201
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Meijboom R, Steketee RME, Ham LS, van der Lugt A, van Swieten JC, Smits M. Differential Hemispheric Predilection of Microstructural White Matter and Functional Connectivity Abnormalities between Respectively Semantic and Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:789-804. [PMID: 28059782 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Semantic dementia (SD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), subtypes of frontotemporal dementia, are characterized by distinct clinical symptoms and neuroimaging features, with predominant left temporal grey matter (GM) atrophy in SD and bilateral or right frontal GM atrophy in bvFTD. Such differential hemispheric predilection may also be reflected by other neuroimaging features, such as brain connectivity. This study investigated white matter (WM) microstructure and functional connectivity differences between SD and bvFTD, focusing on the hemispheric predilection of these differences. Eight SD and 12 bvFTD patients, and 17 controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging and resting state functional MRI at 3T. Whole-brain WM microstructure was assessed to determine distinct WM tracts affected in SD and bvFTD. For these tracts, diffusivity measures and lateralization indices were calculated. Functional connectivity was established for GM regions affected in early stage SD or bvFTD. Results of a direct comparison between SD and bvFTD are reported. Whole-brain WM microstructure abnormalities were more pronounced in the left hemisphere in SD and bilaterally- with a slight predilection for the right- in bvFTD. Lateralization of tract-specific abnormalities was seen in SD only, toward the left hemisphere. Functional connectivity of disease-specific regions was mainly decreased bilaterally in SD and in the right hemisphere in bvFTD. SD and bvFTD show WM microstructure and functional connectivity abnormalities in different regions, that are respectively more pronounced in the left hemisphere in SD and in the right hemisphere in bvFTD. This indicates differential hemispheric predilection of brain connectivity abnormalities between SD and bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozanna Meijboom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca M E Steketee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leontine S Ham
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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202
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Lin F, Ren P, Lo RY, Chapman BP, Jacobs A, Baran TM, Porsteinsson AP, Foxe JJ. Insula and Inferior Frontal Gyrus' Activities Protect Memory Performance Against Alzheimer's Disease Pathology in Old Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:669-678. [PMID: 27716674 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 carriers and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition proposes that recruitment of additional frontal brain regions can protect cognition against aging. This thesis has yet to be fully tested in older adults at high risk for AD. In the present study, 75 older participants (mean age: 74 years) were included. Applying a voxel-wise approach, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in resting-state functional neuroimaging data were analyzed as a function of APOEɛ4 status (carrier versus noncarrier) and clinical status (healthy control [HC] versus MCI) using a 2×2 analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Measures of cognition and cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid- β were also obtained. Three frontal regions were identified with significant interaction effects using ANCOVA (corrected p < 0.01): left-insula, left-inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and right-precentral gyrus. The HC/APOEɛ4 carrier group had significantly higher fALFF in all three regions than other groups. In the entire sample, for two regions (left insula and left IFG), a significant positive relationship between amyloid-β and memory was only observed among individuals with low fALFF. Our results suggest higher activity in frontal regions may explain being cognitively normal among a subgroup of APOEɛ4 carriers and protect against the negative impact of AD-associated pathology on memory. This is an observation with potential implications for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Raymond Y Lo
- Department of Neurology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan, Taipai
| | - Benjamin P Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alanna Jacobs
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Timothy M Baran
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anton P Porsteinsson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- Department of Neuroscience & The Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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203
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Styr B, Slutsky I. Imbalance between firing homeostasis and synaptic plasticity drives early-phase Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:463-473. [PMID: 29403035 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major focus of research. Continued failures in clinical trials and the realization that early intervention may offer better therapeutic outcome triggered a conceptual shift from late-stage AD pathology to early-stage pathophysiology. While much effort has been directed at understanding the factors initiating AD, little is known about the principle basis underlying the disease progression at its early stages. In this Perspective, we suggest a hypothesis to explain the transition from 'silent' signatures of aberrant neural circuit activity to clinically evident memory impairments. Namely, we propose that failures in firing homeostasis and imbalance between firing stability and synaptic plasticity in cortico-hippocampal circuits represent the driving force of early disease progression. We analyze the main types of possible homeostatic failures and provide the essential conceptual framework for examining the causal link between dysregulation of firing homeostasis, aberrant neural circuit activity and memory-related plasticity impairments associated with early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Styr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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204
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Age-related differences in BOLD modulation to cognitive control costs in a multitasking paradigm: Global switch, local switch, and compatibility-switch costs. Neuroimage 2018; 172:146-161. [PMID: 29414492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that older adults recruit additional brain regions compared to those recruited by younger adults while performing a wide variety of cognitive tasks. However, it is unclear how such age-related over-recruitment interacts with different types of cognitive control, and whether this over-recruitment is compensatory. To test this, we used a multitasking paradigm, which allowed us to examine age-related over-activation associated with three types of cognitive costs (i.e., global switch, local switch, compatibility-switch costs). We found age-related impairments in global switch cost (GSC), evidenced by slower response times for maintaining and coordinating two tasks vs. performing only one task. However, no age-related declines were observed in either local switch cost (LSC), a cognitive cost associated with switching between the two tasks while maintaining two task loads, or compatibility-switch cost (CSC), a cognitive cost associated with incompatible vs. compatible stimulus-response mappings across the two tasks. The fMRI analyses allowed for identification of distinct cognitive cost-sensitive brain regions associated with GSC and LSC. In fronto-parietal GSC and LSC regions, older adults' increased activations were associated with poorer performance (greater costs), whereas a reverse relationship was observed in younger adults. Older adults also recruited additional fronto-parietal brain regions outside the cognitive cost-sensitive areas, which was associated with poorer performance or no behavioral benefits. Our results suggest that older adults exhibit a combination of inefficient activation within cognitive cost-sensitive regions, specifically the GSC and LSC regions, and non-compensatory over-recruitment in age-sensitive regions. Age-related declines in global switching, compared to local switching, was observed earlier in old age at both neural and behavioral levels.
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205
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Cognition, and Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:8584653. [PMID: 29568339 PMCID: PMC5822759 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8584653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects cognition in the majority of patients. A major aspect of the disease is brain volume loss (BVL), present in all phases and types (relapsing and progressive) of the disease and linked to both motor and cognitive disabilities. Due to the lack of effective pharmacological treatments for cognition, cognitive rehabilitation and other nonpharmacological interventions such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have recently emerged and their potential role in functional connectivity is studied. With recently developed advanced neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques, changes related to alterations of the brain's functional connectivity can be detected. In this overview, we focus on the brain's functional reorganization in MS, theoretical and practical aspects of rTMS utilization in humans, and its potential therapeutic role in treating cognitively impaired MS patients.
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206
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Moriguchi Y, Shinohara I. Effect of the COMT Val158Met genotype on lateral prefrontal activations in young children. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12649. [PMID: 29314589 PMCID: PMC6175303 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Low executive function (EF) during early childhood is a major risk factor for developmental delay, academic failure, and social withdrawal. Susceptible genes may affect the molecular and biological mechanisms underpinning EF. More specifically, genes associated with the regulation of prefrontal dopamine may modulate the response of prefrontal neurons during executive control. Several studies with adults and older children have shown that variants of the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene are associated with behavioral performance and prefrontal activations in EF tasks. However, the effect of the COMT genotype on prefrontal activations during EF tasks on young children is still unknown. The present study examined whether a common functional polymorphism (Val158Met) in the COMT gene was associated with prefrontal activations and cognitive shifting in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children. The study revealed that, compared with children with at least one Met allele (Met/Met and Met/Val), children who were Val homozygous (i) were more able to flexibly switch rules in cognitive shifting tasks and (ii) exhibited increased activations in lateral prefrontal regions during these tasks. This is the first evidence that demonstrates the relationship between a gene polymorphism and prefrontal activations in young children. It also indicates that COMT Val homozygosity may be advantageous for cognitive shifting and prefrontal functions, at least during early childhood, and children who possess this variant may have a lower risk of developing future cognitive and social development issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Moriguchi
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Yoshidahoncho, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of School Education, Joetsu University of Education, Yamayashikicho, Joetsu, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Shinohara
- National Institute for Educational Policy Research of Japan, Chiyodku, Tokyo, Japan
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207
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Abstract
Imaging genetics is a research methodology studying the effect of genetic variation on brain structure, function, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. Since the early 2000s, imaging genetics has been increasingly used in the research of schizophrenia (SZ). SZ is a severe mental disorder with no precise knowledge of its underlying neurobiology, however, new genetic and neurobiological data generate a climate for new avenues. The accumulating data of genome wide association studies (GWAS) continuously decode SZ risk genes. Global neuroimaging consortia produce collections of brain phenotypes from tens of thousands of people. In this context, imaging genetics will be strategically important both for the validation and discovery of SZ related findings. Thus, the study of GWAS supported risk variants as candidate genes to validate by neuroimaging is one trend. The study of epigenetic differences in relation to variations of brain phenotypes and the study of large scale multivariate analysis of genome wide and brain wide associations are other trends. While these studies hold a big potential for understanding the neurobiology of SZ, the problem of reproducibility appears as a major challenge, which requires standardizations in study designs and compensations of methodological limitations such as sensitivity and specificity. On the other hand, advancements of neuroimaging, optical and electron microscopy along with the use of genetically encoded fluorescent probes and robust statistical approaches will not only catalyze integrative methodologies but also will help better design the imaging genetics studies. In this invited paper, I will discuss the current perspective of imaging genetics and emerging opportunities of SZ research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Arslan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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208
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Tracking Human Engrams Using Multivariate Analysis Techniques. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812028-6.00026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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209
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Abstract
The use of in vivo two-photon microscopy in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has propelled studies of disease mechanisms and treatments. For instance, this approach allowed for the first time to study in the intact brain the dynamics of individual amyloid plaques, and the effects of anti-amyloid therapies on plaque formation and growth. Moreover, by combining two-photon microscopy with fluorescent calcium indicators, an amyloid-dependent abnormal hyperactivity of cortical and hippocampal neurons was revealed as a primary neuronal impairment, which was not predicted from previous in vitro analyses. Here, a method for in vivo two-photon calcium imaging with single-cell and single-action potential accuracy in the hippocampus of Alzheimer mouse models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Aurel Busche
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
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210
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Penny W, Iglesias-Fuster J, Quiroz YT, Lopera FJ, Bobes MA. Dynamic Causal Modeling of Preclinical Autosomal-Dominant Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:697-711. [PMID: 29562504 PMCID: PMC6923812 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) is a framework for making inferences about changes in brain connectivity using neuroimaging data. We fitted DCMs to high-density EEG data from subjects performing a semantic picture matching task. The subjects are carriers of the PSEN1 mutation, which leads to early onset Alzheimer's disease, but at the time of EEG acquisition in 1999, these subjects were cognitively unimpaired. We asked 1) what is the optimal model architecture for explaining the event-related potentials in this population, 2) which connections are different between this Presymptomatic Carrier (PreC) group and a Non-Carrier (NonC) group performing the same task, and 3) which network connections are predictive of subsequent Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) trajectories. We found 1) a model with hierarchical rather than lateral connections between hemispheres to be optimal, 2) that a pathway from right inferotemporal cortex (IT) to left medial temporal lobe (MTL) was preferentially activated by incongruent items for subjects in the PreC group but not the NonC group, and 3) that increased effective connectivity among left MTL, right IT, and right MTL was predictive of subsequent MMSE scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Penny
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College, London, UK
| | | | - Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Group of Neurosciences, Medical School, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Maria A. Bobes
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Cuban Neuroscience Center, Havana, Cuba
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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211
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study constitutes the first randomized controlled trial to investigate the relation of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) to brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It was hypothesized that L and Z supplementation in older adults would enhance neural efficiency (i.e., reduce activation) and cognitive performance on a verbal learning task relative to placebo. METHODS A total of 44 community-dwelling older adults (mean age=72 years) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or L+Z supplementation (12 mg/daily) for 1 year. Neurocognitive performance was assessed at baseline and post-intervention on an fMRI-adapted task involving learning and recalling word pairs. Imaging contrasts of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal were created by subtracting active control trials from learning and recall trials. A flexible factorial model was employed to investigate the expected group (placebo vs. supplement) by time (baseline vs. post-intervention) interaction in pre-specified regions-of-interest. RESULTS L and Z appeared to buffer cognitive decline on the verbal learning task (Cohen's d=.84). Significant interactions during learning were observed in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (p < .05, family-wise-error corrected). However, these effects were in the direction of increased rather than decreased BOLD signal. Although the omnibus interaction was not significant during recall, within-group contrasts revealed significant increases in left prefrontal activation in the supplement group only. CONCLUSIONS L and Z supplementation appears to benefit neurocognitive function by enhancing cerebral perfusion, even if consumed for a discrete period of time in late life. (JINS, 2018, 24, 77-90).
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212
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Oh H, Razlighi QR, Stern Y. Multiple pathways of reserve simultaneously present in cognitively normal older adults. Neurology 2017; 90:e197-e205. [PMID: 29273689 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine neural correlates of intellectual activity underlying multiple pathways imparting reserve by testing that higher intellectual activity is associated with lower brain amyloid pathology, greater gray matter (GM) volume, and differential task-evoked brain activation levels as a function of amyloid positivity status among clinically intact older adults. METHODS Eighty-two cognitively normal older adults and 46 healthy young participants underwent fMRI during task switching. All older participants completed 18F-florbetaben-PET and an individual's amyloid positivity status was determined. To assess GM volume, T1-weighted high-resolution structural images were processed using voxel-based morphometry. As lifestyle factors, intellectual activity was estimated by a composite score of vocabulary, reading ability, and years of education. RESULTS Across all older participants, intellectual activity was associated with lower amyloid deposition in lateral and medial frontoparietal and temporal lobes but higher amyloid deposition in superior frontal and parietal cortices, larger GM volume across widespread brain regions, and reduced brain activation during task switching. These patterns of associations, however, differed by amyloid positivity status. While the patterns of associations remained similar among amyloid-negative older adults, among amyloid-positive older adults, intellectual activity was associated with increased amyloid deposition in frontoparietal cortices and increased activation during task. CONCLUSIONS Intellectual activity simultaneously exerts both neuroprotective and compensatory effects via multiple neural pathways that promote optimal brain aging and help maintain normal cognition during amyloid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwamee Oh
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
| | - Qolamreza R Razlighi
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Yaakov Stern
- From the Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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213
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Verfaillie SCJ, Pichet Binette A, Vachon-Presseau E, Tabrizi S, Savard M, Bellec P, Ossenkoppele R, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Breitner JCS, Villeneuve S. Subjective Cognitive Decline Is Associated With Altered Default Mode Network Connectivity in Individuals With a Family History of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 3:463-472. [PMID: 29735156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and a family history of Alzheimer's disease (AD) portend risk of brain abnormalities and progression to dementia. Posterior default mode network (pDMN) connectivity is altered early in the course of AD. It is unclear whether SCD predicts similar outcomes in cognitively normal individuals with a family history of AD. METHODS We studied 124 asymptomatic individuals with a family history of AD (age 64 ± 5 years). Participants were categorized as having SCD if they reported that their memory was becoming worse (SCD+). We used extensive neuropsychological assessment to investigate five different cognitive domain performances at baseline (n = 124) and 1 year later (n = 59). We assessed interconnectivity among three a priori defined ROIs: pDMN, anterior ventral DMN, medial temporal memory system (MTMS), and the connectivity of each with the rest of brain. RESULTS Sixty-eight (55%) participants reported SCD. Baseline cognitive performance was comparable between groups (all false discovery rate-adjusted p values > .05). At follow-up, immediate and delayed memory improved across groups, but the improvement in immediate memory was reduced in SCD+ compared with SCD- (all false discovery rate-adjusted p values < .05). When compared with SCD-, SCD+ subjects showed increased pDMN-MTMS connectivity (false discovery rate-adjusted p < .05). Higher connectivity between the MTMS and the rest of the brain was associated with better baseline immediate memory, attention, and global cognition, whereas higher MTMS and pDMN-MTMS connectivity were associated with lower immediate memory over time (all false discovery rate-adjusted p values < .05). CONCLUSIONS SCD in cognitively normal individuals is associated with diminished immediate memory practice effects and a brain connectivity pattern that mirrors early AD-related connectivity failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander C J Verfaillie
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for the Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexa Pichet Binette
- Centre for the Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Shirin Tabrizi
- Centre for the Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélissa Savard
- Centre for the Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Bellec
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C S Breitner
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for the Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre for the Studies on Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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214
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Kumar S, Zomorrodi R, Ghazala Z, Goodman MS, Blumberger DM, Cheam A, Fischer C, Daskalakis ZJ, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Rajji TK. Extent of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Plasticity and Its Association With Working Memory in Patients With Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:1266-1274. [PMID: 29071355 PMCID: PMC6583382 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The extent of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plasticity in Alzheimer disease (AD) and its association with working memory are not known. OBJECTIVES To determine whether participants with AD had impaired DLPFC plasticity compared with healthy control participants, to compare working memory between participants with AD and controls, and to determine whether DLPFC plasticity was associated with working memory. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study included 32 participants with AD who were 65 years or older and met diagnostic criteria for dementia due to probable AD with a score of at least 17 on the Mini-Mental State Examination and 16 age-matched control participants. Participants were recruited from a university teaching hospital from May 2013 to October 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Plasticity of the DLPFC measured as potentiation of cortical-evoked activity using paired associative stimulation (a combination of peripheral nerve electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) combined with electroencephalography. Working memory was assessed with the n-back task (1- and 2-back) and measured using the A' statistic. RESULTS Among the 32 participants with AD, 17 were women and 15 were men (mean [SD] age, 76.3 [6.3] years); among the 16 controls, 8 were men and 8 were women (mean [SD] age, 76.4 [5.1] years). Participants with AD had impaired DLPFC plasticity (mean [SD] potentiation, 1.18 [0.25]) compared with controls (mean [SD] potentiation, 1.40 [0.35]; F1,44 = 5.90; P = .02; between-group comparison, Cohen d = 0.77; P = .01). Participants with AD also had impaired performances on the 1-back condition (mean [SD] A' = 0.47 [0.30]) compared with controls (mean [SD] A' = 0.96 [0.01]; Cohen d = 1.86; P < .001), with similar findings for participants with AD on the 2-back condition (mean [SD] A' = 0.29 [0.2]) compared with controls (mean [SD], A' = 0.85 [0.18]; Cohen d = 2.83; P < .001). Plasticity of DLPFC was positively associated with working memory performance on the 1-back A' (parameter estimate B [SE] = 0.32 [0.13]; standardized β = 0.29; P = .02) and 2-back A' (B [SE] = 0.43 [0.15]; β = 0.39; P = .006) across both groups after controlling for age, education, and attention. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study demonstrated impaired in vivo DLPFC plasticity in patients with AD. The findings support the use of DLPFC plasticity as a measure of DLPFC function and a potential treatment target to enhance DLPFC function and working memory in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaid Ghazala
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle S. Goodman
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amay Cheam
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek K. Rajji
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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215
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Hayes JM, Tang L, Viviano RP, van Rooden S, Ofen N, Damoiseaux JS. Subjective memory complaints are associated with brain activation supporting successful memory encoding. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 60:71-80. [PMID: 28923533 PMCID: PMC6378370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Subjective memory complaints, the perceived decline in cognitive abilities in the absence of clinical deficits, may precede Alzheimer's disease. Individuals with subjective memory complaints show differential brain activation during memory encoding; however, whether such differences contribute to successful memory formation remains unclear. Here, we investigated how subsequent memory effects, activation which is greater for hits than misses during an encoding task, differed between healthy older adults aged 50 to 85 years with (n = 23) and without (n = 41) memory complaints. Older adults with memory complaints, compared to those without, showed lower subsequent memory effects in the occipital lobe, superior parietal lobe, and posterior cingulate cortex. In addition, older adults with more memory complaints showed a more negative subsequent memory effects in areas of the default mode network, including the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that for successful memory formation, older adults with subjective memory complaints rely on distinct neural mechanisms which may reflect an overall decreased task-directed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hayes
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lingfei Tang
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Raymond P Viviano
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sanneke van Rooden
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Noa Ofen
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jessica S Damoiseaux
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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216
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Setti SE, Hunsberger HC, Reed MN. Alterations in Hippocampal Activity and Alzheimer's Disease. TRANSLATIONAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:348-356. [PMID: 29862310 DOI: 10.1037/tps0000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aging population and those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are at increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals with aMCI in particular may display pathological changes in brain function that may ultimately result in a diagnosis of AD. This review focuses specifically on hippocampal hyperexcitability, a pathology that is sometimes detectable years before diagnosis, which has been observed in individuals with aMCI. We describe how changes in hippocampal activity are associated with, or in some cases may be permissive for, the development of AD. Finally, we describe how lifestyle changes, including exercise and dietary changes can attenuate cognitive decline and hippocampal hyperexcitability, potentially reducing the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharay E Setti
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
| | - Holly C Hunsberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University.,Department of Psychology, West Virginia University
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
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217
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Mufford MS, Stein DJ, Dalvie S, Groenewold NA, Thompson PM, Jahanshad N. Neuroimaging genomics in psychiatry-a translational approach. Genome Med 2017; 9:102. [PMID: 29179742 PMCID: PMC5704437 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging genomics is a relatively new field focused on integrating genomic and imaging data in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying brain phenotypes and neuropsychiatric disorders. While early work in neuroimaging genomics focused on mapping the associations of candidate gene variants with neuroimaging measures in small cohorts, the lack of reproducible results inspired better-powered and unbiased large-scale approaches. Notably, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of brain imaging in thousands of individuals around the world have led to a range of promising findings. Extensions of such approaches are now addressing epigenetics, gene–gene epistasis, and gene–environment interactions, not only in brain structure, but also in brain function. Complementary developments in systems biology might facilitate the translation of findings from basic neuroscience and neuroimaging genomics to clinical practice. Here, we review recent approaches in neuroimaging genomics—we highlight the latest discoveries, discuss advantages and limitations of current approaches, and consider directions by which the field can move forward to shed light on brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Mufford
- UCT/MRC Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90292, USA.
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218
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Harrison TM, McLaren DG, Moody TD, Feusner JD, Bookheimer SY. Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286444 DOI: 10.3791/55394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuroimaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures the blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal in the brain. The degree of correlation of the BOLD signal in spatially independent regions of the brain defines the functional connectivity of those regions. During a cognitive fMRI task, a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis can be used to examine changes in the functional connectivity during specific contexts defined by the cognitive task. An example of such a task is one that engages the memory system, asking participants to learn pairs of unrelated words (encoding) and recall the second word in a pair when presented with the first word (retrieval). In the present study, we used this type of associative memory task and a generalized PPI (gPPI) analysis to compare changes in hippocampal connectivity in older adults who are carriers of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk factor apolipoprotein-E epsilon-4 (APOEε4). Specifically, we show that the functional connectivity of subregions of the hippocampus changes during encoding and retrieval, the two active phases of the associative memory task. Context-dependent changes in functional connectivity of the hippocampus were significantly different in carriers of APOEε4 compared to non-carriers. PPI analyses make it possible to examine changes in functional connectivity, distinct from univariate main effects, and to compare these changes across groups. Thus, a PPI analysis may reveal complex task effects in specific cohorts that traditional univariate methods do not capture. PPI analyses cannot, however, determine directionality or causality between functionally connected regions. Nevertheless, PPI analyses provide powerful means for generating specific hypotheses regarding functional relationships, which can be tested using causal models. As the brain is increasingly described in terms of connectivity and networks, PPI is an important method for analyzing fMRI task data that is in line with the current conception of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Harrison
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles;
| | | | - Teena D Moody
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jamie D Feusner
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
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219
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Neuronal hyperactivity due to loss of inhibitory tone in APOE4 mice lacking Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1464. [PMID: 29133888 PMCID: PMC5684208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the dominant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the reason APOE4 is associated with increased AD risk remains a source of debate. Neuronal hyperactivity is an early phenotype in both AD mouse models and in human AD, which may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we have identified an APOE4-associated hyperactivity phenotype in the brains of aged APOE mice using four complimentary techniques—fMRI, in vitro electrophysiology, in vivo electrophysiology, and metabolomics—with the most prominent hyperactivity occurring in the entorhinal cortex. Further analysis revealed that this neuronal hyperactivity is driven by decreased background inhibition caused by reduced responsiveness of excitatory neurons to GABAergic inhibitory inputs. Given the observations of neuronal hyperactivity in prodromal AD, we propose that this APOE4-driven hyperactivity may be a causative factor driving increased risk of AD among APOE4 carriers. The APOE4 allele is the leading risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but how it might contribute to the disease is not clear. Here the authors show that a mouse expressing the human APOE4 allele displays hyperactivity in the entorhinal cortex due to a decreased inhibitory tone, which may in part explain accelerated Alzheimer’s pathology in APOE4 carriers.
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220
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Neale N, Padilla C, Fonseca LM, Holland T, Zaman S. Neuroimaging and other modalities to assess Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:263-271. [PMID: 29159043 PMCID: PMC5683343 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) at higher rates and a younger age of onset compared to the general population. As the average lifespan of people with DS is increasing, AD is becoming an important health concern in this group. Neuroimaging is becoming an increasingly useful tool in understanding the pathogenesis of dementia development in relation to clinical symptoms. Furthermore, neuroimaging has the potential to play a role in AD diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutics. This review describes major recent findings from in vivo neuroimaging studies analysing DS and AD via ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET), [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET, structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Electroencephalography (EEG) and retinal imaging are also discussed as emerging modalities. The review is organized by neuroimaging method and assesses the relationship between cognitive decline and neuroimaging changes. We find that amyloid accumulation seen on PET occurs prior to dementia onset, possibly as a precursor to the atrophy and white matter changes seen in MRI studies. Future PET studies relating tau distribution to clinical symptoms will provide further insight into the role this protein plays in dementia development. Brain activity changes demonstrated by EEG and metabolic changes seen via FDG-PET may also follow predictable patterns that can help track dementia progression. Finally, newer approaches such as retinal imaging will hopefully overcome some of the limitations of neuroimaging and allow for detection of dementia at an earlier stage. We review recent neuroimaging findings in the field of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Review is organized by neuroimaging methodology. Correlation between cognitive decline and imaging findings is considered. Neuroimaging is a useful tool for studying and monitoring Alzheimer's disease in the Down syndrome population.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Aβ, amyloid beta
- Biomarkers
- DS, Down syndrome
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- Dementia
- Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- FDG, fluordexoyglucose
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- NFT, neurofibrillary tangles
- PET, positron emission tomography
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Neale
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Concepcion Padilla
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
| | - Luciana Mascarenhas Fonseca
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Old Age Research Group (PROTER), Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Rua da Reitoria, 374, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Tony Holland
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Zaman
- Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
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221
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Sun D. Development of New Diagnostic Techniques - Machine Learning. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:203-215. [PMID: 29098674 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional diagnoses on addiction reply on the patients' self-reports, which are easy to be dampened by false memory or malingering. Machine learning (ML) is a data-driven procedure that learns algorithms from training data and makes predictions. It is quickly developed and is more and more utilized into clinical applications including diagnoses of addiction. This chapter reviewed the basic concepts and processes of ML. Some studies utilizing ML to classify addicts and non-addicts, separate different types of addiction, and evaluate the effects of treatment are also reviewed. Both advantages and shortcomings of ML in diagnoses of addiction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delin Sun
- Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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222
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Kay CD, Seidenberg M, Durgerian S, Nielson KA, Smith JC, Woodard JL, Rao SM. Motor timing intraindividual variability in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and cognitively intact elders at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2017; 39:866-875. [PMID: 28052734 PMCID: PMC5916765 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1273321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraindividual variability (IIV) in motor performance has been shown to predict future cognitive decline. The apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 (APOE-ε4) allele is also a well-established risk factor for memory decline. Here, we present novel findings examining the influence of the APOE-ε4 allele on the performance of asymptomatic healthy elders in comparison to individuals with amnestic MCI (aMCI) on a fine motor synchronization, paced finger-tapping task (PFTT). METHOD Two Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk groups, individuals with aMCI (n = 24) and cognitively intact APOE-ε4 carriers (n = 41), and a control group consisting of cognitively intact APOE-ε4 noncarriers (n = 65) completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and the PFTT, which requires index finger tapping in synchrony with a visual stimulus (interstimulus interval = 333 ms). RESULTS Motor timing IIV, as reflected by the standard deviation of the intertap interval (ITI), was greater in the aMCI group than in the two groups of cognitively intact elders; in contrast, all three groups had statistically equivalent mean ITI. No significant IIV differences were observed between the asymptomatic APOE-ε4 carriers and noncarriers. Poorer episodic memory performance was associated with greater IIV, particularly in the aMCI group. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that increased IIV on a fine motor synchronization task is apparent in aMCI. This IIV measure was not sensitive in discriminating older asymptomatic individuals at genetic risk for AD from those without such a genetic risk. In contrast, episodic memory performance, a well-established predictor of cognitive decline in preclinical AD, was able to distinguish between the two cognitively intact groups based on genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Kay
- a Department of Psychology , Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Michael Seidenberg
- a Department of Psychology , Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Sally Durgerian
- b Department of Neurology and the Center for Imaging Research , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Kristy A Nielson
- b Department of Neurology and the Center for Imaging Research , Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
- c Department of Psychology , Marquette University , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- d Department of Kinesiology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA
| | - John L Woodard
- e Department of Psychology , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Stephen M Rao
- f Neurological Institute , Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland , OH , USA
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223
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Bearden CE, Glahn DC. Cognitive genomics: Searching for the genetic roots of neuropsychological functioning. Neuropsychology 2017; 31:1003-1019. [PMID: 29376674 PMCID: PMC5791763 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human cognition has long been known to be under substantial genetic control. With the complete mapping of the human genome, genome-wide association studies for many complex traits have proliferated; however, the highly polygenic nature of intelligence has made the identification of the precise genes that influence both global and specific cognitive abilities more difficult than anticipated. METHOD Here, we review the latest developments in the genomics of cognition, including a discussion of methodological advances in the genetic analysis of complex traits, and shared genetic contributions to cognitive abilities and neuropsychiatric disorders. RESULTS A wealth of twin and family studies have provided compelling evidence for a strong heritable component of both global and specific cognitive abilities, and for the existence of "generalist genes" responsible for a large portion of the variance in diverse cognitive abilities. Increasingly sophisticated analytic tools and ever-larger sample sizes are now facilitating the identification of specific genetic and molecular underpinnings of cognitive abilities, leading to optimism regarding possibilities for novel treatments for illnesses related to cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS We conclude with a set of future directions for the field, which will further accelerate discoveries regarding the biological pathways relevant to cognitive abilities. These, in turn, may be further interrogated in order to link biological mechanisms to behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles
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224
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Busche MA, Konnerth A. Impairments of neural circuit function in Alzheimer's disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0429. [PMID: 27377723 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain, many years to decades before the onset of overt cognitive symptoms. We suggest that during this very extended early phase of the disease, soluble Aβ oligomers and amyloid plaques alter the function of local neuronal circuits and large-scale networks by disrupting the balance of synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) in the brain. The analysis of mouse models of AD revealed that an Aβ-induced change of the E/I balance caused hyperactivity in cortical and hippocampal neurons, a breakdown of slow-wave oscillations, as well as network hypersynchrony. Remarkably, hyperactivity of hippocampal neurons precedes amyloid plaque formation, suggesting that hyperactivity is one of the earliest dysfunctions in the pathophysiological cascade initiated by abnormal Aβ accumulation. Therapeutics that correct the E/I balance in early AD may prevent neuronal dysfunction, widespread cell loss and cognitive impairments associated with later stages of the disease.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Aurel Busche
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Munich, Germany
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225
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Grade S, Götz M. Neuronal replacement therapy: previous achievements and challenges ahead. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:29. [PMID: 29302363 PMCID: PMC5677983 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong neurogenesis and incorporation of newborn neurons into mature neuronal circuits operates in specialized niches of the mammalian brain and serves as role model for neuronal replacement strategies. However, to which extent can the remaining brain parenchyma, which never incorporates new neurons during the adulthood, be as plastic and readily accommodate neurons in networks that suffered neuronal loss due to injury or neurological disease? Which microenvironment is permissive for neuronal replacement and synaptic integration and which cells perform best? Can lost function be restored and how adequate is the participation in the pre-existing circuitry? Could aberrant connections cause malfunction especially in networks dominated by excitatory neurons, such as the cerebral cortex? These questions show how important connectivity and circuitry aspects are for regenerative medicine, which is the focus of this review. We will discuss the impressive advances in neuronal replacement strategies and success from exogenous as well as endogenous cell sources. Both have seen key novel technologies, like the groundbreaking discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct neuronal reprogramming, offering alternatives to the transplantation of fetal neurons, and both herald great expectations. For these to become reality, neuronal circuitry analysis is key now. As our understanding of neuronal circuits increases, neuronal replacement therapy should fulfill those prerequisites in network structure and function, in brain-wide input and output. Now is the time to incorporate neural circuitry research into regenerative medicine if we ever want to truly repair brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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226
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Tao W, Li X, Zhang J, Chen Y, Ma C, Liu Z, Yang C, Wang W, Chen K, Wang J, Zhang Z. Inflection Point in Course of Mild Cognitive Impairment: Increased Functional Connectivity of Default Mode Network. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:679-690. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wuhai Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Caishui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
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227
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Verdurand M, Zimmer L. Hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor expression changes in prodromal stages of Alzheimer's disease: Beneficial or deleterious? Neuropharmacology 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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228
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Yew B, Nation DA. Cerebrovascular resistance: effects on cognitive decline, cortical atrophy, and progression to dementia. Brain 2017; 140:1987-2001. [PMID: 28575149 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
See Markus (doi:10.1093/awx161) for a scientific commentary on this article.Evidence for vascular contributions to Alzheimer's disease has been increasingly identified, with increased blood pressure and decreased cerebral blood flow both linked to in vivo biomarkers and clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease. We therefore hypothesized that an elevated ratio of blood pressure to cerebral blood flow, indicative of cerebrovascular resistance, would exhibit earlier and more widespread associations with Alzheimer's disease than cerebral blood flow alone. Further, we predicted that increased cerebrovascular resistance and amyloid retention would synergistically influence cognitive performance trajectories, independent of neuronal metabolism. Lastly, we anticipated associations between cerebrovascular resistance and later brain atrophy, prior to amyloid accumulation. To evaluate these hypotheses, we investigated associations between cerebrovascular resistance and amyloid retention, cognitive decline, and brain atrophy, controlling for neuronal metabolism. North American older adults (n = 232) underwent arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging to measure regional cerebral blood flow in brain regions susceptible to ageing and Alzheimer's disease. An estimated cerebrovascular resistance index was then calculated as the ratio of mean arterial pressure to regional cerebral blood flow. Positron emission tomography with 18F-florbetapir and fludeoxyglucose was used to quantify amyloid retention and neuronal metabolism, respectively. Cognitive performance was evaluated via annual assessments of global cognition, memory, and executive function. Results indicated diminished inferior parietal and temporal cerebral blood flow for patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 33) relative to both non-demented groups, but no cerebral blood flow differences between non-demented amyloid-positive (n = 87) and amyloid-negative (n = 112) cases. In contrast, the cerebrovascular resistance index was significantly elevated in amyloid-positive versus amyloid-negative cases, with additional elevation in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, cerebrovascular resistance index group differences were of greater statistical effect size and encompassed a greater number of brain regions than those for cerebral blood flow alone. Cognitive decline over 2-year follow-up was accelerated by elevated baseline cerebrovascular resistance index, particularly for amyloid-positive individuals. Increased baseline cerebrovascular resistance index also predicted greater progression to dementia, beyond that attributable to amyloid-positivity. Finally, increased cerebrovascular resistance index predicted greater regional atrophy among non-demented older adults who were amyloid-negative. Findings suggest that increased cerebrovascular resistance may represent a previously unrecognized contributor to Alzheimer's disease that is independent of neuronal hypometabolism, predates changes in brain perfusion, exacerbates and works synergistically with amyloidosis to produce cognitive decline, and drives amyloid-independent brain atrophy during the earliest stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Yew
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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229
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fNIRS can robustly measure brain activity during memory encoding and retrieval in healthy subjects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9533. [PMID: 28842618 PMCID: PMC5572719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early intervention in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) requires novel biomarkers that can capture changes in brain activity at an early stage. Current AD biomarkers are expensive and/or invasive and therefore unsuitable for use as screening tools, but a non-invasive, inexpensive, easily accessible screening method could be useful in both clinical and research settings. Prior studies suggest that especially paired-associate learning tasks may be useful in detecting the earliest memory impairment in AD. Here, we investigated the utility of functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy in measuring brain activity from prefrontal, parietal and temporal cortices of healthy adults (n = 19) during memory encoding and retrieval under a face-name paired-associate learning task. Our findings demonstrate that encoding of novel face-name pairs compared to baseline as well as compared to repeated face-name pairs resulted in significant activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while recalling resulted in activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally. Moreover, brain response to recalling was significantly higher than encoding in medial, superior and middle frontal cortices for novel faces. Overall, this study shows that fNIRS can reliably measure cortical brain activation during a face-name paired-associate learning task. Future work will include similar measurements in populations with progressing memory deficits.
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230
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Haberman RP, Branch A, Gallagher M. Targeting Neural Hyperactivity as a Treatment to Stem Progression of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:662-676. [PMID: 28560709 PMCID: PMC5509635 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, causes progressive and severe loss of cognitive abilities. With greater numbers of people living to advanced ages, LOAD will increasingly burden both the healthcare system and society. There are currently no available disease-modifying therapies, and the failure of several recent pathology-based strategies has highlighted the urgent need for effective therapeutic targets. With aging as the greatest risk factor for LOAD, targeting mechanisms by which aging contributes to disease could prove an effective strategy to delay progression to clinical dementia by intervention in elderly individuals in an early prodromal stage of disease. Excess neural activity in the hippocampus, a recently described phenomenon associated with age-dependent memory loss, was first identified in animal models of aging and subsequently translated to clinical conditions of aging and early-stage LOAD. Critically, elevated activity was similarly localized to specific circuits within the hippocampal formation in aged animals and humans. Here we review evidence for hippocampal hyperactivity as a significant contributor to age-dependent cognitive decline and the progressive accumulation of pathology in LOAD. We also describe studies demonstrating the efficacy of reducing hyperactivity with an initial test therapy, levetiracetam (Keppra), an atypical antiepileptic. By targeting excess neural activity, levetiracetam may improve cognition and attenuate the accumulation of pathology contributing to progression to the dementia phase of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Haberman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Audrey Branch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michela Gallagher
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, 116 Dunning Hall, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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231
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Bartholome O, Van den Ackerveken P, Sánchez Gil J, de la Brassinne Bonardeaux O, Leprince P, Franzen R, Rogister B. Puzzling Out Synaptic Vesicle 2 Family Members Functions. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:148. [PMID: 28588450 PMCID: PMC5438990 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle proteins 2 (SV2) were discovered in the early 80s, but the clear demonstration that SV2A is the target of efficacious anti-epileptic drugs from the racetam family stimulated efforts to improve understanding of its role in the brain. Many functions have been suggested for SV2 proteins including ions or neurotransmitters transport or priming of SVs. Moreover, several recent studies highlighted the link between SV2 and different neuronal disorders such as epilepsy, Schizophrenia (SCZ), Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. In this review article, we will summarize our present knowledge on SV2A function(s) and its potential role(s) in the pathophysiology of various brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Bartholome
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | | | - Judit Sánchez Gil
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Leprince
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - Rachelle Franzen
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of LiègeLiège, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège (CHU), University of LiègeLiège, Belgium
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232
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Gu LH, Chen J, Gao LJ, Shu H, Wang Z, Liu D, Yan YN, Li SJ, Zhang ZJ. The Effect of Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) on Visuospatial Working Memory in Healthy Elderly and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients: An Event-Related Potentials Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:145. [PMID: 28567013 PMCID: PMC5434145 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 is the only established risk gene for late-onset, sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies have provided inconsistent evidence for the effect of APOE ε4 status on the visuospatial working memory (VSWM). Objective: The aim was to investigate the effect of APOE ε4 on VSWM with an event-related potential (ERP) study in healthy controls (HC) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. Methods: The study recorded 39 aMCI patients (27 APOE ε4 non-carriers and 12 APOE ε4 carriers) and their 43 matched controls (25 APOE ε4 non-carriers and 18 APOE ε4 carriers) with an 64-channel electroencephalogram. Participants performed an N-back task, a VSWM paradigm that manipulated the number of items to be stored in memory. Results: The present study detected reduced accuracy and delayed mean correct response time (RT) in aMCI patients compared to HC. P300, a positive component that peaks between 300 and 500 ms, was elicited by the VSWM task. In addition, aMCI patients showed decreased P300 amplitude at the central–parietal (CP1, CPz, and CP2) and parietal (P1, Pz, and P2) electrodes in 0- and 1-back task compared to HC. In both HC and aMCI patients, APOE ε4 carriers showed reduced P300 amplitude with respect to non-carriers, whereas no significant differences in accuracy or RT were detected between APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers. Additionally, standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography analysis (s-LORETA) showed enhanced brain activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) during P300 time range in APOE ε4 carriers with respect to non-carriers in aMCI patients. Conclusion: It demonstrated that P300 amplitude could predict VSWM deficits in aMCI patients and contribute to early detection of VSWM deficits in APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Li-Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hao Shu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yan-Na Yan
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, MilwaukeeWI, United States
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, China
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233
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Hillary FG, Grafman JH. Injured Brains and Adaptive Networks: The Benefits and Costs of Hyperconnectivity. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:385-401. [PMID: 28372878 PMCID: PMC6664441 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A common finding in human functional brain-imaging studies is that damage to neural systems paradoxically results in enhanced functional connectivity between network regions, a phenomenon commonly referred to as 'hyperconnectivity'. Here, we describe the various ways that hyperconnectivity operates to benefit a neural network following injury while simultaneously negotiating the trade-off between metabolic cost and communication efficiency. Hyperconnectivity may be optimally expressed by increasing connections through the most central and metabolically efficient regions (i.e., hubs). While adaptive in the short term, we propose that chronic hyperconnectivity may leave network hubs vulnerable to secondary pathological processes over the life span due to chronically elevated metabolic stress. We conclude by offering novel, testable hypotheses for advancing our understanding of the role of hyperconnectivity in systems-level brain plasticity in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Hillary
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Social Life and Engineering Sciences Imaging Center, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Jordan H Grafman
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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234
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Joo IL, Lai AY, Bazzigaluppi P, Koletar MM, Dorr A, Brown ME, Thomason LAM, Sled JG, McLaurin J, Stefanovic B. Early neurovascular dysfunction in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46427. [PMID: 28401931 PMCID: PMC5388880 DOI: 10.1038/srep46427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathologically characterized by amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and neurodegeneration, is thought to involve early-onset neurovascular abnormalities. Hitherto studies on AD-associated neurovascular injury have used animal models that exhibit only a subset of AD-like pathologies and demonstrated some Aβ-dependent vascular dysfunction and destabilization of neuronal network. The present work focuses on the early stage of disease progression and uses TgF344-AD rats that recapitulate a broader repertoire of AD-like pathologies to investigate the cerebrovascular and neuronal network functioning using in situ two-photon fluorescence microscopy and laminar array recordings of local field potentials, followed by pathological analyses of vascular wall morphology, tau hyperphosphorylation, and amyloid plaques. Concomitant to widespread amyloid deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, cerebrovascular reactivity was strongly attenuated in cortical penetrating arterioles and venules of TgF344-AD rats in comparison to those in non-transgenic littermates. Blood flow elevation to hypercapnia was abolished in TgF344-AD rats. Concomitantly, the phase-amplitude coupling of the neuronal network was impaired, evidenced by decreased modulation of theta band phase on gamma band amplitude. These results demonstrate significant neurovascular network dysfunction at an early stage of AD-like pathology. Our study identifies early markers of pathology progression and call for development of combinatorial treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illsung L. Joo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Aaron Y. Lai
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2R1, Canada
| | - Margaret M. Koletar
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mary E. Brown
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Lynsie A. M. Thomason
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - John G. Sled
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
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235
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Rajah MN, Wallace LMK, Ankudowich E, Yu EH, Swierkot A, Patel R, Chakravarty MM, Naumova D, Pruessner J, Joober R, Gauthier S, Pasvanis S. Family history and APOE4 risk for Alzheimer's disease impact the neural correlates of episodic memory by early midlife. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 14:760-774. [PMID: 28413778 PMCID: PMC5385589 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory impairment is a consistent, pronounced deficit in pre-clinical stages of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals with risk factors for AD exhibit altered brain function several decades prior to the onset of AD-related symptoms. In the current event-related fMRI study of spatial context memory we tested the hypothesis that middle-aged adults (MA; 40–58 yrs) with a family history of late onset AD (MA+ FH), or a combined + FH and apolipoprotein E ε4 allele risk factors for AD (MA+ FH + APOE4), will exhibit differences in encoding and retrieval-related brain activity, compared to − FH − APOE4 MA controls. We also hypothesized that the two at-risk MA groups will exhibit distinct patterns of correlation between brain activity and memory performance, compared to controls. To test these hypotheses we conducted multivariate task, and behavior, partial least squares analysis of fMRI data obtained during successful context encoding and retrieval. Our results indicate that even though there were no significant group differences in context memory performance, there were significant differences in brain activity and brain-behavior correlations involving the hippocampus, inferior parietal cortex, cingulate, and precuneus cortex in MA with AD risk factors, compared to controls. In addition, we observed that brain activity and brain-behavior correlations in anterior-medial PFC and in ventral visual cortex differentiated the two MA risk groups from each other, and from MAcontrols. Our results indicate that functional differences in episodic memory-related regions are present by early midlife in adults with + FH and + APOE-4 risk factors for late onset AD, compared to middle-aged controls. FMRI study of context memory in middle-aged adults (MA) with vs. without specific AD risk factors MA with vs. without AD risk factors show different angular gyrus, cingulate and precuneus activity patterns. MA with AD risk factors showed increased hippocampus activity at encoding, compared to controls. Medial PFC and visual cortex function differentiated + FH vs. + APOE4 MA risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Rajah
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada.,Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada
| | - L M K Wallace
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - E Ankudowich
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - E H Yu
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - A Swierkot
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - R Patel
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
| | - M M Chakravarty
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada.,Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Canada
| | - D Naumova
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Canada
| | - J Pruessner
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada.,Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada
| | - R Joober
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Canada
| | - S Gauthier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Canada
| | - S Pasvanis
- Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Canada
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236
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-invasive neuroimaging methods have been developed as powerful tools for identifying in vivo brain functions for studies in humans and animals. Here we review the imaging biomarkers that are being used to determine the changes within brain metabolic and vascular functions induced by caloric restriction (CR), and their potential usefulness for future studies with dietary interventions in humans. RECENT FINDINGS CR causes an early shift in brain metabolism of glucose to ketone bodies, and enhances ATP production, neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF). With age, CR preserves mitochondrial activity, neurotransmission, CBF, and spatial memory. CR also reduces anxiety in aging mice. Neuroimaging studies in humans show that CR restores abnormal brain activity in the amygdala of women with obesity and enhances brain connectivity in old adults. SUMMARY Neuroimaging methods have excellent translational values and can be widely applied in future studies to identify dietary effects on brain functions in humans.
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238
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Kilian JG, Hsu HW, Mata K, Wolf FW, Kitazawa M. Astrocyte transport of glutamate and neuronal activity reciprocally modulate tau pathology in Drosophila. Neuroscience 2017; 348:191-200. [PMID: 28215745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal buildup of the microtubule associated protein tau is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and various tauopathies. The mechanisms by which pathological tau accumulates and spreads throughout the brain remain largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that a restoration of the major astrocytic glutamate transporter, GLT1, ameliorated a buildup of tau pathology and rescued cognition in a mouse model of AD. We hypothesized that aberrant extracellular glutamate and abnormal neuronal excitatory activities promoted tau pathology. In the present study, we investigated genetic interactions between tau and the GLT1 homolog dEaat1 in Drosophila melanogaster. Neuronal-specific overexpression of human wildtype tau markedly shortened lifespan and impaired motor behavior. RNAi depletion of dEaat1 in astrocytes worsened these phenotypes, whereas overexpression of dEaat1 improved them. However, the synaptic neuropil appeared unaffected, and we failed to detect any major neuronal loss with tau overexpression in combination with dEaat1 depletion. To mimic glutamate-induced aberrant excitatory input in neurons, repeated depolarization of neurons via transgenic TrpA1 was applied to the adult Drosophila optic nerves, and we examined the change of tau deposits. Repeated depolarization significantly increased the accumulation of tau in these neurons. We propose that increased neuronal excitatory activity exacerbates tau-mediated neuronal toxicity and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Kilian
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, United States
| | - Heng-Wei Hsu
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, United States
| | - Kenneth Mata
- Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, United States
| | - Fred W Wolf
- Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, United States
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, United States.
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239
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Leal SL, Landau SM, Bell RK, Jagust WJ. Hippocampal activation is associated with longitudinal amyloid accumulation and cognitive decline. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28177283 PMCID: PMC5325620 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis suggests that beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition leads to alterations in neural function and ultimately to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. However, factors that underlie Aβ deposition are incompletely understood. One proposed model suggests that synaptic activity leads to increased Aβ deposition. More specifically, hyperactivity in the hippocampus may be detrimental and could be one factor that drives Aβ deposition. To test this model, we examined the relationship between hippocampal activity during a memory task using fMRI and subsequent longitudinal change in Aβ using PIB-PET imaging in cognitively normal older adults. We found that greater hippocampal activation at baseline was associated with increased Aβ accumulation. Furthermore, increasing Aβ accumulation mediated the influence of hippocampal activation on declining memory performance, demonstrating a crucial role of Aβ in linking hippocampal activation and memory. These findings support a model linking increased hippocampal activation to subsequent Aβ deposition and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Leal
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Susan M Landau
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
| | - Rachel K Bell
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
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240
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Burggren AC, Mahmood Z, Harrison TM, Siddarth P, Miller KJ, Small GW, Merrill DA, Bookheimer SY. Hippocampal thinning linked to longer TOMM40 poly-T variant lengths in the absence of the APOE ε4 variant. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:739-748. [PMID: 28183529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40), which lies in linkage disequilibrium with apolipoprotein E (APOE), has received attention more recently as a promising gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. TOMM40 influences AD pathology through mitochondrial neurotoxicity, and the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is the most likely brain region for identifying early manifestations of AD-related morphology changes. METHODS In this study, we examined the effects of TOMM40 using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in 65 healthy, older subjects with and without the APOE ε4 AD-risk variant. RESULTS Examining individual subregions within the MTL, we found a significant relationship between increasing poly-T lengths of the TOMM40 variant and thickness of the entorhinal cortex only in subjects who did not carry the APOE ε4 allele. DISCUSSION Our data provide support for TOMM40 variant repeat length as an important contributor to AD-like MTL pathology in the absence of APOE ε4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Burggren
- Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Zanjbeel Mahmood
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M Harrison
- Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prabha Siddarth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Longevity Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Longevity Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gary W Small
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Longevity Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Longevity Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Evans S, Dowell NG, Tabet N, King SL, Hutton SB, Rusted JM. Disrupted neural activity patterns to novelty and effort in young adult APOE-e4 carriers performing a subsequent memory task. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00612. [PMID: 28239522 PMCID: PMC5318365 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The APOE e4 allele has been linked to poorer cognitive aging and enhanced dementia risk. Previous imaging studies have used subsequent memory paradigms to probe hippocampal function in e4 carriers across the age range, and evidence suggests a pattern of hippocampal overactivation in young adult e4 carriers. METHODS In this study, we employed a word-based subsequent memory task under fMRI; pupillometry data were also acquired as an index of cognitive effort. Participants (26 non-e4 carriers and 28 e4 carriers) performed an incidental encoding task (presented as word categorization), followed by a surprise old/new recognition task after a 40 minute delay. RESULTS In e4 carriers only, subsequently remembered words were linked to increased hippocampal activity. Across all participants, increased pupil diameter differentiated subsequently remembered from forgotten words, and neural activity covaried with pupil diameter in cuneus and precuneus. These effects were weaker in e4 carriers, and e4 carriers did not show greater pupil diameter to remembered words. In the recognition phase, genotype status also modulated hippocampal activity: here, however, e4 carriers failed to show the conventional pattern of greater hippocampal activity to novel words. CONCLUSIONS Overall, neural activity changes were unstable in e4 carriers, failed to respond to novelty, and did not link strongly to cognitive effort, as indexed by pupil diameter. This provides further evidence of abnormal hippocampal recruitment in young adult e4 carriers, manifesting as both up and downregulation of neural activity, in the absence of behavioral performance differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Evans
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton East Sussex UK; School of Psychology University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK
| | | | - Naji Tabet
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS) Brighton East Sussex UK
| | - Sarah L King
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton East Sussex UK
| | - Samuel B Hutton
- School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton East Sussex UK
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242
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Fenesi B, Fang H, Kovacevic A, Oremus M, Raina P, Heisz JJ. Physical Exercise Moderates the Relationship of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Genotype and Dementia Risk: A Population-Based Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:297-303. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fenesi
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hanna Fang
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Kovacevic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Oremus
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Parminder Raina
- Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HE&I), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Labarge Centre for Mobility in Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Labarge Centre for Mobility in Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Relationship of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Levels to Neurocognitive Functioning: An fMRI Study of Older Adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2017; 23:11-22. [PMID: 27776568 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617716000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is well known that the carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) improve eye health and an accumulating evidence base suggests cognitive benefits as well. The present study investigated underlying neural mechanisms using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It was hypothesized that lower L and Z concentrations would be associated with neurobiological inefficiency (i.e., increased activation) during cognitive performance. METHODS Forty-three community-dwelling older adults (mean age=72 years; 58% female; 100% Caucasian) were asked to learn and recall pairs of unrelated words in an fMRI-adapted paradigm. L and Z levels were measured in retina (macular pigment optical density) and serum using validated procedures. RESULTS Following first-level contrasts of encoding and retrieval trials minus control trials (p<.05, family-wise error corrected, minimum voxel cluster=8), L and Z were found to significantly and negatively relate to blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal in central and parietal operculum cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, planum polare, frontal and middle temporal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, occipital cortex bilaterally, and cerebellar regions. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, the present study represents the first attempt to investigate neural mechanisms underlying the relation of L and Z to cognition using fMRI. The observed results suggest that L and Z promote cognitive functioning in old age by enhancing neural efficiency. (JINS, 2017, 23, 11-22).
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244
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Verghese J, Wang C, Ayers E, Izzetoglu M, Holtzer R. Brain activation in high-functioning older adults and falls: Prospective cohort study. Neurology 2016; 88:191-197. [PMID: 27927937 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether brain activity over the prefrontal cortex measured in real time during walking predicts falls in high-functioning older adults. METHOD We examined166 older persons (mean age 75 years, 51% women) enrolled in a prospective aging study. High-functioning status defined as the absence of dementia or disability with normal gait diagnosed by study clinicians. The magnitude of task-related changes in oxygenated hemoglobin levels over the prefrontal cortex was measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy during motor (walking at normal pace) and cognitive (reciting alternate letters of the alphabet) single tasks and a dual-task condition (walking while reciting alternate letters of the alphabet). Incident falls were prospectively assessed over a 50-month study period. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of 33.9 ± 11.9 months, 116 falls occurred. Higher levels of prefrontal cortical activation during the dual-task walking condition predicted falls (hazard ratio adjusted for age, sex, education, medical illnesses and general mental status 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.70). Neither behavioral outcomes (velocity or letter rate) on the dual task nor brain activation patterns on the single tasks (normal walk or talk alone) predicted falls in this high-functioning sample. The results remained robust after accounting for multiple confounders and for cognitive status, slow gait, previous falls, and frailty. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal brain activity levels while performing a cognitively demanding walking condition predicted falls in high-functioning seniors. These findings implicate neurobiological processes early in the pathogenesis of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Verghese
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.V., E.A., R.H.), Medicine (J.V.), and Epidemiology (C.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (R.H.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; and Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering (M.I.), Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Cuiling Wang
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.V., E.A., R.H.), Medicine (J.V.), and Epidemiology (C.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (R.H.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; and Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering (M.I.), Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emmeline Ayers
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.V., E.A., R.H.), Medicine (J.V.), and Epidemiology (C.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (R.H.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; and Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering (M.I.), Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meltem Izzetoglu
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.V., E.A., R.H.), Medicine (J.V.), and Epidemiology (C.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (R.H.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; and Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering (M.I.), Philadelphia, PA
| | - Roee Holtzer
- From the Departments of Neurology (J.V., E.A., R.H.), Medicine (J.V.), and Epidemiology (C.W.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology (R.H.), Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY; and Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering (M.I.), Philadelphia, PA
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245
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Tran TT, Speck CL, Pisupati A, Gallagher M, Bakker A. Increased hippocampal activation in ApoE-4 carriers and non-carriers with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 13:237-245. [PMID: 28070483 PMCID: PMC5217770 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased fMRI activation in the hippocampus is recognized as a signature characteristic of the amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous work has localized this increased activation to the dentate gyrus/CA3 subregion of the hippocampus and showed a correlation with memory impairments in those patients. Increased hippocampal activation has also been reported in carriers of the ApoE-4 allelic variation independently of mild cognitive impairment although these findings were not localized to a hippocampal subregion. To assess the ApoE-4 contribution to increased hippocampal fMRI activation, patients with aMCI genotyped for ApoE-4 status and healthy age-matched control participants completed a high-resolution fMRI scan while performing a memory task designed to tax hippocampal subregion specific functions. Consistent with previous reports, patients with aMCI showed increased hippocampal activation in the left dentate gyrus/CA3 region of the hippocampus as well as memory task errors attributable to this subregion. However, this increased fMRI activation in the hippocampus did not differ between ApoE-4 carriers and ApoE-4 non-carriers and the proportion of memory errors attributable to dentate gyrus/CA3 function did not differ between ApoE-4 carriers and ApoE-4 non-carriers. These results indicate that increased fMRI activation of the hippocampus observed in patients with aMCI is independent of ApoE-4 status and that ApoE-4 does not contribute to the dysfunctional hippocampal activation or the memory errors attributable to this subregion in these patients. Patients with aMCI show increased fMRI activation in DG/CA3 relative to controls. Increased DG/CA3 activation is observed equally in ApoE-4 carriers and non-carriers. Hippocampal dysfunction in aMCI is observed independent of ApoE-4 carrier status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T Tran
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Caroline L Speck
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Aparna Pisupati
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Michela Gallagher
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Kindler J, Weickert CS, Schofield PR, Lenroot R, Weickert TW. Raloxifene increases prefrontal activity during emotional inhibition in schizophrenia based on estrogen receptor genotype. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1930-1940. [PMID: 27842943 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia show decreased prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity during emotional response inhibition, a cognitive process sensitive to hormonal influences. Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, binds estrogen receptor alpha (ESR-α), improves memory, attention and normalizes cortical and hippocampal activity during learning and emotional face recognition in schizophrenia. Here, we tested the extent to which raloxifene restores neuronal activity during emotional response inhibition in schizophrenia. Since genetic variation in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR-1) determines cortical ESR-α production and correlates with cognition, we also predicted that genetic ESR-1 variation would differentially relate to increased cortical activity by raloxifene administration. Thirty people with schizophrenia participated in a thirteen-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over adjunctive treatment trial of raloxifene administered at 120mg/day. Effects of raloxifene on brain activation were assessed based on ESR-1 genotype using functional magnetic resonance imaging during emotional word inhibition. Raloxifene increased PFC activity during inhibition of response to negative words and the raloxifene related increased PFC activity was greater in patients homozygous for ESR-1 rs9340799 AA relative to G carriers. Comparison to 23 healthy controls demonstrated that PFC activity of people with schizophrenia receiving raloxifene was more similar to controls than to their own brain activity during placebo. Estrogen receptor modulation by raloxifene restores PFC activity during emotional response inhibition in schizophrenia and ESR-1 genotype predicts degree of increased neural activity in response to raloxifene. While these preliminary results require replication, they suggest the potential for personalized pharmacotherapy using ESR-1 and estrogen receptor targeting compounds in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kindler
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 60, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Australia
| | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW 2031 Australia.
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247
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Nowrangi MA, Rosenberg PB, Leoutsakos JMS. Subtle changes in daily functioning predict conversion from normal to mild cognitive impairment or dementia: an analysis of the NACC database. Int Psychogeriatr 2016; 28:2009-2018. [PMID: 27585497 PMCID: PMC5628501 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610216000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are relatively small but observable changes in functional ability in those without Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. The present study seeks to understand whether these individuals go on to develop MCI or dementia by assessing the association between baseline Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and conversion independent and after adjustment for cognitive tests. METHODS The NACC database was used to conduct the analysis of which 7,625 participants were initially identified as having more than one visit and who were cognitively normal at their first visit. Cox proportional hazards were used to fit three models that controlled for executive and non-executive cognitive domains. A similar model was used to assess the effect of FAQ subcategories on conversion. RESULTS Of these individuals, 1,328 converted to either MCI or dementia by visit 10. Converters had a total visit 1 FAQ score significantly higher than non-converters indicating more functional impairment at baseline. After adjustment for cognitive tests, the association between visit 1 FAQ and subsequent conversion was not attenuated. Doing taxes, remembering dates, and traveling were individually identified as significant predictors of conversion. CONCLUSIONS The FAQ can be used as an indirect measure of functional ability and is associated with conversion to MCI or dementia. There is a selective and significant association between changes in financial ability and conversion that is in accordance with other research of financial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milap A Nowrangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore,Maryland,USA
| | - Paul B Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore,Maryland,USA
| | - Jeannie-Marie S Leoutsakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore,Maryland,USA
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248
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Lin F, Ren P, Mapstone M, Meyers SP, Porsteinsson A, Baran TM. The cingulate cortex of older adults with excellent memory capacity. Cortex 2016; 86:83-92. [PMID: 27930899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory deterioration is the earliest and most devastating cognitive deficit in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some older adults, known as "Supernormals", maintain excellent memory. This study examined relationships between cerebral amyloid deposition and functional connectivity (FC) within the cingulate cortex (CC) and between CC and other regions involved in memory maintenance between Supernormals, healthy controls (HC), and those at risk for AD (amnestic mild cognitive impairment [MCI]). Supernormals had significantly stronger FC between anterior CC and R-hippocampus, middle CC (MCC) and L-superior temporal gyrus, and posterior CC (PCC) and R-precuneus, while weaker FC between MCC and R-middle frontal gyrus and MCC and R-thalamus than other groups. All of these FC were significantly related to memory and global cognition in all participants. Supernormals had less amyloid deposition than other groups. Relationships between global cognition and FC were stronger among amyloid positive participants. Relationships between memory and FC remained regardless of amyloid level. This revealed how CC-related neural function participates in cognitive maintenance in the presence of amyloid deposition, potentially explaining excellent cognitive function among Supernormals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Rochester, United States.
| | - Ping Ren
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, United States
| | - Steven P Meyers
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
| | - Anton Porsteinsson
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
| | - Timothy M Baran
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, United States
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249
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Palop JJ, Mucke L. Network abnormalities and interneuron dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:777-792. [PMID: 27829687 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The function of neural circuits and networks can be controlled, in part, by modulating the synchrony of their components' activities. Network hypersynchrony and altered oscillatory rhythmic activity may contribute to cognitive abnormalities in Alzheimer disease (AD). In this condition, network activities that support cognition are altered decades before clinical disease onset, and these alterations predict future pathology and brain atrophy. Although the precise causes and pathophysiological consequences of these network alterations remain to be defined, interneuron dysfunction and network abnormalities have emerged as potential mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in AD and related disorders. Here, we explore the concept that modulating these mechanisms may help to improve brain function in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Palop
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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250
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Baumgaertel J, Haussmann R, Gruschwitz A, Werner A, Osterrath A, Lange J, Donix KL, Linn J, Donix M. Education and Genetic Risk Modulate Hippocampal Structure in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2016; 7:553-560. [PMID: 27699079 PMCID: PMC5036951 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental protective factors and risks modulate brain structure and function in neurodegenerative diseases and their preclinical stages. We wanted to investigate whether the years of formal education, a proxy measure for cognitive reserve, would influence hippocampal structure in Alzheimer’s disease patients, and whether apolipoprotein Eε4 (APOE4) carrier status and a first-degree family history of the disease would change a possible association. Fifty-eight Alzheimer’s disease patients underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging. We applied a cortical unfolding approach to investigate individual subregions of the medial temporal lobe. Among patients homozygous for the APOE4 genotype or carrying both APOE4 and family history risks, lower education was associated with a thinner cortex in multiple medial temporal regions, including the hippocampus. Our data suggest that the years of formal education and genetic risks interact in their influence on hippocampal structure in Alzheimer’s disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Baumgaertel
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Haussmann
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonia Gruschwitz
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Werner
- 3Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Osterrath
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; 2DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Lange
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina L Donix
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer Linn
- 3Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Donix
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; 2DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
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