201
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Lei J, Hilgenfeld R. RNA-virus proteases counteracting host innate immunity. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3190-3210. [PMID: 28850669 PMCID: PMC7163997 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus invasion triggers host immune responses, in particular, innate immune responses. Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns of viruses (such as dsRNA, ssRNA, or viral proteins) released during virus replication are detected by the corresponding pattern‐recognition receptors of the host, and innate immune responses are induced. Through production of type‐I and type‐III interferons as well as various other cytokines, the host innate immune system forms the frontline to protect host cells and inhibit virus infection. Not surprisingly, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to counter this antiviral system. In this review, we discuss the multiple strategies used by proteases of positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA viruses of the families Picornaviridae, Coronaviridae, and Flaviviridae, when counteracting host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems Site, University of Lübeck, Germany
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202
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Heilmann RM, Allenspach K. Pattern-recognition receptors: signaling pathways and dysregulation in canine chronic enteropathies—brief review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:781-787. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717728545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are expressed by innate immune cells and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. With a large potential for synergism or convergence between their signaling pathways, PRRs orchestrate a complex interplay of cellular mediators and transcription factors, and thus play a central role in homeostasis and host defense. Aberrant activation of PRR signaling, mutations of the receptors and/or their downstream signaling molecules, and/or DAMP/PAMP complex–mediated receptor signaling can potentially lead to chronic auto-inflammatory diseases or development of cancer. PRR signaling pathways appear to also present an interesting new avenue for the modulation of inflammatory responses and to serve as potential novel therapeutic targets. Evidence for a dysregulation of the PRR toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–containing protein (NOD)2, and the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) exists in dogs with chronic enteropathies. We describe the TLR, NOD2, and RAGE signaling pathways and evaluate the current veterinary literature—in comparison to human medicine—to determine the role of TLRs, NOD2, and RAGE in canine chronic enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M. Heilmann
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Heilmann)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Allenspach)
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany (Heilmann)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Allenspach)
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203
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Wang X, Wu W, Zhang W, Leland Booth J, Duggan ES, Tian L, More S, Zhao YD, Sawh RN, Liu L, Zou MH, Metcalf JP. RIG-I overexpression decreases mortality of cigarette smoke exposed mice during influenza A virus infection. Respir Res 2017; 18:166. [PMID: 28865477 PMCID: PMC5581920 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is an important regulator of virus-induced antiviral interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines which participate in clearing viral infections. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure increases the frequency and severity of respiratory tract infections. Methods We generated a RIG-I transgenic (TG) mouse strain that expresses the RIG-I gene product under the control of the human lung specific surfactant protein C promoter. We compared the mortality and host immune responses of RIG-I TG mice and their litter-matched wild type (WT) mice following challenge with influenza A virus (IAV). Results RIG-I overexpression increased survival of IAV-infected mice. CS exposure increased mortality in WT mice infected with IAV. Remarkably, the effect of RIG-I overexpression on survival during IAV infection was enhanced in CS-exposed animals. CS-exposed IAV-infected WT mice had a suppressed innate response profile in the lung compared to sham-exposed IAV-infected WT mice in terms of the protein concentration, total cell count and inflammatory cell composition in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RIG-I overexpression restored the innate immune response in CS-exposed mice to that seen in sham-exposed WT mice during IAV infection, and is likely responsible for enhanced survival in RIG-I TG mice as restoration preceded death of the animals. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that RIG-I overexpression in mice is protective for CS enhanced susceptibility of smokers to influenza infection, and that CS mediated RIG-I suppression may be partially responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality of the mice exposed to IAV. Thus, optimizing the RIG-I response may be an important treatment strategy for CS-enhanced lung infections, particularly those due to IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Duggan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lili Tian
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sunil More
- The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Yan D Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ravindranauth N Sawh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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204
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Tocker AM, Durocher E, Jacob KD, Trieschman KE, Talento SM, Rechnitzer AA, Roberts DM, Davis BK. The Scaffolding Protein IQGAP1 Interacts with NLRC3 and Inhibits Type I IFN Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2896-2909. [PMID: 28864474 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensing of cytosolic nucleotides is a critical initial step in the elaboration of type I IFN. One of several upstream receptors, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, binds to cytosolic DNA and generates dicyclic nucleotides that act as secondary messengers. These secondary messengers bind directly to stimulator of IFN genes (STING). STING recruits TNFR-associated NF-κB kinase-binding kinase 1 which acts as a critical node that allows for efficient activation of IFN regulatory factors to drive the antiviral transcriptome. NLRC3 is a recently characterized nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR) that negatively regulates the type I IFN pathway by inhibiting subcellular redistribution and effective signaling of STING, thus blunting the transcription of type I IFNs. NLRC3 is predominantly expressed in lymphoid and myeloid cells. IQGAP1 was identified as a putative interacting partner of NLRC3 through yeast two-hybrid screening. In this article, we show that IQGAP1 associates with NLRC3 and can disrupt the NLRC3-STING interaction in the cytosol of human epithelial cells. Furthermore, knockdown of IQGAP1 in THP1 and HeLa cells causes significantly more IFN-β production in response to cytosolic nucleic acids. This result phenocopies NLRC3-deficient macrophages and fibroblasts and short hairpin RNA knockdown of NLRC3 in THP1 cells. Our findings suggest that IQGAP1 is a novel regulator of type I IFN production, possibly via interacting with NLRC3 in human monocytic and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Tocker
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - Emily Durocher
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - Kimberly D Jacob
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - Kate E Trieschman
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - Suzanna M Talento
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - Alma A Rechnitzer
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - David M Roberts
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
| | - Beckley K Davis
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604
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205
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Keestra-Gounder AM, Tsolis RM. NOD1 and NOD2: Beyond Peptidoglycan Sensing. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:758-767. [PMID: 28823510 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system with well-established roles in sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan. In addition to their role as microbial sensors, recent evidence indicates that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NODs) can also recognize a broader array of danger signals. Indeed, recent work has expanded the roles of NOD1 and NOD2 to encompass not only sensing of infections with viruses and parasites but also perceiving perturbations of cellular processes such as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. This review will comment on recent progress and point out emerging questions in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA USA.
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206
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Natural Modulators of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Psoriatic Skin Inflammation. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:7807313. [PMID: 28894754 PMCID: PMC5574364 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7807313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that can be initiated by excessive activation of endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. Therefore, inhibitors of endosomal TLR activation are being investigated for their ability to treat this disease. The currently approved biological drugs adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, ustekinumab, ixekizumab, and secukizumab are antibodies against effector cytokines that participate in the initiation and development of psoriasis. Several immune modulatory oligonucleotides and small molecular weight compounds, including IMO-3100, IMO-8400, and CPG-52364, that block the interaction between endosomal TLRs and their ligands are under clinical investigation for their effectiveness in the treatment of psoriasis. In addition, several chemical compounds, including AS-2444697, PF-05387252, PF-05388169, PF-06650833, ML120B, and PHA-408, can inhibit TLR signaling. Although these compounds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in animal models, their therapeutic potential for the treatment of psoriasis has not yet been tested. Recent studies demonstrated that natural compounds derived from plants, fungi, and bacteria, including mustard seed, Antrodia cinnamomea extract, curcumin, resveratrol, thiostrepton, azithromycin, and andrographolide, inhibited psoriasis-like inflammation induced by the TLR7 agonist imiquimod in animal models. These natural modulators employ different mechanisms to inhibit endosomal TLR activation and are administered via different routes. Therefore, they represent candidate psoriasis drugs and might lead to the development of new treatment options.
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207
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Deficiency of the NOD-Like Receptor NLRC5 Results in Decreased CD8 + T Cell Function and Impaired Viral Clearance. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00377-17. [PMID: 28615208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00377-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors are vital components of the immune system. Engagement of these receptors is important not only for instigation of innate immune responses to invading pathogens but also for initiating the adaptive immune response. Members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of pathogen recognition receptors have important roles in orchestrating this response. The NLR family member NLRC5 regulates major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) expression during various types of infections, but its role in immunity to influenza A virus (IAV) is not well studied. Here we show that Nlrc5-/- mice exhibit an altered CD8+ T cell response during IAV infection compared to that of wild-type (WT) mice. Nlrc5-/- mice have decreased MHC-I expression on hematopoietic cells and fewer CD8+ T cells prior to infection. NLRC5 deficiency does not affect the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells following IAV infection; however, a change in epitope dominance is observed in Nlrc5-/- mice. Moreover, IAV-specific CD8+ T cells from Nlrc5-/- mice have impaired effector functions. This change in the adaptive immune response is associated with impaired viral clearance in Nlrc5-/- mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate an important role for NLRC5 in regulation of antiviral immune responses and viral clearance during IAV infection.IMPORTANCE The NOD-like receptor family member NLRC5 is known to regulate expression of MHC-I as well as other genes required for antigen processing. In addition, NLRC5 also regulates various immune signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of NLRC5 during influenza virus infection and found a major role for NLRC5 in restricting virus replication and promoting viral clearance. The observed increases in viral titers in NLRC5-deficient mice correlated with impaired effector CD8+ T cell responses. Although NLRC5-deficient mice were defective at clearing the virus, they did not show an increase in morbidity or mortality following influenza virus infection because of other compensatory immune mechanisms. Therefore, our study highlights how NLRC5 regulates multiple immune effector mechanisms to promote the host defense during influenza virus infection.
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208
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Pahari S, Kaur G, Aqdas M, Negi S, Chatterjee D, Bashir H, Singh S, Agrewala JN. Bolstering Immunity through Pattern Recognition Receptors: A Unique Approach to Control Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:906. [PMID: 28824632 PMCID: PMC5539433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global control of tuberculosis (TB) presents a continuous health challenge to mankind. Despite having effective drugs, TB still has a devastating impact on human health. Contributing reasons include the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the AIDS-pandemic, and the absence of effective vaccines against the disease. Indeed, alternative and effective methods of TB treatment and control are urgently needed. One such approach may be to more effectively engage the immune system; particularly the frontline pattern recognition receptor (PRR) systems of the host, which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Mtb. It is well known that 95% of individuals infected with Mtb in latent form remain healthy throughout their life. Therefore, we propose that clues can be found to control the remainder by successfully manipulating the innate immune mechanisms, particularly of nasal and mucosal cavities. This article highlights the importance of signaling through PRRs in restricting Mtb entry and subsequently preventing its infection. Furthermore, we discuss whether this unique therapy employing PRRs in combination with drugs can help in reducing the dose and duration of current TB regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepyan Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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209
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Wiese KM, Coates BM, Ridge KM. The Role of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptors in Pulmonary Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:151-161. [PMID: 28157451 PMCID: PMC5576584 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0375tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is caused by both viral and bacterial pathogens and is responsible for a significant health burden in the Unites States. The innate immune system is the human body's first line of defense against these pathogens. The recognition of invading pathogens via pattern recognition receptors leads to proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, followed by recruitment and activation of effector immune cells. The nonspecific inflammatory nature of the innate immune response can result in immunopathology that is detrimental to the host. In this review, we focus on one class of pattern recognition receptors, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, specifically NOD1 and NOD2, and their role in host defense against viral and bacterial pathogens of the lung, including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. It is hoped that improved understanding of NOD1 and NOD2 activity in pneumonia will facilitate the development of novel therapies and promote improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bria M. Coates
- Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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210
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Interferon regulatory factors: A key to tumour immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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211
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Quicke KM, Diamond MS, Suthar MS. Negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:615-628. [PMID: 28295214 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon recognition of specific molecular patterns on microbes, host cells trigger an innate immune response, which culminates in the production of type I interferons, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and restricts pathogen replication and spread within the host. At each stage of this response, there are stimulatory and inhibitory signals that regulate the magnitude, quality, and character of the response. Positive regulation promotes an antiviral state to control and eventually clear infection, whereas negative regulation dampens inflammation and prevents immune-mediated tissue damage. An overexuberant innate response can lead to cell and tissue destruction, and the development of spontaneous autoimmunity. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), belong to a family of cytosolic host RNA helicases that recognize distinct nonself RNA signatures and trigger innate immune responses against several RNA viruses by signaling through the essential adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS). The RLR signaling pathway is tightly regulated to maximize antiviral immunity and minimize immune-mediated pathology. This review highlights contemporary findings on negative regulators of the RLR signaling pathway, with specific focus on the proteins and biological processes that directly regulate RIG-I, MDA5 and MAVS signaling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Quicke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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212
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Nosratabadi R, Alavian SM, Zare-Bidaki M, Shahrokhi VM, Arababadi MK. Innate immunity related pathogen recognition receptors and chronic hepatitis B infection. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:64-73. [PMID: 28704708 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity consists of several kinds of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which participate in the recognition of pathogens and consequently activation of innate immune system against pathogens. Recently, several investigations reported that PRRs may also play key roles in the induction/stimulation of immune system related complications in microbial infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), as the main cause of viral hepatitis in human, can induce several clinical forms of hepatitis B and also might be associated with hepatic complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on the important roles of PRRs in the eradication of microbial infections including viral infections and their related complications, it appears that the molecules may be a main part of immune responses against viral infections including HBV and participate in the HBV related complications. Thus, this review article has brought together information regarding the roles of PRRs in immunity against HBV and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nosratabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zare-Bidaki
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi Shahrokhi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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213
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Okamoto M, Tsukamoto H, Kouwaki T, Seya T, Oshiumi H. Recognition of Viral RNA by Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Induction of Innate Immunity and Excessive Inflammation During Respiratory Viral Infections. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:408-420. [PMID: 28609250 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against virus infection that triggers the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, resulting in the induction of innate immune responses. Viral RNA in endosomes is recognized by Toll-like receptors, and cytoplasmic viral RNA is recognized by RIG-I-like receptors. The host innate immune response is critical for protection against virus infection. However, it has been postulated that an excessive inflammatory response in the lung caused by the innate immune response is harmful to the host and is a cause of lethality during influenza A virus infection. Although the deletion of genes encoding PRRs or proinflammatory cytokines does not improve the mortality of mice infected with influenza A virus, a partial block of the innate immune response is successful in decreasing the mortality rate of mice without a loss of protection against virus infection. In addition, morbidity and mortality rates are influenced by other factors. For example, secondary bacterial infection increases the mortality rate in patients with influenza A virus and in animal models of the disease, and environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke and fine particles, also affect the innate immune response. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to the role of PRRs in innate immune response during respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Okamoto
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kouwaki
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto, Japan .,3 PRESTO JST, Kumamoto, Japan
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214
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Meunier E, Broz P. Evolutionary Convergence and Divergence in NLR Function and Structure. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:744-757. [PMID: 28579324 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of cellular damage caused by either pathogens or abiotic stress is essential for host defense in all forms of life in the plant and animal kingdoms. The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) represent a large family of multidomain proteins that were initially discovered for their role in host defense in plants and vertebrates. Over recent years the wide distribution of NLRs among metazoans has become apparent and their origins have begun to emerge. Moreover, intense study of NLR function has shown that they play essential roles beyond pathogen recognition - in the regulation of antigen presentation, cell death, inflammation, and even in embryonic development. We summarize here the latest insights into NLR biology and discuss examples of converging and diverging evolution of NLR function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Meunier
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), University of Toulouse, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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215
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Nie L, Xu XX, Xiang LX, Shao JZ, Chen J. Mutual Regulation of NOD2 and RIG-I in Zebrafish Provides Insights into the Coordination between Innate Antibacterial and Antiviral Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1147. [PMID: 28555019 PMCID: PMC5485971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) are two important cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), initiating innate antibacterial and antiviral signaling pathways. However, the relationship between these PRRs, especially in teleost fish models, is rarely reported. In this article, we describe the mutual regulation of zebrafish NOD2 (DrNOD2) and RIG-I (DrRIG-I) in innate immune responses. Luciferase assays were conducted to determine the activation of NF-κB and interferon signaling. Morpholino-mediated knockdown and mRNA-mediated rescue were performed to further confirm the regulatory roles between DrNOD2 and DrRIG-I. Results showed that DrNOD2 and DrRIG-I shared conserved structural hallmarks with their mammalian counterparts, and activated DrRIG-I signaling can induce DrNOD2 production. Surprisingly, DrNOD2-initiated signaling can also induce DrRIG-I expression, indicating that a mutual regulatory mechanism may exist between them. Studies conducted using HEK293T cells and zebrafish embryos showed that DrRIG-I could negatively regulate DrNOD2-activated NF-κB signaling, and DrNOD2 could inhibit DrRIG-I-induced IFN signaling. Moreover, knocking down DrRIG-I expression by morpholino could enhance DrNOD2-initiated NF-κB activation, and vice versa, which could be rescued by their corresponding mRNAs. Results revealed a mutual feedback regulatory mechanism underlying NOD2 and RIG-I signaling pathways in teleosts. This mechanism reflects the coordination between cytosolic antibacterial and antiviral PRRs in the complex network of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Nie
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xiao-Xiao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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216
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Wang BX, Fish EN. Interactions Between NS1 of Influenza A Viruses and Interferon-α/β: Determinants for Vaccine Development. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:331-341. [PMID: 28514196 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause mild to severe infections in humans with considerable socioeconomic and global health consequences. The host interferon (IFN)-α/β response, critical as the first line of defense against foreign pathogens, is induced upon detection of IAV genomic RNA in infected cells by host innate pattern recognition receptors. IFN-α/β production and subsequent activation of cell signaling result in the expression of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes whose products target various stages of the IAV life cycle to inhibit viral replication and the spread of infection and establish an antiviral state. IAVs, however, encode a multifunctional virulence factor, nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), that directly antagonizes the host IFN-α/β response to support viral replication. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which NS1 suppresses IFN-α/β production and subsequent cell signaling, and consider, therefore, the potential for recombinant IAVs lacking NS1 to be used as live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben X Wang
- 1 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- 1 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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217
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Shafique M, Rasool MH, Khurshid M. Respiratory syncytial virus: an overview of infection biology and vaccination strategies. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the foremost cause of lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants and young children. To date, there is no licensed vaccine available for RSV. Only option to restrain RSV is a prophylactic treatment in the form of monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). However, it is quite expensive and used in few patients with co-morbidities. In ongoing research, virologists contemplate about various vaccine candidates to control RSV infection. This review will help in understating the RSV pathobiology and encompass the advancement on various vaccine candidates that would lead to reduce the incidence, mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, it will lighten up the different avenues which might be useful for the development of novel vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafique
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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218
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Zhang Y, Li H. Reprogramming Interferon Regulatory Factor Signaling in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:210-223. [PMID: 28404737 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins expressed not only in immune cells but also in other tissues and organs outside the immune system. In this review, we discuss mechanisms responsible for IRF-mediated innate immune responses and the function and mechanism of IRFs in cardiometabolic diseases. We focus on the role of IRFs in innate immunity and cardiometabolic homeostasis, and highlight reprogrammed IRF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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219
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Dolega P, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Bossowska M, Mielcarska M, Nowak Z, Toka FN. Innate Immune Gene Transcript Level Associated with the Infection of Macrophages with Ectromelia Virus in Two Different Mouse Strains. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:315-329. [PMID: 28453414 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to avoid the immune response of the infected host, and many of these mechanisms have not been fully described. Here, we studied the transcriptional response of innate immune genes in BALB/c and C57BL/6 peritoneal macrophages following infection with the Moscow strain of ectromelia virus (ECTV-Mos) with the aim of delineating innate immune genes that contribute to the difference between susceptibility and resistance to lethal infection. We show a generalized downregulation of many genes in four categories (toll-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling, and type I interferon signaling) of antiviral innate immune receptors, downstream signaling pathways, and responsive components. Two important observations were made. First, 14 innate antiviral genes were differentially expressed with fold change upregulation of two and above occurring in C57BL/6 mice, known to be resistant to ECTV-Mos infection, whereas the same genes were downregulated in BALB/c mice with fold change of two and below. Second, the cathepsin group of genes was downregulated in both strains of mice but with profound fold changes of 17, 38, and 62 downregulation for CtsL, CtsB, and CtsS, respectively, in C57BL/6 mice. We show that a poxvirus profoundly downregulates both the mRNA and protein expression of these three cathepsins and this change appears to support virus replication. Based on these data we propose that the variations in gene expression observed may contribute to the difference in resistance/susceptibility between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice to lethal infection by ECTV-Mos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Dolega
- 1 Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- 1 Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska
- 1 Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda Mielcarska
- 1 Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nowak
- 2 Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- 1 Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw, Poland .,3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine , St. Kitts, West Indies
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220
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Snyder DT, Hedges JF, Jutila MA. Getting "Inside" Type I IFNs: Type I IFNs in Intracellular Bacterial Infections. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:9361802. [PMID: 28529959 PMCID: PMC5424489 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9361802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons represent a unique and complex group of cytokines, serving many purposes during innate and adaptive immunity. Discovered in the context of viral infections, type I IFNs are now known to have myriad effects in infectious and autoimmune disease settings. Type I IFN signaling during bacterial infections is dependent on many factors including whether the infecting bacterium is intracellular or extracellular, as different signaling pathways are activated. As such, the repercussions of type I IFN induction can positively or negatively impact the disease outcome. This review focuses on type I IFN induction and downstream consequences during infection with the following intracellular bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, Legionella pneumophila, and Coxiella burnetii. Intracellular bacterial infections are unique because the bacteria must avoid, circumvent, and even co-opt microbial "sensing" mechanisms in order to reside and replicate within a host cell. Furthermore, life inside a host cell makes intracellular bacteria more difficult to target with antibiotics. Because type I IFNs are important immune effectors, modulating this pathway may improve disease outcomes. But first, it is critical to understand the context-dependent effects of the type I IFN pathway in intracellular bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deann T. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jodi F. Hedges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Mark A. Jutila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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221
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Musella M, Manic G, De Maria R, Vitale I, Sistigu A. Type-I-interferons in infection and cancer: Unanticipated dynamics with therapeutic implications. Oncoimmunology 2017. [PMID: 28638743 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1314424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
If there is a great new hope in the treatment of cancer, the immune system is it. Innate and adaptive immunity either promote or attenuate tumorigenesis and so can have opposing effects on the therapeutic outcome. Originally described as potent antivirals, Type-I interferons (IFNs) were quickly recognized as central coordinators of tumor-immune system interactions. Type-I-IFNs are produced by, and act on, both tumor and immune cells being either host-protecting or tumor-promoting. Here, we discuss Type-I-IFNs in infectious and cancer diseases highlighting their dichotomous role and raising the importance to deeply understand the underlying mechanisms so to reshape the way we can exploit Type-I-IFNs therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Musella
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Department of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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222
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Chen N, Xia P, Li S, Zhang T, Wang TT, Zhu J. RNA sensors of the innate immune system and their detection of pathogens. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:297-304. [PMID: 28374903 PMCID: PMC7165898 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiation of protective immune response through the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Nucleic acids including RNA and DNA have been recognized as very important PAMPs of pathogens especially for viruses. RNA are the major PAMPs of RNA viruses, to which most severe disease causing viruses belong thus posing a tougher challenge to human and animal health. Therefore, the understanding of the immune biology of RNA PRRs is critical for control of pathogen infections especially for RNA virus infections. RNA PRRs are comprised of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA5, NLRP3, NOD2, and some other minorities. This review introduces these RNA PRRs by describing the cellular localizations, ligand recognitions, activation mechanisms, cell signaling pathways, and recognition of pathogens; the cross-talks between various RNA PRRs are also reviewed. The deep insights of these RNA PRRs can be utilized to improve anti-viral immune response. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):297-304, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony T Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA, 22802
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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223
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Differential Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death and Interferon Expression in Cancer Cells by Structured ssRNAs. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1295-1305. [PMID: 28372998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the RNA-sensing pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in cancer cells leads to cell death and cytokine expression. This cancer cell death releases tumor antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that induce anti-tumor immunity. However, these cytokines and DAMPs also cause adverse inflammatory and thrombotic complications that can limit the overall therapeutic benefits of PRR-targeting anti-cancer therapies. To overcome this problem, we generated and evaluated two novel and distinct ssRNA molecules (immunogenic cell-killing RNA [ICR]2 and ICR4). ICR2 and ICR4 differentially stimulated cell death and PRR signaling pathways and induced different patterns of cytokine expression in cancer and innate immune cells. Interestingly, DAMPs released from ICR2- and ICR4-treated cancer cells had distinct patterns of stimulation of innate immune receptors and coagulation. Finally, ICR2 and ICR4 inhibited in vivo tumor growth as effectively as poly(I:C). ICR2 and ICR4 are potential therapeutic agents that differentially induce cell death, immune stimulation, and coagulation when introduced into tumors.
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224
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Fearon DT. Immune-Suppressing Cellular Elements of the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T. Fearon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
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225
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Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN)-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies, including Crohn disease (CD), Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in host–pathogen interactions and inflammatory response. Stimulation of NOD2 by its ligand (muramyl dipeptide) activates pro-inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Caspase-1. A loss of NOD2 function may result in a failure in the control of microbial infection, thereby initiating systemic responses and aberrant inflammation. Because the ligand of Nod2 is conserved in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, NOD2 detects a wide variety of microorganisms. Furthermore, current literature evidences that NOD2 is also able to control viruses’ and parasites’ infections. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 in shaping the gut commensal microbiota and pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and the mechanisms by which Nod2 mutations participate in disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Nabhani
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
| | - Frederick Barreau
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
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226
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Modelling viral infections using zebrafish: Innate immune response and antiviral research. Antiviral Res 2017; 139:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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227
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Martínez I, Oliveros JC, Cuesta I, de la Barrera J, Ausina V, Casals C, de Lorenzo A, García E, García-Fojeda B, Garmendia J, González-Nicolau M, Lacoma A, Menéndez M, Moranta D, Nieto A, Ortín J, Pérez-González A, Prat C, Ramos-Sevillano E, Regueiro V, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Solís D, Yuste J, Bengoechea JA, Melero JA. Apoptosis, Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like Receptors Are Pathways Jointly Induced by Diverse Respiratory Bacterial and Viral Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:276. [PMID: 28298903 PMCID: PMC5331050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections are among the top five leading causes of human death. Fighting these infections is therefore a world health priority. Searching for induced alterations in host gene expression shared by several relevant respiratory pathogens represents an alternative to identify new targets for wide-range host-oriented therapeutics. With this aim, alveolar macrophages were independently infected with three unrelated bacterial (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two dissimilar viral (respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus) respiratory pathogens, all of them highly relevant for human health. Cells were also activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a prototypical pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Patterns of differentially expressed cellular genes shared by the indicated pathogens were searched by microarray analysis. Most of the commonly up-regulated host genes were related to the innate immune response and/or apoptosis, with Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like receptors among the top 10 signaling pathways with over-expressed genes. These results identify new potential broad-spectrum targets to fight the important human infections caused by the bacteria and viruses studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Cuesta
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge de la Barrera
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Ausina
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Casals
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alba de Lorenzo
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Belén García-Fojeda
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Junkal Garmendia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-GobNavarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Mar González-Nicolau
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Lacoma
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - David Moranta
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Nieto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ortín
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Pérez-González
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Ramos-Sevillano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Regueiro
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Rodriguez-Frandsen
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - José Yuste
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - José A Bengoechea
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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228
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Suresh M, Korolowicz KE, Balarezo M, Iyer RP, Padmanabhan S, Cleary D, Gimi R, Sheri A, Yon C, Kallakury BV, Tucker RD, Afdhal N, Menne S. Antiviral Efficacy and Host Immune Response Induction during Sequential Treatment with SB 9200 Followed by Entecavir in Woodchucks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169631. [PMID: 28056062 PMCID: PMC5215947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SB 9200, an orally bioavailable dinucleotide, activates the viral sensor proteins, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) causing the induction of the interferon (IFN) signaling cascade for antiviral defense. The present study evaluated the overall antiviral response in woodchucks upon induction of immune response, first with SB 9200 followed by Entecavir (ETV) versus reduction of viral burden with ETV followed by SB 9200 immunomodulation. Woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were treated orally with SB 9200 (30 mg/kg/day) and ETV (0.5 mg/kg/day). Group 1 received ETV for 4 weeks followed by SB 9200 for 12 weeks. Group 2 received SB 9200 for 12 weeks followed by ETV for 4 weeks. At the end of treatment in Group 2, average reductions of 6.4 log10 in serum WHV DNA and 3.3 log10 in WHV surface antigen were observed whereas in Group 1, average reductions of 4.2 log10 and 1.1 log10 in viremia and antigenemia were noted. Both groups demonstrated marked reductions in hepatic WHV nucleic acid levels which were more pronounced in Group 2. Following treatment cessation and the 8-week follow-up, recrudescence of viral replication was observed in Group 1 while viral relapse in Group 2 was significantly delayed. The antiviral effects observed in both groups were associated with temporally different induction of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-stimulated genes in blood and liver. These results suggest that the induction of host immune responses by pretreatment with SB 9200 followed by ETV resulted in antiviral efficacy that was superior to that obtained using the strategy of viral reduction with ETV followed by immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Kyle E. Korolowicz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Maria Balarezo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Dillon Cleary
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rayomand Gimi
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anjaneyulu Sheri
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Changsuek Yon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar V. Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Robin D. Tucker
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Nezam Afdhal
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Milford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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229
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Pokharel SM, Shil NK, Bose S. Autophagy, TGF-β, and SMAD-2/3 Signaling Regulates Interferon-β Response in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infected Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:174. [PMID: 28018859 PMCID: PMC5149518 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a lung tropic virus causing severe airway diseases including bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants, children, and immuno-compromised individuals. RSV triggers transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) production from lung epithelial cells and TGF-β facilitates RSV infection of these cells. However, it is still unknown whether RSV infected myeloid cells like macrophages produce TGF-β and the role of TGF-β if any during RSV infection of these cells. Our study revealed that RSV infected macrophages produce TGF-β and as a consequence these cells activate TGF-β dependent SMAD-2/3 signaling pathway. Further mechanistic studies illustrated a role of autophagy in triggering TGF-β production from RSV infected macrophages. In an effort to elucidate the role of TGF-β and SMAD-2/3 signaling during RSV infection, we surprisingly unfolded the requirement of TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling in conferring optimal innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection of macrophages. Type-I interferon (e.g., interferon-β or IFN-β) is a critical host factor regulating innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection. Our study revealed that loss of TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling pathway in RSV infected macrophages led to diminished expression and production of IFN-β. Inhibiting autophagy in RSV infected macrophages also resulted in reduced production of IFN-β. Thus, our studies have unfolded the requirement of autophagy—TGF-β—SMAD2/3 signaling network for optimal innate immune antiviral response during RSV infection of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Niraj K Shil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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230
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Agraz-Cibrian JM, Giraldo DM, Mary FM, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NETs and their role in antiviral innate immunity. Virus Res 2016; 228:124-133. [PMID: 27923601 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant cells in the context of innate immunity; they are one of the first cells to arrive at the site of viral infection constituting the first line of defense in response to invading pathogens. Indeed, neutrophils are provided with several defense mechanisms including release of cytokines, cytotoxic granules and the last recently described neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The main components of NETs are DNA, granular antimicrobial peptides, and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, that together play an important role in the innate immune response. While NETs were first described as a mechanism against bacteria and fungi, recently, several studies are beginning to elucidate how NETs are involved in the host antiviral response and the prominent characteristics of this new mechanism are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Agraz-Cibrian
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
| | - Diana M Giraldo
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Fafutis-Morris Mary
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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231
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Fan YH, Roy S, Mukhopadhyay R, Kapoor A, Duggal P, Wojcik GL, Pass RF, Arav-Boger R. Role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and its variants in human cytomegalovirus control in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7818-E7827. [PMID: 27856764 PMCID: PMC5137695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611711113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and downstream receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is known to up-regulate antiviral responses and suppress virus replication. We investigated the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), which also signals through RIPK2, in HCMV control. NOD1 activation by Tri-DAP (NOD1 agonist) suppressed HCMV and induced IFN-β. Mouse CMV was also inhibited through NOD1 activation. NOD1 knockdown (KD) or inhibition of its activity with small molecule ML130 enhanced HCMV replication in vitro. NOD1 mutations displayed differential effects on HCMV replication and antiviral responses. In cells overexpressing the E56K mutation in the caspase activation and recruitment domain, virus replication was enhanced, but in cells overexpressing the E266K mutation in the nucleotide-binding domain or the wild-type NOD1, HCMV was inhibited, changes that correlated with IFN-β expression. The interaction of NOD1 and RIPK2 determined the outcome of virus replication, as evidenced by enhanced virus growth in NOD1 E56K mutant cells (which failed to interact with RIPK2). NOD1 activities were executed through IFN-β, given that IFN-β KD reduced the inhibitory effect of Tri-DAP on HCMV. Signaling through NOD1 resulting in HCMV suppression was IKKα-dependent and correlated with nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of IRF3. Finally, NOD1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk of HCMV infection in women who were infected with HCMV during participation in a glycoprotein B vaccine trial. Collectively, our data indicate a role for NOD1 in HCMV control via RIPK2- IKKα-IRF3 and suggest that its polymorphisms predict the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Fan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Sujayita Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Arun Kapoor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Genevieve L Wojcik
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Robert F Pass
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287;
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232
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Al-Anazi MR, Nazir N, Abdo AA, Sanai FM, Alkahtani S, Alarifi S, Alkahtane AA, Al-Yahya H, Ali D, Alessia MS, Al-Ahdal MN, Al-Qahtani AA. Genetic variations of NOD2 and MD2 genes in hepatitis B virus infection. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 26:270-280. [PMID: 31485165 PMCID: PMC6717085 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2) have crucial roles in the innate immune system. NOD2 is a member of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), while MD-2 is a co-receptor for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which comprises another group of PRRs. Genetic variations in the NOD2 and MD-2 genes may be susceptibility factors to viral pathogens including hepatitis B virus (HBV). We investigated whether polymorphisms at NOD2 (rs2066845 and rs2066844) or at MD-2 (rs6472812 and rs11466004) were associated with susceptibility to HBV infection and advancement to related liver complications in a Saudi Arabian population. Methods: A total of 786 HBV-infected patients and 600 healthy uninfected controls were analyzed in the present study. HBV-infected patients were categorized into three groups based on the clinical stage of the infection: inactive HBV carriers, active HBV carriers, and patients with liver cirrhosis + hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Results: All four SNPs were significantly associated with susceptibility to HBV infection although none of the SNPs tested in NOD2 and MD-2 were significantly associated with persistence of HBV infection. We found that HBV-infected patients that were homozygous CC for rs2066845 in the NOD2 gene were at a significantly increased risk of progression to HBV-related liver complications (Odds Ratio = 7.443 and P = 0.044). Furthermore, haplotype analysis found that the rs2066844-rs2066845 C-G and T-G haplotypes at the NOD2 gene and four rs6472812-rs11466004 haplotypes (G-C, G-T, A-C, and A-T) at the MD-2 gene were significantly associated with HBV infection in the affected cohort compared to those found in our control group. Conclusion: We found that the single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2066844 and rs2066845 at NOD2 and rs6472812 and rs11466004 at MD-2 were associated with susceptibility to HBV infection in a Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nyla Nazir
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A Abdo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M Sanai
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alkahtane
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Al-Yahya
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Alessia
- Department of Biology, Science College, AI-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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233
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Finethy R, Coers J. Sensing the enemy, containing the threat: cell-autonomous immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:875-893. [PMID: 28201690 PMCID: PMC5975928 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of the most common sexually transmitted infection in North America and Europe. Medical complications resulting from genital C. trachomatis infections arise predominantly in women where the initial infections often remain asymptomatic and thus unrecognized. Untreated asymptomatic infections in women can ascend into the upper genital tract and establish persistence, ultimately resulting in extensive scarring of the reproductive organs, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancies. Previously resolved C. trachomatis infections fail to provide protective immune memory, and no effective vaccine against C. trachomatis is currently available. Critical determinants of the pathogenesis and immunogenicity of genital C. trachomatis infections are cell-autonomous immune responses. Cell-autonomous immunity describes the ability of an individual host cell to launch intrinsic immune circuits that execute the detection, containment and elimination of cell-invading pathogens. As an obligate intracellular pathogen C. trachomatis is constantly under attack by cell-intrinsic host defenses. Accordingly, C. trachomatis evolved to subvert and co-opt cell-autonomous immune pathways. This review will provide a critical summary of our current understanding of cell-autonomous immunity to C. trachomatis and its role in shaping host resistance, inflammation and adaptive immunity to genital C. trachomatis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Finethy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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234
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Laman AG, Lathe R, Shepelyakovskaya AO, Gartseva A, Brovko FA, Guryanova S, Alekseeva L, Meshcheryakova EA, Ivanov VT. Muramyl peptides activate innate immunity conjointly via YB1 and NOD2. Innate Immun 2016; 22:666-673. [PMID: 27694635 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916668982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and glucosaminyl-MDP (GMDP) are potent activators of innate immunity. Two receptor targets, NOD2 and YB1, have been reported; we investigated potential overlap of NOD2 and YB1 pathways. Separate knockdown of NOD2 and YB1 demonstrates that both contribute to GMDP induction of NF-κB expression, a marker of innate immunity, although excess YB1 led to induction in the absence of NOD2. YB1 and NOD2 co-migrated on sucrose gradient centrifugation, and GMDP addition led to the formation of higher molecular mass complexes containing both YB1 and NOD2. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated a direct interaction between YB1 and NOD2, a major recombinant fragment of NOD2 (NACHT-LRR) bound to YB1, and complex formation was stimulated by GMDP. We also report subcellular colocalization of NOD2 and YB1. Although YB1 may have other binding partners in addition to NOD2, maximal innate immunity activation by muramyl peptides is mediated via an interaction between YB1 and NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Laman
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Richard Lathe
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.,2 University of Edinburgh Medical School, Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, UK
| | - Anna O Shepelyakovskaya
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Alexandra Gartseva
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Feodor A Brovko
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Svetlana Guryanova
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Ludmila Alekseeva
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Elena A Meshcheryakova
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Vadim T Ivanov
- 1 Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of BioOrganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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235
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The innate immune response to RSV: Advances in our understanding of critical viral and host factors. Vaccine 2016; 35:481-488. [PMID: 27686836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes mild to severe respiratory illness in humans and is a major cause of hospitalizations of infants and the elderly. Both the innate and the adaptive immune responses contribute to the control of RSV infection, but despite successful viral clearance, protective immunity against RSV re-infection is usually suboptimal and infections recur. Poor understanding of the mechanisms limiting the induction of long-lasting immunity has delayed the development of an effective vaccine. The innate immune response plays a critical role in driving the development of adaptive immunity and is thus a crucial determinant of the infection outcome. Advances in recent years have improved our understanding of cellular and viral factors that influence the onset and quality of the innate immune response to RSV. These advances include the identification of a complex system of cellular sensors that mediate RSV detection and stimulate transcriptome changes that lead to virus control and the discovery that cell stress and apoptosis participate in the control of RSV infection. In addition, it was recently demonstrated that defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during RSV replication are the primary inducers of the innate immune response. Newly discovered host pathways involved in the innate response to RSV, together with the potential generation of DVG-derived oligonucleotides, present various novel opportunities for the design of vaccine adjuvants able to induce a protective response against RSV and similar viruses.
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236
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Wu W, Zhang W, Booth JL, Hutchings DC, Wang X, White VL, Youness H, Cross CD, Zou MH, Burian D, Metcalf JP. Human primary airway epithelial cells isolated from active smokers have epigenetically impaired antiviral responses. Respir Res 2016; 17:111. [PMID: 27604339 PMCID: PMC5013564 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking (CS) is the main risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and most COPD exacerbations are caused by respiratory infections including influenza. Influenza infections are more severe in smokers. The mechanism of the increased risk and severity of infections in smokers is likely multifactorial, but certainly includes changes in immunologic host defenses. METHODS We investigated retinoic acid-inducible protein I (RIG-I) and interferon (IFN) induction by influenza A virus (IAV) in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) isolated from smokers or nonsmokers. Subcultured HBEC cells were infected with A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) IAV at an MOI of 1. After 24 h of infection, cells and supernatants were collected for qRT-PCR, immunoblot or ELISA to determine RIG-I, Toll-like receptor3 (TLR3) and IFN expression levels. RESULTS IAV exposure induced a vigorous IFN-β, IFN-λ 1 and IFN-λ 2/3 antiviral response in HBEC from nonsmokers and significant induction of RIG-I and TLR3. In cells from smokers, viral RIG-I and TLR3 mRNA induction was reduced 87 and 79 % compared to the response from nonsmokers. CS exposure history was associated with inhibition of viral induction of the IFN-β, IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ 2/3 mRNA response by 85, 96 and 95 %, respectively, from that seen in HBEC from nonsmokers. The demethylating agent 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine reversed the immunosuppressive effects of CS exposure in HBEC since viral induction of all three IFNs was restored. IFN-β induction of RIG-I and TLR3 was also suppressed in the cells from smokers. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that active smoking reduces expression of antiviral cytokines in primary HBEC cells. This effect likely occurs via downregulation of RIG-I and TLR3 due to smoke-induced epigenetic modifications. Reduction in lung epithelial cell RIG-I and TLR3 responses may be a major mechanism contributing to the increased risk and severity of viral respiratory infections in smokers and to viral-mediated acute exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wu
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J Leland Booth
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vicky L White
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Houssein Youness
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Cory D Cross
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis Burian
- Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jordan P Metcalf
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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237
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Research Advance in Intestinal Mucosal Barrier and Pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:9686238. [PMID: 27651792 PMCID: PMC5019909 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9686238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the etiology and pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) have not been fully elucidated. It is widely accepted that genetic, immune, and environment factors are closely related to the development of CD. As an important defensive line for human body against the environment, intestinal mucosa is able to protect the homeostasis of gut bacteria and alleviate the intestinal inflammatory and immune response. It is evident that the dysfunction of intestinal mucosa barriers plays a crucial role in CD initiation and development. Yet researches are insufficient on intestinal mucosal barrier's action in the prevention of CD onset. This article summarizes the research advances about the correlations between the disorders of intestinal mucosal barriers and CD.
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238
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Gusho E, Baskar D, Banerjee S. New advances in our understanding of the "unique" RNase L in host pathogen interaction and immune signaling. Cytokine 2016; 133:153847. [PMID: 27595182 PMCID: PMC7128181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the existence of an interferon (IFN)-regulated ribonuclease, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanism and associated regulatory effects of its action. What had been studied initially as a "unique" endoribonuclease is currently known as ribonuclease L (RNase L where "L" stands for latent). Some of the key developments include discovery of the RNase L signaling pathway, its structural characterization, and its molecular cloning. RNase L has been implicated in antiviral and antibacterial defense, as well as in hereditary prostate cancer. RNase L is activated by 2'-5' linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), which are synthesized by the oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs), a family of IFN-regulated pathogen recognition receptors that sense double-stranded RNAs. Activated RNase L cleaves single stranded RNAs, including viral RNAs and cellular RNAs. The catalytic activity of RNase L has been found to lead into the activation of several cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in autophagy, apoptosis, IFN-β production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to IL-1β secretion, inhibition of cell migration, and cell adhesion. In this review, we will highlight the newest advances in our understanding of the catalytic role of RNase L in the context of different cellular pathways and extend the scope of these findings to discussion of potential therapeutic targets for antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elona Gusho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Danika Baskar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Pediatrics Division Office, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA(1)
| | - Shuvojit Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Korolowicz KE, Iyer RP, Czerwinski S, Suresh M, Yang J, Padmanabhan S, Sheri A, Pandey RK, Skell J, Marquis JK, Kallakury BV, Tucker RD, Menne S. Antiviral Efficacy and Host Innate Immunity Associated with SB 9200 Treatment in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161313. [PMID: 27552102 PMCID: PMC4995001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SB 9200, an oral prodrug of the dinucleotide SB 9000, is being developed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and represents a novel class of antivirals. SB 9200 is thought to activate the viral sensor proteins, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) resulting in interferon (IFN) mediated antiviral immune responses in virus-infected cells. Additionally, the binding of SB 9200 to these sensor proteins could also sterically block the ability of the viral polymerase to access pre-genomic RNA for nucleic acid synthesis. The immune stimulating and direct antiviral properties of SB 9200 were evaluated in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) by daily, oral dosing at 15 and 30 mg/kg for 12 weeks. Prolonged treatment resulted in 2.2 and 3.7 log10 reductions in serum WHV DNA and in 0.5 and 1.6 log10 declines in serum WHV surface antigen from pretreatment level with the lower or higher dose of SB 9200, respectively. SB 9200 treatment also resulted in lower hepatic levels of WHV nucleic acids and antigen and reduced liver inflammation. Following treatment cessation, recrudescence of viral replication was observed but with dose-dependent delays in viral relapse. The antiviral effects were associated with dose-dependent and long-lasting induction of IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes in blood and liver, which correlated with the prolonged activation of the RIG-I/NOD2 pathway and hepatic presence of elevated RIG-I protein levels. These results suggest that in addition to a direct antiviral activity, SB 9200 induces antiviral immunity during chronic hepadnaviral infection via activation of the viral sensor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E. Korolowicz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Radhakrishnan P. Iyer
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Czerwinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Junming Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Anjaneyulu Sheri
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Rajendra K. Pandey
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Skell
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Judith K. Marquis
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar V. Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Robin D. Tucker
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
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240
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Hedl M, Yan J, Abraham C. IRF5 and IRF5 Disease-Risk Variants Increase Glycolysis and Human M1 Macrophage Polarization by Regulating Proximal Signaling and Akt2 Activation. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2442-55. [PMID: 27545875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) regulates inflammatory M1 macrophage polarization, and disease-associated IRF5 genetic variants regulate pattern-recognition-receptor (PRR)-induced cytokines. PRR-stimulated macrophages and M1 macrophages exhibit enhanced glycolysis, a central mediator of inflammation. We find that IRF5 is needed for PRR-enhanced glycolysis in human macrophages and in mice in vivo. Upon stimulation of the PRR nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) in human macrophages, IRF5 binds RIP2, IRAK1, and TRAF6. IRF5, in turn, is required for optimal Akt2 activation, which increases expression of glycolytic pathway genes and HIF1A as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines and M1 polarization. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines and glycolytic pathways co-regulate each other. Rs2004640/rs2280714 TT/TT IRF5 disease-risk-carrier cells demonstrate increased IRF5 expression and increased PRR-induced Akt2 activation, glycolysis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and M1 polarization relative to GG/CC carrier macrophages. Our findings identify that IRF5 disease-associated polymorphisms regulate diverse immunological and metabolic outcomes and provide further insight into mechanisms contributing to the increasingly recognized important role for glycolysis in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Zou PF, Chang MX, Li Y, Xue NN, Li JH, Chen SN, Nie P. NOD2 in zebrafish functions in antibacterial and also antiviral responses via NF-κB, and also MDA5, RIG-I and MAVS. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:173-185. [PMID: 27235368 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NOD2/RIPK2 signalling plays essential role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity in mammals. In this study, NOD2 was functionally characterized in zebrafish (Danio rerio), and its interaction with a receptor-interaction protein, RIPK2, and RLRs such as MDA5 and RIG-I, as well as the adaptor, MAVS was revealed in fish innate immunity. The expression of NOD2 and RIPK2 in ZF4 cells has been constitutive and can be induced by the infection of Edwardsiella tarda and SVCV. The NOD2 can sense MDP in PGN from Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. It is further revealed that the NOD2 and RIPK2 can activate NF-κB and IFN promoters, inducing significantly antiviral defense against SVCV infection. As observed in the reduced bacterial burden in RIPK2 overexpressed cells, RIPK2 also has a role in inhibiting the bacterial replication. The overexpression of NOD2 in zebrafish embryos resulted in the increase of immune gene expression, especially those encoding PRRs and cytokines involved in antiviral response such as MDA5, RIG-I, and type I IFNs, etc. Luciferase reporter assays and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that zebrafish NOD2 is associated with MDA5 and RIG-I in signalling pathway. In addition, it is further demonstrated that RIPK2 and MAVS in combination with NOD2 have an enhanced role in NOD2-mediated NF-κB and type I IFN activation. It is concluded that teleost fish NOD2 can not only sense MDP for activating innate immunity as reported in mammals, but can also interact with other PRRs to form a network in antiviral innate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fei Zou
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, 363105, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Jun Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
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242
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Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 prompts potent inflammatory stimuli during Neospora caninum infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29289. [PMID: 27377650 PMCID: PMC4932631 DOI: 10.1038/srep29289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for major economic losses due to abortions in cattle. Innate immune responses are crucial for host resistance against the infection, however the molecules involved in parasite recognition are still poorly understood. Nod2 is a cytosolic receptor that recognizes several pathogens and its role during N. caninum infection has not yet been described. In that sense, we evaluated the role of Nod2 in host response against this parasite. We found that infection of macrophages induced increased expression of Nod2, which colocalized with the parasites' vacuoles. Nod2-deficient macrophages showed an impaired induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased production of modulatory molecules, and failure to restrict parasite replication. In vivo, Nod2-knockout mice showed a reduction of MAPK phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by decreased inflammation in target organs and increment in parasite burden. Surprisingly, these mice were partially resistant to lethal doses of tachyzoites. In addition, these phenomena were not observed in Rip2-/- mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that Nod2-dependent responses account for N. caninum elimination. On the other hand, the inflammatory milieu induced by this innate receptor provoked pathogenesis and death in severe experimental neosporosis.
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243
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Vegna S, Gregoire D, Moreau M, Lassus P, Durantel D, Assenat E, Hibner U, Simonin Y. NOD1 Participates in the Innate Immune Response Triggered by Hepatitis C Virus Polymerase. J Virol 2016; 90:6022-6035. [PMID: 27099311 PMCID: PMC4907226 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03230-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) triggers innate immunity signaling in the infected cell. Replication of the viral genome is dispensable for this phenotype, and we along with others have recently shown that NS5B, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, synthesizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from cellular templates, thus eliciting an inflammatory response, notably via activation of type I interferon and lymphotoxin β. Here, we investigated intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in this process. Using HepaRG cells, a model that largely recapitulates the in vivo complexities of the innate immunity receptor signaling, we have confirmed that NS5B triggered increased expression of the canonical pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) specific for dsRNA, namely, RIG-I, MDA5, and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Unexpectedly, intracellular dsRNA also led to accumulation of NOD1, a receptor classically involved in recognition of bacterial peptidoglycans. NOD1 activation, confirmed by analysis of its downstream targets, was likely due to its interaction with dsRNA and was independent of RIG-I and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS/IPS-1/Cardif/VISA) signaling. It is likely to have a functional significance in the cellular response in the context of HCV infection since interference with the NOD1 pathway severely reduced the inflammatory response elicited by NS5B. IMPORTANCE In this study, we show that NOD1, a PRR that normally senses bacterial peptidoglycans, is activated by HCV viral polymerase, probably through an interaction with dsRNA, suggesting that NOD1 acts as an RNA ligand recognition receptor. In consequence, interference with NOD1-mediated signaling significantly weakens the inflammatory response to dsRNA. These results add a new level of complexity to the understanding of the cross talk between different classes of pattern recognition receptors and may be related to certain complications of chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vegna
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Gregoire
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Moreau
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Lassus
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, CHU St. Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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244
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Sun Q, Wang Q, Scott MJ, Billiar TR. Immune Activation in the Liver by Nucleic Acids. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:151-7. [PMID: 27350945 PMCID: PMC4913071 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection in the liver, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, is a major health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The infection triggers a pro-inflammatory response in patients that is crucial for host defense. Recent studies have identified multiple transmembrane and cytosolic receptors that recognize pathogen-derived nucleic acids, and these receptors are essential for driving immune activation in the liver. In addition to sensing DNA/RNA from pathogens, these intracellular receptors can be activated by nucleic acids of host origin in response to sterile injuries. In this review, we discuss the expanding roles of these receptors in both immune and nonimmune cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie J. Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- *Correspondence to: Timothy R. Billiar, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Suite F1281, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Tel: +1-412-647-1749, Fax: +1-412-647-3247,
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245
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Byndloss MX, Keestra-Gounder AM, Bäumler AJ, Tsolis RM. NOD1 and NOD2: New Functions Linking Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:311-3. [PMID: 27341284 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses have long been known to subvert the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for their replication, recent work has shown that this strategy is also used by bacterial pathogens and parasites to promote their intracellular growth. The ensuing disruption of cellular processes triggers a condition known as ER stress, which activates the host cell's unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis. Recent work has linked the UPR, in particular the arm of this response that depends on the ER-resident sensor IRE1, to innate immunity and inflammation. Surprisingly, two intracellular innate immune receptors, NOD1 and NOD2, previously shown to sense bacterial peptidoglycan, were found to transduce ER stress signals to elicit inflammation. Given the known roles of both ER stress and NOD2 in chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and type 2 diabetes, this new link has important implications for understanding the basis for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
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246
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Steinle H, Behring A, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Avci-Adali M. Concise Review: Application of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA for Cellular Engineering and Reprogramming: Progress and Challenges. Stem Cells 2016; 35:68-79. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Steinle
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; University Hospital Tuebingen; Calwerstraße 7/1 Tuebingen 72076 Germany
| | - Andreas Behring
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; University Hospital Tuebingen; Calwerstraße 7/1 Tuebingen 72076 Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; University Hospital Tuebingen; Calwerstraße 7/1 Tuebingen 72076 Germany
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; University Hospital Tuebingen; Calwerstraße 7/1 Tuebingen 72076 Germany
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; University Hospital Tuebingen; Calwerstraße 7/1 Tuebingen 72076 Germany
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247
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Costa FRC, Françozo MCS, de Oliveira GG, Ignacio A, Castoldi A, Zamboni DS, Ramos SG, Câmara NO, de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Flavell RA, Silva JS, Carlos D. Gut microbiota translocation to the pancreatic lymph nodes triggers NOD2 activation and contributes to T1D onset. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1223-39. [PMID: 27325889 PMCID: PMC4925011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin causes T1D by inducing the translocation of intestinal bacteria into pancreatic lymph nodes and driving the development of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells through NOD2 receptor. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors, resulting in the destruction of pancreatic β cells. The disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and consequent escape of microbial products may be one of these environmental triggers. However, the immune receptors that are activated in this context remain elusive. We show here that during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), but not NOD1, participates in the pathogenesis of the disease by inducing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells in the pancreatic LNs (PLNs) and pancreas. Additionally, STZ-injected wild-type (WT) diabetic mice displayed an altered gut microbiota compared with vehicle-injected WT mice, together with the translocation of bacteria to the PLNs. Interestingly, WT mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) were fully protected from STZ-induced T1D, which correlated with the abrogation of bacterial translocation to the PLNs. Notably, when Abx-treated STZ-injected WT mice received the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide, both hyperglycemia and the proinflammatory immune response were restored. Our results demonstrate that the recognition of bacterial products by NOD2 inside the PLNs contributes to T1D development, establishing a new putative target for intervention during the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico R C Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela C S Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Ignacio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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248
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Medvedev AE, Murphy M, Zhou H, Li X. E3 ubiquitin ligases Pellinos as regulators of pattern recognition receptor signaling and immune responses. Immunol Rev 2016; 266:109-22. [PMID: 26085210 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pellinos are a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases discovered for their role in catalyzing K63-linked polyubiquitination of Pelle, an interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase homolog in the Drosophila Toll pathway. Subsequent studies have revealed the central and non-redundant roles of mammalian Pellino-1, Pellino-2, and Pelino-3 in signaling pathways emanating from IL-1 receptors, Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, T- and B-cell receptors. While Pellinos ability to interact with many signaling intermediates suggested their scaffolding roles, recent findings in mice expressing ligase-inactive Pellinos demonstrated the importance of Pellino ubiquitin ligase activity. Cell-specific functions of Pellinos have emerged, e.g. Pellino-1 being a negative regulator in T lymphocytes and a positive regulator in myeloid cells, and details of molecular regulation of receptor signaling by various members of the Pellino family have been revealed. In this review, we summarize current information about Pellino-mediated regulation of signaling by pattern recognition receptors, T-cell and B-cell receptors and tumor necrosis factor receptors, and discuss Pellinos roles in sepsis and infectious diseases, as well as in autoimmune, inflammatory, and allergic disorders. We also provide our perspective on the potential of targeting Pellinos with peptide- or small molecule-based drug compounds as a new therapeutic approach for septic shock and autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Patin EC, Jones AV, Thompson A, Clement M, Liao CT, Griffiths JS, Wallace LE, Bryant CE, Lang R, Rosenstiel P, Humphreys IR, Taylor PR, Jones GW, Orr SJ. IL-27 Induced by Select Candida spp. via TLR7/NOD2 Signaling and IFN-β Production Inhibits Fungal Clearance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:208-21. [PMID: 27259855 PMCID: PMC4911616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candida spp. elicit cytokine production downstream of various pathogen recognition receptors, including C-type lectin-like receptors, TLRs, and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptors. IL-12 family members IL-12p70 and IL-23 are important for host immunity against Candida spp. In this article, we show that IL-27, another IL-12 family member, is produced by myeloid cells in response to selected Candida spp. We demonstrate a novel mechanism for Candida parapsilosis–mediated induction of IL-27 in a TLR7-, MyD88-, and NOD2-dependent manner. Our data revealed that IFN-β is induced by C. parapsilosis, which in turn signals through the IFN-α/β receptor and STAT1/2 to induce IL-27. Moreover, IL-27R (WSX-1)–deficient mice systemically infected with C. parapsilosis displayed enhanced pathogen clearance compared with wild-type mice. This was associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum and increased IFN-γ and IL-17 responses in the spleens of IL-27R–deficient mice. Thus, our data define a novel link between C. parapsilosis, TLR7, NOD2, IFN-β, and IL-27, and we have identified an important role for IL-27 in the immune response against C. parapsilosis. Overall, these findings demonstrate an important mechanism for the suppression of protective immune responses during infection with C. parapsilosis, which has potential relevance for infections with other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam V Jones
- University Dental Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James S Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Leah E Wallace
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
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Abstract
The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key components of antiviral immunity that detect conserved molecular features of viral pathogens and initiate signalling that results in the expression of antiviral genes. In this Review, we discuss the strategies that viruses use to escape immune surveillance by key intracellular sensors of viral RNA or DNA, with a focus on RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Such viral strategies include the sequestration or modification of viral nucleic acids, interference with specific post-translational modifications of PRRs or their adaptor proteins, the degradation or cleavage of PRRs or their adaptors, and the sequestration or relocalization of PRRs. An understanding of viral immune-evasion mechanisms at the molecular level may guide the development of vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Chan
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois USA
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