201
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Sokolovski S, Hills A, Gay RA, Blatt MR. Functional interaction of the SNARE protein NtSyp121 in Ca2+ channel gating, Ca2+ transients and ABA signalling of stomatal guard cells. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:347-58. [PMID: 19825544 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssm029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is now growing evidence that membrane vesicle trafficking proteins, especially of the superfamily of SNAREs, are critical for cellular signalling in plants. Work from this laboratory first demonstrated that a soluble, inhibitory (dominant-negative) fragment of the SNARE NtSyp121 blocked K+ and Cl- channel responses to the stress-related hormone abscisic acid (ABA), but left open a question about functional impacts on signal intermediates, especially on Ca2+-mediated signalling events. Here, we report one mode of action for the SNARE mediated directly through alterations in Ca2+ channel gating and its consequent effects on cytosolic-free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) elevation. We find that expressing the same inhibitory fragment of NtSyp121 blocks ABA-evoked stomatal closure, but only partially suppresses stomatal closure in the presence of the NO donor, SNAP, which promotes [Ca2+]i elevation independently of the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels. Consistent with these observations, Ca2+ channel gating at the plasma membrane is altered by the SNARE fragment in a manner effective in reducing the potential for triggering a rise in [Ca2+]i, and we show directly that its expression in vivo leads to a pronounced suppression of evoked [Ca2+]i transients. These observations offer primary evidence for the functional coupling of the SNARE with Ca2+ channels at the plant cell plasma membrane and, because [Ca2+]i plays a key role in the control of K+ and Cl- channel currents in guard cells, they underscore an important mechanism for SNARE integration with ion channel regulation during stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Sokolovski
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, IBLS-Plant Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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202
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Besson-Bard A, Courtois C, Gauthier A, Dahan J, Dobrowolska G, Jeandroz S, Pugin A, Wendehenne D. Nitric oxide in plants: production and cross-talk with Ca2+ signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:218-28. [PMID: 19825534 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic gas that performs crucial functions in a wide array of physiological processes in animals. The past several years have revealed much about its roles in plants. It is well established that NO is synthesized from nitrite by nitrate reductase (NR) and via chemical pathways. There is increasing evidence for the occurrence of an alternative pathway in which NO production is catalysed from L-arginine by a so far non-identified enzyme. Contradictory results have been reported regarding the respective involvement of these enzymes in specific physiological conditions. Although much remains to be proved, we assume that these inconsistencies can be accounted for by the limited specificity of the pharmacological agents used to suppress NO synthesis but also by the reduced content of L-arginine as well as the inactivity of nitrate-permeable anion channels in nitrate reductase- and/or nitrate/nitrite-deficient plants. Another unresolved issue concerns the molecular mechanisms underlying NO effects in plants. Here, we provide evidence that the second messenger Ca2+, as well as protein kinases including MAPK and SnRK2, are very plausible mediators of the NO signals. These findings open new perspectives about NO-based signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Besson-Bard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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203
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Distéfano AM, García-Mata C, Lamattina L, Laxalt AM. Nitric oxide-induced phosphatidic acid accumulation: a role for phospholipases C and D in stomatal closure. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:187-94. [PMID: 17996010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal closure is regulated by a complex network of signalling events involving numerous intermediates, among them nitric oxide (NO). Little is known about the signalling events occurring downstream of NO. Previous studies have shown that NO modulates cytosolic calcium concentration and the activation of plasma membrane ion channels. Here we provide evidence that supports the involvement of the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) in NO signalling during stomatal closure. PA levels in Vicia faba epidermal peels increased upon NO treatment to maximum levels within 30 min, subsequently decreasing to control levels at 60 min. PA can be generated via phospholipase D (PLD) or via phospholipase C (PLC) in concerted action with diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). Our results showed that NO-induced PA is produced via the activation of both pathways. NO-induced stomatal closure was blocked either when PLC or PLD activity was inhibited. We have shown that PLC- and PLD-derived PA represents a downstream component of NO signalling cascade during stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen M Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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204
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Scherer C, Wiltshire K, Bickmeyer U. Inhibition of multidrug resistance transporters in the diatom Thalassiosira rotula facilitates dye staining. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:100-103. [PMID: 18036827 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells are protected by multidrug resistance transporters, which remove potentially harmful chemicals entering the cells from the environment or originating endogenously from the cellular metabolism. Multidrug resistance transporters have not been investigated so far in marine eukaryotic algae like diatoms. We investigated the uptake of a calcium-sensitive dye, Fura 2 acetoxymethylester (AM), by the marine diatom Thalassiosira rotula in the presence and absence of substances known to inhibit multidrug resistance transporters (ATP-binding cassette transporters, ABC). Three inhibitors known to block transporters in living organisms were tested in the marine diatom T. rotula. We applied verapamil, which blocks multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (MDR1), probenecid as an inhibitor of organic anion transport and the specific inhibitor of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), MK571, obtaining positive results with the highly specific MK571. This leads to the assumption that the cells of T. rotula possess MRP transporters. Marine diatom cells can now be loaded by incubation with a calcium-sensitive dye, which facilitates measurements of cellular calcium signals without using methods risking injury of the cell membrane. This opens an avenue for investigation on diatom calcium signalling and perhaps how they process environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Scherer
- Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred Wegener Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung in der Helmholtz Gemeinschaft, Kurpromenade 201, Helgoland, Germany
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205
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Gaston B. Chapter 4 Effects of Nitrogen Oxides on Chloride Channels. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(08)00204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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206
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Besson-Bard A, Pugin A, Wendehenne D. New insights into nitric oxide signaling in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:21-39. [PMID: 18031216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A decade-long investigation of nitric oxide (NO) functions in plants has led to its characterization as a biological mediator involved in key physiological processes. Despite the wealth of information gathered from the analysis of its functions, until recently little was known about the mechanisms by which NO exerts its effects. In the past few years, part of the gap has been bridged. NO modulates the activity of proteins through nitrosylation and probably tyrosine nitration. Furthermore, NO can act as a Ca(2+)-mobilizing messenger, and researchers are beginning to unravel the mechanisms underlying the cross talk between NO and Ca(2+). Nonetheless, progress in this area of research is hindered by our ignorance of the pathways for NO production in plants. This review summarizes the basic concepts of NO signaling in animals and discusses new insights into NO enzymatic sources and molecular signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Besson-Bard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France.
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207
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Wu SJ, Wu JY. Extracellular ATP-induced NO production and its dependence on membrane Ca2+ flux in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:4007-16. [PMID: 18977749 PMCID: PMC2576636 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) is a novel signalling agent, and nitric oxide (NO) is a well-established signal molecule with diverse functions in plant growth and development. This study characterizes NO production induced by exogenous ATP and examines its relationship with other important signalling agents, Ca(2+) and H(2)O(2) in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root culture. Exogenous ATP was applied at 10-500 microM to the hairy root cultures and stimulated NO production was detectable within 30 min. The NO level increased with ATP dose from 10-100 microM but decreased from 100-200 muM or higher. The ATP-induced NO production was mimicked by a non-hydrolysable ATP analogue ATPgammaS, but only weakly by ADP, AMP or adenosine. The ATP-induced NO production was blocked by Ca(2+) antagonists, but not affected by a protein kinase inhibitor. ATP also induced H(2)O(2) production, which was dependent on both Ca(2+) and protein kinases, and also on NO biosynthesis. On the other hand, ATP induced a rapid increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) level, which was dependent on NO but not H(2)O(2). The results suggest that NO is implicated in ATP-induced responses and signal transduction in plant cells, and ATP signalling is closely related to Ca(2+) and ROS signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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208
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Blatt MR, Beilby MJ. Mitochondrial sequestration of BCECF after ester loading in the giant alga Chara australis. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 232:131-136. [PMID: 18094931 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-007-0264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ratiometric fluorescent dyes are often used to monitor free ion concentrations in vivo, especially in cells that are recalcitrant to transformation with genetically encoded fluorescent markers. Although intracellular dye distributions are often found to be cytosolic, dye localisation has often not been examined in detail. We began exploring the use of BCECF (2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein) to monitor pH in the giant alga Chara australis and discovered that younger leaf cells could be loaded using the acetoxymethyl ester of BCECF. However, we were puzzled to find in microphotometric measurements that the fluorescence ratio appeared insensitive to manipulations affecting cytosolic pH. Confocal imaging of C. australis cells loaded with BCECF showed an accumulation of the dye in two locations: (1) on the outside of the chloroplasts in irregularly shaped stationary bodies; (2) within 1-1.5 mum structures that moved rapidly with the pericellular cytoplasmic streaming. Together with the streaming cytoplasm, these organelles were rendered stationary with 50 muM cytochalasin D. Rhodamine 123, a mitochondrionspecific dye, highlighted organelles outside of the chloroplasts, similar to those shown by BCECF in location 1. We conclude that in the cytoplasmic compartment, BCECF was sequestered within cytoplasmic mitochondria in immature and fast-growing cells and within the cortical mitochondrial system in older and slowly growing cells. Thus, BCECF-AM is unsuitable for reporting changes in cytosolic pH in C. australis but might be employed in future to study pH changes in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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209
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Garcia-Mata C, Lamattina L. Abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits light-induced stomatal opening through calcium- and nitric oxide-mediated signaling pathways. Nitric Oxide 2007; 17:143-51. [PMID: 17889574 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling component of ABA-induced stomatal closure. However, only fragmentary data are available about NO effect on the inhibition of stomatal opening. Here, we present results supporting that, in Vicia faba guard cells, there is a critical Ca2+-dependent NO increase required for the ABA-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening. Light-induced stomatal opening was inhibited by exogenous NO in V. faba epidermal strips. Furthermore, ABA-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening was blocked by the specific NO scavenger cPTIO, supporting the involvement of endogenous NO in this process. Since the raise in Ca2+ concentration is a pre-requisite in ABA-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening, it was interesting to establish how does Ca2+, NO and ABA interact in the inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. The permeable Ca2+ specific buffer BAPTA-AM blocked both ABA- and Ca2+- but not NO-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening. The NO synthase (NOS) specific inhibitor L-NAME prevented Ca2+-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening, indicating that a NOS-like activity was required for Ca2+ signaling. Furthermore, experiments using the NO specific fluorescent probe DAF-2DA indicated that Ca2+ induces an increase of endogenous NO. These results indicate that, in addition to the roles in ABA-triggered stomatal closure, both NO and Ca2+ are active components of signaling events acting in ABA inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. Results also support that Ca2+ induces the NO production through the activation of a NOS-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Garcia-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, B7602AYJ Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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210
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Foresi NP, Laxalt AM, Tonón CV, Casalongué CA, Lamattina L. Extracellular ATP induces nitric oxide production in tomato cell suspensions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 145:589-92. [PMID: 17984199 PMCID: PMC2048788 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia P Foresi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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211
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Bolduc N, Lamb GN, Cessna SG, Brisson LF. Modulation of Bax Inhibitor-1 and cytosolic Ca2+ by cytokinins in Nicotiana tabacum cells. Biochimie 2007; 89:961-71. [PMID: 17397988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The protein Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1) has recently emerged as a negative regulator of plant programmed cell death (PCD), but how it functions at the biochemical level remains unknown. To elucidate its regulation and mode of action, we used suspension cells of Nicotiana tabacum to study the effects of cytokinins (CKs) on the expression level of NtBI-1 via western analysis. We found that the NtBI-1 protein is up-regulated following treatments with CKs at concentrations inducing a stress response (determined by growth reduction and PR1a accumulation), but not at PCD-inducing concentrations. These data point toward a role for NtBI-1 in the stress response to CKs. Application of CKs was also accompanied by a rapid cytosolic Ca(2+) pulse, and inhibition of this pulse with La(3+) or EGTA partially restored viability, indicating a signaling role for Ca(2+) in CK-induced cell death. However, CK-induced NtBI-1 accumulation was not altered by pretreatment with La(3+), nor by treatment with several modulators of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and signaling, suggesting that CK-dependent regulation of NtBI-1 accumulation is not directly mediated by Ca(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bolduc
- Département de Biochimie et de Microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada.
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212
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Takahashi Y, Kinoshita T, Shimazaki KI. Protein phosphorylation and binding of a 14-3-3 protein in Vicia guard cells in response to ABA. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1182-91. [PMID: 17634179 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under drought stress, ABA promotes stomatal closure to prevent water loss. Although protein phosphorylation plays an important role in ABA signaling, little is known about these processes at the biochemical level. In this study, we searched for substrates of protein kinases in ABA signaling through the binding of a 14-3-3 protein to phosphorylated proteins using Vicia guard cell protoplasts. ABA induced binding of a 14-3-3 protein to proteins with molecular masses of 61, 43 and 39 kDa, with the most remarkable signal for the 61 kDa protein. The ABA-induced binding to the 61 kDa protein occurred only in guard cells, and reached a maximum within 3 min at 1 microM ABA. The 61 kDa protein localized in the cytosol. ABA induced the binding of endogenous vf14-3-3a to the 61 kDa protein in guard cells. Autophosphorylation of ABA-activated protein kinase (AAPK), which mediates anion channel activation, and ABA-induced phosphorylation of the 61 kDa protein showed similar time courses and similar sensitivities to the protein kinase inhibitor K-252a. AAPK elicits the binding of the 14-3-3 protein to the 61 kDa protein in vitro when AAPK in guard cells was activated by ABA. The phosphorylation of the 61 kDa protein by ABA was not affected by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, H(2)O(2), W-7 or EGTA. From these results, we conclude that the 61 kDa protein may be a substrate for AAPK and that the 61 kDa protein is located upstream of H(2)O(2) and Ca(2+), or on Ca(2+)-independent signaling pathways in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Ropponmatsu, Fukuoka, 810-8560, Japan
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213
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Laxalt AM, Raho N, Have AT, Lamattina L. Nitric Oxide Is Critical for Inducing Phosphatidic Acid Accumulation in Xylanase-elicited Tomato Cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21160-8. [PMID: 17491015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) is a second messenger related to development and (a)biotic stress responses in plants. We have studied the role of NO in signaling during plant defense responses upon xylanase elicitation. Treatment of tomato cell cultures with the fungal elicitor xylanase resulted in a rapid and dose-dependent NO accumulation. We have demonstrated that NO is required for the production of the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) via the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) pathway. Defense-related responses downstream of PA were studied. PA and, correspondingly, xylanase were shown to induce reactive oxygen species production. Scavenging of NO or inhibition of either the PLC or the DGK enzyme diminished xylanase-induced reactive oxygen species production. Xylanase-induced PLDbeta1 and PR1 mRNA levels decreased when NO or PA production were compromised. Finally, we have shown that NO and PA are involved in the induction of cell death by xylanase. Treatment with NO scavenger cPTIO, PLC inhibitor U73122, or DGK inhibitor R59022 diminished xylanase-induced cell death. On the basis of biochemical and pharmacological experimental results, we have shown that PLC/DGK-derived PA represents a novel downstream component of NO signaling cascade during plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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214
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Zhu Y, Ye J, Huizinga JD. Clotrimazole-sensitive K+ currents regulate pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1715-25. [PMID: 17347448 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00524.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are pacemaker cells for gut peristaltic motor activity. Compared with cardiac pacemaker cells, little is known about mechanisms that regulate ICC excitability. The objective of the present study was to investigate a potential role for clotrimazole (CTL)-sensitive K currents (I(CTL)) in the regulation of ICC excitability and pacemaker activity. ICC were studied in situ and in short-term culture by using the whole cell patch-clamp configuration. In situ, ICC exhibited spontaneous transient inward currents followed by transient outward currents. CTL blocked outward currents, thereby increasing the net inward currents, and depolarized ICC, thereby establishing CTL-sensitive channels as regulators of ICC pacemaker activity. In short-term culture, a I(CTL) was identified that showed increased conductance when depolarized from the resting membrane potential to 0 mV and subsequent inward rectification at further depolarized potentials. The I(CTL) markedly increased with increasing intracellular calcium and was insensitive to the ether-à-go-go-related K channel blocker E-4031 and the large-conductance calcium-activated K channel blocker iberiotoxin. I(CTL) contributed 3-9 nS to the whole cell conductance at 0 mV membrane potential under physiological conditions; it was fast activating (tau = 88 ms), showed little time-dependent inactivation, and exhibited a deactivation time constant of 38 ms. The nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased I(CTL). Single-channel activity, activated by calcium and SNP, was inhibited by CTL, with a single-channel conductance of approximately 38 pS. In summary, ICC generate a I(CTL) on depolarization through an intermediate-conductance calcium-activated K channel that regulates pacemaker activity and ICC excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Zhu
- McMaster Univ., HSC-3N5C, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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215
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Zhang X, Takemiya A, Kinoshita T, Shimazaki KI. Nitric oxide inhibits blue light-specific stomatal opening via abscisic acid signaling pathways in Vicia guard cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:715-23. [PMID: 17389607 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) acts as an intermediate of ABA signal transduction for stomatal closure. However, NO's effect on stomatal opening is poorly understood even though both opening and closing activities determine stomatal aperture. Here we show that NO inhibits stomatal opening specific to blue light, thereby stimulating stomatal closure. NO inhibited blue light-specific stomatal opening but not red light-induced opening. NO inhibited both blue light-induced H(+) pumping and H(+)-ATPase phosphorylation. The NO scavenger 2-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO) restored all these inhibitory effects. ABA and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) inhibited all of these blue light-specific responses in a manner similar to NO. c-PTIO partially restored the ABA-induced inhibition of all of these opening responses but did not restore inhibition of the responses by H(2)O(2). ABA, H(2)O(2) and NO had slight inhibitory effects on the phosphorylation of phototropins, which are blue light receptors in guard cells. NO inhibited neither fusicoccin-induced H(+) pumping in guard cells nor H(+) transport by H(+)-ATPase in the isolated membranes. From these results, we conclude that both NO and H(2)O(2) inhibit blue light-induced activation of H(+)-ATPase by inhibiting the component(s) between phototropins and H(+)-ATPase in guard cells and stimulate stomatal closure by ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Ropponmatsu, Fukuoka, Japan
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216
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Zhao MG, Tian QY, Zhang WH. Nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide production is associated with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:206-17. [PMID: 17351048 PMCID: PMC1913813 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.096842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a key molecule involved in many physiological processes in plants. To characterize roles of NO in tolerance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to salt stress, effect of NaCl on Arabidopsis wild-type and mutant (Atnoa1) plants with an impaired in vivo NO synthase (NOS) activity and a reduced endogenous NO level was investigated. Atnoa1 mutant plants displayed a greater Na+ to K+ ratio in shoots than wild-type plants due to enhanced accumulation of Na+ and reduced accumulation of K+ when exposed to NaCl. Germination of Atnoa1 seeds was more sensitive to NaCl than that of wild-type seeds, and wild-type plants exhibited higher survival rates than Atnoa1 plants when grown under salt stress. Atnoa1 plants had higher levels of hydrogen peroxide than wild-type plants under both control and salt stress, suggesting that Atnoa1 is more vulnerable to salt and oxidative stress than wild-type plants. Treatments of wild-type plants with NOS inhibitor and NO scavenger reduced endogenous NO levels and enhanced NaCl-induced increase in Na+ to K+ ratio. Exposure of wild-type plants to NaCl inhibited NOS activity and reduced quantity of NOA1 protein, leading to a decrease in endogenous NO levels measured by NO-specific fluorescent probe. Treatment of Atnoa1 plants with NO donor sodium nitroprusside attenuated the NaCl-induced increase in Na+ to K+ ratio. Therefore, these findings provide direct evidence to support that disruption of NOS-dependent NO production is associated with salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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217
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Pandey S, Zhang W, Assmann SM. Roles of ion channels and transporters in guard cell signal transduction. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2325-36. [PMID: 17462636 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stomatal complexes consist of pairs of guard cells and the pore they enclose. Reversible changes in guard cell volume alter the aperture of the pore and provide the major regulatory mechanism for control of gas exchange between the plant and the environment. Stomatal movement is facilitated by the activity of ion channels and ion transporters found in the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane of guard cells. Progress in recent years has elucidated the molecular identities of many guard cell transport proteins, and described their modulation by various cellular signal transduction components during stomatal opening and closure prompted by environmental and endogenous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Pandey
- Biology Department, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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218
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Munemasa S, Oda K, Watanabe-Sugimoto M, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y. The coronatine-insensitive 1 mutation reveals the hormonal signaling interaction between abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate in Arabidopsis guard cells. Specific impairment of ion channel activation and second messenger production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1398-407. [PMID: 17220365 PMCID: PMC1820907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicits stomatal closing similar to abscisic acid (ABA), but whether the two compounds use similar or different signaling mechanisms in guard cells remains to be clarified. We investigated the effects of MeJA and ABA on second messenger production and ion channel activation in guard cells of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and MeJA-insensitive coronatine-insensitive 1 (coi1) mutants. The coi1 mutation impaired MeJA-induced stomatal closing but not ABA-induced stomatal closing. MeJA as well as ABA induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in wild-type guard cells, whereas MeJA did not induce production of ROS and NO in coi1 guard cells. The experiments using an inhibitor and scavengers demonstrated that both ROS and NO are involved in MeJA-induced stomatal closing as well as ABA-induced stomatal closing. Not only ABA but also MeJA activated slow anion channels and Ca(2+) permeable cation channels in the plasma membrane of wild-type guard cell protoplasts. However, in coi1 guard cell protoplasts, MeJA did not elicit either slow anion currents or Ca(2+) permeable cation currents, but ABA activated both types of ion channels. Furthermore, to elucidate signaling interaction between ABA and MeJA in guard cells, we examined MeJA signaling in ABA-insensitive mutant ABA-insensitive 2 (abi2-1), whose ABA signal transduction cascade has some disruption downstream of ROS production and NO production. MeJA also did not induce stomatal closing but stimulated production of ROS and NO in abi2-1. These results suggest that MeJA triggers stomatal closing via a receptor distinct from the ABA receptor and that the coi1 mutation disrupts MeJA signaling upstream of the blanch point of ABA signaling and MeJA signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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219
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Li S, Assmann SM, Albert R. Predicting essential components of signal transduction networks: a dynamic model of guard cell abscisic acid signaling. PLoS Biol 2007; 4:e312. [PMID: 16968132 PMCID: PMC1564158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants both lose water and take in carbon dioxide through microscopic stomatal pores, each of which is regulated by a surrounding pair of guard cells. During drought, the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) inhibits stomatal opening and promotes stomatal closure, thereby promoting water conservation. Dozens of cellular components have been identified to function in ABA regulation of guard cell volume and thus of stomatal aperture, but a dynamic description is still not available for this complex process. Here we synthesize experimental results into a consistent guard cell signal transduction network for ABA-induced stomatal closure, and develop a dynamic model of this process. Our model captures the regulation of more than 40 identified network components, and accords well with previous experimental results at both the pathway and whole-cell physiological level. By simulating gene disruptions and pharmacological interventions we find that the network is robust against a significant fraction of possible perturbations. Our analysis reveals the novel predictions that the disruption of membrane depolarizability, anion efflux, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cytosolic pH increase, the phosphatidic acid pathway, or K(+) efflux through slowly activating K(+) channels at the plasma membrane lead to the strongest reduction in ABA responsiveness. Initial experimental analysis assessing ABA-induced stomatal closure in the presence of cytosolic pH clamp imposed by the weak acid butyrate is consistent with model prediction. Simulations of stomatal response as derived from our model provide an efficient tool for the identification of candidate manipulations that have the best chance of conferring increased drought stress tolerance and for the prioritization of future wet bench analyses. Our method can be readily applied to other biological signaling networks to identify key regulatory components in systems where quantitative information is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Réka Albert
- Physics Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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220
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Zhao MG, Tian QY, Zhang WH. Ethylene activates a plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channel in tobacco suspension cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:507-515. [PMID: 17447907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, the effects of the ethylene-releasing compound, ethephon, and the ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), on ionic currents across plasma membranes and on the cytosolic Ca(2+) activity ([Ca(2+)](c)) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension cells were characterized using a patch-clamp technique and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Exposure of tobacco protoplasts to ethephon and ACC led to activation of a plasma membrane cation channel that was permeable to Ba(2+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), and inhibited by La(3+), Gd(3+) and Al(3+). The ethephon- and ACC-induced Ca(2+)-permeable channel was abolished by the antagonist of ethylene perception (1-metycyclopropene) and by the inhibitor of ACC synthase (aminovinylglycin), indicating that activation of the Ca(2+)-permeable channels results from ethylene. Ethephon elicited an increase in the [Ca(2+)](c) of tobacco suspension cells, as visualized by the Ca(2+)-sensitive probe Fluo-3 and confocal microscopy. The ethephon-induced elevation of [Ca(2+)](c) was markedly inhibited by Gd(3+) and BAPTA, suggesting that an influx of Ca(2+) underlies the elevation of [Ca(2+)](c). These results indicate that an elevation of [Ca(2+)](c), resulting from activation of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channels by ethylene, is an essential component in ethylene signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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221
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Israelsson M, Siegel RS, Young J, Hashimoto M, Iba K, Schroeder JI. Guard cell ABA and CO2 signaling network updates and Ca2+ sensor priming hypothesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:654-63. [PMID: 17010657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores in the epidermis of plants enable gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, a process vital to plant life. Pairs of specialized guard cells surround and control stomatal apertures. Stomatal closing is induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and elevated CO(2) concentrations. Recent advances have been made in understanding ABA signaling and in characterizing CO(2) transduction mechanisms and CO(2) signaling mutants. In addition, models of Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent signaling in guard cells have been developed and a new hypothesis has been formed in which physiological stimuli are proposed to prime Ca(2+) sensors, thus enabling specificity in Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Israelsson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics 0116, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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222
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Jasid S, Simontacchi M, Bartoli CG, Puntarulo S. Chloroplasts as a nitric oxide cellular source. Effect of reactive nitrogen species on chloroplastic lipids and proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:1246-55. [PMID: 16980561 PMCID: PMC1630751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generation by soybean (Glycine max var. ADM 4800) chloroplasts was studied as an endogenous product assessed by the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique. Nitrite and l-arginine (Arg) are substrates for enzymatic activities considered to be the possible sources of NO in plants. Soybean chloroplasts showed a NO production of 3.2 +/- 0.2 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein in the presence of 1 mm NaNO(2). Inhibition of photosynthetic electron flow by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea resulted in a lower rate (1.21 +/- 0.04 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein) of NO generation. Chloroplasts incubated with 1 mm Arg showed NO production of 0.76 +/- 0.04 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein that was not affected either by omission of Ca(2+) or by supplementation with Ca(2+) and calmodulin to the incubation medium. This production was inhibited when chloroplasts were incubated in the presence of NO synthase inhibitors N(omega)-nitro-l-Arg methyl ester hydrochloride and N(omega)-nitro-l-Arg. In vitro exposure of chloroplasts to an NO donor (250 mum S-nitrosoglutathione) decreased lipid radical content in membranes by 29%; however, incubation in the presence of 25 mum peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) led to an increase in lipid-derived radicals (34%). The effect of ONOO(-) on protein oxidation was determined by western blotting, showing an increase in carbonyl content either in stroma or thylakoid proteins as compared to controls. Moreover, ONOO(-) treatment significantly affected both O(2) evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence in thylakoids. Data reported here suggest that NO is an endogenous metabolite in soybean chloroplasts and that reactive nitrogen species could exert either antioxidant or prooxidant effects on chloroplast macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Jasid
- Physical Chemistry-PRALIB, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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223
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Abstract
Vesicle traffic is essential for cell homeostasis, growth and development in plants, as it is in other eukaryotes, and is facilitated by a superfamily of proteins known as soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). Although SNAREs are well-conserved across phylla, genomic analysis for two model angiosperm species available to date, rice and Arabidopsis, highlights common patterns of divergence from other eukaryotes. These patterns are associated with the expansion of some gene subfamilies of SNAREs, the absence of others and the appearance of new proteins that show no significant homologies to SNAREs of mammals, yeast or Drosophila. Recent findings indicate that the functions of these plant SNAREs also extend beyond the conventional 'housekeeping' activities associated with vesicle trafficking. A number of SNAREs have been implicated in environmental responses as diverse as stomata movements and gravisensing as well as sensitivity to salt and drought. These proteins are essential for signal transduction and response and, in most cases, appear also to maintain additional roles in membrane trafficking. One common theme to this added functionality lies in control of non-SNARE proteins, notably ion channels. Other examples include interactions between the SNAREs and scaffolding or other structural components within the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Uwe Sutter
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, IBLS - Plant Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, USA
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224
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Garcia-Brugger A, Lamotte O, Vandelle E, Bourque S, Lecourieux D, Poinssot B, Wendehenne D, Pugin A. Early signaling events induced by elicitors of plant defenses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:711-24. [PMID: 16838784 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogen attacks are perceived through pathogen-issued compounds or plant-derived molecules that elicit defense reactions. Despite the large variety of elicitors, general schemes for cellular elicitor signaling leading to plant resistance can be drawn. In this article, we review early signaling events that happen after elicitor perception, including reversible protein phosphorylations, changes in the activities of plasma membrane proteins, variations in free calcium concentrations in cytosol and nucleus, and production of nitric oxide and active oxygen species. These events occur within the first minutes to a few hours after elicitor perception. One specific elicitor transduction pathway can use a combination or a partial combination of such events which can differ in kinetics and intensity depending on the stimulus. The links between the signaling events allow amplification of the signal transduction and ensure specificity to get appropriate plant defense reactions. This review first describes the early events induced by cryptogein, an elicitor of tobacco defense reactions, in order to give a general scheme for signal transduction that will be use as a thread to review signaling events monitored in different elicitor or plant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Garcia-Brugger
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA, Dijon, France.
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225
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Carreras A, Valderrama R, Palma JM, León AM, Sandalio LM, del Río LA. Constitutive arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase activity in different organs of pea seedlings during plant development. PLANTA 2006; 224:246-54. [PMID: 16397797 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule in different animal and plant physiological processes. Little is known about its biological function in plants and on the enzymatic source or site of NO production during plant development. The endogenous NO production from L-arginine (NO synthase activity) was analyzed in leaves, stems and roots during plant development, using pea seedlings as a model. NOS activity was analyzed using a novel chemiluminescence-based assay which is more sensitive and specific than previous methods used in plant tissues. In parallel, NO accumulation was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using as fluorescent probes either DAF-2 DA or DAF-FM DA. A strong increase in NOS activity was detected in stems after 11 days growth, coinciding with the maximum stem elongation. The arginine-dependent NOS activity was constitutive and sensitive to aminoguanidine, a well-known irreversible inhibitor of animal NOS, and this NOS activity was differentially modulated depending on the plant organ and seedling developmental stage. In all tissues studied, NO was localized mainly in the vascular tissue (xylem) and epidermal cells and in root hairs. These loci of NO generation and accumulation suggest novel functions for NO in these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, EEZ, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18080, Granada, Spain.
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226
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Christmann A, Moes D, Himmelbach A, Yang Y, Tang Y, Grill E. Integration of abscisic acid signalling into plant responses. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:314-25. [PMID: 16807823 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role as an endogenous messenger in the regulation of plant's water status. ABA is generated as a signal during a plant's life cycle to control seed germination and further developmental processes and in response to abiotic stress imposed by salt, cold, drought, and wounding. The action of ABA can target specifically guard cells for induction of stomatal closure but may also signal systemically for adjustment towards severe water shortage. At the molecular level, the responses are primarily mediated by regulation of ion channels and by changes in gene expression. In the last years, the molecular complexity of ABA signal transduction surfaced more and more. Many proteins and a plethora of "secondary" messengers that regulate or modulate ABA-responses have been identified by analysis of mutants including gene knock-out plants and by applying RNA interference technology together with protein interaction analysis. The complexity possibly reflects intensive cross-talk with other signal pathways and the role of ABA to be part of and to integrate several responses. Despite the missing unifying concept, it is becoming clear that ABA action enforces a sophisticated regulation at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christmann
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
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227
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Lamotte O, Courtois C, Dobrowolska G, Besson A, Pugin A, Wendehenne D. Mechanisms of nitric-oxide-induced increase of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1369-76. [PMID: 16631527 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a role for nitric oxide (NO) in mediating the elevation of the free cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](cyt)) in plants using Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cells expressing the Ca(2+) reporter apoaequorin. Hyperosmotic stress induced a fast increase of [Ca(2+)](cyt) which was strongly reduced by pretreating cell suspensions with the NO scavenger carboxy PTIO, indicating that NO mediates [Ca(2+)](cyt) changes in plant cells challenged by abiotic stress. Accordingly, treatment of transgenic N. plumbaginifolia cells with the NO donor diethylamine NONOate was followed by a transient increase of [Ca(2+)](cyt) sensitive to plasma membrane Ca(2+) channel inhibitors and antagonist of cyclic ADP ribose. We provided evidence that NO might activate plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels by inducing a rapid and transient plasma membrane depolarization. Furthermore, NO-induced elevation of [Ca(2+)](cyt) was suppressed by the kinase inhibitor staurosporine, suggesting that NO enhances [Ca(2+)](cyt) by promoting phosphorylation-dependent events. This result was further supported by the demonstration that the NO donor induced the activation of a 42-kDa protein kinase which belongs to SnRK2 families and corresponds to Nicotiana tabacum osmotic-stress-activated protein kinase (NtOSAK). Interestingly, NtOSAK was activated in response to hyperosmotic stress through a NO-dependent process, supporting the hypothesis that NO also promotes protein kinase activation during physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lamotte
- Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, Dijon, France
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228
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Vandelle E, Poinssot B, Wendehenne D, Bentéjac M, Alain P. Integrated signaling network involving calcium, nitric oxide, and active oxygen species but not mitogen-activated protein kinases in BcPG1-elicited grapevine defenses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:429-40. [PMID: 16610746 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We have already reported the identification of the endopolygalacturonase 1 (BcPG1) from Botrytis cinerea as a potent elicitor of defense responses in grapevine, independently of its enzymatic activity. The aim of the present study is the analysis of the signaling pathways triggered by BcPG1 in grapevine cells. Our data indicate that BcPG1 induces a Ca2+ entry from the apoplasm, which triggers a phosphorylation-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production via an enzyme probably related to a NO synthase. Then NO is involved in (i) cytosolic calcium homeostasis, by activating Ca2+ release from internal stores and regulating Ca2+ fluxes across the plasma membrane, (ii) plasma membrane potential variation, (iii) the activation of active oxygen species (AOS) production, and (iv) defense gene expression, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase and stilbene synthase, which encode enzymes responsible for phytoalexin biosynthesis. Interestingly enough, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is independent of this regulation pathway that closely connects Ca2+, NO, and AOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Vandelle
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
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229
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Grün S, Lindermayr C, Sell S, Durner J. Nitric oxide and gene regulation in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:507-16. [PMID: 16396997 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that nitric oxide (NO), which was first identified as a unique diffusible molecular messenger in animals, plays an important role in diverse physiological processes in plants. Recent progress that has deepened our understanding of NO signalling functions in plants, with special emphasis on defence signalling, is discussed here. Several studies, based on plants with altered NO-levels, have recently provided genetic evidence for the importance of NO in gene induction. For a general overview of which gene expression levels are altered by NO, two studies, involving large-scale transcriptional analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana using custom-made or commercial DNA-microarrays, were performed. Furthermore, a comprehensive transcript profiling by cDNA-amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) revealed a number of Arabidopsis thaliana genes that are involved in signal transduction, disease resistance and stress response, photosynthesis, cellular transport, and basic metabolism. In addition, NO affects the expression of numerous genes in other plant species such as tobacco or soybean. The NO-dependent intracellular signalling pathway(s) that lead to the activation or suppression of these genes have not yet been defined. Several lines of evidence point to an interrelationship between NO and salicylic acid (SA) in plant defence. Recent evidence suggests that NO also plays a role in the wounding/jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. NO donors affect both wounding-induced H2O2 synthesis and wounding- or JA-induced expression of defence genes. One of the major challenges ahead is to determine how the correct specific response is evoked, despite shared use of the NO signal and, in some cases, its downstream second messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grün
- Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, GSF-Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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230
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Correa-Aragunde N, Lanteri ML, García-Mata C, ten Have A, Laxalt AM, Graziano M, Lamattina L. Nitric Oxide Functions as Intermediate in Auxin, Abscisic Acid, and Lipid Signaling Pathways. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7089_2006_087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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231
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Lombardo MC, Graziano M, Polacco JC, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide functions as a positive regulator of root hair development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2006; 1:28-33. [PMID: 19521473 PMCID: PMC2633697 DOI: 10.4161/psb.1.1.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
THE ROOT EPIDERMIS IS COMPOSED OF TWO CELL TYPES: trichoblasts (or hair cells) and atrichoblasts (or non-hair cells). In lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Grand Rapids var. Rapidmor oscura) plants grown hydroponically in water, the root epidermis did not form root hairs. The addition of 10 microM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, resulted in almost all rhizodermal cells differentiated into root hairs. Treatment with the synthetic auxin 1-naphthyl acetic acid (NAA) displayed a significant increase of root hair formation (RHF) that was prevented by the specific NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO (cPTIO). In Arabidopsis, two mutants have been shown to be defective in NO production and to display altered phenotypes in which NO is implicated. Arabidopsis nos1 has a mutation in an NO synthase structural gene (NOS1), and the nia1 nia2 double mutant is null for nitrate reductase (NR) activity. We observed that both mutants were affected in their capacity of developing root hairs. Root hair elongation was significantly reduced in nos1 and nia1 nia2 mutants as well as in cPTIO-treated wild type plants. A correlation was found between endogenous NO level in roots detected by the fluorescent probe DAF-FM DA and RHF. In Arabidopsis, as well as in lettuce, cPTIO blocked the NAA-induced root hair elongation. Taken together, these results indicate that: (1) NO is a critical molecule in the process leading to RHF and (2) NO is involved in the auxin-signaling cascade leading to RHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Lombardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
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232
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Lecourieux D, Lamotte O, Bourque S, Wendehenne D, Mazars C, Ranjeva R, Pugin A. Proteinaceous and oligosaccharidic elicitors induce different calcium signatures in the nucleus of tobacco cells. Cell Calcium 2005; 38:527-38. [PMID: 16198416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2005.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported elevated cytosolic calcium levels in tobacco cells in response to elicitors [D. Lecourieux, C. Mazars, N. Pauly, R. Ranjeva, A. Pugin, Analysis and effects of cytosolic free calcium elevations in response to elicitors in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cells, Plant Cell 14 (2002) 2627-2641]. These data suggested that in response to elicitors, Ca2+, as a second messenger, was involved in both systemic acquired resistance (RSA) and/or hypersensitive response (HR) depending on calcium signature. Here, we used transformed tobacco cells with apoaequorin expressed in the nucleus to monitor changes in free nuclear calcium concentrations ([Ca2+](nuc)) in response to elicitors. Two types of elicitors are compared: proteins leading to necrosis including four elicitins and harpin, and non-necrotic elicitors including flagellin (flg22) and two oligosaccharidic elicitors, namely the oligogalacturonides (OGs) and the beta-1,3-glucan laminarin. Our data indicate that the proteinaceous elicitors induced a pronounced and sustainable [Ca2+](nuc) elevation, relative to the small effects of oligosaccharidic elicitors. This [Ca2+](nuc) elevation, which seems insufficient to induce cell death, is unlikely to result directly from the diffusion of calcium from the cytosol. The [Ca2+](nuc) rise depends on free cytosolic calcium, IP3, and active oxygen species (AOS) but is independent of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lecourieux
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue de Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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233
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Sokolovski S, Hills A, Gay R, Garcia-Mata C, Lamattina L, Blatt MR. Protein phosphorylation is a prerequisite for intracellular Ca2+ release and ion channel control by nitric oxide and abscisic acid in guard cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 43:520-9. [PMID: 16098106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has indicated that nitric oxide (NO) and its synthesis are important elements of signal cascades in plant-pathogen defence, and are a prerequisite for drought and abscisic acid (ABA) responses in Arabidopsis thaliana and Vicia faba guard cells. NO regulates inward-rectifying K+ channels and Cl- channels of Vicia guard cells via intracellular Ca2+ release. However, its integration with related signals, including the actions of serine-threonine protein kinases, is less well defined. We report here that the elevation of cytosolic-free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) mediated by NO in guard cells is reversibly inhibited by the broad-range protein kinase antagonists staurosporine and K252A, but not by the tyrosine kinase antagonist genistein. The effects of kinase antagonism translate directly to a loss of NO-sensitivity of the inward-rectifying K+ channels and background (Cl- channel) current, and to a parallel loss in sensitivity of the K+ channels to ABA. These results demonstrate that NO-dependent signals can be modulated through protein phosphorylation upstream of intracellular Ca2+ release, and they implicate a target for protein kinase control in ABA signalling that feeds into NO-dependent Ca2+ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Sokolovski
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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234
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Lamotte O, Courtois C, Barnavon L, Pugin A, Wendehenne D. Nitric oxide in plants: the biosynthesis and cell signalling properties of a fascinating molecule. PLANTA 2005; 221:1-4. [PMID: 15754190 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lamotte
- UMR INRA 1088 / CNRS 5184 / Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17, rue Sully, BP 86 510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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235
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Levchenko V, Konrad KR, Dietrich P, Roelfsema MRG, Hedrich R. Cytosolic abscisic acid activates guard cell anion channels without preceding Ca2+ signals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4203-8. [PMID: 15753314 PMCID: PMC554796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500146102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) reports on the water status of the plant and induces stomatal closure. Guard cell anion channels play a central role in this response, because they mediate anion efflux, and in turn, cause a depolarization-induced K+ release. We recorded early steps in ABA signaling, introducing multibarreled microelectrodes in guard cells of intact plants. Upon external ABA treatment, anion channels transiently activated after a lag phase of approximately 2 min. As expected for a cytosolic ABA receptor, iontophoretic ABA loading into the cytoplasm initiated a rise in anion current without delay. These ABA responses could be elicited repetitively at resting and at largely depolarized potentials (e.g., 0 mV), ruling out signal transduction by means of hyperpolarization-activated calcium channels. Likewise, ABA stimulation did not induce a rise in the cytosolic free-calcium concentration. However, the presence of approximately 100 nM background Ca2+ was required for anion channel function, because the action of ABA on anion channels was repressed after loading of the Ca2+ chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate. The chain of events appears very direct, because none of the tested putative ABA-signaling intermediates (inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate, inositol hexakisphosphate, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and cyclic ADP-ribose), could mimic ABA as anion channel activator. In patch-clamp experiments, cytosolic ABA also evoked anion current transients carried by R- and S-type anion channels. The response was dose-dependent with half-maximum activation at 2.6 microM ABA. Our studies point to an ABA pathway initiated by ABA binding to a cytosolic receptor that within seconds activates anion channels, and in turn, leads to depolarization of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Levchenko
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D97082 Würzburg, Germany
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236
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Abstract
In this review we concentrate on guard cell metabolism and CO2 sensing. Although a matter of some controversy, it is generally accepted that the Calvin cycle plays a minor role in stomatal movements. Recent data emphasise the importance of guard cell starch degradation and of carbon import from the guard cell apoplast in promoting and maintaining stomatal opening. Chloroplast maltose and glucose transporters appear to be crucial to the export of carbon from both guard and mesophyll cells. The way guard cells sense CO2 remains an unresolved question. However, a better understanding of the cellular events downstream from CO2 sensing is emerging. We now recognise that there are common as well as unique steps in abscisic acid (ABA) and CO2 signalling pathways. For example, while ABA and CO2 both trigger increases in cytoplasmic free calcium, unlike ABA, CO2 does not promote a cytoplasmic pH change. Future advances in this area are likely to result from the increased use of techniques and resources, such as, reverse genetics, novel mutants, confocal imaging, and microarray analyses of the guard cell transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Vavasseur
- CEA/Cadarache-DSV-DEVM, Laboratoire des Echanges Membranaires et Signalisation, UMR 6191 CNRS-CEA-Aix-Marseille II. 13108 St Paul Lez-Durance Cedex, France.
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237
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Scholz-Starke J, Gambale F, Carpaneto A. Modulation of plant ion channels by oxidizing and reducing agents. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 434:43-50. [PMID: 15629107 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are proteins forming hydrophilic pathways through the membranes of all living organisms. They play important roles in the electrogenic transport of ions and metabolites. Because of biophysical properties such as high selectivity for the permeant ion, high turnover rate, and modulation by physico-chemical parameters (e.g., membrane potential, calcium concentration), they are involved in several physiological processes in plant cells (e.g., maintenance of the turgor pressure, stomatal movements, and nutrient absorption by the roots). As plants cannot move, plant metabolism must be flexible and dynamic, to cope with environmental changes, to compete with other living species and to prevent pathogen invasion. An example of this flexibility and dynamic behavior is represented by their handling of the so-called reactive oxygen species, inevitable by-products of aerobic metabolism. Plants cope with these species on one side avoiding their toxic effects, on the other utilizing them as signalling molecules and as a means of defence against pathogens. In this review, we present the state-of-the-art of the modulation of plant ion channels by oxidizing and reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scholz-Starke
- Istituto di Biofisica, Genova, C.N.R., Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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238
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Abstract
Plants have four nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. NOS1 appears mitochondrial, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) chloroplastic. Distinct peroxisomal and apoplastic NOS enzymes are predicted. Nitrite-dependent NO synthesis is catalyzed by cytoplasmic nitrate reductase or a root plasma membrane enzyme, or occurs nonenzymatically. Nitric oxide undergoes both catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidation. However, there is no evidence of reaction with superoxide, and S-nitrosylation reactions are unlikely except during hypoxia. The only proven direct targets of NO in plants are metalloenzymes and one metal complex. Nitric oxide inhibits apoplastic catalases/ascorbate peroxidases in some species but may stimulate these enzymes in others. Plants also have the NO response pathway involving cGMP, cADPR, and release of calcium from internal stores. Other known targets include chloroplast and mitochondrial electron transport. Nitric oxide suppresses Fenton chemistry by interacting with ferryl ion, preventing generation of hydroxyl radicals. Functions of NO in plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stressors, iron homeostasis, and regulation of respiration and photosynthesis may all be ascribed to interaction with one of these targets. Nitric oxide function in drought/abscisic acid (ABA)-induction of stomatal closure requires nitrate reductase and NOS1. Nitric oxide synthasel likely functions to produce sufficient NO to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport, allowing nitrite accumulation. Nitric oxide is produced during the hypersensitive response outside cells undergoing programmed cell death immediately prior to loss of plasma membrane integrity. A plasma membrane lipid-derived signal likely activates apoplastic NOS. Nitric oxide diffuses within the apoplast and signals neighboring cells via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent induction of salicylic acid biosynthesis. Response to wounding appears to involve the same NOS and direct targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan D Shapiro
- Biotechnology Program, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers Florida 33965-6565, USA
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239
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Gabaldón C, Gómez Ros LV, Pedreño MA, Ros Barceló A. Nitric oxide production by the differentiating xylem of Zinnia elegans. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 165:121-130. [PMID: 15720627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is currently regarded as a signal molecule involved in plant cell differentiation and programmed cell death. Here, we investigated NO production in the differentiating xylem of Zinnia elegans by confocal laser scanning microscopy to answer the question of whether NO is produced during xylem differentiation. Results showed that NO production was mainly located in both phloem and xylem regardless of the cell differentiation status. However, there was evidence for a spatial NO gradient inversely related to the degree of xylem differentiation and a protoplastic NO burst was associated with the single cell layer of pro-differentiating thin-walled xylem cells. Confirmation of these results was obtained using trans-differentiating Z. elegans mesophyll cells. In this system, the scavenging of NO by means of 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) inhibits tracheary element differentiation but increases cell viability. These results suggest that plant cells, which are just predetermined to irreversibly trans-differentiate in xylem elements, show a burst in NO production, this burst being sustained as long as secondary cell wall synthesis and cell autolysis are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gabaldón
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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240
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Sokolovski S, Blatt MR. Nitric oxide block of outward-rectifying K+ channels indicates direct control by protein nitrosylation in guard cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:4275-84. [PMID: 15563619 PMCID: PMC535857 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has indicated that nitric oxide (NO) and its synthesis are important elements of signal cascades in plant pathogen defense and are a prerequisite for drought and abscisic acid responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Vicia faba guard cells. Nonetheless, its mechanism(s) of action has not been well defined. NO regulates inward-rectifying K+ channels of Vicia guard cells through its action on Ca2+ release from intercellular Ca2+ stores, but alternative pathways are indicated for its action on the outward-rectifying K+ channels (I(K,out)), which are Ca2+ insensitive. We report here that NO affects I(K,out) when NO is elevated above approximately 10 to 20 nm. NO action on I(K,out) was consistent with oxidative stress and was suppressed by several reducing agents, the most effective being British anti-Lewisite (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol). The effect of NO on the K+ channel was mimicked by phenylarsine oxide, an oxidizing agent that cross-links vicinal thiols. Neither intracellular pH buffering nor the phosphotyrosine kinase antagonist genistein affected NO action on I(K,out), indicating that changes in cytosolic pH and tyrosine phosphorylation are unlikely to contribute to NO or phenylarsine oxide action in this instance. Instead, our results strongly suggest that NO directly modifies the K+ channel or a closely associated regulatory protein, probably by nitrosylation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Sokolovski
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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241
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Fan LM, Zhao Z, Assmann SM. Guard cells: a dynamic signaling model. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 7:537-46. [PMID: 15337096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The year 2003 has provided a continuing accretion of knowledge concerning the diverse ways in which guard cells sense and respond to abscisic acid. A deeper understanding of the biochemical mechanisms governing the response of guard cells to blue light has been gained, and new insights have been garnered regarding roles of the extracellular matrix in stomatal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Min Fan
- Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5301, USA
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242
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Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Carreras A, Quirós M, León AM, Romero-Puertas MC, Esteban FJ, Valderrama R, Palma JM, Sandalio LM, Gómez M, del Río LA. Cellular and subcellular localization of endogenous nitric oxide in young and senescent pea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:2722-33. [PMID: 15347796 PMCID: PMC523336 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.042812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and subcellular localization of endogenous nitric oxide (NO.) in leaves from young and senescent pea (Pisum sativum) plants was studied. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of pea leaf sections with the fluorescent probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate revealed that endogenous NO. was mainly present in vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). Green fluorescence spots were also detected in the epidermal cells, palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, and guard cells. In senescent leaves, NO. generation was clearly reduced in the vascular tissues. At the subcellular level, by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with the spin trap Fe(MGD)(2) and fluorometric analysis with 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, NO. was found to be an endogenous metabolite of peroxisomes. The characteristic three-line electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of NO., with g = 2.05 and a(N) = 12.8 G, was detected in peroxisomes. By fluorometry, NO. was also found in these organelles, and the level measured of NO. was linearly dependent on the amount of peroxisomal protein. The enzymatic production of NO. from l-Arg (nitric oxide synthase [NOS]-like activity) was measured by ozone chemiluminiscence. The specific activity of peroxisomal NOS was 4.9 nmol NO. mg(-1) protein min(-1); was strictly dependent on NADPH, calmodulin, and BH(4); and required calcium. In senescent pea leaves, the NOS-like activity of peroxisomes was down-regulated by 72%. It is proposed that peroxisomal NO. could be involved in the process of senescence of pea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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243
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Wendehenne D, Durner J, Klessig DF. Nitric oxide: a new player in plant signalling and defence responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 7:449-55. [PMID: 15231269 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that nitric oxide (NO), which was first identified as a unique diffusible molecular messenger in animals, plays important roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes in plants. NO functions include the modulation of hormonal, wounding and defence responses, as well as the regulation of cell death. Enzymes that catalyse NO synthesis and signalling cascades that mediate NO effects have recently been discovered, providing a better understanding of the mechanisms by which NO influences plant responses to various stimuli. Additionally, growing evidence suggests that NO signalling interacts with the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wendehenne
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environment, 17 rue Sully, Dijon 21065 Cedex, France
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244
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Hunt L, Lerner F, Ziegler M. NAD - new roles in signalling and gene regulation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 163:31-44. [PMID: 33873776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The pyridine nucleotides, NAD+ , NADH, NADP+ , and NADPH have long-established and well-characterised roles as redox factors in processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and as electron acceptors in photosynthesis. Recent years have seen an increase in the number of signalling and gene regulatory processes where NAD+ or NADP+ are metabolised. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) are metabolites of NAD+ and NADP+ , respectively, and now have widely accepted roles as potent intracellular calcium releasing agents in animals, but are less well characterised in plants. NAD kinases catalyse the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to NAD to form NADP and are well characterised in plants in their requirement for the calcium binding protein calmodulin, thereby putatively linking their regulation to stress-induced intracellular calcium release. A second group of proteins unrelated to those above, the sirtuins (Sir2) and poly ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), cleave NAD and transfer the ADP-ribose group to acetyl groups and proteins, respectively. These have roles in transcriptional control and DNA repair in eukaryotes. Contents Summary I. Introduction 32 II. NAD synthesis and breakdown 32 III. cADPR in plants 34 IV. NAADP in plants 35 V. NAD kinases 35 VI. NAD and gene regulation 37 VII. Sir2 is an NAD dependant histone deacetylase 37 VIII. Nicotinamidases 38 IX. Poly ADP-ribosylation 39 X. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) 40 XI. Subcellular compartmentation of NAD and NADP in plants 41 XII. Conclusions 41 Acknowledgements 41 References 41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hunt
- Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Department, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Felicitas Lerner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Thielallee 63, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Present address: University of Bergen, Department Molecular Biology, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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245
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Lamotte O, Gould K, Lecourieux D, Sequeira-Legrand A, Lebrun-Garcia A, Durner J, Pugin A, Wendehenne D. Analysis of nitric oxide signaling functions in tobacco cells challenged by the elicitor cryptogein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 135:516-29. [PMID: 15122020 PMCID: PMC429403 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.038968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has recently emerged as an important cellular mediator in plant defense responses. However, elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms by which NO participates in this signaling pathway is still in its infancy. We previously demonstrated that cryptogein, an elicitor of tobacco defense responses, triggers a NO burst within minutes in epidermal sections from tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi). Here, we investigate the signaling events that mediate NO production, and analyze NO signaling activities in the cryptogein transduction pathway. Using flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry, we observed that cryptogein-induced NO production in tobacco cell suspensions is sensitive to nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and may be catalyzed by variant P, a recently identified pathogen-inducible plant nitric oxide synthase. NO synthesis is tightly regulated by a signaling cascade involving Ca2+ influx and phosphorylation events. Using tobacco cells constitutively expressing the Ca2+ reporter apoaequorin in the cytosol, we have shown that NO participates in the cryptogein-mediated elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ through the mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The NO donor diethylamine NONOate promoted an increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration, which was sensitive to intracellular Ca2+ channel inhibitors. Moreover, NO appears to be involved in the pathway(s) leading to the accumulation of transcripts encoding the heat shock protein TLHS-1, the ethylene-forming enzyme cEFE-26, and cell death. In contrast, NO does not act upstream of the elicitor-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, the opening of anion channels, nor expression of GST, LOX-1, PAL, and PR-3 genes. Collectively, our data indicate that NO is intimately involved in the signal transduction processes leading to cryptogein-induced defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lamotte
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1088/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
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246
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del Río LA, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB. Nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase activity in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2004; 65:783-92. [PMID: 15081277 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Research on NO in plants has gained considerable attention in recent years mainly due to its function in plant growth and development and as a key signalling molecule in different intracellular processes in plants. The NO emission from plants is known since the 1970s, and now there is abundant information on the multiple effects of exogenously applied NO on different physiological and biochemical processes of plants. The physiological function of NO in plants mainly involves the induction of different processes, including the expression of defence-related genes against pathogens and apoptosis/programmed cell death (PCD), maturation and senescence, stomatal closure, seed germination, root development and the induction of ethylene emission. NO can be produced in plants by non-enzymatic and enzymatic systems. The NO-producing enzymes identified in plants are nitrate reductase, and several nitric oxide synthase-like activities, including one localized in peroxisomes which has been biochemically characterized. Recently, two genes of plant proteins with NOS activity have been isolated and characterized for the first time, and both proteins do not have sequence similarities to any mammalian NOS isoform. However, different evidence available indicate that there are other potential enzymatic sources of NO in plants, including xanthine oxidoreductase, peroxidase, cytochrome P450, and some hemeproteins. In plants, the enzymatic production of the signal molecule NO, either constitutive or induced by different biotic/abiotic stresses, may be a much more common event than was initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A del Río
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
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