201
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Li Z, Cai S, Sun Y, Li L, Ding S, Wang X. When STING Meets Viruses: Sensing, Trafficking and Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2064. [PMID: 33133062 PMCID: PMC7550420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To effectively defend against microbial pathogens, the host cells mount antiviral innate immune responses by producing interferons (IFNs), and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Upon recognition of cytoplasmic viral or bacterial DNAs and abnormal endogenous DNAs, the DNA sensor cGAS synthesizes 2',3'-cGAMP that induces STING (stimulator of interferon genes) undergoing conformational changes, cellular trafficking, and the activation of downstream factors. Therefore, STING plays a pivotal role in preventing microbial pathogen infection by sensing DNAs during pathogen invasion. This review is dedicated to the recent advances in the dynamic regulations of STING activation, intracellular trafficking, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) by the host and microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
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202
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STING-Mediated Autophagy Is Protective against H 2O 2-Induced Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197059. [PMID: 32992769 PMCID: PMC7582849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated type-I interferon signaling is a well characterized instigator of the innate immune response following bacterial or viral infections in the periphery. Emerging evidence has recently linked STING to various neuropathological conditions, however, both protective and deleterious effects of the pathway have been reported. Elevated oxidative stress, such as neuroinflammation, is a feature of a number of neuropathologies, therefore, this study investigated the role of the STING pathway in cell death induced by elevated oxidative stress. Here, we report that the H2O2-induced activation of the STING pathway is protective against cell death in wildtype (WT) MEFSV40 cells as compared to STING−/− MEF SV40 cells. This protective effect of STING can be attributed, in part, to an increase in autophagy flux with an increased LC3II/I ratio identified in H2O2-treated WT cells as compared to STING−/− cells. STING−/− cells also exhibited impaired autophagic flux as indicated by p62, LC3-II and LAMP2 accumulation following H2O2 treatment, suggestive of an impairment at the autophagosome-lysosomal fusion step. This indicates a previously unrecognized role for STING in maintaining efficient autophagy flux and protecting against H2O2-induced cell death. This finding supports a multifaceted role for the STING pathway in the underlying cellular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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203
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Murthy AMV, Robinson N, Kumar S. Crosstalk between cGAS-STING signaling and cell death. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2989-3003. [PMID: 32948836 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic nucleic acid sensors have a critical role in detecting endogenous nucleic acids to initiate innate immune responses during microbial infections and/or cell death. Several seminal studies over the past decade have delineated the conserved mechanism of cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and the downstream signaling adapter stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in mediating innate immune signaling pathways as a host defense mechanism. Besides the predominant role in microbial infections and inflammatory diseases, there is an increased attention on alternative functional responses of cGAS-STING-mediated signaling. Here we review the complexity of interactions between the cGAS-STING signaling and cell death pathways. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of this interplay is important with regard to the development of new therapeutics targeting cGAS-STING signaling in cancer, infectious, and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika M V Murthy
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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204
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Zhu Q, Hu H, Liu H, Shen H, Yan Z, Gao L. A synthetic STING agonist inhibits the replication of human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 16 through distinct mechanisms. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104933. [PMID: 32949635 PMCID: PMC7494516 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), as a signaling hub in innate immunity, plays a central role for the effective initiation of host defense mechanisms against microbial infections. Upon binding of its ligand cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) produced by the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) or invading bacteria, STING is activated, leading to the induction of both type I interferon responses and autophagy, which are critical for the control of certain microbial infections. RNA viruses, such as Parainfluenza virus (PIV) and Rhinovirus (HRV), are among the leading causes of respiratory infections that affect human health without effective treatments. Activation of STING pathway may provide a new therapeutic approach fighting against these viruses. However, the role of STING in the control of RNA virus infection remains largely unexplored. In this study, using dimeric amidobenzimidazole (diABZI), a newly discovered synthetic small molecule STING receptor agonist with much higher potency than CDNs, we found that activation of STING elicits potent antiviral effects against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) and human rhinovirus 16 (HRV16), two representative respiratory viral pathogens. Notably, while anti-PIV3 activity was depend on the induction of type I interferon responses through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), anti-HRV16 activity required the induction of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5)-dependent autophagy, indicating that two distinct antiviral mechanisms are engaged upon STING activation. Antiviral activity and individual specific pathway was further confirmed in infected primary bronchial epithelial cells. Our findings thus demonstrate the distinct antiviral mechanisms triggered by STING agonist and uncover the potential of therapeutic effect against different viruses. The small molecule STING receptor agonist diABZI elicits potent antiviral effects against PIV3 and HRV16 in cell line model. IFN neutralizing Ab or BX795, but not autophagy inhibitor CQ or ATG5 knockdown, inhibited the anti-PIV3 activity of diABZI. Autophagy inhibitor CQ or ATG5 knockdown, but not IFN pathway blocker, reduced the anti-HRV16 activity of diABZI. In human primary bronchial epithelial cells model, diABZI show anti-PIV3 and anti-RHV16 activity via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zhu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hui Hu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhipeng Yan
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Lu Gao
- Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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205
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The Central Role and Possible Mechanisms of Bacterial DNAs in Sepsis Development. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7418342. [PMID: 32934605 PMCID: PMC7479481 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7418342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological roles of bacterial DNA have been documented many decades ago. Bacterial DNAs are different from mammalian DNAs; the latter are heavily methylated. Mammalian cells have sensors such as TLR-9 to sense the DNAs with nonmethylated CpGs and distinguish them from host DNAs with methylated CpGs. Further investigation has identified many other types of DNA sensors distributed in a variety of cellular compartments. These sensors not only sense foreign DNAs, including bacterial and viral DNAs, but also sense damaged DNAs from the host cells. The major downstream signalling pathways includeTLR-9-MyD88-IKKa-IRF-7/NF-κB pathways to increase IFN/proinflammatory cytokine production, STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway to increase IFN-beta, and AIM2-ASC-caspas-1 pathway to release IL-1beta. The major outcome is to activate host immune response by inducing cytokine production. In this review, we focus on the roles and potential mechanisms of DNA sensors and downstream pathways in sepsis. Although bacterial DNAs play important roles in sepsis development, bacterial DNAs alone are unable to cause severe disease nor lead to death. Priming animals with bacterial DNAs facilitate other pathological factors, such as LPS and other virulent factors, to induce severe disease and lethality. We also discuss compartmental distribution of DNA sensors and pathological significance as well as the transport of extracellular DNAs into cells. Understanding the roles of DNA sensors and signal pathways will pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies in many diseases, particularly in sepsis.
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206
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Beclin1 Haploinsufficiency accentuates second-hand smoke exposure -induced myocardial Remodeling and contractile dysfunction through a STING-mediated mechanism. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 148:78-88. [PMID: 32891637 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Second-hand smoking evokes inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. Recent evidence has revealed a pivotal role for deranged autophagy in smoke exposure-induced cardiac anomalies. This study evaluated the impact of haploinsufficiency of the mTOR-independent autophagy protein Beclin1 on side-stream smoke exposure-induced cardiac anomalies and mechanism(s) involved. Adult WT and Beclin1 haploinsufficiency (Becn+/-) mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 1 h daily for 90 days. Echocardiographic, cardiomyocyte function, intracellular Ca2+, autophagy, mitophagy, apoptosis and inflammation were examined. DHE staining was employed to evaluate O2- level. Our data revealed that Beclin1 deficiency exacerbated smoke exposure-induced myocardial anomalies in geometry, fractional shortening, cardiomyocyte function, intracellular Ca2+ handling, TEM ultrastructure, and inflammation along with pronounced apoptosis and O2- production. Side-stream smoke provoked excessive autophagy/mitophagy, mtDNA release, and activation of innate immune response signals cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its effector - stimulator of interferon genes (STING), the effect was abolished or unaffected by Becn haploinsufficiency. STING phosphorylation was overtly promoted by smoke exposure in Becn+/- mice. Smoke exposure also suppressed phosphorylation of mTOR although it facilitated that of ULK1 in both groups. In vitro data revealed that inhibition of cGAS or STING failed to affect smoke extract-induced mitophagy although they abrogated smoke extract-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction except cGAS inhibition in Becn+/- mice. These data suggest that Beclin1 is integral in the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis under side-stream smoke exposure via a STING-mediated mechanism.
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207
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Gerada C, Ryan KM. Autophagy, the innate immune response and cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1913-1929. [PMID: 32745353 PMCID: PMC7463325 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling system, which can interact with components of innate immune signalling pathways to enhance pathogen clearance, in both immune and nonimmune cells. Whilst this interaction is often beneficial for pathogen clearance, it can have varying outcomes in regard to tumorigenesis. Autophagy and the innate immune response can have both pro- and antitumorigenic effects at different stages of tumorigenesis due to the plastic nature of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Although both of these components have been studied in isolation as potential therapeutic targets, there has been less research concerning the interaction between autophagy and the innate immune response within the TME. As the innate immune response is critical for the formation of an effective antitumour adaptive immune response, targeting autophagy pathways in both tumour cells and innate immune cells could enhance tumour clearance. Within tumour cells, autophagy pathways are intertwined with pattern recognition receptor (PRR), inflammatory and cell death pathways, and therefore can alter the immunogenicity of the TME and development of the antitumour immune response. In innate immune cells, autophagy components can have autophagy-independent roles in functional pathways, and therefore could be valuable targets for enhancing immune cell function in the TME and immunotherapy. This review highlights the individual importance of autophagy and the innate immune response to tumorigenesis, and also explains the complex interactions between these pathways in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gerada
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
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208
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Sun Y, Cheng Y. STING or Sting: cGAS-STING-Mediated Immune Response to Protozoan Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:773-784. [PMID: 32736985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the DNA-sensing pathway plays a crucial role in innate immunity against multiple diseases, especially infectious diseases. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), as a DNA sensor, and stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING), as an adaptor protein, are the central components that link DNA sensing to immunologic functions - including, but not limited to, the type I IFN response. Recently, a series of studies have revealed that genomic DNA from protozoan parasites triggers the cGAS-STING pathway, and these studies identified the positive and negative regulators that modulate the signaling in parasite infection. Here, we summarize current understanding of the critical functions and potential applications of the cGAS-STING axis in parasitic diseases, specifically those caused by malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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209
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Wang S, Wang L, Qin X, Turdi S, Sun D, Culver B, Reiter RJ, Wang X, Zhou H, Ren J. ALDH2 contributes to melatonin-induced protection against APP/PS1 mutation-prompted cardiac anomalies through cGAS-STING-TBK1-mediated regulation of mitophagy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:119. [PMID: 32703954 PMCID: PMC7378833 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample clinical evidence suggests a high incidence of cardiovascular events in Alzheimer's disease (AD), although neither precise etiology nor effective treatment is available. This study was designed to evaluate cardiac function in AD patients and APP/PS1 mutant mice, along with circulating levels of melatonin, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) and autophagy. AD patients and APP/PS1 mice displayed cognitive and myocardial deficits, low levels of circulating melatonin, ALDH2 activity, and autophagy, ultrastructural, geometric (cardiac atrophy and interstitial fibrosis) and functional (reduced fractional shortening and cardiomyocyte contraction) anomalies, mitochondrial injury, cytosolic mtDNA buildup, apoptosis, and suppressed autophagy and mitophagy. APP/PS1 mutation downregulated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) levels and TBK1 phosphorylation, while promoting Aβ accumulation. Treatment with melatonin overtly ameliorated unfavorable APP/PS1-induced changes in cardiac geometry and function, apoptosis, mitochondrial integrity, cytosolic mtDNA accumulation (using both immunocytochemistry and qPCR), mitophagy, and cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling, although these benefits were absent in APP/PS1/ALDH2-/- mice. In vitro evidence indicated that melatonin attenuated APP/PS1-induced suppression of mitophagy and cardiomyocyte function, and the effect was negated by the nonselective melatonin receptor blocker luzindole, inhibitors or RNA interference of cGAS, STING, TBK1, and autophagy. Our data collectively established a correlation among cardiac dysfunction, low levels of melatonin, ALDH2 activity, and autophagy in AD patients, with compelling support in APP/PS1 mice, in which melatonin rescued myopathic changes by promoting cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling and mitophagy via an ALDH2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Subat Turdi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Dongdong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bruce Culver
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Hao Zhou
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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210
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Li W, Luo Z, Yan CY, Wang XH, He ZJ, Ouyang SH, Yan C, Liu LF, Zhou QQ, Mu HL, Gong HB, Duan WJ, Liang L, Kurihara H, Feng D, Li YF, He RR. Autophagic degradation of PML promotes susceptibility to HSV-1 by stress-induced corticosterone. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9032-9049. [PMID: 32802177 PMCID: PMC7415815 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that can cause a variety of clinical syndromes including mucocutaneous disease and HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE). Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to HSV-1 under stressful conditions. Methods: Restraint stress and corticosterone (CORT, a primary stress hormone) were respectively used to establish HSV-1 susceptible model in vivo and in vitro. Viral titers were determined by plaque assay. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qRT-PCR, H&E staining, IHC staining and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate virus-related protein expressions and detect the activation of autophagy. Loss- and gain-function assays, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) technique and autophagy agonist/antagonist treatments were applied in mechanistic experiments. Results: Restraint stress increased the susceptibility of mouse brain to HSV-1. Similarly, CORT treatment enhanced the susceptibility of neural cells to HSV-1. Furthermore, PML protein level in HSV-1 infected brain tissues and neural cells was remarkably decreased by stress treatment in vivo or CORT treatment in vitro, while its transcriptional level was not affected. Notably, a striking decline in protein expressions of ICP27 and gB was observed in PML-overexpressing cells, which was reversed by CORT treatment. By contrast, protein expression of gB was increased by knockdown with si-PML in virus-infected SH-SY5Y cells. We further discovered that CORT-driven PML degradation was dependent on the activation of autophagy in a ULK1-independent manner, rather than proteasome pathway. Bafilomycin A1 (BaF1) attenuated the augmentation effect of CORT on HSV-1 infection. The expressions of viral proteins were reduced in LC3-depleted cells, and the degradation of PML by CORT-induced autophagy was prevented in cells with LC3 knockdown by RNAi. Interestingly, PML was revealed to interact with the autophagic cargo receptor P62 and the autophagic effector protein LC3. Additionally, CORT failed to increase gB protein level when PML was silenced, providing direct evidence linking autophagic degradation of PML and CORT-induced virus susceptibility. Conclusion: Our results revealed that restraint stress/CORT increased HSV-1 susceptibility by delivering PML into autolysosomes for degradation. The results obtained from in vitro and in vivo models not only demonstrated the adverse effects of stress on HSV-1 infection, but also systematically investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. These discoveries broaden our understanding of the interplay between host and viruses, and a comprehensive understanding of the role of autophagy in viral infection will provide information for future development of innovative drugs against viral infection.
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211
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Yamashiro LH, Wilson SC, Morrison HM, Karalis V, Chung JYJ, Chen KJ, Bateup HS, Szpara ML, Lee AY, Cox JS, Vance RE. Interferon-independent STING signaling promotes resistance to HSV-1 in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3382. [PMID: 32636381 PMCID: PMC7341812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway initiates potent immune responses upon recognition of DNA. To initiate signaling, serine 365 (S365) in the C-terminal tail (CTT) of STING is phosphorylated, leading to induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Additionally, evolutionary conserved responses such as autophagy also occur downstream of STING, but their relative importance during in vivo infections remains unclear. Here we report that mice harboring a serine 365-to-alanine (S365A) mutation in STING are unexpectedly resistant to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1, despite lacking STING-induced type I IFN responses. By contrast, resistance to HSV-1 is abolished in mice lacking the STING CTT, suggesting that the STING CTT initiates protective responses against HSV-1, independently of type I IFNs. Interestingly, we find that STING-induced autophagy is a CTT- and TBK1-dependent but IRF3-independent process that is conserved in the STING S365A mice. Thus, interferon-independent functions of STING mediate STING-dependent antiviral responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia H Yamashiro
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen C Wilson
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 200 Cambridge Park Dr, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Huntly M Morrison
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vasiliki Karalis
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jing-Yi J Chung
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katherine J Chen
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Henry Wheeler Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Henry Wheeler Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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212
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Sanchez-Garrido J, Shenoy AR. Regulation and repurposing of nutrient sensing and autophagy in innate immunity. Autophagy 2020; 17:1571-1591. [PMID: 32627660 PMCID: PMC8354595 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1783119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients not only act as building blocks but also as signaling molecules. Nutrient-availability promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses catabolic processes, such as macroautophagy/autophagy. These effects are mediated by checkpoint kinases such as MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), which is activated by amino acids and growth factors, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is activated by low levels of glucose or ATP. These kinases have wide-ranging activities that can be co-opted by immune cells upon exposure to danger signals, cytokines or pathogens. Here, we discuss recent insight into the regulation and repurposing of nutrient-sensing responses by the innate immune system during infection. Moreover, we examine how natural mutations and pathogen-mediated interventions can alter the balance between anabolic and autophagic pathways leading to a breakdown in tissue homeostasis and/or host defense.Abbreviations: AKT1/PKB: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP3K7/TAK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NLR: NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR: pattern-recognition receptor; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RALB: RAS like proto-oncogene B; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; RRAG: Ras related GTP binding; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1/TMEM173: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TLR: toll like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; TRIM: tripartite motif protein; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-proton-translocating ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Avinash R Shenoy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Satellite Group Leader, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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213
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Yum S, Li M, Chen ZJ. Old dogs, new trick: classic cancer therapies activate cGAS. Cell Res 2020; 30:639-648. [PMID: 32541866 PMCID: PMC7395767 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cancer immune surveillance and immunotherapy has opened up a new era of cancer treatment. Immunotherapies modulate a patient’s immune system to specifically eliminate cancer cells; thus, it is considered a very different approach from classic cancer therapies that usually induce DNA damage to cause cell death in a cell-intrinsic manner. However, recent studies have revealed that classic cancer therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy also elicit antitumor immunity, which plays an essential role in their therapeutic efficacy. The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and the downstream effector Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) have been determined to be critical for this interplay. Here, we review the antitumor roles of the cGAS-STING pathway during tumorigenesis, cancer immune surveillance, and cancer therapies. We also highlight classic cancer therapies that elicit antitumor immune responses through cGAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyun Yum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
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214
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Sora V, Kumar M, Maiani E, Lambrughi M, Tiberti M, Papaleo E. Structure and Dynamics in the ATG8 Family From Experimental to Computational Techniques. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:420. [PMID: 32587856 PMCID: PMC7297954 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved and essential intracellular mechanism for the removal of damaged components. Since autophagy deregulation is linked to different kinds of pathologies, it is fundamental to gain knowledge on the fine molecular and structural details related to the core proteins of the autophagy machinery. Among these, the family of human ATG8 proteins plays a central role in recruiting other proteins to the different membrane structures involved in the autophagic pathway. Several experimental structures are available for the members of the ATG8 family alone or in complex with their different biological partners, including disordered regions of proteins containing a short linear motif called LC3 interacting motif. Recently, the first structural details of the interaction of ATG8 proteins with biological membranes came into light. The availability of structural data for human ATG8 proteins has been paving the way for studies on their structure-function-dynamic relationship using biomolecular simulations. Experimental and computational structural biology can help to address several outstanding questions on the mechanism of human ATG8 proteins, including their specificity toward different interactors, their association with membranes, the heterogeneity of their conformational ensemble, and their regulation by post-translational modifications. We here summarize the main results collected so far and discuss the future perspectives within the field and the knowledge gaps. Our review can serve as a roadmap for future structural and dynamics studies of the ATG8 family members in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sora
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emiliano Maiani
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Tiberti
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Disease System Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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215
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Landman SL, Ressing ME, van der Veen AG. Balancing STING in antimicrobial defense and autoinflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:1-14. [PMID: 32563552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbes is crucial for eliciting an effective immune response. Innate immune receptors survey the intracellular and extracellular environment for signs of a microbial infection. When they detect a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), such as viral DNA, they alarm the cell about the ongoing infection. The central signaling hub in sensing of viral DNA is the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Upon activation, STING induces downstream signaling events that ultimately result in the production of type I interferons (IFN I), important cytokines in antimicrobial defense, in particular towards viruses. In this review, we describe the molecular features of STING, including its upstream sensors and ligands, its sequence and structural conservation, common polymorphisms, and its localization. We further highlight how STING activation requires a careful balance: its activity is essential for antiviral defense, but unwanted activation through mutations or accidental recognition of self-derived DNA causes autoinflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms, such as post-translational modifications, ensure this balance by fine-tuning STING activation. Finally, we discuss how viruses evade detection of their genomes by either exploiting cells that lack a functional DNA sensing pathway as a niche or by interfering with STING activation through viral evasion molecules. Insight into STING's exact mechanisms in health and disease will guide the development of novel clinical interventions for microbial infections, autoinflammatory diseases, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Landman
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemarthe G van der Veen
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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216
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Gong Y, Li G, Tao J, Wu NN, Kandadi MR, Bi Y, Wang S, Pei Z, Ren J. Double knockout of Akt2 and AMPK accentuates high fat diet-induced cardiac anomalies through a cGAS-STING-mediated mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165855. [PMID: 32512189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High fat diet intake contributes to undesired cardiac geometric and functional changes although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Akt and AMPK govern to cardiac homeostasis. This study examined the impact of deletion of Akt2 (main cardiac isoform of Akt) and AMPKα2 on high fat diet intake-induced cardiac remodeling and contractile anomalies and mechanisms involved. Cardiac geometry, contractile, and intracellular Ca2+ properties were evaluated using echocardiography, IonOptix® edge-detection and fura-2 techniques in wild-type (WT) and Akt2-AMPK double knockout (DKO) mice receiving low fat (LF) or high fat (HF) diet for 4 months. Our results revealed that fat diet intake elicit obesity, cardiac remodeling (hypertrophy, LV mass, LVESD, and cross-sectional area), contractile dysfunction (fractional shortening, peak shortening, maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, time-to-90% relengthening, and intracellular Ca2+ handling), ultrastructural disarray, apoptosis, O2-, inflammation, dampened autophagy and mitophagy. Although DKO did not affect these parameters, it accentuated high fat diet-induced cardiac remodeling and contractile anomalies. High fat intake upregulated levels of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and STING phosphorylation while suppressing phosphorylation of ULK1 (Ser757 and Ser777), with a more pronounced effect in DKO mice. In vitro data revealed that inhibition of cGAS and STING using PF-06928215 and Astin C negated palmitic acid-induced cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction. Biological function analysis for all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) depicted that gene ontology terms associated with Akt and AMPK signaling processes were notably changed in high fat-fed hearts. Our data indicate that Akt2-AMPK ablation accentuated high fat diet-induced cardiac anomalies possibly through a cGAS-STING-mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, China
| | - Guangwei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ne N Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Yaguang Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhaohui Pei
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China.
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217
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He Y, Hong C, Yan EZ, Fletcher SJ, Zhu G, Yang M, Li Y, Sun X, Irvine DJ, Li J, Hammond PT. Self-assembled cGAMP-STINGΔTM signaling complex as a bioinspired platform for cGAMP delivery. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7589. [PMID: 32582856 PMCID: PMC7292616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) pathway constitutes a highly important part of immune responses against various cancers and infections. Consequently, administration of STING agonists such as cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) has been identified as a promising approach to target these diseases. In cancer cells, STING signaling is frequently impaired by epigenetic silencing of STING; hence, conventional delivery of only its agonist cGAMP may be insufficient to trigger STING signaling. In this work, while expression of STING lacking the transmembrane (TM) domain is known to be unresponsive to STING agonists and is dominant negative when coexpressed with the full-length STING inside cells, we observed that the recombinant TM-deficient STING protein complexed with cGAMP could effectively trigger STING signaling when delivered in vitro and in vivo, including in STING-deficient cell lines. Thus, this bioinspired method using TM-deficient STING may present a universally applicable platform for cGAMP delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpu He
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Celestine Hong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emily Z. Yan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha J. Fletcher
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ge Zhu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mengdi Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yingzhong Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Jiahe Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paula T. Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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218
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Hopfner KP, Hornung V. Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of cGAS-STING signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:501-521. [PMID: 32424334 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 856] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signalling axis, comprising the synthase for the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAS) and the cyclic GMP-AMP receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), detects pathogenic DNA to trigger an innate immune reaction involving a strong type I interferon response against microbial infections. Notably however, besides sensing microbial DNA, the DNA sensor cGAS can also be activated by endogenous DNA, including extranuclear chromatin resulting from genotoxic stress and DNA released from mitochondria, placing cGAS-STING as an important axis in autoimmunity, sterile inflammatory responses and cellular senescence. Initial models assumed that co-localization of cGAS and DNA in the cytosol defines the specificity of the pathway for non-self, but recent work revealed that cGAS is also present in the nucleus and at the plasma membrane, and such subcellular compartmentalization was linked to signalling specificity of cGAS. Further confounding the simple view of cGAS-STING signalling as a response mechanism to infectious agents, both cGAS and STING were shown to have additional functions, independent of interferon response. These involve non-catalytic roles of cGAS in regulating DNA repair and signalling via STING to NF-κB and MAPK as well as STING-mediated induction of autophagy and lysosome-dependent cell death. We have also learnt that cGAS dimers can multimerize and undergo liquid-liquid phase separation to form biomolecular condensates that could importantly regulate cGAS activation. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms and cellular functions underlying cGAS-STING activation and signalling, particularly highlighting the newly emerging diversity of this signalling pathway and discussing how the specificity towards normal, damage-induced and infection-associated DNA could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. .,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Veit Hornung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. .,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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219
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Wan D, Jiang W, Hao J. Research Advances in How the cGAS-STING Pathway Controls the Cellular Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:615. [PMID: 32411126 PMCID: PMC7198750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) along with the downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) acting as essential immune-surveillance mediators have become hot topics of research. The intrinsic function of the cGAS-STING pathway facilitates type-I interferon (IFN) inflammatory signaling responses and other cellular processes such as autophagy, cell survival, senescence. cGAS-STING pathway interplays with other innate immune pathways, by which it participates in regulating infection, inflammatory disease, and cancer. The therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway show promise for future translation into clinical applications. Here, we present a review of the important previous works and recent advances regarding the cGAS-STING pathway, and provide a comprehensive understanding of the modulatory pattern of the cGAS-STING pathway under multifarious pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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220
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Hou L, Tian C, Yan Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhang Z. Manganese-Based Nanoactivator Optimizes Cancer Immunotherapy via Enhancing Innate Immunity. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3927-3940. [PMID: 32298077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are essential components of the innate immune sensors to cytosolic DNA and elicit type I interferon (IFN). Recent studies have revealed that manganese (Mn) can enhance cGAS and STING activation to viral infection. However, the role of Mn in antitumor immunity has not been explored. Here, we designed a nanoactivator, which can induce the presence of DNA in cytoplasm and simultaneously elevate Mn2+ accumulation within tumor cells. In detail, amorphous porous manganese phosphate (APMP) NPs that are highly responsive to tumor microenvironment were employed to construct doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded and phospholipid (PL)-coated hybrid nanoparticles (PL/APMP-DOX NPs). PL/APMP-DOX NPs were stably maintained during systemic circulation, but triggered to release DOX for inducing DNA damage and Mn2+ to augment cGAS/STING activity. We found that PL/APMP-DOX NPs with superior tumor-targeting capacity boosted dendritic cell maturation and increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration as well as natural killer cell recruitment into the tumor site. Furthermore, the NPs increased production of type I IFN and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (for example, TNF-α and IL-6). Consequently, PL/APMP-DOX NPs exhibited excellent antitumor efficacy and prolonged the lifespan of the tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, we developed a PL-decorated Mn-based hybrid nanoactivator to intensify immune activation and that might provide therapeutic potential for caner immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, and Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chunyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Modern Analysis and Computer Center of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yingshan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Modern Analysis and Computer Center of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lewen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, and Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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221
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Creed RB, Goldberg MS. Enhanced Susceptibility of PINK1 Knockout Rats to α-Synuclein Fibrils. Neuroscience 2020; 437:64-75. [PMID: 32353461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The main neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and intraneuronal protein aggregates immunoreactive for α-synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129). Most cases of PD are idiopathic; however, genetic mutations have been identified in several genes linked to familial PD. Mutations in the gene encoding α-synuclein are causally linked to dominantly inherited forms of PD and mutations in the PTEN-induced kinase-1 (PINK1) gene are linked to recessively inherited forms of PD. Because abnormal α-synuclein protein aggregates appear spontaneously in PINK1 knockout (KO) rats, we hypothesize that PINK1-deficiency causes endogenous α-synuclein to be more prone to aggregation. α-Synuclein aggregation does not normally occur in mice or rats, however, it can be induced by intracranial injection of α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils (PFFs), which also induces loss of dopaminergic nigral neurons 3-6 months post-injection. Because PINK1-deficiency is linked to early-onset PD, we further hypothesize that PINK1 KO rats will show earlier PFF-induced neurodegeneration compared to wild-type (WT) rats. Herein, we report that intracranial injection of α-synuclein PFFs into the dorsal striatum induced more abundant pS129 α-synuclein in PINK1 KO rat brains compared to WT littermate controls. Moreover, the synuclein extracted from the brains of PFF-injected PINK1 KO rats was more insoluble compared to PFF-injected WT littermates, suggesting greater progression of α-synuclein pathology in PINK1 KO rats. Four weeks post-injection, PFFs caused significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of PINK1 KO rats, but not WT controls. Together, our results indicate that PINK1 deficiency increases vulnerability to α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose B Creed
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States; Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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222
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Fu Y, Fang Y, Lin Z, Yang L, Zheng L, Hu H, Yu T, Huang B, Chen S, Wang H, Xu S, Bao W, Chen Q, Sun L. Inhibition of cGAS-Mediated Interferon Response Facilitates Transgene Expression. iScience 2020; 23:101026. [PMID: 32283527 PMCID: PMC7155207 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA transfection is often the bottleneck of research and gene therapy practices. To explore the mechanism regulating transgene expression, we investigated the role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which induces type-I interferons in response to DNA. We confirmed that deletion of cGAS enhances transgene expression at the protein level by ~2- to 3-fold. This enhancement is inversely correlated with the expression of interferons and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which suppress expression of transfected genes at the mRNA level. Mechanistically, DNA transfection activates the cGAS-STING pathway and induces the expression of the OAS family proteins, leading to the activation of RNaseL and degradation of mRNA derived from transgenes. Administration of chemical inhibitors that block cGAS-mediated signaling cascades improves the expression of transgenes by ~1.5- to 3-fold in multiple cell lines and primary cells, including T cells. These data suggest that targeting the cGAS-STING pathway can improve transgene expression, and this strategy may be applied to gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Fu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Yijun Fang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Liqun Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Baoting Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Suxing Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Hanze Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Fujian Normal University Hospital, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China.
| | - Lijun Sun
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College Town, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China.
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Zhang H, Zeng L, Xie M, Liu J, Zhou B, Wu R, Cao L, Kroemer G, Wang H, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Jiang J, Yu Y, Tang D. TMEM173 Drives Lethal Coagulation in Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:556-570.e6. [PMID: 32142632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of TMEM173/STING-dependent innate immunity has recently provided guidance for the prevention and management of inflammatory disorders. Here, we show that myeloid TMEM173 occupies an essential role in regulating coagulation in bacterial infections through a mechanism independent of type I interferon response. Mechanistically, TMEM173 binding to ITPR1 controls calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum in macrophages and monocytes. The TMEM173-dependent increase in cytosolic calcium drives Gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage and activation, which triggers the release of F3, the key initiator of blood coagulation. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the TMEM173-GSDMD-F3 pathway blocks systemic coagulation and improves animal survival in three models of sepsis (cecal ligation and puncture or bacteremia with Escherichia coli or Streptococcus pneumoniae infection). The upregulation of the TMEM173 pathway correlates with the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation and mortality in patients with sepsis. Thus, TMEM173 is a key regulator of blood clotting during lethal bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Guangzhou Medical University, Guang Zhou, Guangdong 510600, China
| | - Borong Zhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Guangzhou Medical University, Guang Zhou, Guangdong 510600, China
| | - Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab of Guangzhou and Guangdong, Guangzhou Medical University, Guang Zhou, Guangdong 510600, China; Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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224
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Kong E, Kim HD, Kim J. Deleting key autophagy elongation proteins induces acquirement of tumor-associated phenotypes via ISG15. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2517-2530. [PMID: 32127658 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that maintains intracellular homeostasis using lysosomal degradation systems. We demonstrate that inhibiting autophagy by depleting essential autophagy elongation proteins, Atg5 or Atg7, induces ISG15 expression through STING-mediated cytosolic dsDNA response. Genome stability is impaired in ATG5- or ATG7-depleted cells, and thus, double-strand breakages of DNA increase and cytosolic dsDNA accumulates. Accumulated cytosolic dsDNA induces the STING pathway to activate type I IFN signals which induce STAT1 activity and downregulate ATF3. When depletion of ATG5 or ATG7 inhibits autophagy, ATF3 is downregulated and STAT1 is upregulated. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy induces ISG15 expression through STAT1 activation, which promotes acquisition of tumor-associated phenotypes such as migration, invasion, and proliferation. In conclusion, it appears that via the STING-mediated cytosolic dsDNA response, the STAT1-ISG15 axis mediates the relationship between autophagy and the immune system in relation to tumor progression. Moreover, combined with autophagy control, regulating ISG15 expression could be a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunBin Kong
- Lab of Biochemistry, Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hag Dong Kim
- HAEL Lab, TechnoComplex Building, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Lab of Biochemistry, Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,HAEL Lab, TechnoComplex Building, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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225
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Walker MM, Kim S, Crisler WJ, Nguyen K, Lenz LL, Cambier JC, Getahun A. Selective Loss of Responsiveness to Exogenous but Not Endogenous Cyclic-Dinucleotides in Mice Expressing STING-R231H. Front Immunol 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32153571 PMCID: PMC7049784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays a central role in innate immune responses to viral and intracellular bacterial infections, and cellular damage. STING is a cytosolic sensor of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) including those produced by pathogenic bacteria and those arising endogenously as products of the DNA sensor cGAS (e.g., 2′3′ cGAMP). The two most common alternative allelic variants of STING in humans are STING-R71H-G230A-R293Q (STING-HAQ) and STING-R232H that are found in 20.4% and 13.7–17.6% of the population, respectively. To determine the biologic consequences of these genotypic variations, we generated knock-in mice containing the murine equivalents of each variant and studied their responsiveness to CDNs. Homozygous STING-HAQ (R71H-I229A-R292Q) and STING-R231H mice were found to be unresponsive to all exogenous CDNs tested (ci-di-GMP, ci-di-AMP, 3′3′ cGAMP and Rp,Rp-CDA). Responses of homozygous STING-HAQ mice to endogenous 2′3′ cGAMP was also greatly impaired. However, homozygous STING-R231H mice are fully responsive to 2′3′ cGAMP. Analysis of heterozygous mice revealed reduced responsiveness to exogenous and endogenous CDNs in mice carrying a single copy of STING-HAQ, while STING-R231H heterozygous mice exhibit reduced responsiveness to exogenous but not endogenous CDNs. These findings confirm and extend previous reports by demonstrating differing impact of allelic variation of STING on the ability to sense and respond to exogenous vs. endogenous CDNs. Finally, the STING-R231H variant mouse represents a useful tool with which to examine the relative contributions of STING sensing of exogenous and endogenous CDNs in the context of bacterial infections and CDN-based cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Walker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J Crisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberlie Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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226
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Sun F, Liu Z, Yang Z, Liu S, Guan W. The emerging role of STING-dependent signaling on cell death. Immunol Res 2020; 67:290-296. [PMID: 30864078 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
STING is a newly identified adaptor protein for sensing cytosolic nucleic acid. It is well established that STING plays a crucial role in innate immune response via inducing production of type I IFN. Emerging evidence suggests that the activation of STING-dependent signaling is also implicated in the process of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. Of note, the pro-death outcome is even predominant in certain cell types, like lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and hepatocytes. Given that STING agonists are being tested for enhancing antitumor immune responses, it is necessary to fully understand the outcome of STING activation. The anti-microorganism response mediated by STING has been well described; therefore, we focus on the role of STING-dependent signaling on cell death in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhengyang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan RD, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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227
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Kellner V, Luke B. Molecular and physiological consequences of faulty eukaryotic ribonucleotide excision repair. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102309. [PMID: 31833079 PMCID: PMC6996501 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The duplication of the eukaryotic genome is an intricate process that has to be tightly safe-guarded. One of the most frequently occurring errors during DNA synthesis is the mis-insertion of a ribonucleotide instead of a deoxyribonucleotide. Ribonucleotide excision repair (RER) is initiated by RNase H2 and results in error-free removal of such mis-incorporated ribonucleotides. If left unrepaired, DNA-embedded ribonucleotides result in a variety of alterations within chromosomal DNA, which ultimately lead to genome instability. Here, we review how genomic ribonucleotides lead to chromosomal aberrations and discuss how the tight regulation of RER timing may be important for preventing unwanted DNA damage. We describe the structural impact of unrepaired ribonucleotides on DNA and chromatin and comment on the potential consequences for cellular fitness. In the context of the molecular mechanisms associated with faulty RER, we have placed an emphasis on how and why increased levels of genomic ribonucleotides are associated with severe autoimmune syndromes, neuropathology, and cancer. In addition, we discuss therapeutic directions that could be followed for pathologies associated with defective removal of ribonucleotides from double-stranded DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kellner
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB)MainzGermany
- Present address:
Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Brian Luke
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB)MainzGermany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN)Johannes Gutenberg UniversitätMainzGermany
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228
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Maelfait J, Liverpool L, Rehwinkel J. Nucleic Acid Sensors and Programmed Cell Death. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:552-568. [PMID: 31786265 PMCID: PMC7322524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids derived from microorganisms are powerful triggers for innate immune responses. Proteins called RNA and DNA sensors detect foreign nucleic acids and, in mammalian cells, include RIG-I, cGAS, and AIM2. On binding to nucleic acids, these proteins initiate signaling cascades that activate host defense responses. An important aspect of this defense program is the production of cytokines such as type I interferons and IL-1β. Studies conducted over recent years have revealed that nucleic acid sensors also activate programmed cell death pathways as an innate immune response to infection. Indeed, RNA and DNA sensors induce apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Cell death via these pathways prevents replication of pathogens by eliminating the infected cell and additionally contributes to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that programmed cell death triggered by nucleic acid sensors plays an important role in a number of noninfectious pathologies. In addition to nonself DNA and RNA from microorganisms, nucleic acid sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids, for example when cells are damaged by genotoxic agents and in certain autoinflammatory diseases. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the links between nucleic acid sensing and cell death and explores important open questions for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Layal Liverpool
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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229
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Vogt D, Zaver S, Ranjan A, DiMaio T, Gounder AP, Smith JG, Lagunoff M. STING is dispensable during KSHV infection of primary endothelial cells. Virology 2020; 540:150-159. [PMID: 31928996 PMCID: PMC6961814 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During DNA virus infections, detection of cytosolic DNA by the cGAS-STING pathway leads to activation of IFN-β. Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), an oncogenic DNA virus, is the etiological agent of Kaposi's Sarcoma, an endothelial cell (EC)-based tumor. To investigate the role of STING during KSHV infection of primary ECs we identified a primary lymphatic EC sample that is defective for STING activation and we also knocked out STING in blood ECs. Ablation of STING in EC does not increase susceptibility to KSHV latent infection nor does it increase KSHV spread after lytic reactivation indicating STING signaling does not restrict KSHV. In contrast, STING ablation increases Adenovirus spread at low MOI, but STING is dispensable for blocking replication. These experiments reveal that the importance of STING depends on the DNA virus and that STING appears more important for restricting spread to bystander cells than for inhibition of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vogt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Shivam Zaver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alice Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Terri DiMaio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Anshu P Gounder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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230
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Kirkin V. History of the Selective Autophagy Research: How Did It Begin and Where Does It Stand Today? J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3-27. [PMID: 31082435 PMCID: PMC6971693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, self-eating, is a pivotal catabolic mechanism that ensures homeostasis and survival of the cell in the face of stressors as different as starvation, infection, or protein misfolding. The importance of the research in this field was recognized by the general public after the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2016 to Yoshinori Ohsumi for discoveries of the mechanisms of autophagy using yeast as a model organism. One of the seminal findings of Ohsumi was on the role ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs)-Atg5, Atg12, and Atg8-play in the formation of the double-membrane vesicle autophagosome, which is the functional unit of autophagy. Subsequent work by several groups demonstrated that, like the founding member of the UBL family ubiquitin, these small but versatile protein and lipid modifiers interact with a plethora of proteins, which either directly regulate autophagosome formation, for example, components of the Atg1/ULK1 complex, or are involved in cargo recognition, for example, Atg19 and p62/SQSTM1. By tethering the cargo to the UBLs present on the forming autophagosome, the latter proteins were proposed to effectively act as selective autophagy receptors. The discovery of the selective autophagy receptors brought a breakthrough in the autophagy field, supplying the mechanistic underpinning for the formation of an autophagosome selectively around the cytosolic cargo, that is, a protein aggregate, a mitochondrion, or a cytosolic bacterium. In this historical overview, I highlight key steps that the research into selective autophagy has been taking over the past 20 years. I comment on their significance and discuss current challenges in developing more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of selective autophagy. I will conclude by introducing the new directions that this dynamic research field is taking into its third decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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231
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Wen Y, Li Z. The STING pathway in response to chlamydial infection. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103950. [PMID: 31899324 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed significant progress in discovery and characterize cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling, especially the understanding of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). This pathway to foreign nucleic acids enables the initiation of robust anti-pathogenic responses to protect the host, and provides a new understanding for therapeutic intervention in a growing infectious disease, including chlamydial infection. Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium causing widespread human diseases such as sexually transmitted infections and respiratory tract infections. Previous studies have shown that IFN production and autophagy are well recognized as being two critical processes induced by STING, and these two processes were also activated during chlamydial infection. In this review, we summarize the important characteristics of the STING activation pathway and recent snapshots about the role of STING in chlamydial infection. Studying the role of STING in chlamydial infection could provide valuable information to further understand the pathogenesis and treatment of chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China.
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232
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Jin S. The Cross-Regulation Between Autophagy and Type I Interferon Signaling in Host Defense. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1209:125-144. [PMID: 31728868 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0606-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of type I interferons (IFNs) is one of the hallmarks of intracellular antimicrobial program. Typical type I IFN response activates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, which results in the transcription of plentiful IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to establish the comprehensive antiviral states. Type I IFN signaling should initiate timely to provoke innate and adaptive immune responses for effective elimination of the invading pathogens. Meanwhile, a precise control must come on the stage to restrain the persistent activation of type I IFN responses to avoid attendant toxicity. Autophagy, a conserved eukaryotic degradation system, mediated by a number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, plays an essential role in the clearance of invading microorganism and manipulation of type I responses. Autophagy modulates type I IFN responses through regulatory integration with innate immune signaling pathways, and by removing endogenous ligands of innate immune sensors. Moreover, selective autophagy governs the choice of innate immune factors as specific cargoes for degradation, thus tightly monitoring the type I IFN responses. This review will focus on the cross-regulation between autophagy and type I IFN signaling in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouheng Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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233
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Zhu Y, An X, Zhang X, Qiao Y, Zheng T, Li X. STING: a master regulator in the cancer-immunity cycle. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:152. [PMID: 31679519 PMCID: PMC6827255 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant appearance of DNA in the cytoplasm triggers the activation of cGAS-cGAMP-STING signaling and induces the production of type I interferons, which play critical roles in activating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, numerous studies have shown that the activation of STING and the stimulation of type I IFN production are critical for the anticancer immune response. However, emerging evidence suggests that STING also regulates anticancer immunity in a type I IFN-independent manner. For instance, STING has been shown to induce cell death and facilitate the release of cancer cell antigens. Moreover, STING activation has been demonstrated to enhance cancer antigen presentation, contribute to the priming and activation of T cells, facilitate the trafficking and infiltration of T cells into tumors and promote the recognition and killing of cancer cells by T cells. In this review, we focus on STING and the cancer immune response, with particular attention to the roles of STING activation in the cancer-immunity cycle. Additionally, the negative effects of STING activation on the cancer immune response and non-immune roles of STING in cancer have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiang An
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tongsen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.
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234
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Abstract
In a recently published article in Science, Cao and colleagues (Wang et al., 2019) identify hnRNPA2B1 as a new DNA-binding protein that initiates and amplifies antiviral immunity, unveiling a new facet of DNA recognition in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiachra Humphries
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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235
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Kirkin V, Rogov VV. A Diversity of Selective Autophagy Receptors Determines the Specificity of the Autophagy Pathway. Mol Cell 2019; 76:268-285. [PMID: 31585693 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of surplus, broken, or dangerous components is key for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The failure to remove protein aggregates, damaged organelles, or intracellular pathogens leads to diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancer, and infectious diseases. Autophagy is the evolutionarily conserved pathway that sequesters cytoplasmic components in specialized vesicles, autophagosomes, which transport the cargo to the degradative compartments (vacuoles or lysosomes). Research during the past few decades has elucidated how autophagosomes engulf their substrates selectively. This type of autophagy involves a growing number of selective autophagy receptors (SARs) (e.g., Atg19 in yeasts, p62/SQSTM1 in mammals), which bind to the cargo and simultaneously engage components of the core autophagic machinery via direct interaction with the ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) of the Atg8/LC3/GABARAP family and adaptors, Atg11 (in yeasts) or FIP200 (in mammals). In this Review, we critically discuss the biology of the SARs with special emphasis on their interactions with UBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research London, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Vladimir V Rogov
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Gentle IE. Supramolecular Complexes in Cell Death and Inflammation and Their Regulation by Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:73. [PMID: 31131275 PMCID: PMC6509160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling activation is a tightly regulated process involving myriad posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation, proteolytical cleavage events as well as translocation of proteins to new compartments within the cell. In addition to each of these events potentially regulating individual proteins, the assembly of very large supramolecular complexes has emerged as a common theme in signal transduction and is now known to regulate many signaling events. This is particularly evident in pathways regulating both inflammation and cell death/survival. Regulation of the assembly and silencing of these complexes plays important roles in immune signaling and inflammation and the fate of cells to either die or survive. Here we will give a summary of some of the better studied supramolecular complexes involved in inflammation and cell death, particularly with a focus on diseases caused by their autoactivation and the role autophagy either plays or may be playing in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Gentle
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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