vertebral column, which increased with age. These mice also showed hypogrowth with age after 16 weeks due to a loss of visceral fat, which may have been caused by poor nutrition. Histological examination and soft X-ray imaging demonstrated the ectopic ossification of various joints in the mutant mice. In particular, increased calcium deposits were observed in the joints of the toes, the carpal bones and the vertebral column. We sequenced all exons and exon/intron boundaries of Enpp1 in the normal and mutant mice, and identified a G-to-T substitution (c.259+1G>T) in the 5' splice donor site of intron 2 in the Enpp1 gene of the mutant mice. This substitution led to the skipping of exon 2 (73 bp), which generated a stop codon at position 354 bp (amino acid 62) of the cDNA (p.V63Xfs). Nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase (NPPH) activity of ENPP1 in the mutant mice was also decreased, suggesting that Enpp1 gene function is disrupted in this novel mutant. The mutant mice reported in this study will be a valuable animal model for future studies of human osteochondral diseases and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Takabayashi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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Rattazzi M, Bertacco E, Iop L, D'Andrea S, Puato M, Buso G, Causin V, Gerosa G, Faggin E, Pauletto P. Extracellular pyrophosphate is reduced in aortic interstitial valve cells acquiring a calcifying profile: implications for aortic valve calcification. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:568-76. [PMID: 25463090 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pyrophosphate (PPi) is a potent inhibitor of ectopic mineralization but its role during aortic valve calcification is not known. METHODS Anti-calcific effect of PPi was investigated by using an in vitro model of serum-driven calcification of collagen sponges and decellularized porcine aortic valve leaflets. Bovine interstitial valve cells (VIC), seeded either within the collagen matrices or in transwell chambers, were used to test cellular ability to inhibit serum-induced calcification. PPi metabolism was investigated in clonal VIC harboring different calcifying potential. RESULTS In a cell-free system, high serum levels induced a dose-dependent calcification of type I collagen matrices which was prevented by PPi and ATP supplementation. Blockade of serum-driven calcification by PPi and ATP was also observed when using decellularized porcine aortic valve leaflets. A similar anti-calcific effect was also seen for bovine VIC, either statically seeded into the collagen matrices or co-cultured by using a transwell system. However, when we performed co-culture experiments by using clonal VIC harboring different calcifying potential, we observed that the subset of cells acquiring a pro-calcific profile lost the ability to protect the collagen from serum-driven calcification. Pro-calcific differentiation of the clonal VIC was accompanied by increase in ALP along with significant reduction in NPP activity and ATP/PPi extracellular accumulation. These changes were not observed in the clonal subtype with lower propensity towards calcification. CONCLUSIONS We showed that PPi and ATP are potent inhibitors of serum-driven calcification of collagen matrix and that their extracellular accumulation is reduced in calcifying VIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Rattazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Medicina Interna Iˆ, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Iop
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Giacomo Buso
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Causin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Pauletto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; Medicina Interna Iˆ, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
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240
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Dabisch-Ruthe M, Brock A, Kuzaj P, Charbel Issa P, Szliska C, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Variants in genes encoding pyrophosphate metabolizing enzymes are associated with Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Clin Biochem 2014; 47:60-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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241
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Bravo Y, Teriete P, Dhanya RP, Dahl R, Lee PS, Kiffer-Moreira T, Ganji SR, Sergienko E, Smith LH, Farquharson C, Millán JL, Cosford NDP. Design, synthesis and evaluation of benzoisothiazolones as selective inhibitors of PHOSPHO1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4308-11. [PMID: 25124115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery and characterization of a series of benzoisothiazolone inhibitors of PHOSPHO1, a newly identified soluble phosphatase implicated in skeletal mineralization and soft tissue ossification abnormalities. High-throughput screening (HTS) of a small molecule library led to the identification of benzoisothiazolones as potent and selective inhibitors of PHOSPHO1. Critical structural requirements for activity were determined, and the compounds were subsequently derivatized and measured for in vitro activity and ADME parameters including metabolic stability and permeability. On the basis of its overall profile the benzoisothiazolone analogue 2q was selected as MLPCN probe ML086.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Bravo
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raveendra-Panickar Dhanya
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Russell Dahl
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pooi San Lee
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tina Kiffer-Moreira
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Santhi Reddy Ganji
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Layton H Smith
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Jansen RS, Duijst S, Mahakena S, Sommer D, Szeri F, Váradi A, Plomp A, Bergen AA, Oude Elferink RPJ, Borst P, van de Wetering K. ABCC6-mediated ATP secretion by the liver is the main source of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate in the systemic circulation-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1985-9. [PMID: 24969777 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in ABCC6 underlie the ectopic mineralization disorder pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and some forms of generalized arterial calcification of infancy, both of which affect the cardiovascular system. Using cultured cells, we recently showed that ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 6 (ABCC6) mediates the cellular release of ATP, which is extracellularly rapidly converted into AMP and the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). The current study was performed to determine which tissues release ATP in an ABCC6-dependent manner in vivo, where released ATP is converted into AMP and PPi, and whether human PXE ptients have low plasma PPi concentrations. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using cultured primary hepatocytes and in vivo liver perfusion experiments, we found that ABCC6 mediates the direct, sinusoidal, release of ATP from the liver. Outside hepatocytes, but still within the liver vasculature, released ATP is converted into AMP and PPi. The absence of functional ABCC6 in patients with PXE leads to strongly reduced plasma PPi concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic ABCC6-mediated ATP release is the main source of circulating PPi, revealing an unanticipated role of the liver in systemic PPi homeostasis. Patients with PXE have a strongly reduced plasma PPi level, explaining their mineralization disorder. Our results indicate that systemic PPi is relatively stable and that PXE, generalized arterial calcification of infancy, and other ectopic mineralization disorders could be treated with PPi supplementation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jansen
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Suzanne Duijst
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Sunny Mahakena
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Daniela Sommer
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Flóra Szeri
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - András Váradi
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Astrid Plomp
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Arthur A Bergen
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Ronald P J Oude Elferink
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Piet Borst
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.)
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- From the Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (R.S.J., S.M., D.S., P.B., K.v.d.W.); Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (S.D., R.P.J.O.E.); Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (F.S., A.V.); Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.P., A.A.B.); and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.A.B.).
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Hypophosphatemic rickets: etiology, clinical features and treatment. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2014; 25:221-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00590-014-1496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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244
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Lanzer P, Boehm M, Sorribas V, Thiriet M, Janzen J, Zeller T, St Hilaire C, Shanahan C. Medial vascular calcification revisited: review and perspectives. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:1515-25. [PMID: 24740885 PMCID: PMC4072893 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcifications (VCs) are actively regulated biological processes associated with crystallization of hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix and in cells of the media (VCm) or intima (VCi) of the arterial wall. Both patterns of VC often coincide and occur in patients with type II diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and other less frequent disorders; VCs are also typical in senile degeneration. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge about the pathology, molecular biology, and nosology of VCm, expand on potential mechanisms responsible for poor prognosis, and expose some of the directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lanzer
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Health Care Center Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld-Wolfen gGmbH, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 2, D-06749 Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor Sorribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marc Thiriet
- National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas Zeller
- University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Apschner A, Huitema LFA, Ponsioen B, Peterson-Maduro J, Schulte-Merker S. Zebrafish enpp1 mutants exhibit pathological mineralization, mimicking features of generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) and pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:811-22. [PMID: 24906371 PMCID: PMC4073271 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years it has become clear that, mechanistically, biomineralization is a process that has to be actively inhibited as a default state. This inhibition must be released in a rigidly controlled manner in order for mineralization to occur in skeletal elements and teeth. A central aspect of this concept is the tightly controlled balance between phosphate, a constituent of the biomineral hydroxyapatite, and pyrophosphate, a physiochemical inhibitor of mineralization. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of a zebrafish mutant, dragonfish (dgf), which is mutant for ectonucleoside pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1), a protein that is crucial for supplying extracellular pyrophosphate. Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is a fatal human disease, and the majority of cases are thought to be caused by mutations in ENPP1. Furthermore, some cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) have recently been linked to ENPP1. Similar to humans, we show here that zebrafish enpp1 mutants can develop ectopic calcifications in a variety of soft tissues - most notably in the skin, cartilage elements, the heart, intracranial space and the notochord sheet. Using transgenic reporter lines, we demonstrate that ectopic mineralizations in these tissues occur independently of the expression of typical osteoblast or cartilage markers. Intriguingly, we detect cells expressing the osteoclast markers Trap and CathepsinK at sites of ectopic calcification at time points when osteoclasts are not yet present in wild-type siblings. Treatment with the bisphosphonate etidronate rescues aspects of the dgf phenotype, and we detected deregulated expression of genes that are involved in phosphate homeostasis and mineralization, such as fgf23, npt2a, entpd5 and spp1 (also known as osteopontin). Employing a UAS-GalFF approach, we show that forced expression of enpp1 in blood vessels or the floorplate of mutant embryos is sufficient to rescue the notochord mineralization phenotype. This indicates that enpp1 can exert its function in tissues that are remote from its site of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Apschner
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie F A Huitema
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW & UMC Utrecht, 3548CT Utrecht, The Netherlands. WUR, Experimental Zoology, 3700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands. Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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246
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Dabisch-Ruthe M, Kuzaj P, Götting C, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Pyrophosphates as a major inhibitor of matrix calcification in Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 75:109-20. [PMID: 24907773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by late onset and progressive calcification of elastic fibers in skin, eyes and the cardiovascular system, exemplifying a model for conditions characterized by soft tissue calcification. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to characterize cellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) homeostasis in PXE. METHODS Gene expression of PPi metabolizing enzymes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR after incubation up to 21 days with or without addition of Na2HPO4. Extracellular and cytosolic PPi concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked bioluminescence assay. ALP and ENPP1 activity was determined spectrophotometrically. We further established a human cell culture model suitable for investigating PXE and related disorders without addition of artificial calcification triggers. RESULTS Independently of the experimental conditions, PXE fibroblasts revealed a higher degree of matrix calcification. We observed that matrix calcification was associated with altered gene expression of PPi metabolizing enzymes in PXE fibroblasts. In this context, PXE fibroblasts exhibited significantly higher expression of ALP and OPN and reduced mRNA expression and activity of ENPP1. Here, for the first time cytosolic and extracellular PPi levels were shown to be strongly reduced in PXE fibroblasts. We further showed that PPi concentration in bovine and human sera additives had a strong impact on matrix calcification. In a last experimental line, we demonstrated that addition of PPi analogs reduced matrix calcification of PXE fibroblasts most likely by reducing ALP and OPN mRNA expression, restoring ENPP1 activity and subsequently elevating PPi concentrations. CONCLUSION The results of our study along with recent findings point to the essential role of PPi as the central regulatory metabolites preventing matrix calcification in PXE. But what remains to be determined is the underlying molecular mechanism leading to depletion of PPi in PXE. We further suggest that supplementation of PPi analogs might counteract pathological calcification in PXE and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Dabisch-Ruthe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Patricia Kuzaj
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | | | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
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247
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Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of Calcium Pyrophosphate and Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Deposition Diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2014; 40:207-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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248
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Rendenbach C, Yorgan TA, Heckt T, Otto B, Baldauf C, Jeschke A, Streichert T, David JP, Amling M, Schinke T. Effects of extracellular phosphate on gene expression in murine osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:474-83. [PMID: 24366459 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
That phosphate homeostasis is tightly linked to skeletal mineralization is probably best underscored by the fact that the phosphaturic hormone FGF23 is primarily expressed by terminally differentiated osteoblasts/osteocytes and that increased circulating FGF23 levels are causative for different types of hypophosphatemic rickets. In contrast, FGF23 inactivation results in hyperphosphatemia, and unexpectedly this phenotype is associated with severe osteomalacia in Fgf23-deficient mice. In this context it is interesting that different cell types have been shown to respond to extracellular phosphate, thereby raising the concept that phosphate can act as a signaling molecule. To identify phosphate-responsive genes in primary murine osteoblasts we performed genome wide expression analysis with cells maintained in medium containing either 1 or 4 mM sodium phosphate for 6 h. As confirmed by qRT-PCR, this analysis revealed that several known osteoblast differentiation markers (Bglap, Ibsp, and Phex) were unaffected by raising extracellular phosphate levels. In contrast, we found that the expression of Enpp1 and Ank, two genes encoding inhibitors of matrix mineralization, was induced by extracellular phosphate, while the expression of Sost and Dkk1, two genes encoding inhibitors of bone formation, was negatively regulated. The ability of osteoblasts to respond to extracellular phosphate was dependent on their differentiation state, and shRNA-dependent repression of the phosphate transporter Slc20a1 in MC3T3-E1 cells partially abolished their molecular response to phosphate. Taken together, our results provide further evidence for a role of extracellular phosphate as a signaling molecule and raise the possibility that severe hyperphosphatemia can negatively affect skeletal mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rendenbach
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Zhu D, Mackenzie NCW, Millan JL, Farquharson C, Macrae VE. Upregulation of IGF2 expression during vascular calcification. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:77-85. [PMID: 24482492 PMCID: PMC5610348 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The process of vascular calcification shares many similarities with that of skeletal mineralisation and involves the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in arteries and cardiac valves. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we employed microarray analysis to demonstrate the upregulation of more than >9000 genes during the calcification of murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), of which the most significantly, differentially expressed gene was Igf2. Following the validation of increased IGF2 expression by RT-qPCR and immunoblotting in calcifying murine VSMCs, IGF2 expression was further demonstrated in the calcified aorta of the Enpp1(-/-) mouse model of medial aortic calcification. Having confirmed that IGF1R and IGF2R were expressed in cultured murine VSMCs, cell-signalling studies in these cells revealed that IGF2 (50 ng/ml) significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 (P<0.05). These results potentially indicate that IGF2 may mediate VSMC calcification via the stimulation of Erk1/2 and Akt signalling. This study suggests that the increased IGF2 expression in calcifying VSMCs may reflect the well-established prenatal role of IGF2, particularly as the osteogenic phenotypic transition of VSMCs in a calcified environment recapitulates many of the events occurring during embryonic development. A full understanding of the importance of IGF2 in this pathological process will lead to a better understanding of the aetiology of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxing Zhu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Sanford Children's Health Research Center, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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250
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Li Q, Brodsky JL, Conlin LK, Pawel B, Glatz AC, Gafni RI, Schurgers L, Uitto J, Hakonarson H, Deardorff MA, Levine MA. Mutations in the ABCC6 gene as a cause of generalized arterial calcification of infancy: genotypic overlap with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:658-665. [PMID: 24008425 PMCID: PMC3945730 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital calcification of large- and medium-sized arteries, associated with early myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke, and premature death. Most cases of GACI are caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene. We first studied two siblings with GACI from a non-consanguineous family without mutations in the ENPP1 gene. To search for disease-causing mutations, we identified genomic regions shared between the two affected siblings but not their unaffected parents or brother. The ABCC6 gene, which is mutated in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), resided within a small region of homozygosity shared by the affected siblings. Sequence analysis of ABCC6 revealed that the two affected siblings were homozygous for the missense mutation p.R1314W. Subsequently, ABCC6 mutations were identified in five additional GACI families with normal ENPP1 sequences. Genetic mutations in ABCC6 in patients with PXE are associated with ectopic tissue mineralization in the skin and arterial blood vessels. Thus, our findings provide additional evidence that the ABCC6 gene product inhibits calcification under physiologic conditions and confirm a second locus for GACI. In addition, our study emphasizes the potential utility of shared homozygosity mapping to identify genetic causes of inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- Departments of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jill L Brodsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura K Conlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Bruce Pawel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rachel I Gafni
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Departments of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew A Deardorff
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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