201
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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202
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:121-144. [PMID: 28258700 PMCID: PMC5338647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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203
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Koehn BH, Blazar BR. Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:335-341. [PMID: 28148718 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr1116-464r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can be a devastating complication for as many as a third of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT). A role for myeloid cells in the amplification of GVHD has been demonstrated; however, less is understood about a potential regulatory role that myeloid cells play or whether such cells may be manipulated and applied therapeutically. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a naturally occurring immune regulatory population that are engaged and expand shortly after many forms of immune distress, including cancer, trauma, and infection. As MDSCs are often associated with chronic disease, inflammation, and even the promotion of tumor growth (regarding angiogenesis/metastasis), they can appear to be predictors of poor outcomes and therefore, vilified; yet, this association doesn't match with their perceived function of suppressing inflammation. Here, we explore the role of MDSC in GVHD in an attempt to investigate potential synergies that may be promoted, leading to better patient outcomes after allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent H Koehn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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204
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Faas MM, Sáez T, de Vos P. Extracellular ATP and adenosine: The Yin and Yang in immune responses? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:9-19. [PMID: 28093236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine molecules are intimately involved in immune responses. ATP is mostly a pro-inflammatory molecule and is released during hypoxic condition and by necrotic cells, as well as by activated immune cells and endothelial cells. However, under certain conditions, for instance at low concentrations or at prolonged exposure, ATP may also have anti-inflammatory properties. Extracellular ATP can activate both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Extracellular ATP can be hydrolyzed into adenosine in a two-step enzymatic process involving the ectonucleotidases CD39 (ecto-apyrase) and CD73. These enzymes are expressed by many cell types, including endothelial cells and immune cells. The counterpart of ATP is adenosine, which is produced by breakdown of intra- or extracellular ATP. Adenosine has mainly anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the adenosine, or P1, receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These receptors are also expressed in many cells, including immune cells. The final effect of ATP and adenosine in immune responses depends on the fine regulatory balance between the 2 molecules. In the present review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of these 2 molecules in the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Sáez
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P de Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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205
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Involvement of P2X7 receptor in neuronal degeneration triggered by traumatic injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38499. [PMID: 27929040 PMCID: PMC5144087 DOI: 10.1038/srep38499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal injury is a common feature of central nervous system insults that culminates with the death of the affected neurons, and an irreversible loss of function. Inflammation is an important component of the neurodegenerative process, where the microglia plays an important role by releasing proinflammatory factors as well as clearing the death neurons by phagocytosis. Here we have identified the purinergic signaling through the P2X7 receptor as an important component for the neuronal death in a model of optic nerve axotomy. We have found that in P2X7 receptor deficient mice there is a delayed loss of retinal ganglion cells and a decrease of phagocytic microglia at early times points after axotomy. In contralateral to the axotomy retinas, P2X7 receptor controlled the numbers of phagocytic microglia, suggesting that extracellular ATP could act as a danger signal activating the P2X7 receptor in mediating the loss of neurons in contralateral retinas. Finally, we show that intravitreal administration of the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079 also delays axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell death in retinas from wild type mice. Thus, our work demonstrates that P2X7 receptor signaling is involved in neuronal cell death after axonal injury, being P2X7 receptor antagonism a potential therapeutic strategy.
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206
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Land WG, Agostinis P, Gasser S, Garg AD, Linkermann A. DAMP-Induced Allograft and Tumor Rejection: The Circle Is Closing. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3322-3337. [PMID: 27529775 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological importance of the immunogenicity of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) has been pinpointed by their identification as triggers of allograft rejection following release from dying cells, such as after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In cancers, however, this strong trigger of a specific immune response gives rise to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the recently literature on the pathophysiological importance of DAMP release and discuss the implications of these processes for allograft rejection and cancer immunotherapy, revealing a striking mechanistic overlap. We conclude that these two fields share a common mechanistic basis of regulated necrosis and inflammation, the molecular characterization of which may be helpful for both oncologists and the transplant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Land
- German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, Plateforme GENOMAX, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,LabexTRANSPLANTEX, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Gasser
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC306, Inflammation at Interfaces, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.,Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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207
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Toubai T, Mathewson ND, Magenau J, Reddy P. Danger Signals and Graft-versus-host Disease: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2016; 7:539. [PMID: 27965667 PMCID: PMC5126092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host response after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) represents one of the most intense inflammatory responses observed in humans. Host conditioning facilitates engraftment of donor cells, but the tissue injury caused from it primes the critical first steps in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Tissue injuries release pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) through widespread stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by the release of danger stimuli, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). DAMPs and PAMPs function as potent stimulators for host and donor-derived antigen presenting cells (APCs) that in turn activate and amplify the responses of alloreactive donor T cells. Emerging data also point towards a role for suppression of DAMP induced inflammation by the APCs and donor T cells in mitigating GVHD severity. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the role of danger stimuli, such as the DAMPs and PAMPs, in GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Toubai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Nathan D Mathewson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA , USA
| | - John Magenau
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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208
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Pharmacodynamics of T cell function for monitoring pharmacologic immunosuppression after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:497-505. [PMID: 27882485 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Information on pharmacodynamic monitoring after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-SCT) to evaluate individual responses to immunosuppressive drugs is scarce. We studied the relationship between a panel of pharmacodynamic markers monitored during the first 3 months after transplant and the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Lymphocyte activation assessed by intracellular ATP concentration in CD4+ T cells, a high percentage of CD8+ effector T cells, and a low percentage of CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells correlated significantly with GVHD. A cutoff value of 0.5 for the CD8+ effector T/Treg ratio provided the most accurate diagnosis of GVHD (sensitivity 58.8%, specificity 91%). These pharmacodynamic markers may provide an efficient complement to standard pharmacokinetic monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs after allo-SCT.
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209
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Hakim FT, Memon S, Jin P, Imanguli MM, Wang H, Rehman N, Yan XY, Rose J, Mays JW, Dhamala S, Kapoor V, Telford W, Dickinson J, Davis S, Halverson D, Naik HB, Baird K, Fowler D, Stroncek D, Cowen EW, Pavletic SZ, Gress RE. Upregulation of IFN-Inducible and Damage-Response Pathways in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:3490-3503. [PMID: 27694491 PMCID: PMC5101132 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic graft-versus-host disease (CGVHD) is the primary nonrelapse complication of allogeneic transplantation, understanding of its pathogenesis is limited. To identify the main operant pathways across the spectrum of CGVHD, we analyzed gene expression in circulating monocytes, chosen as in situ systemic reporter cells. Microarrays identified two interrelated pathways: 1) IFN-inducible genes, and 2) innate receptors for cellular damage. Corroborating these with multiplex RNA quantitation, we found that multiple IFN-inducible genes (affecting lymphocyte trafficking, differentiation, and Ag presentation) were concurrently upregulated in CGVHD monocytes compared with normal subjects and non-CGVHD control patients. IFN-inducible chemokines were elevated in both lichenoid and sclerotic CGHVD plasma and were linked to CXCR3+ lymphocyte trafficking. Furthermore, the levels of the IFN-inducible genes CXCL10 and TNFSF13B (BAFF) were correlated at both the gene and the plasma levels, implicating IFN induction as a factor in elevated BAFF levels in CGVHD. In the second pathway, damage-/pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor genes capable of inducing type I IFN were upregulated. Type I IFN-inducible MxA was expressed in proportion to CGVHD activity in skin, mucosa, and glands, and expression of TLR7 and DDX58 receptor genes correlated with upregulation of type I IFN-inducible genes in monocytes. Finally, in serial analyses after transplant, IFN-inducible and damage-response genes were upregulated in monocytes at CGVHD onset and declined upon therapy and resolution in both lichenoid and sclerotic CGVHD patients. This interlocking analysis of IFN-inducible genes, plasma analytes, and tissue immunohistochemistry strongly supports a unifying hypothesis of induction of IFN by innate response to cellular damage as a mechanism for initiation and persistence of CGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances T Hakim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Sarfraz Memon
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matin M Imanguli
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Najibah Rehman
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiao-Yi Yan
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jeremy Rose
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jacqueline W Mays
- Clinical Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Dhamala
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John Dickinson
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sean Davis
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Halverson
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Haley B Naik
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kristin Baird
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel Fowler
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edward W Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Steven Z Pavletic
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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210
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Apostolova P, Zeiser R. The Role of Purine Metabolites as DAMPs in Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:439. [PMID: 27818661 PMCID: PMC5073102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) causes high mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. An early event in the classical pathogenesis of acute GvHD is tissue damage caused by the conditioning treatment or infection that consecutively leads to translocation of bacterial products [pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)] into blood or lymphoid tissue, as well as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), mostly intracellular components that act as pro-inflammatory agents, once they are released into the extracellular space. A subtype of DAMPs is nucleotides, such as adenosine triphosphate released from dying cells that can activate the innate and adaptive immune system by binding to purinergic receptors. Binding to certain purinergic receptors leads to a pro-inflammatory microenvironment and promotes allogeneic T cell priming. After priming, T cells migrate to the acute GvHD target organs, mainly skin, liver, and the gastrointestinal tract and induce cell damage that further amplifies the release of intracellular components. This review summarizes the role of different purinergic receptors in particular P2X7 and P2Y2 as well as nucleotides in the pathogenesis of GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Apostolova
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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211
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent H Koehn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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212
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Davis CJ, Taishi P, Honn KA, Koberstein JN, Krueger JM. P2X7 receptors in body temperature, locomotor activity, and brain mRNA and lncRNA responses to sleep deprivation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R1004-R1012. [PMID: 27707719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00167.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ionotropic purine type 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a nonspecific cation channel implicated in sleep regulation and brain cytokine release. Many endogenous rhythms covary with sleep, including locomotor activity and core body temperature. Furthermore, brain-hypothalamic cytokines and purines play a role in the regulation of these physiological parameters as well as sleep. We hypothesized that these parameters are also affected by the absence of the P2X7 receptor. Herein, we determine spontaneous expression of body temperature and locomotor activity in wild-type (WT) and P2X7R knockout (KO) mice and how they are affected by sleep deprivation (SD). We also compare hypothalamic, hippocampal, and cortical cytokine- and purine-related receptor and enzyme mRNA expressions before and after SD in WT and P2X7RKO mice. Next, in a hypothesis-generating survey of hypothalamic long noncoding (lnc) RNAs, we compare lncRNA expression levels between strains and after SD. During baseline conditions, P2X7RKO mice had attenuated temperature rhythms compared with WT mice, although locomotor activity patterns were similar in both strains. After 6 h of SD, body temperature and locomotion were enhanced to a greater extent in P2X7RKO mice than in WT mice during the initial 2-3 h after SD. Baseline mRNA levels of cortical TNF-α and P2X4R were higher in the KO mice than WT mice. In response to SD, the KO mice failed to increase hypothalamic adenosine deaminase and P2X4R mRNAs. Further, hypothalamic lncRNA expressions varied by strain, and with SD. Current data are consistent with a role for the P2X7R in thermoregulation and lncRNA involvement in purinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Davis
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington; .,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington.,Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington; and
| | - Ping Taishi
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington
| | - Kimberly A Honn
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington.,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington
| | - John N Koberstein
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington
| | - James M Krueger
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington.,Program in Neuroscience, Washington State University-Spokane, Spokane, Washington; and
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213
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Zeiser R, Robson SC, Vaikunthanathan T, Dworak M, Burnstock G. Unlocking the Potential of Purinergic Signaling in Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2781-2794. [PMID: 27005321 PMCID: PMC5472988 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling has been recognized as playing an important role in inflammation, angiogenesis, malignancy, diabetes and neural transmission. Activation of signaling pathways downstream from purinergic receptors may also be implicated in transplantation and related vascular injury. Following transplantation, the proinflammatory "danger signal" adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from damaged cells and promotes proliferation and activation of a variety of immune cells. Targeting purinergic signaling pathways may promote immunosuppression and ameliorate inflammation. Under pathophysiological conditions, nucleotide-scavenging ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 hydrolyze ATP, ultimately, to the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. Adenosine suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production and is associated with improved graft survival and decreased severity of graft-versus-host disease. Furthermore, purinergic signaling is involved both directly and indirectly in the mechanism of action of several existing immunosuppressive drugs, such as calcineurin inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Targeting of purinergic receptor pathways, particularly in the setting of combination therapies, could become a valuable immunosuppressive strategy in transplantation. This review focuses on the role of the purinergic signaling pathway in transplantation and immunosuppression and explores possible future applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding authors: Markus Dworak and Simon C. Robson, and
| | - T. Vaikunthanathan
- Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - M. Dworak
- Novartis Pharma, Nuernberg, Germany,Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Corresponding authors: Markus Dworak and Simon C. Robson, and
| | - G. Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London, UK,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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214
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Zeiser R, Socié G, Blazar BR. Pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease: from intestinal microbiota alterations to donor T cell activation. Br J Haematol 2016; 175:191-207. [PMID: 27619472 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major life-threatening complication of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Here we discuss the aGVHD pathophysiology initiated by multiple signals that cause alloreactive T-cell activation. The outcome of such donor T-cell activation is influenced by T-cell receptor-signal strength, anatomical location, co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory signals and differentiation stage (naive, effector/memory) of T-cells. Additionally, cross-priming of T cells to antigens expressed by pathogens can contribute to aGVHD-mediated tissue injury. In addition to the properties of donor T-cell activation, highly specialized tissue resident cell types, such as innate lymphoid cells, antigen-presenting cells, immune regulatory cells and various intestinal cell populations are critically involved in aGVHD pathogenesis. The role of the thymus and secondary lymphoid tissue injury, non-haematopoietic cells, intestinal microflora, cytokines, chemokines, microRNAs, metabolites and kinases in aGVHD pathophysiology will be highlighted. Acute GVHD pathogenic mechanisms will be connected to novel therapeutic approaches under development for, and tested in, the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zeiser
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gerard Socié
- Haematology Stem cell transplant Unit, Saint Louis Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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215
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Qian Y, Wang X, Li Y, Cao Y, Chen X. Extracellular ATP a New Player in Cancer Metabolism: NSCLC Cells Internalize ATP In Vitro and In Vivo Using Multiple Endocytic Mechanisms. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1087-1096. [PMID: 27578770 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral extracellular ATP concentrations are 1000 times higher than those in normal tissues of the same cell origin. However, whether or not cancer cells use the abundant extracellular ATP was unknown until we recently reported that cancer cells internalize ATP. The internalized ATP was found to substantially increase intracellular ATP concentration and promote cell proliferation and drug resistance in cancer cells. Here, using a nonhydrolyzable fluorescent ATP (NHF-ATP), radioactive and regular ATP, coupled with high and low molecular weight dextrans as endocytosis tracers and fluorescence microscopy and ATP assays, cultured human NSCLC A549 and H1299 cells as well as A549 tumor xenografts were found to internalize extracellular ATP at concentrations within the reported intratumoral extracellular ATP concentration range. In addition to macropinocytosis, both clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis significantly contribute to the ATP internalization, which led to an approximately 30% (within 45 minutes) or more than 50% (within 4 hours) increase in intracellular ATP levels after ATP incubation. This increase could not be accounted for by either purinergic receptor signaling or increased intracellular ATP synthesis rates in the ATP-treated cancer cells. These new findings significantly deepen our understanding of the Warburg effect by shedding light on how cancer cells in tumors, which are heterogeneous for oxygen and nutrition supplies, take up extracellular ATP and use the internalized ATP to perform multiple previously unrecognized functions of biological importance. They strongly suggest the existence of ATP sharing among cancer and stromal cells in tumors and simultaneously identify multiple new anticancer targets. IMPLICATIONS Extracellular ATP is taken up by human lung cancer cells and tumors via macropinocytosis and other endocytic processes to supplement their extra energy needs for cancer growth, survival, and drug resistance, thus providing novel targets for future cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Res; 14(11); 1087-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Yunsheng Li
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Yanyang Cao
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Xiaozhuo Chen
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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216
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Giannuzzo A, Saccomano M, Napp J, Ellegaard M, Alves F, Novak I. Targeting of the P2X7 receptor in pancreatic cancer and stellate cells. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2540-52. [PMID: 27513892 PMCID: PMC5095874 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATP‐gated receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) is involved in regulation of cell survival and has been of interest in cancer field. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer and new markers and therapeutic targets are needed. PDAC is characterized by a complex tumour microenvironment, which includes cancer and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), and potentially high nucleotide/side turnover. Our aim was to determine P2X7R expression and function in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro as well as to perform in vivo efficacy study applying P2X7R inhibitor in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of PDAC. In the in vitro studies we show that human PDAC cells with luciferase gene (PancTu‐1 Luc cells) express high levels of P2X7R protein. Allosteric P2X7R antagonist AZ10606120 inhibited cell proliferation in basal conditions, indicating that P2X7R was tonically active. Extracellular ATP and BzATP, to which the P2X7R is more sensitive, further affected cell survival and confirmed complex functionality of P2X7R. PancTu‐1 Luc migration and invasion was reduced by AZ10606120, and it was stimulated by PSCs, but not by PSCs from P2X7‐/‐ animals. PancTu‐1 Luc cells were orthotopically transplanted into nude mice and tumour growth was followed noninvasively by bioluminescence imaging. AZ10606120‐treated mice showed reduced bioluminescence compared to saline‐treated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed P2X7R expression in cancer and PSC cells, and in metaplastic/neoplastic acinar and duct structures. PSCs number/activity and collagen deposition was reduced in AZ10606120‐treated tumours. What's new? Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one the most difficult types of cancer to detect and treat, challenges that could be overcome through the discovery and development of novel markers and therapeutic strategies. Here, the P2X7 receptor, which regulates cell survival, is shown to also support cell proliferation, migration and invasion in human P2X7R‐expressing PDAC cells. Treatment of orthotopic PDAC tumor‐bearing mice with the P2X7R‐specific inhibitor, AZ10606120, resulted in decreased tumor bioluminescence and reductions in pancreatic stellate cells and collagen deposition. Targeting of P2X7R warrants further investigation as a promising therapeutic approach in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giannuzzo
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mara Saccomano
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Joanna Napp
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Maria Ellegaard
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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217
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The impact of P2X7 receptor antagonist, brilliant blue G on graft-versus-host disease in mice after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:71-77. [PMID: 27544305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of P2X7 on liver inflammation in mice after HSCT. Hematopoietic stem cells obtained from C57BL/6 mice were administrated into BALB/c mice to establish GVHD model. On day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HSCT, mice received P2X7R antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG) or not were sacrificed for analysis of weight loss, liver inflammation, cytokine secretion, P2X7, NLRP3 expression as well as caspase-1 activation. Liver inflammation with neutrophils and macrophases infiltration as well as weight loss increase was present after HSCT, but improved after administration with high dose of BBG compared with lower dose. High dose of P2X7R inhibitor administration after HSCT previously reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1, NLRP3 as well as P2X7, and the level of alanine transaminase (ALT) and the ratio of aspartate amino transferase (AST)/ALT compared with that receiving low dose of BBG. Meanwhile, P2X7R blockage also reduced infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and levels of CXCL8 and CCL2 in peripheral blood as well as improved liver function. In conclusion, blockage of P2X7R by BBG exerts a protective effect on GVHD post HSCT and improves liver function suggesting that this receptor could be considered as an attractive target for treatment of GVHD.
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218
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Green T, Hind J. Graft-versus-host disease in paediatric solid organ transplantation: A review of the literature. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:607-18. [PMID: 27198497 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
GvHD is a rare and serious complication of organ transplantation. The literature is sparse following solid organ transplantation. The aim of this report was to review the literature of GvHD in paediatric solid organ transplantation. We searched PubMed for English-language full-text manuscripts between 1990 and 2015 for eligible studies. A total of 28 publications were found pertaining to paediatric GvHD following solid organ transplantation. GvHD had a mean incidence of 11% (range 8.3-13.4%) following SBTx and 1.5% following liver transplantation. Where described, the most common sites for presentation of GvHD were the skin (87%), the native GI tract (43%), the lungs (7%), the eyes (4%), HA (4%), and the kidneys (1%). Diagnosis was confirmed with biopsy (93%) and/or chimerism (41%). Treatments used include steroids (80%), of which 75% showed partial or complete resolution. Mortality was 33.3% (range 0-100%). Novel therapies include ECP and MSC therapy. GvHD is a rare but serious disease with high mortality. Novel therapies may offer hope in the future, but currently there is limited evidence for their efficacy in the context of intestinal or liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Green
- King's College London - GKT School of Medical Education, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Hind
- King's College Hospital - Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, London, UK
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219
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Stachon P, Geis S, Peikert A, Heidenreich A, Michel NA, Ünal F, Hoppe N, Dufner B, Schulte L, Marchini T, Cicko S, Ayata K, Zech A, Wolf D, Hilgendorf I, Willecke F, Reinöhl J, von Zur Mühlen C, Bode C, Idzko M, Zirlik A. Extracellular ATP Induces Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis via Purinergic Receptor Y2 in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1577-86. [PMID: 27339459 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A solid body of evidence supports a role of extracellular ATP and its P2 receptors in innate and adaptive immunity. It promotes inflammation as a danger signal in various chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, we hypothesize contribution of extracellular ATP and its receptor P2Y2 in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Extracellular ATP induced leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and migration in vivo as assessed by intravital microscopy and in sterile peritonitis. To test the role of extracellular ATP in atherosclerosis, ATP or saline as control was injected intraperitoneally 3× a week in low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice consuming high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis significantly increased after 16 weeks in ATP-treated mice (n=13; control group, 0.26 mm2; ATP group, 0.33 mm2; P=0.01). To gain into the role of ATP-receptor P2Y2 in ATP-induced leukocyte recruitment, ATP was administered systemically in P2Y2-deficient or P2Y2-competent mice. In P2Y2-deficient mice, the ATP-induced leukocyte adhesion was significantly reduced as assessed by intravital microscopy. P2Y2 expression in atherosclerosis was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and demonstrates an increased expression mainly caused by influx of P2Y2-expressing macrophages. To investigate the functional role of P2Y2 in atherogenesis, P2Y2-deficient low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice consumed high cholesterol diet. After 16 weeks, P2Y2-deficient mice showed significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions with decreased macrophages compared with P2Y2-competent mice (n=11; aortic arch: control group, 0.25 mm(2); P2Y2-deficient, 0.14 mm2; P=0.04). Mechanistically, atherosclerotic lesions from P2Y2-deficient mice expressed less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 RNA. CONCLUSIONS We show that extracellular ATP induces vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis via activation of P2Y2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stachon
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Serjosha Geis
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Peikert
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Heidenreich
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathaly Anto Michel
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fatih Ünal
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Dufner
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schulte
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanja Cicko
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Korcan Ayata
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zech
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Willecke
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Reinöhl
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constantin von Zur Mühlen
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Idzko
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- From the Atherogenesis Research Group, University Heart Center Freiburg, Department of Cardiology and Angiology I (P.S., S.G., A.P., A.H., N.A.M., F.Ü., N.H., B.D., L.S., T.M., D.W., I.H., F.W., J.R., C.v.z.M., C.B., A.Z.) and Department of Pneumology (S.C., K.A., A.Z., M.I.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Di Virgilio F, Adinolfi E. Extracellular purines, purinergic receptors and tumor growth. Oncogene 2016; 36:293-303. [PMID: 27321181 PMCID: PMC5269532 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virtually, all tumor cells as well as all immune cells express plasma membrane receptors for extracellular nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and sugar UDP). The tumor microenvironment is characterized by an unusually high concentration of ATP and adenosine. Adenosine is a major determinant of the immunosuppressive tumor milieu. Sequential hydrolysis of extracellular ATP catalyzed by CD39 and CD73 is the main pathway for the generation of adenosine in the tumor interstitium. Extracellular ATP and adenosine mold both host and tumor responses. Depending on the specific receptor activated, extracellular purines mediate immunosuppression or immunostimulation on the host side, and growth stimulation or cytotoxicity on the tumor side. Recent progress in this field is providing the key to decode this complex scenario and to lay the basis to harness the potential benefits for therapy. Preclinical data show that targeting the adenosine-generating pathway (that is, CD73) or adenosinergic receptors (that is, A2A) relieves immunosuppresion and potently inhibits tumor growth. On the other hand, growth of experimental tumors is strongly inhibited by targeting the P2X7 ATP-selective receptor of cancer and immune cells. This review summarizes the recent data on the role played by extracellular purines (purinergic signaling) in host-tumor interaction and highlights novel therapeutic options stemming from recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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221
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G-CSF and Exenatide Might Be Associated with Increased Long-Term Survival of Allogeneic Pancreatic Islet Grafts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157245. [PMID: 27285580 PMCID: PMC4902232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allogeneic human islet transplantation is an effective therapy for the treatment of patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). The low number of islet transplants performed worldwide and the different transplantation protocols used limit the identification of the most effective therapeutic options to improve the efficacy of this approach. Methods We present a retrospective analysis on the data collected from 44 patients with T1D who underwent islet transplantation at our institute between 2000 and 2007. Several variables were included: recipient demographics and immunological characteristics, donor and transplant characteristics, induction protocols, and additional medical treatment received. Immunosuppression was induced with anti-CD25 (Daclizumab), alone or in association with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatments (Etanercept or Infliximab), or with anti-CD52 (Alemtuzumab) in association with anti-TNF-α treatments (Etanercept or Infliximab). Subsets of patients were treated with Filgrastim for moderate/severe neutropenia and/or Exenatide for post prandial hyperglycemia. Results The analysis performed indicates a negative association between graft survival (c-peptide level ≥ 0.3 ng/ml) and islet infusion volume, with the caveat that, the progressive reduction of infusion volumes over the years has been paralleled by improved immunosuppressive protocols. A positive association is instead suggested between graft survival and administration of Exenatide and Filgrastim, alone or in combination. Conclusion This retrospective analysis may be of assistance to further improve long-term outcomes of protocols for transplant of islets and other organs.
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Kanaya M, Shibuya K, Hirochika R, Kanemoto M, Ohashi K, Okada M, Wagatsuma Y, Cho Y, Kojima H, Teshima T, Imamura M, Sakamaki H, Shibuya A. Soluble DNAM-1, as a Predictive Biomarker for Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154173. [PMID: 27257974 PMCID: PMC4892670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Because diagnosis of aGVHD is exclusively based on clinical symptoms and pathological findings, reliable and noninvasive laboratory tests for accurate diagnosis are required. An activating immunoreceptor, DNAM-1 (CD226), is expressed on T cells and natural killer cells and is involved in the development of aGVHD. Here, we identified a soluble form of DNAM-1 (sDNAM-1) in human sera. In retrospective univariate and multivariate analyses of allo-HSCT patients (n = 71) at a single center, cumulative incidences of all grade (grade I-IV) and sgrade II-IV aGVHD in patients with high maximal serum levels of sDNAM-1 (≥30 pM) in the 7 days before allo-HSCT were significantly higher than those in patients with low maximal serum levels of sDNAM-1 (<30 pM) in the same period. However, sDNAM-1 was not associated with other known allo-HSCT complications. Our data suggest that sDNAM-1 is potentially a unique candidate as a predictive biomarker for the development of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kanaya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rei Hirochika
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miyoko Kanemoto
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Ohashi
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Okada
- Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Wagatsuma
- Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Cho
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kojima
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ibaraki Clinical Education and Training Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Imamura
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sakamaki
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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P2 receptors in cancer progression and metastatic spreading. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 29:17-25. [PMID: 27262778 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is nucleoside and nucleotide rich. Adenosine is a key determinant of the highly immunosuppressive tumor interstitium. Extracellular ATP also affects anti-tumor immunity, albeit its effects on host-tumor interaction are incompletely understood. We give here an overview of recent literature covering the role of nucleotide-selective (P2) plasma membrane receptors in tumor growth and progression. P2 receptors are expressed on both host and cancer cells, where depending on the receptor subtype, the inflammatory infiltrate and the tumor cell type they may drive an anti-tumor response or promote tumor progression. It is anticipated that knowledge of the pharmacology, biochemistry and functional activity of the P2 receptors will allow a better understanding of host-tumor interaction and the development of innovative anti-cancer therapy.
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Zhao R, Liang D, Sun D. Blockade of Extracellular ATP Effect by Oxidized ATP Effectively Mitigated Induced Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155953. [PMID: 27196432 PMCID: PMC4873015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathological conditions are accompanied by ATP release from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. Extracellular ATP (eATP) functions as a signaling molecule by activating purinergic P2 purine receptors. The key P2 receptor involved in inflammation was identified as P2X7R. Recent studies have shown that P2X7R signaling is required to trigger the Th1/Th17 immune response, and oxidized ATP (oxATP) effectively blocks P2X7R activation. In this study we investigated the effect of oxATP on mouse experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results demonstrated that induced EAU in B6 mice was almost completely abolished by the administration of small doses of oxATP, and the Th17 response, but not the Th1 response, was significantly weakened in the treated mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the therapeutic effects involve the functional change of a number of immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and regulatory T cells. OxATP not only directly inhibits the T cell response; it also suppresses T cell activation by altering the function of DCs and Foxp3+ T cell. Our results demonstrated that inhibition of P2X7R activation effectively exempts excessive autoimmune inflammation, which may indicate a possible therapeutic use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglan Zhao
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States of America
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in the University of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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225
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Ou Y, Chan G, Zuo J, Rattner JB, van der Hoorn FA. Purinergic A2b Receptor Activation by Extracellular Cues Affects Positioning of the Centrosome and Nucleus and Causes Reduced Cell Migration. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15388-403. [PMID: 27226580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight, relative positioning of the nucleus and centrosome in mammalian cells is important for the regulation of cell migration. Under pathophysiological conditions, the purinergic A2b receptor can regulate cell motility, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Expression of A2b, normally low, is increased in tissues experiencing adverse physiological conditions, including hypoxia and inflammation. ATP is released from such cells. We investigated whether extracellular cues can regulate centrosome-nucleus positioning and cell migration. We discovered that hypoxia as well as extracellular ATP cause a reversible increase in the distance between the centrosome and nucleus and reduced cell motility. We uncovered the underlying pathway: both treatments act through the A2b receptor and specifically activate the Epac1/RapGef3 pathway. We show that cells lacking A2b do not respond in this manner to hypoxia or ATP but transfection of A2b restores this response, that Epac1 is critically involved, and that Rap1B is important for the relative positioning of the centrosome and nucleus. Our results represent, to our knowledge, the first report demonstrating that pathophysiological conditions can impact the distance between the centrosome and nucleus. Furthermore, we identify the A2b receptor as a central player in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ou
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Gordon Chan
- the Department of Oncology and Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jeremy Zuo
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Jerome B Rattner
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada and
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Truvé K, Dickinson P, Xiong A, York D, Jayashankar K, Pielberg G, Koltookian M, Murén E, Fuxelius HH, Weishaupt H, Swartling FJ, Andersson G, Hedhammar Å, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Bannasch D, Lindblad-Toh K. Utilizing the Dog Genome in the Search for Novel Candidate Genes Involved in Glioma Development-Genome Wide Association Mapping followed by Targeted Massive Parallel Sequencing Identifies a Strongly Associated Locus. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006000. [PMID: 27171399 PMCID: PMC4865040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common form of malignant primary brain tumors in humans and second most common in dogs, occurring with similar frequencies in both species. Dogs are valuable spontaneous models of human complex diseases including cancers and may provide insight into disease susceptibility and oncogenesis. Several brachycephalic breeds such as Boxer, Bulldog and Boston Terrier have an elevated risk of developing glioma, but others, including Pug and Pekingese, are not at higher risk. To identify glioma-associated genetic susceptibility factors, an across-breed genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on 39 dog glioma cases and 141 controls from 25 dog breeds, identifying a genome-wide significant locus on canine chromosome (CFA) 26 (p = 2.8 x 10-8). Targeted re-sequencing of the 3.4 Mb candidate region was performed, followed by genotyping of the 56 SNVs that best fit the association pattern between the re-sequenced cases and controls. We identified three candidate genes that were highly associated with glioma susceptibility: CAMKK2, P2RX7 and DENR. CAMKK2 showed reduced expression in both canine and human brain tumors, and a non-synonymous variant in P2RX7, previously demonstrated to have a 50% decrease in receptor function, was also associated with disease. Thus, one or more of these genes appear to affect glioma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Truvé
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail: (KT); (KLT)
| | - Peter Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel York
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kartika Jayashankar
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gerli Pielberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michele Koltookian
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eva Murén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans-Henrik Fuxelius
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holger Weishaupt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik J. Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Hedhammar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Danika Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (KLT)
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227
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Geraghty NJ, Watson D, Adhikary SR, Sluyter R. P2X7 receptor in skin biology and diseases. World J Dermatol 2016; 5:72-83. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v5.i2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated cation channel present on immune and other cells. Activation of this receptor by its natural ligand extracellular adenosine triphosphate results in a variety of downstream responses, including the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell death. In normal skin, P2X7 is present on keratinocytes, Langerhans cells and fibroblasts, while the presence of this receptor on other cutaneous cells is mainly inferred from studies of equivalent cell types present in other tissues. Mast cells in normal skin however express negligible amounts of P2X7, which can be upregulated in cutaneous disease. This review discusses the potential significance of P2X7 in skin biology, and the role of this receptor in inflammatory skin disorders such as irritant and chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, graft-versus-host disease, as well is in wound healing, transplantation and skin cancer.
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228
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Magenau J, Runaas L, Reddy P. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:190-205. [PMID: 27019012 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is a potent immunotherapy with curative potential for several haematological disorders. Overcoming the immunological barrier of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a fundamental impediment to expanding the efficacy of HCT. GVHD reflects a complex pathological interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems of the host and donor. Over the past decade there has been a tremendous advancement in our understanding of the cellular and molecular underpinnings of this devastating disease. In this review, we cover several recently appreciated facets of GVHD pathogenesis including novel extracellular mediators of inflammation, immune subsets, intracellular signal transduction, post-translation modifications and epigenetic regulation. We begin to develop general themes regarding the immunological pathways in GVHD pathogenesis, discuss critical outstanding questions, and explore new avenues for GVHD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Magenau
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lyndsey Runaas
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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229
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Villa NY, Rahman MM, McFadden G, Cogle CR. Therapeutics for Graft-versus-Host Disease: From Conventional Therapies to Novel Virotherapeutic Strategies. Viruses 2016; 8:85. [PMID: 27011200 PMCID: PMC4810275 DOI: 10.3390/v8030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has a curative potential for many hematologic malignancies and blood diseases. However, the success of allo-HSCT is limited by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), an immunological syndrome that involves inflammation and tissue damage mediated by donor lymphocytes. Despite immune suppression, GVHD is highly incident even after allo-HSCT using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors. Therefore, alternative and more effective therapies are needed to prevent or control GVHD while preserving the beneficial graft-versus-cancer (GVC) effects against residual disease. Among novel therapeutics for GVHD, oncolytic viruses such as myxoma virus (MYXV) are receiving increased attention due to their dual role in controlling GVHD while preserving or augmenting GVC. This review focuses on the molecular basis of GVHD, as well as state-of-the-art advances in developing novel therapies to prevent or control GVHD while minimizing impact on GVC. Recent literature regarding conventional and the emerging therapies are summarized, with special emphasis on virotherapy to prevent GVHD. Recent advances using preclinical models with oncolytic viruses such as MYXV to ameliorate the deleterious consequences of GVHD, while maintaining or improving the anti-cancer benefits of GVC will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Y Villa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christopher R Cogle
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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230
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Apostolova P, Zeiser R. The role of danger signals and ectonucleotidases in acute graft-versus-host disease. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1037-1047. [PMID: 26902992 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) represents the only curative treatment approach for many patients with benign or malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system. However, post-transplant morbidity and mortality are significantly increased by the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). While alloreactive T cells act as the main cellular mediator of the GvH reaction, recent evidence suggests a critical role of the innate immune system in the early stages of GvHD initiation. Danger-associated molecular patterns released from the intracellular space as well as from the extracellular matrix activate antigen-presenting cells and set pro-inflammatory pathways in motion. This review gives an overview about danger signals representing therapeutic targets with a clinical perspective with a particular focus on extracellular nucleotides and ectonucleotidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Apostolova
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
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231
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RamaKrishnan AM, Sankaranarayanan K. Understanding autoimmunity: The ion channel perspective. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:585-620. [PMID: 26854401 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that orchestrate the passage of ions across the cell membrane and thus regulate various key physiological processes of the living system. The stringently regulated expression and function of these channels hold a pivotal role in the development and execution of various cellular functions. Malfunction of these channels results in debilitating diseases collectively termed channelopathies. In this review, we highlight the role of these proteins in the immune system with special emphasis on the development of autoimmunity. The role of ion channels in various autoimmune diseases is also listed out. This comprehensive review summarizes the ion channels that could be used as molecular targets in the development of new therapeutics against autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kavitha Sankaranarayanan
- AU-KBC Research Centre, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna University, Chrompet, Chennai 600 044, India.
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232
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Burnstock G. P2X ion channel receptors and inflammation. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:59-67. [PMID: 26739702 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation limits tissue damage in response to pathogens or injury and promotes repair. There are two stages of inflammation, initiation and resolution. P2X receptors are gaining attention in relation to immunology and inflammation. The P2X7 receptor in particular appears to be an essential immunomodulatory receptor, although P2X1 and P2X4 receptors also appear to be involved. ATP released from damaged or infected cells causes inflammation by release of inflammatory cytokines via P2X7 receptors and acts as a danger signal by occupying upregulated P2X receptors on immune cells to increase immune responses. The purinergic involvement in inflammation is being explored for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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233
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Lazar Z, Müllner N, Lucattelli M, Ayata CK, Cicko S, Yegutkin GG, De Cunto G, Müller T, Meyer A, Hossfeld M, Sorichter S, Horvath I, Virchow CJ, Robson SC, Lungarella G, Idzko M. NTPDase1/CD39 and aberrant purinergic signalling in the pathogenesis of COPD. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:254-63. [PMID: 26541524 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02144-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic receptor activation via extracellular ATP is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1/CD39 hydrolyses extracellular ATP and modulates P2 receptor signalling.We aimed to investigate the expression and function of CD39 in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in patients and preclinical mouse models. CD39 expression and soluble ATPase activity were quantified in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells in nonsmokers, smokers and COPD patients or mice with cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. In mice, pulmonary ATP and cytokine concentrations, inflammation and emphysema were analysed in the presence or absence of CD39.Following acute cigarette smoke exposure CD39 was upregulated in BALF cells in smokers with further increases in COPD patients. Acute cigarette smoke exposure induced CD39 upregulation in murine lungs and BALF cells, and ATP degradation was accelerated in airway fluids. CD39 inhibition and deficiency led to augmented lung inflammation; treatment with ATPase during cigarette smoke exposure prevented emphysema.Pulmonary CD39 expression and activity are increased in COPD. CD39 deficiency leads to enhanced emphysema in mice, while external administration of a functional CD39 analogue partially rescues the phenotype. The compensatory upregulation of pulmonary CD39 might serve as a protective mechanism in cigarette smoke-induced lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Lazar
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary These authors contributed equally
| | - Nina Müllner
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany These authors contributed equally
| | - Monica Lucattelli
- Dept of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy These authors contributed equally
| | - Cemil Korcan Ayata
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany These authors contributed equally
| | - Sanja Cicko
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Müller
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Meyer
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Madelon Hossfeld
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Sorichter
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ildiko Horvath
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Simon C Robson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Dept of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marco Idzko
- Dept of Pulmonology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Michonneau D, Sagoo P, Breart B, Garcia Z, Celli S, Bousso P. The PD-1 Axis Enforces an Anatomical Segregation of CTL Activity that Creates Tumor Niches after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Immunity 2016; 44:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nakahira K, Hisata S, Choi AMK. The Roles of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1329-50. [PMID: 26067258 PMCID: PMC4685486 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria, vital cellular power plants to generate energy, are involved in immune responses. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules that are released from mitochondria to extracellular space during cell death and include not only proteins but also DNA or lipids. Mitochondrial DAMPs induce inflammatory responses and are critically involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs are released and initiate immune responses by use of genetically modulated cells or animals. Importantly, the levels of mitochondrial DAMPs in patients are often associated with severity and prognosis of human diseases, such as infection, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. CRITICAL ISSUES Although mitochondrial DAMPs can represent proinflammatory molecules in various experimental models, their roles in human diseases may be multifunctional and complex. It remains unclear where and how mitochondrial DAMPs are liberated into extracellular spaces and exert their biological functions particularly in vivo. In addition, while mitochondria can secrete several types of DAMPs during cell death, the interaction of each mitochondrial DAMP (e.g., synergistic effects) remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Regulation of mitochondrial DAMP-mediated immune responses may be important to alter the progression of human diseases. In addition, measuring mitochondrial DAMPs in patients may be clinically useful as biomarkers to predict prognosis or response to therapies. Further studies of the mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs impact the initiation and progression of diseases may lead to the development of therapeutics specifically targeting this pathway. Antioxid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Nakahira
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Shu Hisata
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
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236
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Qiao J, Huang Y, Xia Y, Chu P, Yao H, Xu L, Qi K, Liu Y, Xu K, Zeng L. Busulfan and cyclosphamide induce liver inflammation through NLRP3 activation in mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17828. [PMID: 26635145 PMCID: PMC4669461 DOI: 10.1038/srep17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome on BU/CY-induced liver inflammation in mice after HSCT. HSCT mice model was established through infusion of 5 × 106 bone marrow mononuclear cells after conditioned with BU/CY. On day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after HSCT, mice were sacrificed for analysis of liver inflammation, cytokine secretion, NLRP3 expression and caspase-1 activation as well as release of ATP and high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Furthermore, NLRP3 selective inhibitor (BAY 11-7082) was administrated into mice after HSCT to evaluate its effects on liver inflammation. Severe liver inflammation and damage with elevated secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 were found in mice after HSCT. Meanwhile, elevated expressions of NLRP3 and caspase-1 activation in liver were found. In addition, increased release of ATP and HMGB1 were observed. Selective inhibition of NLRP3 decreased caspase-1 activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. Furthermore, NLRP3 inhibition also reduced infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and improved liver function. In conclusion, NLRP3 was involved in BU/CY-induced liver inflammation after HSCT and selectively inhibited it ameliorated liver inflammation and improved liver function, suggesting targeting NLRP3 might be a new approach in the prophylaxis of liver inflammation after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Qiao
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yujin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Peipei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Haina Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Linyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Kunming Qi
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221002, China
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237
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Klämbt V, Wohlfeil SA, Schwab L, Hülsdünker J, Ayata K, Apostolova P, Schmitt-Graeff A, Dierbach H, Prinz G, Follo M, Prinz M, Idzko M, Zeiser R. A Novel Function for P2Y2 in Myeloid Recipient-Derived Cells during Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5795-804. [PMID: 26538394 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. During the initiation phase of acute GvHD, endogenous danger signals such as ATP are released and inform the innate immune system via activation of the purinergic receptor P2X7 that a noninfectious damage has occurred. A second ATP-activated purinergic receptor involved in inflammatory diseases is P2Y2. In this study, we used P2y2(-/-) mice to test the role of this receptor in GvHD. P2y2(-/-) recipients experienced reduced GvHD-related mortality, IL-6 levels, enterocyte apoptosis, and histopathology scores. Chimeric mice with P2y2 deficiency restricted to hematopoietic tissues survived longer after GvHD induction than did wild-type mice. P2y2 deficiency of the recipient was connected to lower levels of myeloperoxidase in the intestinal tract of mice developing GvHD and a reduced myeloid cell signature. Selective deficiency of P2Y2 in inflammatory monocytes decreased GvHD severity. Mechanistically, P2y2(-/-) inflammatory monocytes displayed defective ERK activation and reactive oxygen species production. Compatible with a role of P2Y2 in human GvHD, the frequency of P2Y2(+) cells in inflamed GvHD lesions correlated with histopathological GvHD severity. Our findings indicate a novel function for P2Y2 in ATP-activated recipient myeloid cells during GvHD, which could be exploited when targeting danger signals to prevent GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Klämbt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Wohlfeil
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Schwab
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hülsdünker
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Korcan Ayata
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Heide Dierbach
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Prinz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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238
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Kim KW, Moon SJ, Park MJ, Kim BM, Kim EK, Lee SH, Lee EJ, Chung BH, Yang CW, Cho ML. Optimization of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells by rapamycin in a murine model of acute graft-versus-host disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:202. [PMID: 26497134 PMCID: PMC4619057 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can protect bone marrow transplantation (BMT) recipients from the lethal acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) development. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory properties of MSCs in aGVHD remain to be elucidated. The immunoregulatory properties of MSCs are mediated by their production of anti-inflammatory molecules, including IL-10 and TGF-β. On the other hand, MSCs can also produce proinflammatory cytokines during their normal growth, such as IL-1β and IL-6. These opposite actions may limit their therapeutic application in aGVHD. Therefore, optimization of the functional properties of MSCs can increase their benefits. Methods The expressions of mRNA and protein were analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Expression of MSC markers was assessed by flow cytometry. An animal model of aGVHD was established by transplanting C57BL/6 donor bone marrow cells and spleen cells into lethally irradiated BALB/c recipient mice. The recipient mice were divided into the control group and the therapy [adipose tissue-derived human MSCs (Ad-hMSCs) or rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs] groups. The survival, body weight and clinical score of aGVHD in transplanted mice were monitored. Results Rapamycin pre-treatment of Ad-hMSCs increased mRNA synthesis of IL-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and TGF-β compared with untreated Ad-hMSCs. Rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs suppressed clonal expansion of interleukin-17-producing CD4+ T (Th17) cells more effectively than untreated cells. mRNA expression of autophagy markers such as ATG5, LC3A and LC3B was significantly increased in the rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs compared with untreated Ad-hMSCs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that Ad-hMSCs exposure to rapamycin resulted in the appearance of autophagic vacuoles. Interestingly, in vitro migration efficiency of rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs toward the CD4+ T cells was increased significantly compared with the untreated cells. And, these effects were associated with autophagy induction capacity of rapamycin. In vivo, the inhibiting properties of MSCs on the clinical severities of aGVHD were greater in the mice receiving rapamycin-treated Ad-hMSCs compared with untreated Ad-hMSCs. The beneficial effects of rapamycin treatment in Ad-hMSCs shown in vivo were associated with a reduction of Th17 cells and an increase in regulatory T cells. Conclusions Rapamycin can optimize the immunomodulatory potential of Ad-hMSCs, suggesting a promising strategy of MSC use in aGVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Woon Kim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Su-Jin Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Min-Jung Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Hee Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Byung-Ha Chung
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Chul-Woo Yang
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, 137-040, , Seoul, Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic disease, Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,The Rheumatism Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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239
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Lioi AB, Ferrari BM, Dubyak GR, Weinberg A, Sieg SF. Human β Defensin-3 Increases CD86 Expression on Monocytes by Activating the ATP-Gated Channel P2X7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4438-45. [PMID: 26416278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human β defensin-3 (hBD-3), an epithelial cell-derived antimicrobial peptide, mediates chemotaxis and activation of myeloid cells. In this study, we provide evidence that hBD-3 induces the costimulatory molecule CD86 on primary human monocytes by a mechanism involving autocrine activation of ionotropic P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) by ATP. Incubation of monocytes with hBD-3 resulted in increased expression of both the CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. Treatment of monocytes with a selective P2X7R antagonist inhibited the ability of hBD-3 to induce expression of CD86 but not CD80. The hBD-3-dependent upregulation of CD86 was also attenuated in monocytes incubated with apyrase, a potent scavenger of extracellular ATP. Finally, direct activation of monocyte P2X7R by exogenous ATP mimicked the ability of hBD-3 to induce CD86 expression. These data suggest that hBD-3 induces monocyte activation by both P2X7-dependent (CD86 upregulation) and P2X7-independent (CD80 upregulation) signaling mechanisms and raise the possibility that activation of P2X7R could play an important role in shaping the inflammatory microenvironment in conditions where hBD-3 is highly expressed, such as psoriasis or oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Lioi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Brian M Ferrari
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Scott F Sieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106;
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240
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Barberà-Cremades M, Baroja-Mazo A, Pelegrín P. Purinergic signaling during macrophage differentiation results in M2 alternative activated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:289-99. [PMID: 26382298 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0514-267rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a highly heterogenic cell population of the innate immune system, with important roles in the initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response. Purinergic signaling regulates both M1 and M2 macrophage function at different levels by controlling the secretion of cytokines, phagocytosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species. We found that extracellular nucleotides arrest macrophage differentiation from bone marrow precursors via adenosine and P2 receptors. This results in a mature macrophage with increased expression of M2, but not M1, genes. Similar to adenosine and ATP, macrophage growth arrested with LPS treatment resulted in an increase of the M2-related marker Ym1. Recombinant Ym1 was able to affect macrophage proliferation and could, potentially, be involved in the arrest of macrophage growth during hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barberà-Cremades
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Unidad de Inflamación Molecular y Cirugía Experimental, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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241
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Vénéreau E, Ceriotti C, Bianchi ME. DAMPs from Cell Death to New Life. Front Immunol 2015; 6:422. [PMID: 26347745 PMCID: PMC4539554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our body handles tissue damage by activating the immune system in response to intracellular molecules released by injured tissues [damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)], in a similar way as it detects molecular motifs conserved in pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPs are molecules that have a physiological role inside the cell, but acquire additional functions when they are exposed to the extracellular environment: they alert the body about danger, stimulate an inflammatory response, and finally promote the regeneration process. Beside their passive release by dead cells, some DAMPs can be secreted or exposed by living cells undergoing a life-threatening stress. DAMPs have been linked to inflammation and related disorders: hence, inhibition of DAMP-mediated inflammatory responses is a promising strategy to improve the clinical management of infection- and injury-elicited inflammatory diseases. However, it is important to consider that DAMPs are not only danger signals but also central players in tissue repair. Indeed, some DAMPs have been studied for their role in tissue healing after sterile or infection-associated inflammation. This review is focused on two exemplary DAMPs, HMGB1 and adenosine triphosphate, and their contribution to both inflammation and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vénéreau
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy ; HMGBiotech Srl , Milan , Italy
| | - Chiara Ceriotti
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Marco Emilio Bianchi
- Chromatin Dynamics Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy ; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan , Italy
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242
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GVHD-associated, inflammasome-mediated loss of function in adoptively transferred myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Blood 2015; 126:1621-8. [PMID: 26265697 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-03-634691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a naturally occurring immune regulatory population associated with inhibition of ongoing inflammatory responses. In vitro generation of MDSCs from bone marrow has been shown to enhance survival in an acute model of lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, donor MDSC infusion only partially ameliorates GVHD lethality. In order to improve the potential therapeutic benefit and ultimately survival outcomes, we set out to investigate the fate of MDSCs after transfer in the setting of acute GVHD (aGVHD). MDSCs transferred to lethally irradiated recipients of allogeneic donor hematopoietic grafts are exposed to an intense inflammatory environment associated with aGVHD, which we now show directly undermines their suppressive capacity. Under a conditioning regimen and GVHD inflammatory settings, MDSCs rapidly lose suppressor function and their potential to inhibit GVHD lethality, which is associated with their induced conversion toward a mature inflammasome-activated state. We find even brief in vitro exposure to inflammasome-activating mediators negates the suppressive potential of cultured murine and human-derived MDSCs. Consistent with a role for the inflammasome, donor MDSCs deficient in the adaptor ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), which assembles inflammasome complexes, conferred improved survival of mice developing GVHD compared with wild-type donor MDSCs. These data suggest the use of MDSCs as a therapeutic approach for preventing GVHD and other systemic inflammatory conditions will be more effective when combined with approaches limiting in vivo MDSC inflammasome activation, empowering MDSCs to maintain their suppressive potential.
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243
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MicroRNA-155-deficient dendritic cells cause less severe GVHD through reduced migration and defective inflammasome activation. Blood 2015; 126:103-12. [PMID: 25972159 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-617258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful treatment of acute leukemias with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is limited by acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Because microRNA-155 (miR-155) regulates activation of the innate immune system, we aimed to determine its function in dendritic cells (DCs) during GVHD in an experimental model. We observed that miR-155 deficiency of the recipient led to improved survival, reduced serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and lower GVHD histopathology scores. In addition, miR-155(-/-) bone marrow chimeric mice receiving allo-HCT and miR-155(-/-) DCs showed that miR-155 deficiency in the DC compartment was responsible for protection from GVHD. Activated miR-155(-/-) DCs displayed lower expression of various purinergic receptors and impaired migration toward adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Microarray analysis of lipopolysaccharide/ATP-stimulated miR-155(-/-) DCs revealed mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway dysregulation and reduced inflammasome-associated gene expression. Consistent with this gene expression data, we observed reduced ERK activation, caspase-1 cleavage, and IL-1β production in miR-155(-/-) DCs. The connection between miR-155 and inflammasome activation was supported by the fact that Nlrp3/miR-155 double-knockout allo-HCT recipient mice had no increased protection from GVHD compared with Nlrp3(-/-) recipients. This study indicates that during GVHD, miR-155 promotes DC migration toward sites of ATP release accompanied by inflammasome activation. Inhibiting proinflammatory miR-155 by antagomir treatment could help reduce this complication of allo-HCT.
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Allsopp RC, Evans RJ. Contribution of the Juxtatransmembrane Intracellular Regions to the Time Course and Permeation of ATP-gated P2X7 Receptor Ion Channels. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14556-66. [PMID: 25903136 PMCID: PMC4505523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors are ATP-gated ion channels that contribute to inflammation and cell death. They have the novel property of showing marked facilitation to repeated applications of agonist, and the intrinsic channel pore dilates to allow the passage of fluorescent dyes. A 60-s application of ATP to hP2X7 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes gave rise to a current that had a biphasic time course with initial and secondary slowly developing components. A second application of ATP evoked a response with a more rapid time to peak. This facilitation was reversed to initial levels following a 10-min agonist-free interval. A chimeric approach showed that replacement of the pre-TM1 amino-terminal region with the corresponding P2X2 receptor section (P2X7–2Nβ) gave responses that quickly reached a steady state and did not show facilitation. Subsequent point mutations of variant residues identified Asn-16 and Ser-23 as important contributors to the time course/facilitation. The P2X7 receptor is unique in having an intracellular carboxyl-terminal cysteine-rich region (Ccys). Deletion of this region removed the secondary slowly developing current, and, when expressed in HEK293 cells, ethidium bromide uptake was only ∼5% that of WT levels, indicating reduced large pore formation. Dye uptake was also reduced for the P2X7–2Nβ chimera. Surprisingly, combination of the chimera and the Ccys deletion (P2X7–2NβdelCcys) restored the current rise time and ethidium uptake to WT levels. These findings suggest that there is a coevolved interaction between the juxtatransmembrane amino and carboxyl termini in the regulation of P2X7 receptor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Allsopp
- From the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Evans
- From the Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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245
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Pathophysiological role of extracellular purinergic mediators in the control of intestinal inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:427125. [PMID: 25944982 PMCID: PMC4405224 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic mediators such as adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) are released into the extracellular compartment from damaged tissues and activated immune cells. They are then recognized by multiple purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors. Release and recognition of extracellular ATP are associated with both the development and the resolution of inflammation and infection. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested the potential of purinergic receptors as novel targets for drugs for treating intestinal disorders, including intestinal inflammation and irritable bowel syndrome. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the pathophysiological role of purinergic mediators in the development of intestinal inflammation.
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246
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Jin H, Seo J, Eun SY, Joo YN, Park SW, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim HJ. P2Y2 R activation by nucleotides promotes skin wound-healing process. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:480-5. [PMID: 24816122 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
P2Y2 R has been shown to be upregulated in a variety of tissues in response to stress or injury and to mediate tissue regeneration through its ability to activate multiple signalling pathways. This study aimed to investigate the role of P2Y2 R in the wound-healing process and the mechanisms by which P2Y2 R activation promotes wound healing in fibroblasts. The role of P2Y2 R in skin wound healing was examined using a full-thickness skin wound model in wildtype (WT) and P2Y2 R(-/-) mice and an in vitro scratch wound model in control or P2Y2 R siRNA-transfected fibroblasts. WT mice showed significantly decreased wound size compared with P2Y2 R(-/-) mice at day 14 post-wounding, and immunohistochemical analysis showed that a proliferation marker Ki67 and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins VEGF, collagen I, fibronectin and α-SMA were overexpressed in WT mice, which were reduced in P2Y2 R(-/-) mice. Scratch-wounded fibroblasts increased ATP release, which peaked at 5 min. In addition, scratch wounding increased the level of P2Y2 R mRNA. Activation of P2Y2 R by ATP or UTP enhanced proliferation and migration of fibroblasts in in vitro scratch wound assays and were blocked by P2Y2 R siRNA. Finally, ATP or UTP also increased the levels of ECM-related proteins through the activation of P2Y2 R in fibroblasts. This study suggests that P2Y2 R may be a potential therapeutic target to promote wound healing in chronic wound diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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247
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Zeiser R. Activation of Innate Immunity in Graft-versus-Host Disease: Implications for Novel Targets? Oncol Res Treat 2015; 38:239-43. [PMID: 25966771 DOI: 10.1159/000381296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is mediated by alloreactive donor-derived T cells with a suitable T cell receptor recognizing recipient major histocompatibility complex or minor histocompatibility antigens. However, the process of T cell activation and tissue injury sensing is also dependent on innate immune cells and non-hematopoietic cells. Different cell types of the innate immune system have the ability to sense danger-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors which can be transmembrane Toll-like receptors or cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors. Infectious stimuli include bacterial, viral, and fungal components, while non-infectious stimuli can be components derived from damaged cells or extracellular matrix. A better understanding of the complex sensing and effector mechanisms of innate immune cells in GvHD may help to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies in GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
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248
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Brennan TV, Rendell VR, Yang Y. Innate immune activation by tissue injury and cell death in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:101. [PMID: 25852683 PMCID: PMC4360715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) with donor lymphocyte infusion is the mainstay of treatment for many types of hematological malignancies, but the therapeutic effect and prevention of relapse is complicated by donor T-cell recognition and attack of host tissue in a process known as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Cytotoxic myeloablative conditioning regimens used prior to Allo-HSCT result in the release of endogenous innate immune activators that are increasingly recognized for their role in creating a pro-inflammatory milieu. This increased inflammatory state promotes allogeneic T-cell activation and the induction and perpetuation of GvHD. Here, we review the processes of cellular response to injury and cell death that are relevant following Allo-HSCT and present the current evidence for a causative role of a variety of endogenous innate immune activators in the mediation of sterile inflammation following Allo-HSCT. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies that target the endogenous pathways of innate immune activation to decrease the incidence and severity of GvHD following Allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd V Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University , Durham, NC , USA
| | | | - Yiping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, NC , USA ; Department of Immunology, Duke University , Durham, NC , USA
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249
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Pandolfi J, Ferraro A, Lerner M, Serrano JR, Dueck A, Fainboim L, Arruvito L. Purinergic signaling modulates human visceral adipose inflammatory responses: implications in metabolically unhealthy obesity. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:941-949. [PMID: 25717146 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1214-626r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is accompanied by chronic inflammation of VAT, which promotes metabolic changes, and purinergic signaling has a key role in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we addressed whether fat inflammation could be differentially modulated by this signaling pathway in the MUO and in individuals who remain MHO. Our results show that the necrotized VAT of both groups released greater levels of ATP compared with lean donors. Interestingly, MUO tissue SVCs showed up-regulation and engagement of the purinergic P2X7R. The extracellular ATP concentration is regulated by an enzymatic process, in which CD39 converts ATP and ADP into AMP, and CD73 converts AMP into adenosine. In VAT, the CD73 ectoenzyme was widely distributed in immune and nonimmune cells, whereas CD39 expression was restricted to immune CD45PAN+ SVCs. Although the MUO group expressed the highest levels of both ectoenzymes, no difference in ATP hydrolysis capacity was found between the groups. As expected, MUO exhibited the highest NLRP3 inflammasome expression and IL-1β production. MUO SVCs also displayed up-regulation of the A2AR, allowing extracellular adenosine to increase IL-1β local secretion. Additionally, we demonstrate that metabolic parameters and BMI are positively correlated with purinergic components in VAT. These findings indicate that purinergic signaling is a novel mechanism involved in the chronic inflammation of VAT underlying the metabolic changes in obesity. Finally, our study reveals a proinflammatory role for adenosine in sustaining IL-1β production in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pandolfi
- *Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, and División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Ferraro
- *Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, and División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Lerner
- *Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, and División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J R Serrano
- *Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, and División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Dueck
- *Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, and División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Fainboim
- *Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, and División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Arruvito
- *Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, and División Cirugía Gastroenterológica, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín," Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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250
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Nalle SC, Kwak HA, Edelblum KL, Joseph NE, Singh G, Khramtsova GF, Mortenson ED, Savage PA, Turner JR. Recipient NK cell inactivation and intestinal barrier loss are required for MHC-matched graft-versus-host disease. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:243ra87. [PMID: 24990882 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a correlation between pretransplant conditioning intensity, intestinal barrier loss, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) severity. However, because irradiation and other forms of pretransplant conditioning have pleiotropic effects, the precise role of intestinal barrier loss in GVHD pathogenesis remains unclear. We developed GVHD models that allowed us to isolate the specific contributions of distinct pretransplant variables. Intestinal damage was required for the induction of minor mismatch [major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched] GVHD, but was not necessary for major mismatch GVHD, demonstrating fundamental pathogenic distinctions between these forms of disease. Moreover, recipient natural killer (NK) cells prevented minor mismatch GVHD by limiting expansion and target organ infiltration of alloreactive T cells via a perforin-dependent mechanism, revealing an immunoregulatory function of MHC-matched recipient NK cells in GVHD. Minor mismatch GVHD required MyD88-mediated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling on donor cells, and intestinal damage could be bypassed by parenteral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, indicating a critical role for the influx of bacterial components triggered by intestinal barrier loss. In all, the data demonstrate that pretransplant conditioning plays a dual role in promoting minor mismatch GVHD by both depleting recipient NK cells and inducing intestinal barrier loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C Nalle
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - H Aimee Kwak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nora E Joseph
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Eric D Mortenson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peter A Savage
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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