201
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Signaling properties of the human chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 by cellular electric impedance measurements. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185354. [PMID: 28945785 PMCID: PMC5612718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and 7 (CXCR7) are G-protein-coupled receptors involved in various diseases including human cancer. As such, they have become important targets for therapeutic intervention. Cell-based receptor assays, able to detect agents that modulate receptor activity, are of key importance for drug discovery. We evaluated the potential of cellular electric impedance for this purpose. Dose-dependent and specific stimulation of CXCR4 was detected upon addition of its unique chemokine ligand CXCL12. The response magnitude correlated with the CXCR4 expression level. Gαi coupling and signaling contributed extensively to the impedance response, whereas Gαq- and Gβγ-related events had only minor effects on the impedance profile. CXCR7 signaling could not be detected using impedance measurements. However, increasing levels of CXCR7 expression significantly reduced the CXCR4-mediated impedance readout, suggesting a regulatory role for CXCR7 on CXCR4-mediated signaling. Taken together, cellular electric impedance spectroscopy can represent a valuable alternative pharmacological cell-based assay for the identification of molecules targeting CXCR4, but not for CXCR7 in the absence of CXCR4.
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202
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Heusinkveld LE, Yim E, Yang A, Azani AB, Liu Q, Gao JL, McDermott DH, Murphy PM. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies in WHIM syndrome immunodeficiency. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017; 5:813-825. [PMID: 29057173 DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1375403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
21 INTRODUCTION WHIM syndrome is a rare combined primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4. It is the only Mendelian condition known to be caused by mutation of a chemokine or chemokine receptor. As such, it provides a scientific opportunity to understand chemokine-dependent immunoregulation in humans and a medical opportunity to develop mechanism-based treatment and cure strategies. 22 AREAS COVERED This review covers the clinical features, genetics, immunopathogenesis and clinical management of WHIM syndrome. Clinical trials of targeted therapeutic agents and potential cure strategies are also included. 23 EXPERT OPINION WHIM syndrome may be particularly amenable to mechanism-based therapeutics for three reasons: 1) CXCR4 has been validated as the molecular target in the disease by Mendelian genetics; 2) the biochemical abnormality is excessive CXCR4 signaling; and 3) antagonists selective for CXCR4 have been developed. Plerixafor is FDA-approved for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization and has shown preliminary safety and efficacy in phase I clinical trials in WHIM syndrome. Gene editing may represent a viable cure strategy, since chromothriptic deletion of the disease allele in HSCs resulted in clinical cure of a patient and because CXCR4 haploinsufficiency enhances engraftment of transplanted HSCs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Heusinkveld
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Erin Yim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexander Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ari B Azani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qian Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ji-Liang Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David H McDermott
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Bldg 10, Room 11N113, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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203
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Kumar BA, Kumari P, Sona C, Yadav PN. GloSensor assay for discovery of GPCR-selective ligands. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 142:27-50. [PMID: 28964338 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are modulators of almost every physiological process, and therefore, are most favorite therapeutic target for wide spectrum of diseases. Ideally, high-throughput functional assays should be implemented that allow the screening of large compound libraries in cost-effective manner to identify agonist, antagonist, and allosteric modulators in the same assay. Taking advantage of the increased understanding of the GPCR structure and signaling, several commercially available functional assays based on fluorescence or chemiluminescence detection are being used in both academia and industry. In this chapter, we provide step-by-step method and guidelines to perform cAMP measurement using GloSensor assay. Finally, we have also discussed the analysis and interpretation of results obtained using this assay by providing several examples of Gs- and Gi-coupled GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boda Arun Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Chandan Sona
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Prem N Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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204
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Weiss ID, Huff LM, Evbuomwan MO, Xu X, Dang HD, Velez DS, Singh SP, Zhang HH, Gardina PJ, Lee JH, Lindenberg L, Myers TG, Paik CH, Schrump DS, Pittaluga S, Choyke PL, Fojo T, Farber JM. Screening of cancer tissue arrays identifies CXCR4 on adrenocortical carcinoma: correlates with expression and quantification on metastases using 64Cu-plerixafor PET. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73387-73406. [PMID: 29088715 PMCID: PMC5650270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by many cancers correlates with aggressive clinical behavior. As part of the initial studies in a project whose goal was to quantify CXCR4 expression on cancers non-invasively, we examined CXCR4 expression in cancer samples by immunohistochemistry using a validated anti-CXCR4 antibody. Among solid tumors, we found expression of CXCR4 on significant percentages of major types of kidney, lung, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas, and, notably, on metastases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We found particularly high expression of CXCR4 on adrenocortical cancer (ACC) metastases. Microarrays of ACC metastases revealed correlations between expression of CXCR4 and other chemokine system genes, particularly CXCR7/ACKR3, which encodes an atypical chemokine receptor that shares a ligand, CXCL12, with CXCR4. A first-in-human study using 64Cu-plerixafor for PET in an ACC patient prior to resection of metastases showed heterogeneity among metastatic nodules and good correlations among PET SUVs, CXCR4 staining, and CXCR4 mRNA. Additionally, we were able to show that CXCR4 expression correlated with the rates of growth of the pulmonary lesions in this patient. Further studies are needed to understand better the role of CXCR4 in ACC and whether targeting it may be beneficial. In this regard, non-invasive methods for assessing CXCR4 expression, such as PET using 64Cu-plerixafor, should be important investigative tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido D Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lyn M Huff
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moses O Evbuomwan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Duc Dang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Velez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Satya P Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongwei H Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul J Gardina
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liza Lindenberg
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chang H Paik
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Division, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tito Fojo
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua M Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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205
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Veenstra M, Williams DW, Calderon TM, Anastos K, Morgello S, Berman JW. Frontline Science: CXCR7 mediates CD14 +CD16 + monocyte transmigration across the blood brain barrier: a potential therapeutic target for NeuroAIDS. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1173-1185. [PMID: 28754798 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0517-167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD14+CD16+ monocytes transmigrate into the CNS of HIV-positive people in response to chemokines elevated in the brains of infected individuals, including CXCL12. Entry of these cells leads to viral reservoirs, neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage. These may eventually lead to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved the lives of HIV-infected people, the prevalence of cognitive deficits remains unchanged despite ART, still affecting >50% of infected individuals. There are no therapies to reduce these deficits or to prevent CNS entry of CD14+CD16+ monocytes. The goal of this study was to determine whether CXCR7, a receptor for CXCL12, is expressed on CD14+CD16+ monocytes and whether a small molecule CXCR7 antagonist (CCX771) can prevent CD14+CD16+ monocyte transmigration into the CNS. We showed for the first time that CXCR7 is on CD14+CD16+ monocytes and that it may be a therapeutic target to reduce their entry into the brain. We demonstrated that CD14+CD16+ monocytes and not the more abundant CD14+CD16- monocytes or T cells transmigrate to low homeostatic levels of CXCL12. This may be a result of increased CXCR7 on CD14+CD16+ monocytes. We showed that CCX771 reduced transmigration of CD14+CD16+ monocytes but not of CD14+CD16- monocytes from uninfected and HIV-infected individuals and that it reduced CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis of CD14+CD16+ monocytes. We propose that CXCR7 is a therapeutic target on CD14+CD16+ monocytes to limit their CNS entry, thereby reducing neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Our data also suggest that CCX771 may reduce CD14+CD16+ monocyte-mediated inflammation in other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Veenstra
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Dionna W Williams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tina M Calderon
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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206
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Liebick M, Henze S, Vogt V, Oppermann M. Functional consequences of chemically-induced β-arrestin binding to chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 in the absence of ligand stimulation. Cell Signal 2017; 38:201-211. [PMID: 28733085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor signaling is a tightly regulated process which was for a long time exclusively attributed to heterotrimeric G proteins. β-Arrestins constitute a separable signaling arm from classical heterotrimeric G proteins, in addition to their well-established roles in receptor desensitization and endocytosis. In order to clearly dissect β-arrestin- from G protein-dependent effects we forced the recruitment of β-arrestin to CXCR4 and CCR5 independently of agonist-promoted receptor activation through chemically-induced dimerization. Targeting β-arrestins to receptors at the plasma membrane prior to chemokine stimulation attenuated G protein-mediated calcium release. Association of β-arrestins to the receptors was sufficient to induce their internalization in the absence of ligand and this effect could be further enhanced by translocation of a constitutively active β-arrestin 1 variant. CXCR4 and CCR5 were targeted to different intracellular compartments upon chemical-induced dimerization with β-arrestins and reproduced the intracellular distribution of receptors after activation with their respective ligands. Our data further provide evidence for direct β-arrestin-mediated signaling via MAP kinases ERK 1/2. These results provide clear evidence that CXCR4- or CCR5-β-arrestin complexes induce receptor endocytosis and signaling in the absence of G protein coupling and ligand-induced conformational changes of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Liebick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany.
| | - Sarah Henze
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Viola Vogt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Martin Oppermann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
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207
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Ceholski DK, Turnbull IC, Pothula V, Lecce L, Jarrah AA, Kho C, Lee A, Hadri L, Costa KD, Hajjar RJ, Tarzami ST. CXCR4 and CXCR7 play distinct roles in cardiac lineage specification and pharmacologic β-adrenergic response. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:77-86. [PMID: 28711757 PMCID: PMC5859259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 and CXCR7 are prominent G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12). This study demonstrates that CXCR4 and CXCR7 induce differential effects during cardiac lineage differentiation and β-adrenergic response in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Using lentiviral vectors to ablate CXCR4 and/or CXCR7 expression, hiPSC-CMs were tested for phenotypic and functional properties due to gene knockdown. Gene expression and flow cytometry confirmed the pluripotent and cardiomyocyte phenotype of undifferentiated and differentiated hiPSCs, respectively. Although reduction of CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression resulted in a delayed cardiac phenotype, only knockdown of CXCR4 delayed the spontaneous beating of hiPSC-CMs. Knockdown of CXCR4 and CXCR7 differentially altered calcium transients and β-adrenergic response in hiPSC-CMs. In engineered cardiac tissues, depletion of CXCR4 or CXCR7 had opposing effects on developed force and chronotropic response to β-agonists. This work demonstrates distinct roles for the SDF-1/CXCR4 or CXCR7 network in hiPSC-derived ventricular cardiomyocyte specification, maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaine K Ceholski
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Irene C Turnbull
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Venu Pothula
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Lecce
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew A Jarrah
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Changwon Kho
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ahyoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lahouaria Hadri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kevin D Costa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sima T Tarzami
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA.
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208
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Puddinu V, Casella S, Radice E, Thelen S, Dirnhofer S, Bertoni F, Thelen M. ACKR3 expression on diffuse large B cell lymphoma is required for tumor spreading and tissue infiltration. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85068-85084. [PMID: 29156704 PMCID: PMC5689594 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent lymphoma accounting for more than the 30% of the cases. Involvement of extranodal sites, such as bone marrow and central nervous system, is associated with poor prognosis. A contribution of the chemokine system in these processes is assumed as it is known as a critical regulator of the metastatic process in cancer. The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3), which does not couple to G-proteins and does not mediate cell migration, acts as a scavenger for CXCL11 and CXCL12, interfering with the tumor homing CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Here, functional expression of ACKR3 in DLBCL cells was necessary for colonization of the draining lymph node in an in vivo subcutaneous lymphoma model. Moreover, in a disseminated in vivo lymphoma model, ACKR3 expression was required for bone marrow and brain invasion and local tumor growth. The present data unveil ACKR3 as potential therapeutic target for the control of tumor dissemination in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Puddinu
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Casella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Egle Radice
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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209
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Xue L, Mao X, Ren L, Chu X. Inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a potential targeted therapy of advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1424-1436. [PMID: 28544785 PMCID: PMC5463074 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The whole outcome for patients with gastric carcinoma (GC) is very poor because most of them remain metastatic disease during survival even at diagnosis or after surgery. Despite many improvements in multiple strategies of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, exploration of novel alternative therapeutic targets is still warranted. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) have been identified with significantly elevated levels in various malignancies including GC, which correlates with the survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells. Increasing experimental evidence suggests an implication of inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a promising targeted therapy, although there are rare trials focused on the therapeutic efficacy of CXCR4 inhibitors in GC until recently. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that specific antagonists or antibodies targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis alone or combined with chemotherapy will be effective and worthy of further translational studies as a potential treatment strategy in advanced GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Jun Xue
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
| | - Xiao‐Bei Mao
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
| | - Li‐Li Ren
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
| | - Xiao‐Yuan Chu
- Department of Medical OncologyJinling HospitalNanjing University Clinical School of MedicineNanjing210002China
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210
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Nagarsheth N, Wicha MS, Zou W. Chemokines in the cancer microenvironment and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:559-572. [PMID: 28555670 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1367] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment is the primary location in which tumour cells and the host immune system interact. Different immune cell subsets are recruited into the tumour microenvironment via interactions between chemokines and chemokine receptors, and these populations have distinct effects on tumour progression and therapeutic outcomes. In this Review, we focus on the main chemokines that are found in the human tumour microenvironment; we elaborate on their patterns of expression, their regulation and their roles in immune cell recruitment and in cancer and stromal cell biology, and we consider how they affect cancer immunity and tumorigenesis. We also discuss the potential of targeting chemokine networks, in combination with other immunotherapies, for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nagarsheth
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumour Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumour Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1150 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumour Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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211
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Smith JS, Alagesan P, Desai NK, Pack TF, Wu JH, Inoue A, Freedman NJ, Rajagopal S. C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3 Splice Variants Differentially Activate Beta-Arrestins to Regulate Downstream Signaling Pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:136-150. [PMID: 28559424 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism, the ability of different ligands for the same receptor to selectively activate some signaling pathways while blocking others, is now an established paradigm for G protein-coupled receptor signaling. One group of receptors in which endogenous bias is critical is the chemokine system, consisting of over 50 ligands and 20 receptors that bind one another with significant promiscuity. We have previously demonstrated that ligands for the same receptor can cause biased signaling responses. The goal of this study was to identify mechanisms that could underlie biased signaling between different receptor splice variants. The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) has two splice variants, CXCR3A and CXCR3B, which differ by 51 amino acids at its N-terminus. Consistent with an earlier study, we found that C-X-C motif chemokine ligands 4, 9, 10, and 11 all activated G αi at CXCR3A, while at CXCR3B these ligands demonstrated no measurable G αi or G αs activity. β-arrestin (βarr) was recruited at a reduced level to CXCR3B relative to CXCR3A, which was also associated with differences in βarr2 conformation. βarr2 recruitment to CXCR3A was attenuated by both G protein receptor kinase (GRK) 2/3 and GRK5/6 knockdown, while only GRK2/3 knockdown blunted recruitment to CXCR3B. Extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation downstream from CXCR3A and CXCR3B was increased and decreased, respectively, by βarr1/2 knockout. The splice variants also differentially activated transcriptional reporters. These findings demonstrate that differential splicing of CXCR3 results in biased responses associated with distinct patterns of βarr conformation and recruitment. Differential splicing may serve as a common mechanism for generating biased signaling and provides insights into how chemokine receptor signaling can be modulated post-transcriptionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
| | - Nimit K Desai
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
| | - Thomas F Pack
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
| | - Jiao-Hui Wu
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
| | - Neil J Freedman
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry (J.S.S., P.A., N.K.D., S.R.), Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (T.F.P.), and Department of Medicine (J.-H.W., N.J.F., S.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan (A.I.); and Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan (A.I.)
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Kufareva I, Gustavsson M, Zheng Y, Stephens BS, Handel TM. What Do Structures Tell Us About Chemokine Receptor Function and Antagonism? Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:175-198. [PMID: 28532213 PMCID: PMC5764094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their cell surface G protein-coupled receptors are critical for cell migration, not only in many fundamental biological processes but also in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Recent X-ray structures of two chemokines complexed with full-length receptors provided unprecedented insight into the atomic details of chemokine recognition and receptor activation, and computational modeling informed by new experiments leverages these insights to gain understanding of many more receptor:chemokine pairs. In parallel, chemokine receptor structures with small molecules reveal the complicated and diverse structural foundations of small molecule antagonism and allostery, highlight the inherent physicochemical challenges of receptor:chemokine interfaces, and suggest novel epitopes that can be exploited to overcome these challenges. The structures and models promote unique understanding of chemokine receptor biology, including the interpretation of two decades of experimental studies, and will undoubtedly assist future drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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213
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Janssens R, Mortier A, Boff D, Ruytinx P, Gouwy M, Vantilt B, Larsen O, Daugvilaite V, Rosenkilde MM, Parmentier M, Noppen S, Liekens S, Van Damme J, Struyf S, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA, Proost P. Truncation of CXCL12 by CD26 reduces its CXC chemokine receptor 4- and atypical chemokine receptor 3-dependent activity on endothelial cells and lymphocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 132:92-101. [PMID: 28322746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 or stromal cell-derived factor 1/SDF-1 attracts hematopoietic progenitor cells and mature leukocytes through the G protein-coupled CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). In addition, it interacts with atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3 or CXCR7) and glycosaminoglycans. CXCL12 activity is regulated through posttranslational cleavage by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 that removes two NH2-terminal amino acids. CD26-truncated CXCL12 does not induce calcium signaling or chemotaxis of mononuclear cells. CXCL12(3-68) was chemically synthesized de novo for detailed biological characterization. Compared to unmodified CXCL12, CXCL12(3-68) was no longer able to signal through CXCR4 via inositol trisphosphate (IP3), Akt or extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Interestingly, the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to the cell membrane via CXCR4 by CXCL12(3-68) was abolished, whereas a weakened but significant β-arrestin recruitment remained via ACKR3. CXCL12-induced endothelial cell migration and signal transduction was completely abrogated by CD26. Intact CXCL12 hardly induced lymphocyte migration upon intra-articular injection in mice. In contrast, oral treatment of mice with the CD26 inhibitor sitagliptin reduced CD26 activity and CXCL12 cleavage in blood plasma. The potential of CXCL12 to induce intra-articular lymphocyte infiltration was significantly increased in sitagliptin-treated mice and CXCL12(3-68) failed to induce migration under both CD26-inhibiting and non-inhibiting conditions. In conclusion, CD26-cleavage skews CXCL12 towards β-arrestin dependent recruitment through ACKR3 and destroys the CXCR4-mediated lymphocyte chemoattractant properties of CXCL12 in vivo. Hence, pharmacological CD26-blockade in tissues may enhance CXCL12-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Janssens
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pieter Ruytinx
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bo Vantilt
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olav Larsen
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Parmentier
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio A Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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214
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Dupuis N, Laschet C, Franssen D, Szpakowska M, Gilissen J, Geubelle P, Soni A, Parent AS, Pirotte B, Chevigné A, Twizere JC, Hanson J. Activation of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR27 by Surrogate Ligands Promotes β-Arrestin 2 Recruitment. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:595-608. [PMID: 28314853 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the most important drug targets for human diseases. An important number of them remain devoid of confirmed ligands. GPR27 is one of these orphan receptors, characterized by a high level of conservation among vertebrates and a predominant expression in the central nervous system. In addition, it has recently been linked to insulin secretion. However, the absence of endogenous or surrogate ligands for GPR27 complicates the examination of its biologic function. Our aim was to validate GPR27 signaling pathways, and therefore we sought to screen a diversity-oriented synthesis library to identify GPR27-specific surrogate agonists. To select an optimal screening assay, we investigated GPR27 ligand-independent activity. Both in G protein-mediated pathways and in β-arrestin 2 recruitment, no ligand-independent activity could be measured. However, we observed a recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to a GPR27V2 chimera in the presence of membrane-anchored G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2. Therefore, we optimized a firefly luciferase complementation assay to screen against this chimeric receptor. We identified two compounds [N-[4-(anilinocarbonyl)phenyl]-2,4-dichlorobenzamide (ChemBridge, San Diego, CA; ID5128535) and 2,4-dichloro-N-{4-[(1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl}benzamide (ChemBridge ID5217941)] sharing a N-phenyl-2,4-dichlorobenzamide scaffold, which were selective for GPR27 over its closely related family members GPR85 and GPR173. The specificity of the activity was confirmed with a NanoLuc Binary Technology β-arrestin 2 assay, imaging of green fluorescent protein-tagged β-arrestin 2, and PathHunter β-arrestin 2 assay. Interestingly, no G protein activation was detected upon activation of GPR27 by these compounds. Our study provides the first selective surrogate agonists for the orphan GPR27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dupuis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Céline Laschet
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Delphine Franssen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Julie Gilissen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Pierre Geubelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Arvind Soni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Anne-Simone Parent
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (N.D., C.L., J.G., P.G., A.S., J.H.), Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (N.D., B.P., J.H.), Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences (D.F., A.-S.P.), Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases (J.-C.T.), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; and Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (M.S., A.C.)
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Hao H, Hu S, Chen H, Bu D, Zhu L, Xu C, Chu F, Huo X, Tang Y, Sun X, Ding BS, Liu DP, Hu S, Wang M. Loss of Endothelial CXCR7 Impairs Vascular Homeostasis and Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction: Implications for Cardiovascular Drug Discovery. Circulation 2017; 135:1253-1264. [PMID: 28154007 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies identified the association of the CXCL12 genetic locus (which encodes the chemokine CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1) with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (MI). Unlike CXCR4, the classic receptor for CXCL12, the function of CXCR7 (the most recently identified receptor) in vascular responses to injury and in MI remains unclear. METHODS Tissue expression of CXCR7 was examined in arteries from mice and humans. Mice that harbored floxed CXCR7 and Cdh5-promoter driven CreERT2 were treated with tamoxifen to induce endothelium-restricted deletion of CXCR7. The resulting conditional knockout mice and littermate controls were studied for arterial response to angioplasty wire injury and cardiac response to coronary artery ligation. The role of CXCR7 in endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis was determined in vitro with cells from mice and humans. The effects of adenoviral delivery of CXCR7 gene and pharmacological activation of CXCR7 were evaluated in mice subjected to MI. RESULTS Injured arteries from both humans and mice exhibited endothelial CXCR7 expression. Conditional endothelial CXCR7 deletion promoted neointimal formation without altering plasma lipid levels after endothelial injury and exacerbated heart functional impairment after MI, with increased both mortality and infarct sizes. Mechanistically, the exacerbated responses in vascular and cardiac remodeling are attributable to the key role of CXCR7 in promoting endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis. Impressively, the impaired post-MI cardiac remodeling occurred with elevated levels of CXCL12, which was previously thought to mediate cardiac protection by exclusively engaging its cognate receptor, CXCR4. In addition, both CXCR7 gene delivery via left ventricular injection and treatment with a CXCR7 agonist offered cardiac protection after MI. CONCLUSIONS CXCR7 represents a novel regulator of vascular homeostasis that functions in the endothelial compartment with sufficient capacity to affect cardiac function and remodeling after MI. Activation of CXCR7 may have therapeutic potential for clinical restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention and for heart remodeling after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Hao
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Sheng Hu
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Hong Chen
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Dawei Bu
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Chuansheng Xu
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Fei Chu
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Xingyu Huo
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Yue Tang
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - De-Pei Liu
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Shengshou Hu
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Miao Wang
- From State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (H.H., Sheng Hu, D.B., L.Z., C.X., F.C., X.H., Shengshou Hu, M.W.), Animal Experimental Center (Y.T.), Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (X.S., Shengshou Hu), and Clinical Pharmacology Center (M.W.), Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China (C.X.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (F.C.); Ansary Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.D.); and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (D.L.).
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216
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Gustavsson M, Wang L, van Gils N, Stephens BS, Zhang P, Schall TJ, Yang S, Abagyan R, Chance MR, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Structural basis of ligand interaction with atypical chemokine receptor 3. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14135. [PMID: 28098154 PMCID: PMC5253664 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines drive cell migration through their interactions with seven-transmembrane (7TM) chemokine receptors on cell surfaces. The atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) binds chemokines CXCL11 and CXCL12 and signals exclusively through β-arrestin-mediated pathways, without activating canonical G-protein signalling. This receptor is upregulated in numerous cancers making it a potential drug target. Here we collected over 100 distinct structural probes from radiolytic footprinting, disulfide trapping, and mutagenesis to map the structures of ACKR3:CXCL12 and ACKR3:small-molecule complexes, including dynamic regions that proved unresolvable by X-ray crystallography in homologous receptors. The data are integrated with molecular modelling to produce complete and cohesive experimentally driven models that confirm and expand on the existing knowledge of the architecture of receptor:chemokine and receptor:small-molecule complexes. Additionally, we detected and characterized ligand-induced conformational changes in the transmembrane and intracellular regions of ACKR3 that elucidate fundamental structural elements of agonism in this atypical receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Liwen Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10009 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Noortje van Gils
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 W Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Thomas J Schall
- ChemoCentryx Inc., 850 W Maude Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Sichun Yang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10009 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Mark R Chance
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10009 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0684, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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217
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Chu T, Shields LBE, Zhang YP, Feng SQ, Shields CB, Cai J. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 Chemokine Axis in the Central Nervous System: Therapeutic Targets for Remyelination in Demyelinating Diseases. Neuroscientist 2017; 23:627-648. [PMID: 29283028 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416685690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 plays a vital role in regulating the development of the central nervous system (CNS) by binding to its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. Recent studies reported that the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis regulates both embryonic and adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in their proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The changes in the expression and distribution of CXCL12 and its receptors are tightly associated with the pathological process of demyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting that modulating the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis may benefit myelin repair by enhancing OPC recruitment and differentiation. This review aims to integrate the current findings of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 signaling pathway in the CNS and to highlight its role in oligodendrocyte development and demyelinating diseases. Furthermore, this review provides potential therapeutic strategies for myelin repair by analyzing the relevance between the pathological changes and the regulatory roles of CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Chu
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- 2 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- 2 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- 3 Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jun Cai
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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218
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Robichaux WG, Branham-O'Connor M, Hwang IY, Vural A, Kehrl JH, Blumer JB. Regulation of Chemokine Signal Integration by Activator of G-Protein Signaling 4 (AGS4). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 360:424-433. [PMID: 28062526 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator of G-protein signaling 4 (AGS4)/G-protein signaling modulator 3 (Gpsm3) contains three G-protein regulatory (GPR) motifs, each of which can bind Gαi-GDP free of Gβγ We previously demonstrated that the AGS4-Gαi interaction is regulated by seven transmembrane-spanning receptors (7-TMR), which may reflect direct coupling of the GPR-Gαi module to the receptor analogous to canonical Gαβγ heterotrimer. We have demonstrated that the AGS4-Gαi complex is regulated by chemokine receptors in an agonist-dependent manner that is receptor-proximal. As an initial approach to investigate the functional role(s) of this regulated interaction in vivo, we analyzed leukocytes, in which AGS4/Gpsm3 is predominantly expressed, from AGS4/Gpsm3-null mice. Loss of AGS4/Gpsm3 resulted in mild but significant neutropenia and leukocytosis. Dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and neutrophils from AGS4/Gpsm3-null mice also exhibited significant defects in chemoattractant-directed chemotaxis and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. An in vivo peritonitis model revealed a dramatic reduction in the ability of AGS4/Gpsm3-null neutrophils to migrate to primary sites of inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that AGS4/Gpsm3 is required for proper chemokine signal processing in leukocytes and provide further evidence for the importance of the GPR-Gαi module in the regulation of leukocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Melissa Branham-O'Connor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Ali Vural
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Johne H Kehrl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Joe B Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
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219
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Lacalle RA, Blanco R, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Martín-Leal A, Mira E, Mañes S. Chemokine Receptor Signaling and the Hallmarks of Cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 331:181-244. [PMID: 28325212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that mediate their activity by acting on seven-transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptors. Both the ability of the chemokines and their receptors to form homo- and heterodimers and the promiscuity of the chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction endow this protein family with enormous signaling plasticity and complexity that are not fully understood at present. Chemokines were initially identified as essential regulators of homeostatic and inflammatory trafficking of innate and adaptive leucocytes from lymphoid organs to tissues. Chemokines also mediate the host response to cancer. Nevertheless, chemokine function in this response is not limited to regulating leucocyte infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. It is now known that chemokines and their receptors influence most-if not all-hallmark processes of cancer; they act on both neoplastic and untransformed cells in the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells (blood and lymphatic), bone marrow-derived stem cells, and, obviously, infiltrating leucocytes. This review begins with an overview of chemokine and chemokine receptor structure, to better define how chemokines affect the proliferation, survival, stemness, and metastatic potential of neoplastic cells. We also examine the main mechanisms by which chemokines regulate tumor angiogenesis and immune cell infiltration, emphasizing the pro- and antitumorigenic activity of this protein superfamily in these interrelated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lacalle
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Blanco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Martín-Leal
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mira
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Mañes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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220
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Alekhina O, Marchese A. β-Arrestin1 and Signal-transducing Adaptor Molecule 1 (STAM1) Cooperate to Promote Focal Adhesion Kinase Autophosphorylation and Chemotaxis via the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26083-26097. [PMID: 27789711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its chemokine ligand CXCL12 mediate directed cell migration during organogenesis, immune responses, and metastatic disease. However, the mechanisms governing CXCL12/CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the β-arrestin1·signal-transducing adaptor molecule 1 (STAM1) complex, initially identified to govern lysosomal trafficking of CXCR4, also mediates CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis. Expression of minigene fragments from β-arrestin1 or STAM1, known to disrupt the β-arrestin1·STAM1 complex, and RNAi against β-arrestin1 or STAM1, attenuates CXCL12-induced chemotaxis. The β-arrestin1·STAM1 complex is necessary for promoting autophosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is necessary for CXCL12-induced chemotaxis and associates with and localizes with β-arrestin1 and STAM1 in a CXCL12-dependent manner. Our data reveal previously unknown roles in CXCR4-dependent chemotaxis for β-arrestin1 and STAM1, which we propose act in concert to regulate FAK signaling. The β-arrestin1·STAM1 complex is a promising target for blocking CXCR4-promoted FAK autophosphorylation and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Alekhina
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Adriano Marchese
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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221
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Kufareva I. Chemokines and their receptors: insights from molecular modeling and crystallography. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 30:27-37. [PMID: 27459124 PMCID: PMC5071139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted proteins that direct cell migration in development, immunity, inflammation, and cancer. They do so by binding and activating specific G protein coupled receptors on the surface of migrating cells. Despite the importance of receptor:chemokine interactions, their structural basis remained unclear for a long time. In 2015, the first atomic resolution insights were obtained with the publication of X-ray structures for two distantly related receptors bound to chemokines. In conjunction with experiment-guided molecular modeling, the structures suggest a conserved receptor:chemokine complex architecture, while highlighting the diverse details and functional roles of individual interaction epitopes. Novel findings promote the development and detailed structural interpretation of the canonical two-site hypothesis of receptor:chemokine recognition, and suggest new avenues for pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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222
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Hopkins MM, Liu Z, Meier KE. Positive and Negative Cross-Talk between Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1, Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:124-33. [PMID: 27474750 PMCID: PMC5034703 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that mediates cellular effects via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a peptide that acts via a receptor tyrosine kinase. LPA and EGF both induce proliferation of prostate cancer cells and can transactivate each other's receptors. The LPA receptor LPA1 is particularly important for LPA response in human prostate cancer cells. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated that free fatty acid 4 (FFA4), a GPCR activated by ω-3 fatty acids, inhibits responses to both LPA and EGF in these cells. One potential mechanism for the inhibition involves negative interactions between FFA4 and LPA1, thereby suppressing responses to EGF that require LPA1 In the current study, we examined the role of LPA1 in mediating EGF and FFA4 agonist responses in two human prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC-3. The results show that an LPA1-selective antagonist inhibits proliferation and migration to both LPA and EGF. Knockdown of LPA1 expression, using silencing RNA, blocks responses to LPA and significantly inhibits responses to EGF. The partial response to EGF that is observed after LPA1 knockdown is not inhibited by FFA4 agonists. Finally, the role of arrestin-3, a GPCR-binding protein that mediates many actions of activated GPCRs, was tested. Knockdown of arrestin-3 completely inhibits responses to both LPA and EGF in prostate cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that LPA1 plays a critical role in EGF responses and that FFA4 agonists inhibit proliferation by suppressing positive cross-talk between LPA1 and the EGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi M Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Kathryn E Meier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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223
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Barbieri F, Bajetto A, Thellung S, Würth R, Florio T. Drug design strategies focusing on the CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12 pathway in leukemia and lymphoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1093-1109. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1233176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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224
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Abstract
During embryonic development, tissues undergo major rearrangements that lead to germ layer positioning, patterning, and organ morphogenesis. Often these morphogenetic movements are accomplished by the coordinated and cooperative migration of the constituent cells, referred to as collective cell migration. The molecular and biomechanical mechanisms underlying collective migration of developing tissues have been investigated in a variety of models, including border cell migration, tracheal branching, blood vessel sprouting, and the migration of the lateral line primordium, neural crest cells, or head mesendoderm. Here we review recent advances in understanding collective migration in these developmental models, focusing on the interaction between cells and guidance cues presented by the microenvironment and on the role of cell–cell adhesion in mechanical and behavioral coupling of cells within the collective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scarpa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
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225
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Szpakowska M, Dupuis N, Baragli A, Counson M, Hanson J, Piette J, Chevigné A. Human herpesvirus 8-encoded chemokine vCCL2/vMIP-II is an agonist of the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3/CXCR7. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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226
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Liepelt A, Tacke F. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) as a target in liver diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G203-9. [PMID: 27313175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00193.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) or CXCL12 is constitutively expressed in healthy liver. However, its expression increases following acute or chronic liver injury. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), hepatic stellate cells (HSC), and malignant hepatocytes are important sources of SDF-1/CXCL12 in liver diseases. CXCL12 is able to activate two chemokine receptors with different downstream signaling pathways, CXCR4 and CXCR7. CXCR7 expression is relevant on LSEC, while HSC, mesenchymal stem cells, and tumor cells mainly respond via CXCR4. Here, we summarize recent developments in the field of liver diseases involving this chemokine and its receptors. SDF-1-dependent signaling contributes to modulating acute liver injury and subsequent tissue regeneration. By activating HSC and recruiting mesenchymal cells from bone marrow, CXCL12 can promote liver fibrosis progression, while CXCL12-CXCR7 interactions endorse proregenerative responses in chronic injury. Moreover, the SDF-1 pathway is linked to development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and HCC metastasis. High hepatic CXCR4 expression has been suggested as a biomarker indicating poor prognosis of HCC patients. Tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) also express CXCR4 and migrate toward CXCL12. Thus CXCL12 inhibition might not only directly block HCC growth but also modulate the tumor microenvironment (angiogenesis, MDSC), thereby sensitizing HCC patients to conventional or emerging novel cancer therapies (e.g., sorafenib, regorafenib, nivolumab, pembrolizumab). We herein summarize the current knowledge on the complex interplay between CXCL12 and CXCR4/CXCR7 in liver diseases and discuss approaches on the therapeutic targeting of these axes in hepatitis, fibrosis, and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Liepelt
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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227
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Barton LJ, LeBlanc MG, Lehmann R. Finding their way: themes in germ cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:128-137. [PMID: 27484857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic germ cell migration is a vital component of the germline lifecycle. The translocation of germ cells from the place of origin to the developing somatic gonad involves several processes including passive movements with underlying tissues, transepithelial migration, cell adhesion dynamics, the establishment of environmental guidance cues and the ability to sustain directed migration. How germ cells accomplish these feats in established model organisms will be discussed in this review, with a focus on recent discoveries and themes conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Michelle G LeBlanc
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- HHMI and Skirball Institute at NYU School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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228
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Panitz N, Theisgen S, Samsonov SA, Gehrcke JP, Baumann L, Bellmann-Sickert K, Köhling S, Pisabarro MT, Rademann J, Huster D, Beck-Sickinger AG. The structural investigation of glycosaminoglycan binding to CXCL12 displays distinct interaction sites. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1209-1221. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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229
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Bonecchi R, Graham GJ. Atypical Chemokine Receptors and Their Roles in the Resolution of the Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2016; 7:224. [PMID: 27375622 PMCID: PMC4901034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are key mediators of the inflammatory process regulating leukocyte extravasation and directional migration into inflamed and infected tissues. The control of chemokine availability within inflamed tissues is necessary to attain a resolving environment and when this fails chronic inflammation ensues. Accordingly, vertebrates have adopted a number of mechanisms for removing chemokines from inflamed sites to help precipitate resolution. Over the past 15 years, it has become apparent that essential players in this process are the members of the atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) family. Broadly speaking, this family is expressed on stromal cell types and scavenges chemokines to either limit their spatial availability or to remove them from in vivo sites. Here, we provide a brief review of these ACKRs and discuss their involvement in the resolution of inflammatory responses and the therapeutic implications of our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
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230
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Behnam Azad B, Lisok A, Chatterjee S, Poirier JT, Pullambhatla M, Luker GD, Pomper MG, Nimmagadda S. Targeted Imaging of the Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) in Human Cancer Xenografts. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:981-8. [PMID: 26912435 PMCID: PMC5261856 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.167932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 (formerly CXCR7), overexpressed in various cancers compared with normal tissues, plays a pivotal role in adhesion, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and tumor cell survival. ACKR3 modulates the tumor microenvironment and regulates tumor growth. The therapeutic potential of ACKR3 has also been demonstrated in various murine models of human cancer. Literature findings underscore the importance of ACKR3 in disease progression and suggest it as an important diagnostic marker for noninvasive imaging of ACKR3-overexpressing malignancies. There are currently no reports on direct receptor-specific detection of ACKR3 expression. Here we report the evaluation of a radiolabeled ACKR3-targeted monoclonal antibody (ACKR3-mAb) for the noninvasive in vivo nuclear imaging of ACKR3 expression in human breast, lung, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cancer xenografts. METHODS ACKR3 expression data were extracted from Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, The Cancer Genome Atlas, and the Clinical Lung Cancer Genome Project. (89)Zr-ACKR3-mAb was evaluated in vitro and subsequently in vivo by PET and ex vivo biodistribution studies in mice xenografted with breast (MDA-MB-231-ACKR3 [231-ACKR3], MDA-MB-231 [231], MCF7), lung (HCC95), or esophageal (KYSE520) cancer cells. In addition, ACKR3-mAb was radiolabeled with (125)I and evaluated by SPECT imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies. RESULTS ACKR3 transcript levels were highest in lung squamous cell carcinoma among the 21 cancer type data extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Also, Clinical Lung Cancer Genome Project data showed that lung squamous cell carcinoma had the highest CXCR7 transcript levels compared with other lung cancer subtypes. The (89)Zr-ACKR3-mAb was produced in 80% ± 5% radiochemical yields with greater than 98% radiochemical purity. In vitro cell uptake of (89)Zr-ACKR3-mAb correlated with gradient levels of cell surface ACKR3 expression observed by flow cytometry. In vivo PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies in mice with breast, lung, and esophageal cancer xenografts consistently showed enhanced (89)Zr-ACKR3-mAb uptake in high-ACKR3-expressing tumors. SPECT imaging of (125)I-ACKR3-mAb showed the versatility of ACKR3-mAb for in vivo monitoring of ACKR3 expression. CONCLUSION Data from this study suggest ACKR3 to be a viable diagnostic marker and demonstrate the utility of radiolabeled ACKR3-mAb for in vivo visualization of ACKR3-overexpressing malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Biological Transport
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Radioisotopes
- Receptors, CXCR/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
- Zirconium/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Behnam Azad
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ala Lisok
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samit Chatterjee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Poirier
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gary D Luker
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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231
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Allegretti M, Cesta MC, Locati M. Allosteric Modulation of Chemoattractant Receptors. Front Immunol 2016; 7:170. [PMID: 27199992 PMCID: PMC4852175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractants control selective leukocyte homing via interactions with a dedicated family of related G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Emerging evidence indicates that the signaling activity of these receptors, as for other GPCR, is influenced by allosteric modulators, which interact with the receptor in a binding site distinct from the binding site of the agonist and modulate the receptor signaling activity in response to the orthosteric ligand. Allosteric modulators have a number of potential advantages over orthosteric agonists/antagonists as therapeutic agents and offer unprecedented opportunities to identify extremely selective drug leads. Here, we resume evidence of allosterism in the context of chemoattractant receptors, discussing in particular its functional impact on functional selectivity and probe/concentration dependence of orthosteric ligands activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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232
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Galandrin S, Onfroy L, Poirot MC, Sénard JM, Galés C. Delineating biased ligand efficacy at 7TM receptors from an experimental perspective. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:251-63. [PMID: 27107932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last 10 years, the concept of "biased agonism" also called "functional selectivity" swamped the pharmacology of 7 transmembrane receptors and paved the way for developing signaling pathway-selective drugs with increased efficacy and less adverse effects. Initially thought to select the activation of only a subset of the signaling pathways by the reference agonist, bias ligands revealed higher complexity as they have been shown to stabilize variable receptor conformations that associate with distinct signaling events from the reference. Today, one major challenge relies on the in vitro determination of the bias and classification of these ligands, as a prerequisite for future in vivo and clinical translation. In this review, current experimental considerations for the bias evaluation related to choice of the cellular model, of the signaling pathway as well as of the assays are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Galandrin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Lauriane Onfroy
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Charles Poirot
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sénard
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France; Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Galés
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France.
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233
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Kleist AB, Getschman AE, Ziarek JJ, Nevins AM, Gauthier PA, Chevigné A, Szpakowska M, Volkman BF. New paradigms in chemokine receptor signal transduction: Moving beyond the two-site model. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:53-68. [PMID: 27106080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor (CKR) signaling forms the basis of essential immune cellular functions, and dysregulated CKR signaling underpins numerous disease processes of the immune system and beyond. CKRs, which belong to the seven transmembrane domain receptor (7TMR) superfamily, initiate signaling upon binding of endogenous, secreted chemokine ligands. Chemokine-CKR interactions are traditionally described by a two-step/two-site mechanism, in which the CKR N-terminus recognizes the chemokine globular core (i.e. site 1 interaction), followed by activation when the unstructured chemokine N-terminus is inserted into the receptor TM bundle (i.e. site 2 interaction). Several recent studies challenge the structural independence of sites 1 and 2 by demonstrating physical and allosteric links between these supposedly separate sites. Others contest the functional independence of these sites, identifying nuanced roles for site 1 and other interactions in CKR activation. These developments emerge within a rapidly changing landscape in which CKR signaling is influenced by receptor PTMs, chemokine and CKR dimerization, and endogenous non-chemokine ligands. Simultaneous advances in the structural and functional characterization of 7TMR biased signaling have altered how we understand promiscuous chemokine-CKR interactions. In this review, we explore new paradigms in CKR signal transduction by considering studies that depict a more intricate architecture governing the consequences of chemokine-CKR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Anthony E Getschman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Amanda M Nevins
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Pierre-Arnaud Gauthier
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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234
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Billard MJ, Fitzhugh DJ, Parker JS, Brozowski JM, McGinnis MW, Timoshchenko RG, Serafin DS, Lininger R, Klauber-Demore N, Sahagian G, Truong YK, Sassano MF, Serody JS, Tarrant TK. G Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 3 Regulates Breast Cancer Migration, Invasion, and Metastasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152856. [PMID: 27049755 PMCID: PMC4822790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease that has a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Chemokine receptor interactions are important modulators of breast cancer metastasis; however, it is now recognized that quantitative surface expression of one important chemokine receptor, CXCR4, may not directly correlate with metastasis and that its functional activity in breast cancer may better inform tumor pathogenicity. G protein coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) is a negative regulator of CXCR4 activity, and we show that GRK expression correlates with tumorigenicity, molecular subtype, and metastatic potential in human tumor microarray analysis. Using established human breast cancer cell lines and an immunocompetent in vivo mouse model, we further demonstrate that alterations in GRK3 expression levels in tumor cells directly affect migration and invasion in vitro and the establishment of distant metastasis in vivo. The effects of GRK3 modulation appear to be specific to chemokine-mediated migration behaviors without influencing tumor cell proliferation or survival. These data demonstrate that GRK3 dysregulation may play an important part in TNBC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Billard
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - David J. Fitzhugh
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Jaime M. Brozowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Marcus W. McGinnis
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Roman G. Timoshchenko
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - D. Stephen Serafin
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Ruth Lininger
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Nancy Klauber-Demore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Gary Sahagian
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States of America
| | - Young K. Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Maria F. Sassano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, 27599, United States of America
| | - Teresa K. Tarrant
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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235
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Kallifatidis G, Munoz D, Singh RK, Salazar N, Hoy JJ, Lokeshwar BL. β-Arrestin-2 Counters CXCR7-Mediated EGFR Transactivation and Proliferation. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:493-503. [PMID: 26921391 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The atypical 7-transmembrane chemokine receptor, CXCR7, transactivates the EGFR leading to increased tumor growth in several tumor types. However, the molecular mechanism of CXCR7 ligand-independent EGFR transactivation is unknown. We used cDNA knock-in, RNAi and analysis of mitogenic signaling components in both normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells to decipher the proliferation-inducing mechanism of the CXCR7-EGFR interaction. The data demonstrate that CXCR7-induced EGFR transactivation is independent of both the release of cryptic EGFR ligands (e.g., AREG/amphiregulin) and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. An alternate signaling mechanism involving β-arrestin-2 (ARRB2/β-AR2) was examined by manipulating the levels of β-AR2 and analyzing changes in LNCaP cell growth and phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK1/2, Src, and Akt. Depletion of β-AR2 in LNCaP cells increased proliferation/colony formation and significantly increased activation of Src, phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr-1110, and phosphorylation/activation of ERK1/2 compared with that with control shRNA. Moreover, β-AR2 depletion downregulated the proliferation suppressor p21. Stimulation of β-AR2-expressing cells with EGF resulted in rapid nuclear translocation of phosphorylated/activated EGFR. Downregulation of β-AR2 enhanced this nuclear translocation. These results demonstrate that β-AR2 is a negative regulator of CXCR7/Src/EGFR-mediated mitogenic signaling. IMPLICATIONS This study reveals that β-AR2 functions as a tumor suppressor, underscoring its clinical importance in regulating CXCR7/EGFR-mediated tumor cell proliferation. Mol Cancer Res; 14(5); 493-503. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kallifatidis
- GRU Cancer Center, Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Munoz
- VA Medical Center, Research Service, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Nicole Salazar
- Palo Alto VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA. Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - James J Hoy
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- GRU Cancer Center, Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia. Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia.
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236
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Choi J, Selmi C, Leung PSC, Kenny TP, Roskams T, Gershwin ME. Chemokine and chemokine receptors in autoimmunity: the case of primary biliary cholangitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:661-72. [PMID: 26821815 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1147956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines represent a major mediator of innate immunity and play a key role in the selective recruitment of cells during localized inflammatory responses. Beyond critical extracellular mediators of leukocyte trafficking, chemokines and their cognate receptors are expressed by a variety of resident and infiltrating cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cells, and NKT cells). Chemokines represent ideal candidates for mechanistic studies (particularly in murine models) to better understand the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and possibly become biomarkers of disease. Nonetheless, therapeutic approaches targeting chemokines have led to unsatisfactory results in rheumatoid arthritis, while biologics against pro-inflammatory cytokines are being used worldwide with success. In this comprehensive review we will discuss the evidence supporting the involvement of chemokines and their specific receptors in mediating the effector cell response, utilizing the autoimmune/primary biliary cholangitis setting as a paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjung Choi
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA.,b Division of Rheumatology , CHA University Medical Center , Bundang , Korea
| | - Carlo Selmi
- c Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Humanitas Research Hospital , Rozzano , Italy.,d BIOMETRA Department , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Thomas P Kenny
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Tania Roskams
- e Translational Cell and Tissue Research , University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- a Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology , University of California Davis , Davis , CA , USA
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237
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Massara M, Bonavita O, Mantovani A, Locati M, Bonecchi R. Atypical chemokine receptors in cancer: friends or foes? J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:927-33. [PMID: 26908826 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0915-431rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine system is a fundamental component of cancer-related inflammation involved in all stages of cancer development. It controls not only leukocyte infiltration in primary tumors but also angiogenesis, cancer cell proliferation, and migration to metastatic sites. Atypical chemokine receptors are a new, emerging class of regulators of the chemokine system. They control chemokine bioavailability by scavenging, transporting, or storing chemokines. They can also regulate the activity of canonical chemokine receptors with which they share the ligands by forming heterodimers or by modulating their expression levels or signaling activity. Here, we summarize recent results about the role of these receptors (atypical chemokine receptor 1/Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine, atypical chemokine receptor 2/D6, atypical chemokine receptor 3/CXC-chemokine receptor 7, and atypical chemokine receptor 4/CC-chemokine receptor-like 1) on the tumorigenesis process, indicating that their effects are strictly dependent on the cell type on which they are expressed and on their coexpression with other chemokine receptors. Indeed, atypical chemokine receptors inhibit tumor growth and progression through their activity as negative regulators of chemokine bioavailability, whereas, on the contrary, they can promote tumorigenesis when they regulate the signaling of other chemokine receptors, such as CXC-chemokine receptor 4. Thus, atypical chemokine receptors are key components of the regulatory network of inflammation and immunity in cancer and may have a major effect on anti-inflammatory and immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Massara
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano, Italy; and
| | - Ornella Bonavita
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano, Italy; and
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano, Italy; and
| | - Raffaella Bonecchi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
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238
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Milanos L, Brox R, Frank T, Poklukar G, Palmisano R, Waibel R, Einsiedel J, Dürr M, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Larsen O, Hjortø GM, Rosenkilde MM, Tschammer N. Discovery and Characterization of Biased Allosteric Agonists of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2222-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Milanos
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Frank
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gašper Poklukar
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- Optical
Imaging Center Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Hartmannstraße
14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Waibel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dürr
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olav Larsen
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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239
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Asri A, Sabour J, Atashi A, Soleimani M. Homing in hematopoietic stem cells: focus on regulatory role of CXCR7 on SDF1a/CXCR4 axis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:134-43. [PMID: 27092040 PMCID: PMC4827072 DOI: 10.17179/excli2014-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) form a rare population of multipotent stem cells, which give rise to all hematopoietic lineages. HSCs home to bone marrow niches and circulate between blood and bone marrow. Many factors, especially SDF1a, affect the circulation of HSCs, but these have not been fully recognized. SDF1a has been shown to bind CXCR7 in addition to CXCR4 and can also function as SDF1a/CXCR4 modulator. CXCR7 plays a role in HSCs homing via SDF1a gradient and is a mediator of CXCR4/SDF1a axis. This review describes the current concepts and questions concerning CXCR7/CXCR4/SDF1a axis as an important key in hematopoietic stem cells homing with particular emphasis on CXCR7 receptor. Homing of HSCs is an essential step for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Asri
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sabour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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240
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors are involved in various pathologies such as inflammatory diseases, cancer, and HIV infection. Small molecule and antibody-based antagonists have been developed to inhibit chemokine-induced receptor activity. Currently two small molecule inhibitors targeting CXCR4 and CCR5 are on the market for stem cell mobilization and the treatment of HIV infection, respectively. Antibody fragments (e.g., nanobodies) targeting chemokine receptors are primarily orthosteric ligands, competing for the chemokine binding site. This is opposed by most small molecules, which act as allosteric modulators and bind to the receptor at a topographically distinct site as compared to chemokines. Allosteric modulators can be distinguished from orthosteric ligands by unique features, such as a saturable effect and probe dependency. For successful drug development, it is essential to determine pharmacological parameters (i.e., affinity, potency, and efficacy) and the mode of action of potential drugs during early stages of research in order to predict the biological effect of chemokine receptor targeting drugs in the clinic. This chapter explains how the pharmacological profile of chemokine receptor targeting ligands can be determined and quantified using binding and functional experiments.
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241
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Rankovic Z, Brust TF, Bohn LM. Biased agonism: An emerging paradigm in GPCR drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:241-250. [PMID: 26707396 PMCID: PMC5595354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors have historically been one of the most druggable classes of cellular proteins. The members of this large receptor gene family couple to primary effectors, G proteins, that have built in mechanisms for regeneration and amplification of signaling with each engagement of receptor and ligand, a kinetic event in itself. In recent years GPCRs, have been found to interact with arrestin proteins to initiate signal propagation in the absence of G protein interactions. This pinnacle observation has changed a previously held notion of the linear spectrum of GPCR efficacy and uncovered a new paradigm in GPCR research and drug discovery that relies on multidimensionality of GPCR signaling. Ligands were found that selectively confer activity in one pathway over another, and this phenomenon has been referred to as 'biased agonism' or 'functional selectivity'. While great strides in the understanding of this phenomenon have been made in recent years, two critical questions still dominate the field: How can we rationally design biased GPCR ligands, and ultimately, which physiological responses are due to G protein versus arrestin interactions? This review will discuss the current understanding of some of the key aspects of biased signaling that are related to these questions, including mechanistic insights in the nature of biased signaling and methods for measuring ligand bias, as well as relevant examples of drug discovery applications and medicinal chemistry strategies that highlight the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Rankovic
- Discovery Chemistry and Research Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, 893 South Delaware Street, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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242
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Tulotta C, Stefanescu C, Beletkaia E, Bussmann J, Tarbashevich K, Schmidt T, Snaar-Jagalska BE. Inhibition of signaling between human CXCR4 and zebrafish ligands by the small molecule IT1t impairs the formation of triple-negative breast cancer early metastases in a zebrafish xenograft model. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:141-53. [PMID: 26744352 PMCID: PMC4770151 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and recurrent type of breast carcinoma that is associated with poor patient prognosis. Because of the limited efficacy of current treatments, new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. The CXCR4-CXCL12 chemokine signaling axis guides cell migration in physiological and pathological processes, including breast cancer metastasis. Although targeted therapies to inhibit the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis are under clinical experimentation, still no effective therapeutic approaches have been established to block CXCR4 in TNBC. To unravel the role of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in the formation of TNBC early metastases, we used the zebrafish xenograft model. Importantly, we demonstrate that cross-communication between the zebrafish and human ligands and receptors takes place and human tumor cells expressing CXCR4 initiate early metastatic events by sensing zebrafish cognate ligands at the metastatic site. Taking advantage of the conserved intercommunication between human tumor cells and the zebrafish host, we blocked TNBC early metastatic events by chemical and genetic inhibition of CXCR4 signaling. We used IT1t, a potent CXCR4 antagonist, and show for the first time its promising anti-tumor effects. In conclusion, we confirm the validity of the zebrafish as a xenotransplantation model and propose a pharmacological approach to target CXCR4 in TNBC. Summary: CXCR4-expressing human tumor cells respond to zebrafish cognate ligands and initiate metastatic events in a zebrafish xenograft model. The CXCR4 antagonist IT1t has promising tumor inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tulotta
- Institute of Biology, Animal Sciences and Health, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Stefanescu
- Institute of Biology, Animal Sciences and Health, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Beletkaia
- Physics of Life Processes, Kamerligh Onnes-Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, Leiden 2333 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bussmann
- Institute of Biology, Animal Sciences and Health, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Kamerligh Onnes-Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, Leiden 2333 CA, The Netherlands
| | - B Ewa Snaar-Jagalska
- Institute of Biology, Animal Sciences and Health, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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243
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Vacchini A, Locati M, Borroni EM. Overview and potential unifying themes of the atypical chemokine receptor family. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:883-92. [PMID: 26740381 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr1015-477r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines modulate immune responses through their ability to orchestrate the migration of target cells. Chemokines directly induce cell migration through a distinct set of 7 transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors but are also recognized by a small subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors, characterized by their inability to support chemotactic activity. Atypical chemokine receptors are now emerging as crucial regulatory components of chemokine networks in a wide range of physiologic and pathologic contexts. Although a new nomenclature has been approved recently to reflect their functional distinction from their conventional counterparts, a systematic view of this subfamily is still missing. This review discusses their biochemical and immunologic properties to identify potential unifying themes in this emerging family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vacchini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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244
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Analysis of Arrestin Recruitment to Chemokine Receptors by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Methods Enzymol 2016; 570:131-53. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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245
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Jean-Charles PY, Snyder JC, Shenoy SK. Chapter One - Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:1-55. [PMID: 27378754 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The seven-transmembrane containing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of cell-surface receptors. Transmembrane signaling by GPCRs is fundamental to many aspects of physiology including vision, olfaction, cardiovascular, and reproductive functions as well as pain, behavior and psychomotor responses. The duration and magnitude of signal transduction is tightly controlled by a series of coordinated trafficking events that regulate the cell-surface expression of GPCRs at the plasma membrane. Moreover, the intracellular trafficking profiles of GPCRs can correlate with the signaling efficacy and efficiency triggered by the extracellular stimuli that activate GPCRs. Of the various molecular mechanisms that impart selectivity, sensitivity and strength of transmembrane signaling, ubiquitination of the receptor protein plays an important role because it defines both trafficking and signaling properties of the activated GPCR. Ubiquitination of proteins was originally discovered in the context of lysosome-independent degradation of cytosolic proteins by the 26S proteasome; however a large body of work suggests that ubiquitination also orchestrates the downregulation of membrane proteins in the lysosomes. In the case of GPCRs, such ubiquitin-mediated lysosomal degradation engenders long-term desensitization of transmembrane signaling. To date about 40 GPCRs are known to be ubiquitinated. For many GPCRs, ubiquitination plays a major role in postendocytic trafficking and sorting to the lysosomes. This chapter will focus on the patterns and functional roles of GPCR ubiquitination, and will describe various molecular mechanisms involved in GPCR ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Jean-Charles
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - J C Snyder
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
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246
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Khorramdelazad H, Bagheri V, Hassanshahi G, Zeinali M, Vakilian A. New insights into the role of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 290:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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247
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Anderson CA, Solari R, Pease JE. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors: obstacles or opportunities for drug discovery? J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:901-9. [PMID: 26701135 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0815-392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are typically promiscuous, binding more than one ligand, with the ligands themselves often expressed in different spatial localizations by multiple cell types. This is normally a tightly regulated process; however, in a variety of inflammatory disorders, dysregulation results in the excessive or inappropriate expression of chemokines that drives disease progression. Biased agonism, the phenomenon whereby different ligands of the same receptor are able to preferentially activate one signaling pathway over another, adds another level of complexity to an already complex system. In this minireview, we discuss the concept of biased agonism within the chemokine family and report that targeting single signaling axes downstream of chemokine receptors is not only achievable, but may well present novel opportunities to target chemokine receptors, allowing the fine tuning of receptor responses in the context of allergic inflammation and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Anderson
- Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Resolution and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Roberto Solari
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - James E Pease
- Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Resolution and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom; and
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248
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Kim HY, Lee SY, Kim DY, Moon JY, Choi YS, Song IC, Lee HJ, Yun HJ, Kim S, Jo DY. Expression and functional roles of the chemokine receptor CXCR7 in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood Res 2015; 50:218-26. [PMID: 26770949 PMCID: PMC4705047 DOI: 10.5045/br.2015.50.4.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-X-C chemokine receptor 7 (CXCR7) has been shown to be a decoy receptor for CXCR4 in certain cell types. We investigated the expression status and functional roles of CXCR7 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in vitro. METHODS CXCR7 mRNA was knocked down in AML cells by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology, and subsequent biological alterations in the cells were evaluated in vitro. RESULTS All AML cell lines examined in this study (U937, K562, KG1a, HL-60, and MO7e) and primary CD34(+) cells obtained from patients with AML expressed CXCR7 mRNA at various levels. Western blotting showed that all AML cells produced CXCR7. Furthermore, all AML cells expressed CXCR7 in both the cytoplasm and on the cell surface at various levels. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1; C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12)) induced internalization of cell surface CXCR7. However, neither hypoxia nor the examined hematopoietic growth factors (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-3, IL-6, granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte, macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, and stem cell factor) and proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were found to alter cell surface CXCR7 expression. The transfection of AML cells with CXCR4 siRNA, but not CXCR7 siRNA, significantly impaired the CXCL12-induced transmigration of the cells. The transfection of AML cells with CXCR7 siRNA did not affect the survival or proliferation of these cells. Knockdown of CXCR7, but not CXCR4, induced the upregulation of CXCL12 mRNA expression and CXCL12 production in AML cells. CONCLUSION CXCR7 is involved in the regulation of autocrine CXCL12 in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yon Kim
- Department of Drug Activity, New Drug Development Center, Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, Daejeon, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Deog-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ik-Chan Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hwan-Jung Yun
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Samyong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Deog-Yeon Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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249
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Karin N, Wildbaum G, Thelen M. Biased signaling pathways via CXCR3 control the development and function of CD4+ T cell subsets. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:857-62. [PMID: 26657511 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0915-441r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally related chemotactic cytokines (chemokines) regulate cell trafficking through interactions with 7-transmembrane domain, G protein-coupled receptors. Biased signaling or functional selectivity is a concept that describes a situation where a 7-transmembrane domain receptor preferentially activates one of several available cellular signaling pathways. It can be divided into 3 distinct cases: ligand bias, receptor bias, and tissue or cell bias. Many studies, including those coming from our lab, have shown that only a limited number of chemokines are key drivers of inflammation. We have referred to them as "driver chemokines." They include the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10, the CCR2 ligand CCL2, all 3 CCR5 ligands, and the CCR9 ligand CCL25. As for CXCR3, despite the proinflammatory nature of CXCL10 and CXCL9, transgenic mice lacking CXCR3 display an aggravated manifestation of different autoimmune disease, including Type I diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Recently, we showed that whereas CXCL9 and CXCL10 induce effector Th1/Th17 cells to promote inflammation, CXCL11, with a relatively higher binding affinity to CXCR3, drives the development of the forkhead box P3-negative IL-10(high) T regulatory 1 cell subset and hence, dampens inflammation. We also showed that CXCL9/CXCL10 activates a different signaling cascade than CXCL11, despite binding to the same receptor, CXCR3, which results in these diverse biologic activities. This provides new evidence for the role of biased signaling in regulating biologic activities, in which CXCL11 induces ligand bias at CXCR3 and receptor-biased signaling via atypical chemokine receptor 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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250
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Karin N, Wildbaum G. The Role of Chemokines in Shaping the Balance Between CD4(+) T Cell Subsets and Its Therapeutic Implications in Autoimmune and Cancer Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:609. [PMID: 26648938 PMCID: PMC4663243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are the key activators of adhesion molecule and also drivers of leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites and are therefore mostly considered as proinflammatory mediators. Many studies, including ours, imply that targeting the function of several key chemokines, but not many others, could effectively suppress inflammatory responses and inflammatory autoimmunity. Along with this, a single chemokine named CXCL10 could be used to induce antitumor immunity, and thereby suppress myeloma. Our working hypothesis is that some chemokines differ from others as aside from being chemoattractants for leukocytes and effective activators of adhesion receptors that possess additional biological properties making them "driver chemokines." We came up with this notion when studying the interlay between CXCR4 and CXCL12 and between CXCR3 and its three ligands: CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. The current mini-review focuses on these ligands and their biological properties. First, we elaborate the role of cytokines in directing the polarization of effector and regulatory T cell subset and the plasticity of this process. Then, we extend this notion to chemokines while focusing on CXCL 12 and the CXCR3 ligands. Finally, we elaborate the potential clinical implications of these studies for therapy of autoimmunity, graft-versus-host disease, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel
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