201
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Miles CE, Keener JP. Bidirectionality from cargo thermal fluctuations in motor-mediated transport. J Theor Biol 2017; 424:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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202
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MARK4 regulates NLRP3 positioning and inflammasome activation through a microtubule-dependent mechanism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15986. [PMID: 28656979 PMCID: PMC5493753 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease. Here we show that microtubule-affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) binds to NLRP3 and drives it to the microtubule-organizing centre, enabling the formation of one large inflammasome speck complex within a single cell. MARK4 knockdown or knockout, or disruption of MARK4-NLRP3 interaction, impairs NLRP3 spatial arrangement and limits inflammasome activation. Our results demonstrate how an evolutionarily conserved protein involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics orchestrates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by controlling its transport to optimal activation sites, and identify a targetable function for MARK4 in the control of innate immunity.
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203
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Ramkumar A, Murthy D, Raja DA, Singh A, Krishnan A, Khanna S, Vats A, Thukral L, Sharma P, Sivasubbu S, Rani R, Natarajan VT, Gokhale RS. Classical autophagy proteins LC3B and ATG4B facilitate melanosome movement on cytoskeletal tracks. Autophagy 2017; 13:1331-1347. [PMID: 28598240 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1327509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a dynamic and inducible catabolic process that responds to a variety of hormonal and environmental cues. Recent studies highlight the interplay of this central pathway in a variety of pathophysiological diseases. Although defective autophagy is implicated in melanocyte proliferation and pigmentary disorders, the mechanistic relationship between the 2 pathways has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that autophagic proteins LC3B and ATG4B mediate melanosome trafficking on cytoskeletal tracks. While studying melanogenesis, we observed spatial segregation of LC3B-labeled melanosomes with preferential absence at the dendritic ends of melanocytes. This LC3B labeling of melanosomes did not impact the steady-state levels of these organelles but instead facilitated their intracellular positioning. Melanosomes primarily traverse on microtubule and actin cytoskeletal tracks and our studies reveal that LC3B enables the assembly of microtubule translocon complex. At the microtubule-actin crossover junction, ATG4B detaches LC3B from melanosomal membranes by enzymatic delipidation. Further, by live-imaging we show that melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes lack melanocyte-specific LC3B. Our study thus elucidates a new role for autophagy proteins in directing melanosome movement and reveal the unconventional use of these proteins in cellular trafficking pathways. Such crosstalk between the central cellular function and housekeeping pathway may be a crucial mechanism to balance melanocyte bioenergetics and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ramkumar
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Divya Murthy
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Desingu Ayyappa Raja
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Archana Singh
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Anusha Krishnan
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Sangeeta Khanna
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Archana Vats
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Lipi Thukral
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Pushkar Sharma
- c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India
| | - Rajni Rani
- c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- a CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Mathura Road, New Delhi , India.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , Rafi Marg, New Delhi , India.,c National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi , India.,d Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bangalore , India
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204
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Ravindran MS, Engelke MF, Verhey KJ, Tsai B. Exploiting the kinesin-1 molecular motor to generate a virus membrane penetration site. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15496. [PMID: 28537258 PMCID: PMC5458101 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit cellular machineries to penetrate a host membrane and cause infection, a process that remains enigmatic for non-enveloped viruses. Here we probe how the non-enveloped polyomavirus SV40 penetrates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to reach the cytosol, a crucial infection step. We find that the microtubule-based motor kinesin-1 is recruited to the ER membrane by binding to the transmembrane J-protein B14. Strikingly, this motor facilitates SV40 ER-to-cytosol transport by constructing a penetration site on the ER membrane called a ‘focus'. Neither kinesin-2, kinesin-3 nor kinesin-5 promotes foci formation or infection. The specific use of kinesin-1 is due to its unique ability to select posttranslationally modified microtubules for cargo transport and thereby spatially restrict focus formation to the perinucleus. These findings support the idea of a ‘tubulin code' for motor-dependent trafficking and establish a distinct kinesin-1 function in which a motor is exploited to create a viral membrane penetration site. How non-enveloped viruses cross host membranes is incompletely understood. Here, Ravindran et al. show that polyomavirus SV40 recruits kinesin-1 to construct a penetration site on the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhan Ravindran
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Martin F Engelke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 3043 BSRB, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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205
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Huang YF, Zhuo GY, Chou CY, Lin CH, Hsieh CL. Label-free, ultrahigh-speed, 3D observation of bidirectional and correlated intracellular cargo transport by coherent brightfield microscopy. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6567-6574. [PMID: 28470293 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00604g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of intracellular transport at the molecular scale requires measurements at high spatial and temporal resolutions. We demonstrate the label-free, direct imaging and tracking of native cell vesicles in live cells at an ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution. Using coherent brightfield (COBRI) microscopy, we monitor individual cell vesicles traveling inside the cell with nanometer spatial precision in 3D at 30 000 frames per second. The stepwise directional motion of the vesicle on the cytoskeletal track is clearly resolved. We also observe the repeated switching of the transport direction of the vesicle in a continuous trajectory. Our high-resolution measurement unveils the transient pausing and subtle bidirectional motion of the vesicle, taking place over tens of nanometers in tens of milliseconds. By tracking multiple particles simultaneously, we found strong correlations between the motions of two neighboring vesicles. Our label-free ultrahigh-speed optical imaging provides the opportunity to visualize intracellular cargo transport at the nanoscale in the microsecond timescale with minimal perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan.
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206
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Khare S, Nick JA, Zhang Y, Galeano K, Butler B, Khoshbouei H, Rayaprolu S, Hathorn T, Ranum LPW, Smithson L, Golde TE, Paucar M, Morse R, Raff M, Simon J, Nordenskjöld M, Wirdefeldt K, Rincon-Limas DE, Lewis J, Kaczmarek LK, Fernandez-Funez P, Nick HS, Waters MF. A KCNC3 mutation causes a neurodevelopmental, non-progressive SCA13 subtype associated with dominant negative effects and aberrant EGFR trafficking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173565. [PMID: 28467418 PMCID: PMC5414954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a diverse group of neurological disorders anchored by the phenotypes of motor incoordination and cerebellar atrophy. Disease heterogeneity is appreciated through varying comorbidities: dysarthria, dysphagia, oculomotor and/or retinal abnormalities, motor neuron pathology, epilepsy, cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and psychiatric manifestations. Our study focuses on SCA13, which is caused by several allelic variants in the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNC3 (Kv3.3). We detail the clinical phenotype of four SCA13 kindreds that confirm causation of the KCNC3R423H allele. The heralding features demonstrate congenital onset with non-progressive, neurodevelopmental cerebellar hypoplasia and lifetime improvement in motor and cognitive function that implicate compensatory neural mechanisms. Targeted expression of human KCNC3R423H in Drosophila triggers aberrant wing veins, maldeveloped eyes, and fused ommatidia consistent with the neurodevelopmental presentation of patients. Furthermore, human KCNC3R423H expression in mammalian cells results in altered glycosylation and aberrant retention of the channel in anterograde and/or endosomal vesicles. Confirmation of the absence of plasma membrane targeting was based on the loss of current conductance in cells expressing the mutant channel. Mechanistically, genetic studies in Drosophila, along with cellular and biophysical studies in mammalian systems, demonstrate the dominant negative effect exerted by the mutant on the wild-type (WT) protein, which explains dominant inheritance. We demonstrate that ocular co-expression of KCNC3R423H with Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (dEgfr) results in striking rescue of the eye phenotype, whereas KCNC3R423H expression in mammalian cells results in aberrant intracellular retention of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Together, these results indicate that the neurodevelopmental consequences of KCNC3R423H may be mediated through indirect effects on EGFR signaling in the developing cerebellum. Our results therefore confirm the KCNC3R423H allele as causative for SCA13, through a dominant negative effect on KCNC3WT and links with EGFR that account for dominant inheritance, congenital onset, and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Khare
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jerelyn A. Nick
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Kira Galeano
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Brittany Butler
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Tyisha Hathorn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Laura P. W. Ranum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Lisa Smithson
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Todd E. Golde
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Morse
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States of America
| | - Michael Raff
- Genomics Institute, Multicare Health System, Tacoma, WA, United States of America
| | - Julie Simon
- Genomics Institute, Multicare Health System, Tacoma, WA, United States of America
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diego E. Rincon-Limas
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jada Lewis
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Leonard K. Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Harry S. Nick
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Waters
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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207
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Yamada M, Tanaka-Takiguchi Y, Hayashi M, Nishina M, Goshima G. Multiple kinesin-14 family members drive microtubule minus end-directed transport in plant cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1705-1714. [PMID: 28442535 PMCID: PMC5461021 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Minus end-directed cargo transport along microtubules (MTs) is exclusively driven by the molecular motor dynein in a wide variety of cell types. Interestingly, during evolution, plants have lost the genes encoding dynein; the MT motors that compensate for dynein function are unknown. Here, we show that two members of the kinesin-14 family drive minus end-directed transport in plants. Gene knockout analyses of the moss Physcomitrella patens revealed that the plant-specific class VI kinesin-14, KCBP, is required for minus end-directed transport of the nucleus and chloroplasts. Purified KCBP directly bound to acidic phospholipids and unidirectionally transported phospholipid liposomes along MTs in vitro. Thus, minus end-directed transport of membranous cargoes might be driven by their direct interaction with this motor protein. Newly nucleated cytoplasmic MTs represent another known cargo exhibiting minus end-directed motility, and we identified the conserved class I kinesin-14 (ATK) as the motor involved. These results suggest that kinesin-14 motors were duplicated and developed as alternative MT-based minus end-directed transporters in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moé Yamada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yohko Tanaka-Takiguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masahito Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Momoko Nishina
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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208
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Ciocanel MV, Kreiling JA, Gagnon JA, Mowry KL, Sandstede B. Analysis of Active Transport by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching. Biophys J 2017; 112:1714-1725. [PMID: 28445762 PMCID: PMC5406284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a well-established experimental technique to study binding and diffusion of molecules in cells. Although a large number of analytical and numerical models have been developed to extract binding and diffusion rates from FRAP recovery curves, active transport of molecules is typically not included in the existing models that are used to estimate these rates. Here we present a validated numerical method for estimating diffusion, binding/unbinding rates, and active transport velocities using FRAP data that captures intracellular dynamics through partial differential equation models. We apply these methods to transport and localization of mRNA molecules in Xenopus laevis oocytes, where active transport processes are essential to generate developmental polarity. By providing estimates of the effective velocities and diffusion, as well as expected run times and lengths, this approach can help quantify dynamical properties of localizing and nonlocalizing RNA. Our results confirm the distinct transport dynamics in different regions of the cytoplasm, and suggest that RNA movement in both the animal and vegetal directions may influence the timescale of RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes. We also show that model initial conditions extracted from FRAP postbleach intensities prevent underestimation of diffusion, which can arise from the instantaneous bleaching assumption. The numerical and modeling approach presented here to estimate parameters using FRAP recovery data is a broadly applicable tool for systems where intracellular transport is a key molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill A Kreiling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James A Gagnon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly L Mowry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Björn Sandstede
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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209
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Leduc C, Etienne-Manneville S. Regulation of microtubule-associated motors drives intermediate filament network polarization. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1689-1703. [PMID: 28432079 PMCID: PMC5461013 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are key players in the control of cell morphology and structure as well as in active processes such as cell polarization, migration, and mechanoresponses. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling IF dynamics and organization in motile cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms leading to the polarized rearrangement of the IF network along the polarity axis. Using photobleaching and photoconversion experiments in glial cells expressing vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nestin, we show that the distribution of cytoplasmic IFs results from a continuous turnover based on the cooperation of an actin-dependent retrograde flow and anterograde and retrograde microtubule-dependent transports. During wound-induced astrocyte polarization, IF transport becomes directionally biased from the cell center toward the cell front. Such asymmetry in the transport is mainly caused by a Cdc42- and atypical PKC-dependent inhibition of dynein-dependent retrograde transport. Our results show how polarity signaling can affect the dynamic turnover of the IF network to promote the polarization of the network itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Leduc
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, UMR 3691, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur Paris, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, UMR 3691, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, 75724 Paris, France.
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210
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Kuznetsov IA, Kuznetsov AV. Utilization of the bootstrap method for determining confidence intervals of parameters for a model of MAP1B protein transport in axons. J Theor Biol 2017; 419:350-361. [PMID: 28216427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops a model of axonal transport of MAP1B protein. The problem of determining parameter values for the proposed model utilizing limited available experimental data is addressed. We used a global minimum search algorithm to find parameter values that minimize the discrepancy between model predictions and published experimental results. By analyzing the best fit parameter values it was established that some processes can be dropped from the model without losing accuracy, thus a simplified version of the model was formulated. In particular, our analysis suggests that reversals in MAP1B transport are infrequent and can be neglected. The detachment of anterogradely-biased MAP1B from microtubules (MTs) and the attachment of retrogradely-biased MAP1B to MTs can also be neglected. An analytical solution for the simplified model was obtained. Confidence intervals for the determined parameters were found by bootstrapping model residuals. The resultant analysis heavily constrained the values of some parameters while showing that some could vary without significantly impacting model error. For example, our analysis suggests that, above a certain threshold value, the kinetic constant determining the rate of MAP1B transition from the retrograde pausing state to the off-track state has little impact on model error. On the contrary, the kinetic constant describing MAP1B transition from a pausing to a running state has great impact on model error.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Kuznetsov
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A V Kuznetsov
- Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA.
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211
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Toropova K, Mladenov M, Roberts AJ. Intraflagellar transport dynein is autoinhibited by trapping of its mechanical and track-binding elements. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:461-468. [PMID: 28394326 PMCID: PMC5420313 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are multifunctional organelles that are constructed using intraflagellar transport (IFT) of cargo to and from their tip. It is widely held that the retrograde IFT motor, dynein-2, must be controlled in order to reach the ciliary tip and then unleashed to power the return journey. However, the mechanism is unknown. Here, we systematically define the mechanochemistry of human dynein-2 motors as monomers, dimers, and multimotor assemblies with kinesin-II. Combining these data with insights from single-particle EM, we discover that dynein-2 dimers are intrinsically autoinhibited. Inhibition is mediated by trapping dynein-2's mechanical 'linker' and 'stalk' domains within a novel motor-motor interface. We find that linker-mediated inhibition enables efficient transport of dynein-2 by kinesin-II in vitro. These results suggest a conserved mechanism for autoregulation among dimeric dyneins, which is exploited as a switch for dynein-2's recycling activity during IFT.
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212
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Neefjes J, Jongsma MML, Berlin I. Stop or Go? Endosome Positioning in the Establishment of Compartment Architecture, Dynamics, and Function. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:580-594. [PMID: 28363667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endosomal system constitutes a key negotiator between the environment of a cell and its internal affairs. Comprised of a complex membranous network, wherein each vesicle can in principle move autonomously throughout the cell, the endosomal system operates as a coherent unit to optimally face external challenges and maintain homeostasis. Our appreciation of how individual endosomes are controlled in time and space to best serve their collective purpose has evolved dramatically in recent years. In light of these efforts, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - with its expanse of membranes permeating the cytoplasmic space - has emerged as a potent spatiotemporal organizer of endosome biology. We review the latest advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning endosomal transport and positioning, with emphasis on the contributions from the ER, and offer a perspective on how the interplay between these aspects shapes the architecture and dynamics of the endosomal system and drives its myriad cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke M L Jongsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center (AMC)/Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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213
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A microRNA-initiated DNAzyme motor operating in living cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14378. [PMID: 28262725 PMCID: PMC5343503 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic DNA motors have great potential to mimic natural protein motors in cells but the operation of synthetic DNA motors in living cells remains challenging and has not been demonstrated. Here we report a DNAzyme motor that operates in living cells in response to a specific intracellular target. The whole motor system is constructed on a 20 nm gold nanoparticle (AuNP) decorated with hundreds of substrate strands serving as DNA tracks and dozens of DNAzyme molecules each silenced by a locking strand. Intracellular interaction of a target molecule with the motor system initiates the autonomous walking of the motor on the AuNP. An example DNAzyme motor responsive to a specific microRNA enables amplified detection of the specific microRNA in individual cancer cells. Activated by specific intracellular targets, these self-powered DNAzyme motors will have diverse applications in the control and modulation of biological functions. Synthetic DNA nanomachines have been designed to perform a variety of tasks in vitro. Here, the authors build a nanomotor system that integrates a DNAzyme and DNA track on a gold nanoparticle, to facilitate cellular uptake, and apply it as a real-time miRNA imaging tool in living cells.
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214
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Kunze A, Murray CT, Godzich C, Lin J, Owsley K, Tay A, Di Carlo D. Modulating motility of intracellular vesicles in cortical neurons with nanomagnetic forces on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:842-854. [PMID: 28164203 PMCID: PMC5400667 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle transport is a major underlying mechanism of cell communication. Inhibiting vesicle transport in brain cells results in blockage of neuronal signals, even in intact neuronal networks. Modulating intracellular vesicle transport can have a huge impact on the development of new neurotherapeutic concepts, but only if we can specifically interfere with intracellular transport patterns. Here, we propose to modulate motion of intracellular lipid vesicles in rat cortical neurons based on exogenously bioconjugated and cell internalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) within microengineered magnetic gradients on-chip. Upon application of 6-126 pN on intracellular vesicles in neuronal cells, we explored how the magnetic force stimulus impacts the motion pattern of vesicles at various intracellular locations without modulating the entire cell morphology. Altering vesicle dynamics was quantified using, mean square displacement, a caging diameter and the total traveled distance. We observed a de-acceleration of intercellular vesicle motility, while applying nanomagnetic forces to cultured neurons with SPIONs, which can be explained by a decrease in motility due to opposing magnetic force direction. Ultimately, using nanomagnetic forces inside neurons may permit us to stop the mis-sorting of intracellular organelles, proteins and cell signals, which have been associated with cellular dysfunction. Furthermore, nanomagnetic force applications will allow us to wirelessly guide axons and dendrites by exogenously using permanent magnetic field gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kunze
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
| | - Coleman Tylor Murray
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Chanya Godzich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Keegan Owsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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215
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Mijalkovic J, Prevo B, Oswald F, Mangeol P, Peterman EJG. Ensemble and single-molecule dynamics of IFT dynein in Caenorhabditis elegans cilia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14591. [PMID: 28230057 PMCID: PMC5331336 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dyneins drive microtubule-based, minus-end directed transport in eukaryotic cells. Whereas cytoplasmic dynein 1 has been widely studied, IFT dynein has received far less attention. Here, we use fluorescence microscopy of labelled motors in living Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate IFT-dynein motility at the ensemble and single-molecule level. We find that while the kinesin composition of motor ensembles varies along the track, the amount of dynein remains relatively constant. Remarkably, this does not result in directionality changes of cargo along the track, as has been reported for other opposite-polarity, tug-of-war motility systems. At the single-molecule level, IFT-dynein trajectories reveal unexpected dynamics, including diffusion at the base, and pausing and directional switches along the cilium. Stochastic simulations show that the ensemble IFT-dynein distribution depends upon the probability of single-motor directional switches. Our results provide quantitative insight into IFT-dynein dynamics in vivo, shedding light on the complex functioning of dynein motors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona Mijalkovic
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Prevo
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Oswald
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Mangeol
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin J. G. Peterman
- Department of Physics and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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216
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Serrano D, Ghobadi F, Boulay G, Ilangumaran S, Lavoie C, Ramanathan S. GTPase of the Immune-Associated Nucleotide Protein 5 Regulates the Lysosomal Calcium Compartment in T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:94. [PMID: 28223986 PMCID: PMC5293772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes from Gimap5lyp/lyp rats carrying a recessive mutation in the GTPase of immune-associated protein 5 (Gimap5) gene undergo spontaneous apoptosis. Molecular mechanisms underlying this survival defect are not yet clear. We have shown that Gimap5lyp/lyp T lymphocytes display reduced calcium influx following T cell antigen receptor (TCR) stimulation that was associated with impaired buffering of calcium by mitochondria. Here, we investigated the subcellular localization of GIMAP5 and its influence on Ca2+ response in HEK293T cells and T lymphocytes. The more abundantly expressed GIMAP5v2 localizes to the lysosome and certain endosomal vesicles. Gimap5lyp/lyp T lymphocytes showed increased accumulation of calcium in the lysosomes as evidenced by Gly-Phe β-naphthylamide (GPN) triggered Ca2+ release. As a corollary, GPN-induced Ca2+ flux was decreased in HEK293T cells expressing GIMAP5v2. Strikingly, TCR stimulation of rat, mouse, and human T lymphocytes increased lysosomal calcium content. Overall, our findings show that lysosomes modulate cellular Ca2+ response during T cell activation and that GIMAP5 regulates the lysosomal Ca2+ compartment in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Serrano
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - Farnaz Ghobadi
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke, QC , Canada
| | - Guylain Boulay
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche clinique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche clinique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Lavoie
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche clinique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche clinique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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217
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Chahibi Y, Akyildiz IF, Balasingham I. Propagation Modeling and Analysis of Molecular Motors in Molecular Communication. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2017; 15:917-927. [PMID: 28092503 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2016.2620439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motor networks (MMNs) are networks constructed from molecular motors to enable nanomachines to perform coordinated tasks of sensing, computing, and actuation at the nano- and micro- scales. Living cells are naturally enabled with this same mechanism to establish point-to-point communication between different locations inside the cell. Similar to a railway system, the cytoplasm contains an intricate infrastructure of tracks, named microtubules, interconnecting different internal components of the cell. Motor proteins, such as kinesin and dynein, are able to travel along these tracks directionally, carrying with them large molecules that would otherwise be unreliably transported across the cytoplasm using free diffusion. Molecular communication has been previously proposed for the design and study of MMNs. However, the topological aspects of MMNs, including the effects of branches, have been ignored in the existing studies. In this paper, a physical end-to-end model for MMNs is developed, considering the location of the transmitter node, the network topology, and the receiver nodes. The end-to-end gain and group delay are considered as the performance measures, and analytical expressions for them are derived. The analytical model is validated by Monte-Carlo simulations and the performance of MMNs is analyzed numerically. It is shown that, depending on their nature and position, MMN nodes create impedance effects that are critical for the overall performance. This model could be applied to assist the design of artificial MMNs and to study cargo transport in neurofilaments to elucidate brain diseases related to microtubule jamming.
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218
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Gao FJ, Shi L, Hines T, Hebbar S, Neufeld KL, Smith DS. Insulin signaling regulates a functional interaction between adenomatous polyposis coli and cytoplasmic dynein. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:587-599. [PMID: 28057765 PMCID: PMC5328618 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is linked to an increased risk for colorectal cancer, but the mechanistic underpinnings of this clinically important effect are unclear. Here we describe an interaction between the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein, the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein (APC), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which could shed light on this issue. GSK-3β is perhaps best known for glycogen regulation, being inhibited downstream in an insulin-signaling pathway. However, the kinase is also important in many other processes. Mutations in APC that disrupt the regulation of β-catenin by GSK-3β cause colorectal cancer in humans. Of interest, both APC and GSK-3β interact with microtubules and cellular membranes. We recently demonstrated that dynein is a GSK-3β substrate and that inhibition of GSK-3β promotes dynein-dependent transport. We now report that dynein stimulation in intestinal cells in response to acute insulin exposure (or GSK-3β inhibition) is blocked by tumor-promoting isoforms of APC that reduce an interaction between wild-type APC and dynein. We propose that under normal conditions, insulin decreases dynein binding to APC to stimulate minus end-directed transport, which could modulate endocytic and secretory systems in intestinal cells. Mutations in APC likely impair the ability to respond appropriately to insulin signaling. This is exciting because it has the potential to be a contributing factor in the development of colorectal cancer in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng J Gao
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21025
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Timothy Hines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Sachin Hebbar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Deanna S Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
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219
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Neumann S, Chassefeyre R, Campbell GE, Encalada SE. KymoAnalyzer: a software tool for the quantitative analysis of intracellular transport in neurons. Traffic 2016; 18:71-88. [PMID: 27770501 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In axons, proper localization of proteins, vesicles, organelles, and other cargoes is accomplished by the highly regulated coordination of kinesins and dyneins, molecular motors that bind to cargoes and translocate them along microtubule (MT) tracks. Impairment of axonal transport is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. To understand how MT-based cargo motility is regulated and to delineate its role in neurodegeneration, it is critical to analyze the detailed dynamics of moving cargoes inside axons. Here, we present KymoAnalyzer, a software tool that facilitates the robust analysis of axonal transport from time-lapse live-imaging sequences. KymoAnalyzer is an open-source software that automatically classifies particle trajectories and systematically calculates velocities, run lengths, pauses, and a wealth of other parameters that are characteristic of motor-based transport. We anticipate that laboratories will easily use this package to unveil previously uncovered intracellular transport details of individually-moving cargoes inside neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Neumann
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Romain Chassefeyre
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - George E Campbell
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandra E Encalada
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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220
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Belyy V, Yildiz A. Studying the Mechanochemistry of Processive Cytoskeletal Motors With an Optical Trap. Methods Enzymol 2016; 582:31-54. [PMID: 28062040 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal motors utilize the energy stored in ATP to generate linear motion along rigid filaments. Because their enzymatic cycles are tightly coupled to the production of force and forward movement, the optical-trapping technique is uniquely suited for studying their mechanochemical cycle. Here, we discuss the practical aspects of optical trapping in connection with single-motor assays and describe three distinct experimental modes (fixed-trap, force feedback, and square wave) that are typically used to investigate the enzymatic and biophysical properties of cytoskeletal motors. The principal outstanding questions in the field involve motor regulation by cargo adaptor proteins and cargo transport by teams of motors, ensuring that the optical trap's ability to apply precise forces and measure nanometer-scale displacements will remain crucial to the study of intracellular motility in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Belyy
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - A Yildiz
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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221
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Hafner AE, Santen L, Rieger H, Shaebani MR. Run-and-pause dynamics of cytoskeletal motor proteins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37162. [PMID: 27849013 PMCID: PMC5111058 DOI: 10.1038/srep37162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal motor proteins are involved in major intracellular transport processes which are vital for maintaining appropriate cellular function. When attached to cytoskeletal filaments, the motor exhibits distinct states of motility: active motion along the filaments, and pause phase in which it remains stationary for a finite time interval. The transition probabilities between motion and pause phases are asymmetric in general, and considerably affected by changes in environmental conditions which influences the efficiency of cargo delivery to specific targets. By considering the motion of individual non-interacting molecular motors on a single filament as well as a dynamic filamentous network, we present an analytical model for the dynamics of self-propelled particles which undergo frequent pause phases. The interplay between motor processivity, structural properties of filamentous network, and transition probabilities between the two states of motility drastically changes the dynamics: multiple transitions between different types of anomalous diffusive dynamics occur and the crossover time to the asymptotic diffusive or ballistic motion varies by several orders of magnitude. We map out the phase diagrams in the space of transition probabilities, and address the role of initial conditions of motion on the resulting dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Hafner
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ludger Santen
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Heiko Rieger
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M. Reza Shaebani
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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222
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Hafner AE, Rieger H. Spatial organization of the cytoskeleton enhances cargo delivery to specific target areas on the plasma membrane of spherical cells. Phys Biol 2016; 13:066003. [PMID: 27845936 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/13/6/066003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular transport is vital for the proper functioning and survival of a cell. Cargo (proteins, vesicles, organelles, etc) is transferred from its place of creation to its target locations via molecular motor assisted transport along cytoskeletal filaments. The transport efficiency is strongly affected by the spatial organization of the cytoskeleton, which constitutes an inhomogeneous, complex network. In cells with a centrosome microtubules grow radially from the central microtubule organizing center towards the cell periphery whereas actin filaments form a dense meshwork, the actin cortex, underneath the cell membrane with a broad range of orientations. The emerging ballistic motion along filaments is frequently interrupted due to constricting intersection nodes or cycles of detachment and reattachment processes in the crowded cytoplasm. In order to investigate the efficiency of search strategies established by the cell's specific spatial organization of the cytoskeleton we formulate a random velocity model with intermittent arrest states. With extensive computer simulations we analyze the dependence of the mean first passage times for narrow escape problems on the structural characteristics of the cytoskeleton, the motor properties and the fraction of time spent in each state. We find that an inhomogeneous architecture with a small width of the actin cortex constitutes an efficient intracellular search strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Hafner
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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223
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Hung COY, Coleman MP. KIF1A mediates axonal transport of BACE1 and identification of independently moving cargoes in living SCG neurons. Traffic 2016; 17:1155-1167. [PMID: 27484852 PMCID: PMC5132087 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons rely heavily on axonal transport to deliver materials from the sites of synthesis to the axon terminals over distances that can be many centimetres long. KIF1A is the neuron-specific kinesin with the fastest reported anterograde motor activity. Previous studies have shown that KIF1A transports a subset of synaptic proteins, neurofilaments and dense-core vesicles. Using two-colour live imaging, we showed that beta-secretase 1 (BACE1)-mCherry moves together with KIF1A-GFP in both the anterograde and retrograde directions in superior cervical ganglions (SCG) neurons. We confirmed that KIF1A is functionally required for BACE1 transport by using KIF1A siRNA and a KIF1A mutant construct (KIF1A-T312M) to impair its motor activity. We further identified several cargoes that have little or no co-migration with KIF1A-GFP and also move independently from BACE1-mCherry. Together, these findings support a primary role for KIF1A in the anterograde transport of BACE1 and suggest that axonally transported cargoes are sorted into different classes of carrier vesicles in the cell body and are transported by cargo-specific motor proteins through the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy O Y Hung
- Department of Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Coleman
- Department of Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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224
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Ma X, Hortelão AC, Patiño T, Sánchez S. Enzyme Catalysis To Power Micro/Nanomachines. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9111-9122. [PMID: 27666121 PMCID: PMC5228067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes play a crucial role in many biological processes which require harnessing and converting free chemical energy into kinetic forces in order to accomplish tasks. Enzymes are considered to be molecular machines, not only because of their capability of energy conversion in biological systems but also because enzymatic catalysis can result in enhanced diffusion of enzymes at a molecular level. Enlightened by nature's design of biological machinery, researchers have investigated various types of synthetic micro/nanomachines by using enzymatic reactions to achieve self-propulsion of micro/nanoarchitectures. Yet, the mechanism of motion is still under debate in current literature. Versatile proof-of-concept applications of these enzyme-powered micro/nanodevices have been recently demonstrated. In this review, we focus on discussing enzymes not only as stochastic swimmers but also as nanoengines to power self-propelled synthetic motors. We present an overview on different enzyme-powered micro/nanomachines, the current debate on their motion mechanism, methods to provide motion and speed control, and an outlook of the future potentials of this multidisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ma
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Ana C. Hortelão
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut
de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institut
de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut
de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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225
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Bone CR, Chang YT, Cain NE, Murphy SP, Starr DA. Nuclei migrate through constricted spaces using microtubule motors and actin networks in C. elegans hypodermal cells. Development 2016; 143:4193-4202. [PMID: 27697906 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular migrations through constricted spaces are a crucial aspect of many developmental and disease processes including hematopoiesis, inflammation and metastasis. A limiting factor in these events is nuclear deformation. Here, we establish an in vivo model in which nuclei can be visualized while moving through constrictions and use it to elucidate mechanisms for nuclear migration. C. elegans hypodermal P-cell larval nuclei traverse a narrow space that is about 5% their width. This constriction is blocked by fibrous organelles, structures that pass through P cells to connect the muscles to cuticle. Fibrous organelles are removed just prior to nuclear migration, when nuclei and lamins undergo extreme morphological changes to squeeze through the space. Both actin and microtubule networks are organized to mediate nuclear migration. The LINC complex, consisting of the SUN protein UNC-84 and the KASH protein UNC-83, recruits dynein and kinesin-1 to the nuclear surface. Both motors function in P-cell nuclear migration, but dynein, functioning through UNC-83, plays a more central role as nuclei migrate towards minus ends of polarized microtubule networks. Thus, the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton are coordinated to move nuclei through constricted spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Bone
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yu-Tai Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Natalie E Cain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shaun P Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel A Starr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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226
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Pathak D, Mallik R. Lipid - Motor Interactions: Soap Opera or Symphony? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 44:79-85. [PMID: 27697416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular transport of organelles can be driven by multiple motor proteins that bind to the lipid membrane of the organelle and work as a team. We review present knowledge on how lipids orchestrate the recruitment of motors to a membrane. Looking beyond recruitment, we also discuss how heterogeneity and local mechanical properties of the membrane may influence function of motor-teams. These issues gain importance because phagocytosed pathogens use lipid-centric strategies to manipulate motors and survive in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Pathak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Roop Mallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005, India.
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227
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Maximova OA, Bernbaum JG, Pletnev AG. West Nile Virus Spreads Transsynaptically within the Pathways of Motor Control: Anatomical and Ultrastructural Mapping of Neuronal Virus Infection in the Primate Central Nervous System. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004980. [PMID: 27617450 PMCID: PMC5019496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During recent West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks in the US, half of the reported cases were classified as neuroinvasive disease. WNV neuroinvasion is proposed to follow two major routes: hematogenous and/or axonal transport along the peripheral nerves. How virus spreads once within the central nervous system (CNS) remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings Using immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of viral antigens in the CNS of rhesus monkeys that were intrathalamically inoculated with a wild-type WNV. The localization of WNV within the CNS was mapped to specific neuronal groups and anatomical structures. The neurological functions related to structures containing WNV-labeled neurons were reviewed and summarized. Intraneuronal localization of WNV was investigated by electron microscopy. The known anatomical connectivity of WNV-labeled neurons was used to reconstruct the directionality of WNV spread within the CNS using a connectogram design. Anatomical mapping revealed that all structures identified as containing WNV-labeled neurons belonged to the pathways of motor control. Ultrastructurally, virions were found predominantly within vesicular structures (including autophagosomes) in close vicinity to the axodendritic synapses, either at pre- or post-synaptic positions (axonal terminals and dendritic spines, respectively), strongly indicating transsynaptic spread of the virus between connected neurons. Neuronal connectivity-based reconstruction of the directionality of transsynaptic virus spread suggests that, within the CNS, WNV can utilize both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport to infect connected neurons. Conclusions/Significance This study offers a new insight into the neuropathogenesis of WNV infection in a primate model that closely mimics WNV encephalomyelitis in humans. We show that within the primate CNS, WNV primarily infects the anatomical structures and pathways responsible for the control of movement. Our findings also suggest that WNV most likely propagates within the CNS transsynaptically, by both, anterograde and retrograde axonal transport. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic flavivirus that has emerged as a human pathogen of global scale. During recent WNV outbreaks in the US, half of the reported human cases were classified as neuroinvasive disease. Although much research has been done, there are still gaps in our understanding of WNV neuropathogenesis. While WNV neuroinvasion is proposed to occur by the hematogenous route and/or by axonal transport along the peripheral nerves, how virus spreads once within the central nervous system (CNS) remains unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of viral antigens in the CNS of monkeys that were intrathalamically inoculated with WNV. Next, we mapped the localization of WNV-infected neurons to specific anatomical structures, identified the intraneuronal localizations of WNV particles and investigated the role of neuronal connectivity in the spread of WNV within the CNS. Our results revealed that all structures containing WNV-labeled neurons belonged to the pathways of motor control. Virions were found in close vicinity to the axodendritic synapses, strongly indicating transsynaptic spread of the virus. Neuronal connectivity-based reconstruction of the directionality of transsynaptic virus spread suggests that, within the CNS, WNV can utilize both anterograde and retrograde axonal transport to infect connected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Maximova
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OAM); (AGP)
| | - John G. Bernbaum
- Office of the Chief Scientist, Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OAM); (AGP)
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228
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Nair A, Chandel S, Mitra MK, Muhuri S, Chaudhuri A. Effect of catch bonding on transport of cellular cargo by dynein motors. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:032403. [PMID: 27739836 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.032403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments have demonstrated that dynein motors exhibit catch bonding behavior, in which the unbinding rate of a single dynein decreases with increasing force, for a certain range of force. Motivated by these experiments, we study the effect of catch bonding on unidirectional transport properties of cellular cargo carried by multiple dynein motors. We introduce a threshold force bond deformation (TFBD) model, consistent with the experiments, wherein catch bonding sets in beyond a critical applied load force. We find catch bonding can result in dramatic changes in the transport properties, which are in sharp contrast to kinesin-driven unidirectional transport, where catch bonding is absent. We predict that under certain conditions, the average velocity of the cellular cargo can actually increase as applied load is increased. We characterize the transport properties in terms of a velocity profile plot in the parameter space of the catch bond strength and the stall force of the motor. This plot yields predictions that may be experimentally accessed by suitable modifications of motor transport and binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Nair
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sameep Chandel
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Punjab 140306, India
| | | | - Sudipto Muhuri
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Abhishek Chaudhuri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Punjab 140306, India
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229
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Morgan CP, Krey JF, Grati M, Zhao B, Fallen S, Kannan-Sundhari A, Liu XZ, Choi D, Müller U, Barr-Gillespie PG. PDZD7-MYO7A complex identified in enriched stereocilia membranes. eLife 2016; 5:e18312. [PMID: 27525485 PMCID: PMC5005036 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While more than 70 genes have been linked to deafness, most of which are expressed in mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear, a challenge has been to link these genes into molecular pathways. One example is Myo7a (myosin VIIA), in which deafness mutations affect the development and function of the mechanically sensitive stereocilia of hair cells. We describe here a procedure for the isolation of low-abundance protein complexes from stereocilia membrane fractions. Using this procedure, combined with identification and quantitation of proteins with mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that MYO7A forms a complex with PDZD7, a paralog of USH1C and DFNB31. MYO7A and PDZD7 interact in tissue-culture cells, and co-localize to the ankle-link region of stereocilia in wild-type but not Myo7a mutant mice. Our data thus describe a new paradigm for the interrogation of low-abundance protein complexes in hair cell stereocilia and establish an unanticipated link between MYO7A and PDZD7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive P Morgan
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jocelyn F Krey
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Bo Zhao
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Shannon Fallen
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | | | - Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Dongseok Choi
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Peter G Barr-Gillespie
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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230
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Mechanisms controlling assembly and plasticity of presynaptic active zone scaffolds. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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231
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Belyy V, Schlager MA, Foster H, Reimer AE, Carter AP, Yildiz A. The mammalian dynein-dynactin complex is a strong opponent to kinesin in a tug-of-war competition. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:1018-24. [PMID: 27454819 PMCID: PMC5007201 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin and dynein motors transport intracellular cargos bidirectionally by pulling them in opposite directions along microtubules, through a process frequently described as a 'tug of war'. While kinesin produces 6 pN of force, mammalian dynein was found to be a surprisingly weak motor (0.5-1.5 pN) in vitro, suggesting that many dyneins are required to counteract the pull of a single kinesin. Mammalian dynein's association with dynactin and Bicaudal-D2 (BICD2) activates its processive motility, but it was unknown how this affects dynein's force output. Here, we show that formation of the dynein-dynactin-BICD2 (DDB) complex increases human dynein's force production to 4.3 pN. An in vitro tug-of-war assay revealed that a single DDB successfully resists a single kinesin. Contrary to previous reports, the clustering of many dyneins is not required to win the tug of war. Our work reveals the key role of dynactin and a cargo adaptor protein in shifting the balance of forces between dynein and kinesin motors during intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Belyy
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Max A Schlager
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Studies, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Helen Foster
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Studies, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Armando E Reimer
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrew P Carter
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Studies, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ahmet Yildiz
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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232
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Becker B, Shaebani MR, Rammo D, Bubel T, Santen L, Schmitt MJ. Cargo binding promotes KDEL receptor clustering at the mammalian cell surface. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28940. [PMID: 27353000 PMCID: PMC4926219 DOI: 10.1038/srep28940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane receptor clustering is a ubiquitous phenomenon in pro- and eukaryotic cells to physically sense receptor/ligand interactions and subsequently translate an exogenous signal into a cellular response. Despite that receptor cluster formation has been described for a wide variety of receptors, ranging from chemotactic receptors in bacteria to growth factor and neurotransmitter receptors in mammalian cells, a mechanistic understanding of the underlying molecular processes is still puzzling. In an attempt to fill this gap we followed a combined experimental and theoretical approach by dissecting and modulating cargo binding, internalization and cellular response mediated by KDEL receptors (KDELRs) at the mammalian cell surface after interaction with a model cargo/ligand. Using a fluorescent variant of ricin toxin A chain as KDELR-ligand (eGFP-RTAH/KDEL), we demonstrate that cargo binding induces dose-dependent receptor cluster formation at and subsequent internalization from the membrane which is associated and counteracted by anterograde and microtubule-assisted receptor transport to preferred docking sites at the plasma membrane. By means of analytical arguments and extensive numerical simulations we show that cargo-synchronized receptor transport from and to the membrane is causative for KDELR/cargo cluster formation at the mammalian cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Becker
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Reza Shaebani
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Domenik Rammo
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Bubel
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ludger Santen
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Manfred J Schmitt
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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233
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White JA, Banerjee R, Gunawardena S. Axonal Transport and Neurodegeneration: How Marine Drugs Can Be Used for the Development of Therapeutics. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E102. [PMID: 27213408 PMCID: PMC4882576 DOI: 10.3390/md14050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike virtually any other cells in the human body, neurons are tasked with the unique problem of transporting important factors from sites of synthesis at the cell bodies, across enormous distances, along narrow-caliber projections, to distally located nerve terminals in order to maintain cell viability. As a result, axonal transport is a highly regulated process whereby necessary cargoes of all types are packaged and shipped from one end of the neuron to the other. Interruptions in this finely tuned transport have been linked to many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) suggesting that this pathway is likely perturbed early in disease progression. Therefore, developing therapeutics targeted at modifying transport defects could potentially avert disease progression. In this review, we examine a variety of potential compounds identified from marine aquatic species that affect the axonal transport pathway. These compounds have been shown to function in microtubule (MT) assembly and maintenance, motor protein control, and in the regulation of protein degradation pathways, such as the autophagy-lysosome processes, which are defective in many degenerative diseases. Therefore, marine compounds have great potential in developing effective treatment strategies aimed at early defects which, over time, will restore transport and prevent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A White
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Rupkatha Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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234
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Ballister ER, Ayloo S, Chenoweth DM, Lampson MA, Holzbaur ELF. Optogenetic control of organelle transport using a photocaged chemical inducer of dimerization. Curr Biol 2016; 25:R407-R408. [PMID: 25989077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Ballister
- Department of Biology, 433 S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Swathi Ayloo
- Department of Physiology, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, 231 S. 34 St, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, 433 S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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235
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Rehberg M, Nekolla K, Sellner S, Praetner M, Mildner K, Zeuschner D, Krombach F. Intercellular Transport of Nanomaterials is Mediated by Membrane Nanotubes In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1882-1890. [PMID: 26854197 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
So-called membrane nanotubes are cellular protrusions between cells whose functions include cell communication, environmental sampling, and protein transfer. It has been previously reported that systemically administered carboxyl-modified quantum dots (cQDs) are rapidly taken up by perivascular macrophages in skeletal muscle of healthy mice. Expanding these studies, it is found, by means of in vivo fluorescence microscopy on the mouse cremaster muscle, rapid uptake of cQDs not only by perivascular macrophages but also by tissue-resident cells, which are localized more than 100 μm distant from the closest vessel. Confocal microscopy on muscle tissue, immunostained for the membrane dye DiI, reveals the presence of continuous membranous structures between MHC-II-positive, F4/80-positive cells. These structures contain microtubules, components of the cytoskeleton, which clearly colocalize with cQDs. The cQDs are exclusively found inside endosomal vesicles. Most importantly, by using in vivo fluorescence microscopy, this study detected fast (0.8 μm s(-1) , mean velocity), bidirectional movement of cQDs in such structures, indicating transport of cQD-containing vesicles along microtubule tracks by the action of molecular motors. The findings are the first to demonstrate membrane nanotube function in vivo and they suggest a previously unknown route for the distribution of nanomaterials in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rehberg
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Nekolla
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Sellner
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Praetner
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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236
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Nirschl JJ, Ghiretti AE, Holzbaur ELF. Lipid Rafts Assemble Dynein Ensembles. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:393-394. [PMID: 27061495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New work by Rai et al. identifies a novel mechanism regulating phagosome transport in cells: the clustering of dynein motors into lipid microdomains, leading to enhanced unidirectional motility. Clustering may be especially important for dynein, a motor that works most efficiently in teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Nirschl
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Amy E Ghiretti
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 638A Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, PA 19104-6085, USA.
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237
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Cearns MD, Escuin S, Alexandre P, Greene NDE, Copp AJ. Microtubules, polarity and vertebrate neural tube morphogenesis. J Anat 2016; 229:63-74. [PMID: 27025884 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are key cellular components, long known to participate in morphogenetic events that shape the developing embryo. However, the links between the cellular functions of MTs, their effects on cell shape and polarity, and their role in large-scale morphogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, these relationships were examined with respect to two strategies for generating the vertebrate neural tube: bending and closure of the mammalian neural plate; and cavitation of the teleost neural rod. The latter process has been compared with 'secondary' neurulation that generates the caudal spinal cord in mammals. MTs align along the apico-basal axis of the mammalian neuroepithelium early in neural tube closure, participating functionally in interkinetic nuclear migration, which indirectly impacts on cell shape. Whether MTs play other functional roles in mammalian neurulation remains unclear. In the zebrafish, MTs are important for defining the neural rod midline prior to its cavitation, both by localizing apical proteins at the tissue midline and by orienting cell division through a mirror-symmetric MT apparatus that helps to further define the medial localization of apical polarity proteins. Par proteins have been implicated in centrosome positioning in neuroepithelia as well as in the control of polarized morphogenetic movements in the neural rod. Understanding of MT functions during early nervous system development has so far been limited, partly by techniques that fail to distinguish 'cause' from 'effect'. Future developments will likely rely on novel ways to selectively impair MT function in order to investigate the roles they play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cearns
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Escuin
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Alexandre
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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238
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Rezaul K, Gupta D, Semenova I, Ikeda K, Kraikivski P, Yu J, Cowan A, Zaliapin I, Rodionov V. Engineered Tug-of-War Between Kinesin and Dynein Controls Direction of Microtubule Based Transport In Vivo. Traffic 2016; 17:475-86. [PMID: 26843027 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional transport of membrane organelles along microtubules (MTs) is driven by plus-end directed kinesins and minus-end directed dynein bound to the same cargo. Activities of opposing MT motors produce bidirectional movement of membrane organelles and cytoplasmic particles along MT transport tracks. Directionality of MT-based transport might be controlled by a protein complex that determines which motor type is active at any given moment of time, or determined by the outcome of a tug-of-war between MT motors dragging cargo organelles in opposite directions. However, evidence in support of each mechanisms of regulation is based mostly on the results of theoretical analyses or indirect experimental data. Here, we test whether the direction of movement of membrane organelles in vivo can be controlled by the tug-of-war between opposing MT motors alone, by attaching a large number of kinesin-1 motors to organelles transported by dynein to minus-ends of MTs. We find that recruitment of kinesin significantly reduces the length and velocity of minus-end-directed dynein-dependent MT runs, leading to a reversal of the overall direction of dynein-driven organelles in vivo. Therefore, in the absence of external regulators tug-of-war between opposing MT motors alone is sufficient to determine the directionality of MT transport in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rezaul
- R.D.Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Dipika Gupta
- R.D.Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Irina Semenova
- R.D.Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Kazuho Ikeda
- R.D.Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA.,Current address: Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Pavel Kraikivski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA
| | - Ji Yu
- R.D.Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Ann Cowan
- R.D.Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
| | - Ilya Zaliapin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Vladimir Rodionov
- R.D.Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, and Department of Cell Biology, UConn Health, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-6406, USA
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239
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Padzik A, Deshpande P, Hollos P, Franker M, Rannikko EH, Cai D, Prus P, Mågård M, Westerlund N, Verhey KJ, James P, Hoogenraad CC, Coffey ET. KIF5C S176 Phosphorylation Regulates Microtubule Binding and Transport Efficiency in Mammalian Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:57. [PMID: 27013971 PMCID: PMC4791394 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased phosphorylation of the KIF5 anterograde motor is associated with impaired axonal transport and neurodegeneration, but paradoxically also with normal transport, though the details are not fully defined. JNK phosphorylates KIF5C on S176 in the motor domain; a site that we show is phosphorylated in brain. Microtubule pelleting assays demonstrate that phosphomimetic KIF5C(1-560)(S176D) associates weakly with microtubules compared to KIF5C(1-560)(WT). Consistent with this, 50% of KIF5C(1-560)(S176D) shows diffuse movement in neurons. However, the remaining 50% remains microtubule bound and displays decreased pausing and increased bidirectional movement. The same directionality switching is observed with KIF5C(1-560)(WT) in the presence of an active JNK chimera, MKK7-JNK. Yet, in cargo trafficking assays where peroxisome cargo is bound, KIF5C(1-560)(S176D)-GFP-FRB transports normally to microtubule plus ends. We also find that JNK increases the ATP hydrolysis of KIF5C in vitro. These data suggest that phosphorylation of KIF5C-S176 primes the motor to either disengage entirely from microtubule tracks as previously observed in response to stress, or to display improved efficiency. The final outcome may depend on cargo load and motor ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Padzik
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Prasannakumar Deshpande
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Patrik Hollos
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Mariella Franker
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Emmy H Rannikko
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Dawen Cai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Piotr Prus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| | - Mats Mågård
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University Medicon, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nina Westerlund
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter James
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University Medicon, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Eleanor T Coffey
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku Turku, Finland
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240
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Arora GK, Tran SL, Rizzo N, Jain A, Welte MA. Temporal control of bidirectional lipid-droplet motion in Drosophila depends on the ratio of kinesin-1 and its co-factor Halo. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1416-28. [PMID: 26906417 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During bidirectional transport, individual cargoes move continuously back and forth along microtubule tracks, yet the cargo population overall displays directed net transport. How such transport is controlled temporally is not well understood. We analyzed this issue for bidirectionally moving lipid droplets in Drosophila embryos, a system in which net transport direction is developmentally controlled. By quantifying how the droplet distribution changes as embryos develop, we characterize temporal transitions in net droplet transport and identify the crucial contribution of the previously identified, but poorly characterized, transacting regulator Halo. In particular, we find that Halo is transiently expressed; rising and falling Halo levels control the switches in global distribution. Rising Halo levels have to pass a threshold before net plus-end transport is initiated. This threshold level depends on the amount of the motor kinesin-1: the more kinesin-1 is present, the more Halo is needed before net plus-end transport commences. Because Halo and kinesin-1 are present in common protein complexes, we propose that Halo acts as a rate-limiting co-factor of kinesin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet K Arora
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susan L Tran
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Rizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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241
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Marchesin V, Castro-Castro A, Lodillinsky C, Castagnino A, Cyrta J, Bonsang-Kitzis H, Fuhrmann L, Irondelle M, Infante E, Montagnac G, Reyal F, Vincent-Salomon A, Chavrier P. ARF6-JIP3/4 regulate endosomal tubules for MT1-MMP exocytosis in cancer invasion. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:339-58. [PMID: 26504170 PMCID: PMC4621834 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of plasma membrane ARF6 with JIP3/JIP4 effectors on MT1-MMP endosomes coordinates dynactin–dynein and kinesin-1 activity in a tug-of-war mechanism for endosome tubulation and MT1-MMP exocytosis to promote breast cancer cell invasion. Invasion of cancer cells into collagen-rich extracellular matrix requires membrane-tethered membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) as the key protease for collagen breakdown. Understanding how MT1-MMP is delivered to the surface of tumor cells is essential for cancer cell biology. In this study, we identify ARF6 together with c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase–interacting protein 3 and 4 (JIP3 and JIP4) effectors as critical regulators of this process. Silencing ARF6 or JIP3/JIP4 in breast tumor cells results in MT1-MMP endosome mispositioning and reduces MT1-MMP exocytosis and tumor cell invasion. JIPs are recruited by Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and scar homologue (WASH) on MT1-MMP endosomes on which they recruit dynein–dynactin and kinesin-1. The interaction of plasma membrane ARF6 with endosomal JIPs coordinates dynactin–dynein and kinesin-1 activity in a tug-of-war mechanism, leading to MT1-MMP endosome tubulation and exocytosis. In addition, we find that ARF6, MT1-MMP, and kinesin-1 are up-regulated in high-grade triple-negative breast cancers. These data identify a critical ARF6–JIP–MT1-MMP–dynein–dynactin–kinesin-1 axis promoting an invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marchesin
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Antonio Castro-Castro
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Catalina Lodillinsky
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Alessia Castagnino
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Bonsang-Kitzis
- Department of Translational Research, Residual Tumor and Response to Treatment Laboratory, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, Unite Mixte de Recherche 932 Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Department of Surgery, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Irondelle
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Elvira Infante
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Montagnac
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Department of Translational Research, Residual Tumor and Response to Treatment Laboratory, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, Unite Mixte de Recherche 932 Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Department of Surgery, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Chavrier
- PSL Research University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France Membrane and Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, 75248 Paris, France
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242
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Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Bicaudal D Family of Motor Adaptors: Linking Dynein Motility to Cargo Binding. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:327-340. [PMID: 26822037 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transport of different intracellular cargoes along cytoskeleton filaments is essential for the morphogenesis and function of a broad variety of eukaryotic cells. Intracellular transport is mediated by cytoskeletal motors including myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which are typically linked to various cargoes by adaptor proteins. Recent studies suggest that adaptor proteins can also act as essential transport cofactors, which control motor activity and coordination. Characterization of the evolutionary conserved Bicaudal D (BICD) family of dynein adaptor proteins has provided important insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing cargo trafficking. This review highlights the advances in the current understanding of how BICD adaptors regulate microtubule-based transport and how they contribute to developmental processes and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
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243
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McLaughlin RT, Diehl MR, Kolomeisky AB. Collective dynamics of processive cytoskeletal motors. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:14-21. [PMID: 26444155 PMCID: PMC4684438 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Major cellular processes are supported by various biomolecular motors that usually operate together as teams. We present an overview of the collective dynamics of processive cytokeletal motor proteins based on recent experimental and theoretical investigations. Experimental studies show that multiple motors function with different degrees of cooperativity, ranging from negative to positive. This effect depends on the mechanical properties of individual motors, the geometry of their connections, and the surrounding cellular environment. Theoretical models based on stochastic approaches underline the importance of intermolecular interactions, the properties of single motors, and couplings with cellular medium in predicting the collective dynamics. We discuss several features that specify the cooperativity in motor proteins. Based on this approach a general picture of collective dynamics of motor proteins is formulated, and the future directions and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tyler McLaughlin
- Rice University, Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Michael R Diehl
- Rice University, Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Anatoly B Kolomeisky
- Rice University, Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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244
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Kif5 regulates mitochondrial movement, morphology, function and neuronal survival. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 72:22-33. [PMID: 26767417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique architecture of neurons, trafficking of mitochondria throughout processes to regions of high energetic demand is critical to sustain neuronal health. It has been suggested that compromised mitochondrial trafficking may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases. We evaluated the consequences of disrupted kif5c-mediated mitochondrial trafficking on mitochondrial form and function in primary rat cortical neurons. Morphological changes in mitochondria appeared to be due to remodelling, a phenomenon distinct from mitochondrial fission, which resulted in punctate-shaped mitochondria. We also demonstrated that neurons displaying punctate mitochondria exhibited relatively decreased ROS and increased cellular ATP levels using ROS-sensitive GFP and ATP FRET probes, respectively. Somewhat unexpectedly, neurons overexpressing the dominant negative form of kif5c exhibited enhanced survival following excitotoxicity, suggesting that the impairment of mitochondrial trafficking conferred some form of neuroprotection. However, when neurons were exposed to H2O2, disruption of kif5c exacerbated cell death indicating that the effect on cell viability was dependent on the mode of toxicity. Our results suggest a novel role of kif5c. In addition to mediating mitochondrial transport, kif5c plays a role in the mechanism of regulating mitochondrial morphology. Our results also suggest that kif5c mediated mitochondrial dynamics may play an important role in regulating mitochondrial function and in turn cellular health. Moreover, our studies demonstrate an interesting interplay between the regulation of mitochondrial motility and morphology.
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245
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Williams AH, O'Donnell C, Sejnowski TJ, O'Leary T. Dendritic trafficking faces physiologically critical speed-precision tradeoffs. eLife 2016; 5:e20556. [PMID: 28034367 PMCID: PMC5201421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous system function requires intracellular transport of channels, receptors, mRNAs, and other cargo throughout complex neuronal morphologies. Local signals such as synaptic input can regulate cargo trafficking, motivating the leading conceptual model of neuron-wide transport, sometimes called the 'sushi-belt model' (Doyle and Kiebler, 2011). Current theories and experiments are based on this model, yet its predictions are not rigorously understood. We formalized the sushi belt model mathematically, and show that it can achieve arbitrarily complex spatial distributions of cargo in reconstructed morphologies. However, the model also predicts an unavoidable, morphology dependent tradeoff between speed, precision and metabolic efficiency of cargo transport. With experimental estimates of trafficking kinetics, the model predicts delays of many hours or days for modestly accurate and efficient cargo delivery throughout a dendritic tree. These findings challenge current understanding of the efficacy of nucleus-to-synapse trafficking and may explain the prevalence of local biosynthesis in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States,Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States, (AHW)
| | - Cian O'Donnell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States,Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Timothy O'Leary
- Volen Center and Biology Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, United States,Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, (TO)
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246
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p27kip1 controls H-Ras/MAPK activation and cell cycle entry via modulation of MT stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13916-21. [PMID: 26512117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508514112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(kip1) is a critical regulator of the G1/S-phase transition of the cell cycle and also regulates microtubule (MT) stability. This latter function is exerted by modulating the activity of stathmin, an MT-destabilizing protein, and by direct binding to MTs. We recently demonstrated that increased proliferation in p27(kip1)-null mice is reverted by concomitant deletion of stathmin in p27(kip1)/stathmin double-KO mice, suggesting that a CDK-independent function of p27(kip1) contributes to the control of cell proliferation. Whether the regulation of MT stability by p27(kip1) impinges on signaling pathway activation and contributes to the decision to enter the cell cycle is largely unknown. Here, we report that faster cell cycle entry of p27(kip1)-null cells was impaired by the concomitant deletion of stathmin. Using gene expression profiling coupled with bioinformatic analyses, we show that p27(kip1) and stathmin conjunctly control activation of the MAPK pathway. From a molecular point of view, we observed that p27(kip1), by controlling MT stability, impinges on H-Ras trafficking and ubiquitination levels, eventually restraining its full activation. Our study identifies a regulatory axis controlling the G1/S-phase transition, relying on the regulation of MT stability by p27(kip1) and finely controlling the spatiotemporal activation of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway.
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247
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Wijdeven RH, Jongsma MLM, Neefjes J, Berlin I. ER contact sites direct late endosome transport. Bioessays 2015; 37:1298-302. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud H. Wijdeven
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke L. M. Jongsma
- Department of Immunopathology; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Division of Cell Biology; The Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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248
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Joshi G, Bekier ME, Wang Y. Golgi fragmentation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:340. [PMID: 26441511 PMCID: PMC4585163 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is an essential cellular organelle for post-translational modifications, sorting, and trafficking of membrane and secretory proteins. Proper functionality of the Golgi requires the formation of its unique cisternal-stacking morphology. The Golgi structure is disrupted in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a common mechanism and contribution of Golgi defects in neurodegenerative disorders. A recent study on Alzheimer's disease (AD) revealed that phosphorylation of the Golgi stacking protein GRASP65 disrupts its function in Golgi structure formation, resulting in Golgi fragmentation. Inhibiting GRASP65 phosphorylation restores the Golgi morphology from Aβ-induced fragmentation and reduces Aβ production. Perturbing Golgi structure and function in neurons may directly impact trafficking, processing, and sorting of a variety of proteins essential for synaptic and dendritic integrity. Therefore, Golgi defects may ultimately promote the development of AD. In the current review, we focus on the cellular impact of impaired Golgi morphology and its potential relationship to AD disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael E Bekier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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249
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Studying neuronal microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins using single molecule localization microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 131:127-49. [PMID: 26794511 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of highly polarized neurons critically depends on the proper organization of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. In axons, MTs are uniformly oriented with their plus-end pointing outward whereas in mature dendrites MTs have mixed orientations. MT organization and dynamics can be regulated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs). Plus-end tracking proteins are specialized MAPs that decorate plus-ends of growing MTs and regulate neuronal polarity, neurite extension, and dendritic spine morphology. Conventional fluorescence microscopy enables observation of specific cellular components through molecule-specific labeling but provides limited resolution (∼250 nm). Therefore, electron microscopy has until now provided most of our knowledge about the precise MT organization in neurons. In the past decade, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques have emerged that circumvent the diffraction limit of light and enable high-resolution reconstruction of the MT network combined with selective protein labeling. However, preserving MT ultrastructure, MAP binding, high labeling density, and antibody specificity after fixation protocols is still quite challenging. In this chapter, we provide an optimized protocol for two-color direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging of neuronal MTs together with their growing plus-ends to probe MT architecture and polarity.
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250
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Bertalan Z, Budrikis Z, La Porta CAM, Zapperi S. Navigation Strategies of Motor Proteins on Decorated Tracks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136945. [PMID: 26323095 PMCID: PMC4556374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins display widely different stepping patterns as they move on microtubule tracks, from the deterministic linear or helical motion performed by the protein kinesin to the uncoordinated random steps made by dynein. How these different strategies produce an efficient navigation system needed to ensure correct cellular functioning is still unclear. Here, we show by numerical simulations that deterministic and random motor steps yield different outcomes when random obstacles decorate the microtubule tracks: kinesin moves faster on clean tracks but its motion is strongly hindered on decorated tracks, while dynein is slower on clean tracks but more efficient in avoiding obstacles. Further simulations indicate that dynein's advantage on decorated tracks is due to its ability to step backwards. Our results explain how different navigation strategies are employed by the cell to optimize motor driven cargo transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bertalan
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Zoe Budrikis
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina A. M. La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (CAMLP); (SZ)
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Torino, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi, Milano, Italy
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail: (CAMLP); (SZ)
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