201
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Olkkonen VM, Zhou Y, Yan D, Vihervaara T. Oxysterol-binding proteins-emerging roles in cell regulation. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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202
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Hernandez-Vargas H, Sincic N, Ouzounova M, Herceg Z. Epigenetic signatures in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Epigenomics 2012; 1:261-80. [PMID: 22122702 DOI: 10.2217/epi.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological properties of pluripotency in stem cells and the processes of cell specialization are governed by epigenetic mechanisms, as they are inheritable but not dependent on the cell genotype. There is cumulating evidence demonstrating the presence of cells with stem cell properties within tumors, suggesting that these cells are responsible for tumor growth and heterogeneity. As epigenetic control of self-renewal and pluripotency is a hallmark of stem cells, there is increased interest in studying similar epigenetic mechanisms governing these stemness properties in cancer stem cells. Here we will review the evidence supporting a role for epigenetic mechanisms in the induction of cancer stem cells, with an emphasis on the epigenetic regulatory networks involved in the establishment of normal self-renewal and pluripotency, and their potential deregulation in cancer. We will also discuss the data supporting the plasticity of these mechanisms and its potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert-Thomas, Lyon cedex 08, France
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203
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Perney NMB, Horak P, Hanley NA, Melvin T. The self-orientation of mammalian cells in optical tweezers--the importance of the nucleus. Phys Biol 2012; 9:024001. [PMID: 22473086 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/2/024001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the first evidence showing that eukaryotic cells can be stably trapped in a single focused Gaussian beam with an orientation that is defined by the nucleus. A mammalian eukaryotic cell (in suspension) is trapped and is re-oriented in the focus of a linearly polarized Gaussian beam with a waist of dimension smaller than the radius of the nucleus. The cell reaches a position relative to the focus that is dictated by the nucleus and nuclear components. Our studies illustrate that the force exerted by the optical tweezers at locations within the cell can be predicted theoretically; the data obtained in this way is consistent with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M B Perney
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ, UK
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204
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Venkataramani V, Thiele K, Behnes CL, Wulf GG, Thelen P, Opitz L, Salinas-Riester G, Wirths O, Bayer TA, Schweyer S. Amyloid Precursor Protein Is a Biomarker for Transformed Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1636-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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205
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Tobe BT, Hou J, Crain AM, Singec I, Snyder EY, Brill LM. Phosphoproteomic analysis: an emerging role in deciphering cellular signaling in human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated derivatives. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:16-31. [PMID: 22009073 PMCID: PMC3839940 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular signaling is largely controlled by protein phosphorylation. This post-translational modification (PTM) has been extensively analyzed when examining one or a few protein phosphorylation events that effect cell signaling. However, protein kinase-driven signaling networks, comprising total (phospho)proteomes, largely control cell fate. Therefore, large-scale analysis of differentially regulated protein phosphorylation is central to elucidating complex cellular events, including maintenance of pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The current technology of choice for total phosphoproteome and combined total proteome plus total phosphoproteome (termed (phospho)proteome) analyses is multidimensional liquid chromatography-(MDLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Advances in the use of MDLC for separation of peptides comprising total (phospho)proteomes, phosphopeptide enrichment, separation of enriched fractions, and quantitative peptide identification by MS/MS have been rapid in recent years, as have improvements in the sensitivity, speed, and accuracy of mass spectrometers. Increasingly deep coverage of (phospho)proteomes is allowing an improved understanding of changes in protein phosphorylation networks as cells respond to stimuli and progress from one undifferentiated or differentiated state to another. Although MDLC-MS/MS studies are powerful, understanding the interpretation of the data is important, and targeted experimental pursuit of biological predictions provided by total (phospho)proteome analyses is needed. (Phospho)proteomic analyses of pluripotent stem cells are in their infancy at this time. However, such studies have already begun to contribute to an improved and accelerated understanding of basic pluripotent stem cell signaling and fate control, especially at the systems-biology level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T.D. Tobe
- The Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junjie Hou
- The Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew M. Crain
- The Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ilyas Singec
- The Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- The Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laurence M. Brill
- The Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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206
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Vazquez-Martin A, Vellon L, Quirós PM, Cufí S, Ruiz de Galarreta E, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Martin AG, Martin-Castillo B, López-Otín C, Menendez JA. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) provides a metabolic barrier to reprogramming somatic cells into stem cells. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:974-89. [PMID: 22333578 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.5.19450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of somatic cells to reprogram their ATP-generating machinery into a Warburg-like glycolytic metabotype while overexpressing stemness genes facilitates their conversion into either induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or tumor-propagating cells. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic master switch that senses and decodes intracellular changes in energy status; thus, we have evaluated the impact of AMPK activation in regulating the generation of iPSCs from nonstem cells of somatic origin. The indirect and direct activation of AMPK with the antidiabetic biguanide metformin and the thienopyridone A-769662, respectively, impeded the reprogramming of mouse embryonic and human diploid fibroblasts into iPSCs. The AMPK activators established a metabolic barrier to reprogramming that could not be bypassed, even through p53 deficiency, a fundamental mechanism to greatly improve the efficiency of stem-cell production. Treatment with metformin or A-769662 before the generation of iPSC colonies was sufficient to drastically decrease iPSC generation, suggesting that AMPK activation impedes early stem cell genetic reprogramming. Monitoring the transcriptional activation status of each individual reprogramming factor (i.e., Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc) revealed that AMPK activation notably prevented the transcriptional activation of Oct4, the master regulator of the pluripotent state. AMPK activation appears to impose a normalized metabolic flow away from the required pro-immortalizing glycolysis that fuels the induction of stemness and pluripotency, endowing somatic cells with an energetic infrastructure that is protected against reprogramming. AMPK-activating anti-reprogramming strategies may provide a roadmap for the generation of novel cancer therapies that metabolically target tumor-propagating cells.
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207
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Chernikova SB, Razorenova OV, Higgins JP, Sishc BJ, Nicolau M, Dorth JA, Chernikova DA, Kwok S, Brooks JD, Bailey SM, Game JC, Brown JM. Deficiency in mammalian histone H2B ubiquitin ligase Bre1 (Rnf20/Rnf40) leads to replication stress and chromosomal instability. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2111-9. [PMID: 22354749 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian Bre1 complexes (BRE1A/B (RNF20/40) in humans and Bre1a/b (Rnf20/40) in mice) function similarly to their yeast homolog Bre1 as ubiquitin ligases in monoubiquitination of histone H2B. This ubiquitination facilitates methylation of histone H3 at K4 and K79, and accounts for the roles of Bre1 and its homologs in transcriptional regulation. Recent studies by others suggested that Bre1 acts as a tumor suppressor, augmenting expression of select tumor suppressor genes and suppressing select oncogenes. In this study, we present an additional mechanism of tumor suppression by Bre1 through maintenance of genomic stability. We track the evolution of genomic instability in Bre1-deficient cells from replication-associated double-strand breaks (DSB) to specific genomic rearrangements that explain a rapid increase in DNA content and trigger breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. We show that aberrant RNA-DNA structures (R-loops) constitute a significant source of DSBs in Bre1-deficient cells. Combined with a previously reported defect in homologous recombination, generation of R-loops is a likely initiator of replication stress and genomic instability in Bre1-deficient cells. We propose that genomic instability triggered by Bre1 deficiency may be an important early step that precedes acquisition of an invasive phenotype, as we find decreased levels of BRE1A/B and dimethylated H3K79 in testicular seminoma and in the premalignant lesion in situ carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia B Chernikova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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208
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Sheikine Y, Genega E, Melamed J, Lee P, Reuter VE, Ye H. Molecular genetics of testicular germ cell tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:153-167. [PMID: 22432056 PMCID: PMC3304567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most common malignancy in young men. While most TGCT are potentially curable, approximately 5% of patients with TGCT may develop chemoresistance and die from the disease. This review article summarizes current knowledge in genetics underlying the development, progression and chemoresistance of TGCT. Most post-pubertal TGCT originate from intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (IGCNU), which are transformed fetal gonocytes. Development of IGCNU may involve aberrantly activated KITLG/KIT pathway and overexpression of embryonic transcription factors such as NANOG and POU5F1, which leads to suppression of apoptosis, increased proliferation, and accumulation of mutations in gonocytes. Invasive TGCT consistently show gain of chromosome 12p, typically isochromosome 12p. Single gene mutations are uncommon in TGCT. KIT, TP53, KRAS/NRAS, and BRAF are genes most commonly mutated in TGCT and implicated in their pathogenesis. Different histologic subtypes of TGCT possess different gene expression profiles that reflect different directions of differentiation. Their distinct gene expression profiles are likely caused by epigenetic regulation, in particular DNA methylation, but not by gene copy number alterations. Resistance of TGCT to chemotherapy has been linked to karyotypic aberrations, single-gene mutations, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in small-scale studies. The study of TGCT genetics could ultimately translate into development of new molecular diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for these tumors and improve the care of patients with these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Sheikine
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Genega
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY
| | - Victor E. Reuter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA
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209
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Jackson TR, Salmina K, Huna A, Inashkina I, Jankevics E, Riekstina U, Kalnina Z, Ivanov A, Townsend PA, Cragg MS, Erenpreisa J. DNA damage causes TP53-dependent coupling of self-renewal and senescence pathways in embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:430-41. [PMID: 23287532 PMCID: PMC3587444 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted an apparently paradoxical link between self-renewal and senescence triggered by DNA damage in certain cell types. In addition, the finding that TP53 can suppress senescence has caused a re-evaluation of its functional role in regulating these outcomes. To investigate these phenomena and their relationship to pluripotency and senescence, we examined the response of the TP53-competent embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line PA-1 to etoposide-induced DNA damage. Nuclear POU5F1/OCT4A and P21CIP1 were upregulated in the same cells following etoposide-induced G 2M arrest. However, while accumulating in the karyosol, the amount of OCT4A was reduced in the chromatin fraction. Phosphorylated CHK2 and RAD51/γH2AX-positive nuclear foci, overexpression of AURORA B kinase and moderate macroautophagy were evident. Upon release from G 2M arrest, cells with repaired DNA entered mitoses, while the cells with persisting DNA damage remained at this checkpoint or underwent mitotic slippage and gradually senesced. Reduction of TP53 using sh- or si-RNA prevented the upregulation of OCT4A and P21CIP1 and increased DNA damage. Subsequently, mitoses, micronucleation and senescence were all enhanced after TP53 reduction with senescence confirmed by upregulation of CDKN2A/P16INK4A and increased sa-β-galactosidase positivity. Those mitoses enhanced by TP53 silencing were shown to be multicentrosomal and multi-polar, containing fragmented and highly deranged chromosomes, indicating a loss of genome integrity. Together, these data suggest that TP53-dependent coupling of self-renewal and senescence pathways through the DNA damage checkpoint provides a mechanism for how embryonal stem cell-like EC cells safeguard DNA integrity, genome stability and ultimately the fidelity of self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Jackson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton University Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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210
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Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell cancer: still more questions than answers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 34:e2-6. [PMID: 21790651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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211
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Li SSL. Characterization and gene expression profiling of five human embryonic stem cell lines derived in Taiwan. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 873:127-49. [PMID: 22528352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-794-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines have been derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. Five hESC lines have been derived from 32 discarded blastocysts in Taiwan, and these lines have since been continuously cultured on mitotically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts as feeder in the hESC medium for more than 44 passages and underwent freezing/thawing processes. All of five hESC lines expressed characteristic undifferentiated hESC markers such as SSEA-4, TRA-1-81, alkaline phosphatase, TERT, transcription factors POU5F1 (OCT4), and NANOG. The hESC lines T1 and T3 possess normal female karyotypes, whereas lines T4 and T5 are normal male, but line T2 is male trisomy 12 (47XY,+12). The hESC lines T1, T2, T3, and T5 were able to produce teratomas in SCID mice, and line T4 could only form embryoid bodies in vitro. Global gene expression profiles of single colonies of these five hESC lines were analyzed using Affymetrix human genome U133 plus 2.0 GeneChip. The results showed that 4,145 transcripts, including 19% of unknown functions, were detected in all five hESC lines. Comparison of the 4,145 genes commonly expressed in the five hESC lines with those genes expressed in teratoma produced by hESC line T1 and placenta revealed 40 genes exclusively expressed in all five hESC lines. These 40 genes include the previously reported stemness genes such as POU5F1 (OCT4), NANOG, TDGF1 (CRIPTO), SALL4, LECT1, and BUB1 responsible for self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation. The global gene expression analysis also indicated that the TGFβ/activin branch components inhibin BC, ACVR2A, ACVR1 (ALK2), TGFBR1 (ALK5), and SMAD2 were found to be highly expressed in undifferentiated states of these five hESC lines and decreased upon differentiation. The epigenetic states and expression of 32 known imprinted genes in these five hESC lines and/or differentiated derivatives were also investigated. In short, the hESC nature of these five hESC lines is supported by the undifferentiated state, extensive renewal capacity, and pluripotency, including the ability to form teratomas and/or embryoid bodies; and these cell lines will be useful for research on human embryonic stem cell biology and drug development/toxicity testing. The epigenetic states and expression of imprinted genes in hESC lines should be thoroughly studied after extended culture and upon differentiation in order to understand epigenetic stability in hESC lines before their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Shoei-Lung Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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212
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Ma Y, Liang D, Liu J, Axcrona K, Kvalheim G, Stokke T, Nesland JM, Suo Z. Prostate cancer cell lines under hypoxia exhibit greater stem-like properties. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29170. [PMID: 22216200 PMCID: PMC3247249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important environmental change in many cancers. Hypoxic niches can be occupied by cancer stem/progenitor-like cells that are associated with tumor progression and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, it has not yet been fully elucidated how hypoxia influences the stem-like properties of prostate cancer cells. In this report, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on human prostate cancer cell lines, PC-3 and DU145. In comparison to normoxia (20% O2), 7% O2 induced higher expressions of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which were associated with upregulation of Oct3/4 and Nanog; 1% O2 induced even greater levels of these factors. The upregulated NANOG mRNA expression in hypoxia was confirmed to be predominantly retrogene NANOGP8. Similar growth rates were observed for cells cultivated under hypoxic and normoxic conditions for 48 hours; however, the colony formation assay revealed that 48 hours of hypoxic pretreatment resulted in the formation of more colonies. Treatment with 1% O2 also extended the G0/G1 stage, resulting in more side population cells, and induced CD44 and ABCG2 expressions. Hypoxia also increased the number of cells positive for ABCG2 expression, which were predominantly found to be CD44bright cells. Correspondingly, the sorted CD44bright cells expressed higher levels of ABCG2, Oct3/4, and Nanog than CD44dim cells, and hypoxic pretreatment significantly increased the expressions of these factors. CD44bright cells under normoxia formed significantly more colonies and spheres compared with the CD44dim cells, and hypoxic pretreatment even increased this effect. Our data indicate that prostate cancer cells under hypoxia possess greater stem-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dongming Liang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karol Axcrona
- Department of Urology, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cell Therapy, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Stokke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jahn M. Nesland
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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213
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Iyer P, Walker KJ, Madihally SV. Increased matrix synthesis by fibroblasts with decreased proliferation on synthetic chitosan-gelatin porous structures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1314-25. [PMID: 22125268 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influence of mechanical characteristics and matrix architecture of substrates used in cell culture is an important issue to tissue engineering. Chitosan-based materials have been processed into porous structures, injectable gels and membranes, and are investigated to regenerate various tissues. However, the effect of these structures on cell growth and matrix production in accordance with each of the differing scaffolds has not been examined. We investigated the influence of porous structures, hydrogels, and membranes on the growth of normal human fibroblasts and their matrix production in a serum-free system. We used chitosan alone and in combination with gelatin. Injectable hydrogels were prepared using 2-glycerol phosphate. From the same solution, porous scaffolds and membranes were formed using controlled rate freezing and lyophilization, and air-drying, respectively. Fibroblast growth was evaluated on the 4th and 10th days using flow cytometry and CFDA-SE pre-staining. Cell morphology was assessed using actin and nucleus staining. Total protein content, collagen, tropoelastin, and MMP2/MMP-9 activity in the media supernatant were assessed by BCA, Sircol™, Fastin Elastin, and fluorogeneic peptide assays. Collagen accumulated in the matrix was assessed by Sircol™ assay after pepsin/acetic acid digestion and by Masson's Trichrome staining. These results showed increased viability of fibroblasts on chitosan-gelatin porous scaffold with decreased proliferation relative to tissue culture plastic (TCP) surface despite the cells showing spindle shape. The total protein, collagen, and tropoelastin contents were higher in the spent media from chitosan-gelatin porous scaffolds compared to other conditions. MMP2/MMP9 activity was comparable to TCP. An increase in collagen content was also observed in the matrix, suggesting increased matrix deposition. In summary, matrix production is influenced by the form of chitosan structures, which significantly affects the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Iyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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214
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Fong YW, Inouye C, Yamaguchi T, Cattoglio C, Grubisic I, Tjian R. A DNA repair complex functions as an Oct4/Sox2 coactivator in embryonic stem cells. Cell 2011; 147:120-31. [PMID: 21962512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional activators Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog cooperate with a wide array of cofactors to orchestrate an embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific gene expression program that forms the molecular basis of pluripotency. Here, we report using an unbiased in vitro transcription-biochemical complementation assay to discover a multisubunit stem cell coactivator complex (SCC) that is selectively required for the synergistic activation of the Nanog gene by Oct4 and Sox2. Purification, identification, and reconstitution of SCC revealed this coactivator to be the trimeric XPC-nucleotide excision repair complex. SCC interacts directly with Oct4 and Sox2 and is recruited to the Nanog and Oct4 promoters as well as a majority of genomic regions that are occupied by Oct4 and Sox2. Depletion of SCC/XPC compromised both pluripotency in ES cells and somatic cell reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This study identifies a transcriptional coactivator with diversified functions in maintaining ES cell pluripotency and safeguarding genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yick W Fong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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215
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Kara RJ, Bolli P, Karakikes I, Matsunaga I, Tripodi J, Tanweer O, Altman P, Shachter NS, Nakano A, Najfeld V, Chaudhry HW. Fetal cells traffic to injured maternal myocardium and undergo cardiac differentiation. Circ Res 2011; 110:82-93. [PMID: 22082491 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.249037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fetal cells enter the maternal circulation during pregnancy and may persist in maternal tissue for decades as microchimeras. OBJECTIVE Based on clinical observations of peripartum cardiomyopathy patients and the high rate of recovery they experience from heart failure, our objective was to determine whether fetal cells can migrate to the maternal heart and differentiate to cardiac cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We report that fetal cells selectively home to injured maternal hearts and undergo differentiation into diverse cardiac lineages. Using enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-tagged fetuses, we demonstrate engraftment of multipotent fetal cells in injury zones of maternal hearts. In vivo, eGFP+ fetal cells form endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes. In vitro, fetal cells isolated from maternal hearts recapitulate these differentiation pathways, additionally forming vascular tubes and beating cardiomyocytes in a fusion-independent manner; ≈40% of fetal cells in the maternal heart express Caudal-related homeobox2 (Cdx2), previously associated with trophoblast stem cells, thought to solely form placenta. CONCLUSIONS Fetal maternal stem cell transfer appears to be a critical mechanism in the maternal response to cardiac injury. Furthermore, we have identified Cdx2 cells as a novel cell type for potential use in cardiovascular regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina J Kara
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
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216
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Sodium arsenite dependent protein expression analysis on human embryonic carcinoma (NCCIT) cell line. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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217
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Wang X. Computational analysis of expression of human embryonic stem cell-associated signatures in tumors. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:471. [PMID: 22041030 PMCID: PMC3217937 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cancer stem cell model has been proposed based on the linkage between human embryonic stem cells and human cancer cells. However, the evidences supporting the cancer stem cell model remain to be collected. In this study, we extensively examined the expression of human embryonic stem cell-associated signatures including core genes, transcription factors, pathways and microRNAs in various cancers using the computational biology approach. Results We used the class comparison analysis and survival analysis algorithms to identify differentially expressed genes and their associated transcription factors, pathways and microRNAs among normal vs. tumor or good prognosis vs. poor prognosis phenotypes classes based on numerous human cancer gene expression data. We found that most of the human embryonic stem cell- associated signatures were frequently identified in the analysis, suggesting a strong linkage between human embryonic stem cells and cancer cells. Conclusions The present study revealed the close linkage between the human embryonic stem cell associated gene expression profiles and cancer-associated gene expression profiles, and therefore offered an indirect support for the cancer stem cell theory. However, many interest issues remain to be addressed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wang
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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218
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Batra N, Kar R, Jiang JX. Gap junctions and hemichannels in signal transmission, function and development of bone. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1909-18. [PMID: 21963408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) mediated by connexins, in particular connexin 43 (Cx43), plays important roles in regulating signal transmission among different bone cells and thereby regulates development, differentiation, modeling and remodeling of the bone. GJIC regulates osteoblast formation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Osteoclast formation and resorptive ability are also reported to be modulated by GJIC. Furthermore, osteocytes utilize GJIC to coordinate bone remodeling in response to anabolic factors and mechanical loading. Apart from gap junctions, connexins also form hemichannels, which are localized on the cell surface and function independently of the gap junction channels. Both these channels mediate the transfer of molecules smaller than 1.2kDa including small ions, metabolites, ATP, prostaglandin and IP(3). The biological importance of the communication mediated by connexin-forming channels in bone development is revealed by the low bone mass and osteoblast dysfunction in the Cx43-null mice and the skeletal malformations observed in occulodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) caused by mutations in the Cx43 gene. The current review summarizes the role of gap junctions and hemichannels in regulating signaling, function and development of bone cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Communicating junctions, composition, structure and characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Batra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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219
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Zhu R, Iacovino M, Mahen E, Kyba M, Matin A. Transcripts that associate with the RNA binding protein, DEAD-END (DND1), in embryonic stem (ES) cells. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:37. [PMID: 21851623 PMCID: PMC3167746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RNA binding protein, DEAD END (DND1), is essential for maintaining viable germ cells in vertebrates. It is also a testicular germ cell tumor susceptibility factor in mice. DND1 has been shown to interact with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of mRNAs such as P27 and LATS2. Binding of DND1 to the 3'-UTRs of these transcripts blocks the inhibitory function of microRNAs (miRNA) from these transcripts and in this way DND1 helps maintain P27 and LATS2 protein expression. We found that DND1 is also expressed in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Because ES cells share similar gene expression patterns as germ cells, we utilized ES cells to identify additional candidate mRNAs that associate with DND1. Results ES cells are readily amenable to genetic modification and easier to culture in vitro compared to germ cells. Therefore, for the purpose of our study, we made a genetically modified, stable, human embryonic stem (hES) cell line that expresses hemagluttinin (HA)-tagged DND1 in a doxycycline (dox) regulatable manner. This line expresses modest levels of HA-DND1 and serves as a good system to study DND1 function in vitro. We used this stable cell line to identify the transcripts that physically interact with DND1. By performing ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation (RIP) followed by RT-PCR, we identified that transcripts encoding pluripotency factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28), cell cycle regulators (TP53, LATS2) and apoptotic factors (BCLX, BAX) are specifically associated with the HA-DND1 ribonucleoprotein complex. Surprisingly, in many cases, bioinformatics analysis of the pulled-down transcripts did not reveal the presence of known DND1 interacting motifs. Conclusions Our results indicate that the inducible ES cell line system serves as a suitable in vitro system to identify the mRNA targets of DND1. The RIP-RT results hint at the broad spectrum of mRNA targets that interact with DND1 in ES cells. Based on what is known about DND1 function, our results suggest that DND1 may impose another level of translational regulation to modulate expression of critical factors in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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220
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Park J, Kim C, Tang Y, Amano T, Lin CJ, Tian XC. Reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts to an intermediate state of differentiation by chemical induction. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:121-31. [PMID: 21473689 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by forced expression of four transcription factors offer promises for regenerative and therapeutic uses in human diseases. However, it is necessary to overcome the risk of tumorigenicity caused by the use of potent oncogenes and the use of randomly integrating vectors before the iPSC technology can be applied to human medicine. Stem cells and cancer cells share many features in common, implying that there are similar underlying mechanisms in their development. Small molecules have been used to induce cell reprogramming for lineage trans-differentiation and for maintaining pluripotency of stem cells. In this study, we investigated the possibility of replacing all reprogramming viral factors with small molecules. To this end, we evaluated the effects of carcinogens at nongenotoxic levels on somatic cells. We identified 16 candidate chemicals through biology-oriented in silico high-throughput screening with commercially available inventories from Sigma-Aldrich for cancer research, and established a reprogramming protocol of 16-day treatment followed by 5 days of recovery. This protocol was applied to B6/129 mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) at passage 3. From recovery day 2, colonies appeared at an efficiency of 0.02%. These colonies were positive for both alkaline phosphatase and surface specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) at a comparable level to those of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Global gene expression analysis with a 38K gene MEEBO microarray revealed that the colonies had 564 (1.5%) differentially expressed genes compared to MEFs at day 0 of treatment, and these genes were enriched in "neuromuscular differentiation." Moreover, 122 differentially expressed genes in the colonies were ESC-enriched, including downregulated somatic markers and upregulated stem cell markers. In conclusion, combined chemical treatment of MEFs herein might have caused these cells to transverse to an intermediate state within the mesodermal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonghoon Park
- Center for Regenerative Biology, Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 1390 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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221
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Tajbakhsh J, Gertych A, Fagg WS, Hatada S, Fair JH. Early in vitro differentiation of mouse definitive endoderm is not correlated with progressive maturation of nuclear DNA methylation patterns. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21861. [PMID: 21779341 PMCID: PMC3136488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome organization in pluripotent cells undergoing the first steps of differentiation is highly relevant to the reprogramming process in differentiation. Considering this fact, chromatin texture patterns that identify cells at the very early stage of lineage commitment could serve as valuable tools in the selection of optimal cell phenotypes for regenerative medicine applications. Here we report on the first-time use of high-resolution three-dimensional fluorescence imaging and comprehensive topological cell-by-cell analyses with a novel image-cytometrical approach towards the identification of in situ global nuclear DNA methylation patterns in early endodermal differentiation of mouse ES cells (up to day 6), and the correlations of these patterns with a set of putative markers for pluripotency and endodermal commitment, and the epithelial and mesenchymal character of cells. Utilizing this in vitro cell system as a model for assessing the relationship between differentiation and nuclear DNA methylation patterns, we found that differentiating cell populations display an increasing number of cells with a gain in DNA methylation load: first within their euchromatin, then extending into heterochromatic areas of the nucleus, which also results in significant changes of methylcytosine/global DNA codistribution patterns. We were also able to co-visualize and quantify the concomitant stochastic marker expression on a per-cell basis, for which we did not measure any correlation to methylcytosine loads or distribution patterns. We observe that the progression of global DNA methylation is not correlated with the standard transcription factors associated with endodermal development. Further studies are needed to determine whether the progression of global methylation could represent a useful signature of cellular differentiation. This concept of tracking epigenetic progression may prove useful in the selection of cell phenotypes for future regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tajbakhsh
- Translational Cytomics Group, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Chromatin Biology Lab, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JT); (JHF)
| | - Arkadiusz Gertych
- Translational Cytomics Group, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Bioinformatics, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - W. Samuel Fagg
- Liver Disease and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Seigo Hatada
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey H. Fair
- Liver Disease and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JT); (JHF)
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222
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O’Connor WG, Bianchi GD, Willis MS, McCudden CR. Testicular Mass in a 40-Year-Old Man. Lab Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1309/lm0qfesymx42nlxb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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223
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Young JC, Jaiprakash A, Mithraprabhu S, Itman C, Kitazawa R, Looijenga LHJ, Loveland KL. TCam-2 seminoma cell line exhibits characteristic foetal germ cell responses to TGF-beta ligands and retinoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e204-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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224
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Alagaratnam S, Lind GE, Kraggerud SM, Lothe RA, Skotheim RI. The testicular germ cell tumour transcriptome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e133-50; discussion e150-1. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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225
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Ghosh Z, Huang M, Hu S, Wilson KD, Dey D, Wu JC. Dissecting the oncogenic and tumorigenic potential of differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5030-9. [PMID: 21646469 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, both human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), can give rise to multiple cell types and hence have tremendous potential for regenerative therapies. However, the tumorigenic potential of these cells remains a great concern, as reflected in the formation of teratomas by transplanted pluripotent cells. In clinical practice, most pluripotent cells will be differentiated into useful therapeutic cell types such as neuronal, cardiac, or endothelial cells prior to human transplantation, drastically reducing their tumorigenic potential. Our work investigated the extent to which these differentiated stem cell derivatives are truly devoid of oncogenic potential. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression patterns from three sets of hiPSC- and hESC-derivatives and the corresponding primary cells, and compared their transcriptomes with those of five different types of cancer. Our analysis revealed a significant gene expression overlap of the hiPSC- and hESC-derivatives with cancer, whereas the corresponding primary cells showed minimum overlap. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of a set of cancer-related genes (selected on the basis of rigorous functional and pathway analyses) confirmed our results. Overall, our findings suggested that pluripotent stem cell derivatives may still bear oncogenic properties even after differentiation, and additional stringent functional assays to purify these cells should be done before they can be used for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhumur Ghosh
- Departments of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5454, USA
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226
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Hsieh YC, Intawicha P, Lee KH, Chiu YT, Lo NW, Ju JC. LIF and FGF Cooperatively Support Stemness of Rabbit Embryonic Stem Cells Derived from Parthenogenetically Activated Embryos. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:241-55. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Payungsuk Intawicha
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kun-Hsiung Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Tsung Chiu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Republic of China
| | - Neng-Wen Lo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jyh-Cherng Ju
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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227
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Gilbert DC, Chandler I, Summersgill B, McIntyre A, Missiaglia E, Goddard NC, Huddart RA, Shipley J. Genomic gain and over expression of CCL2 correlate with vascular invasion in stage I non-seminomatous testicular germ-cell tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e114-21; discussion e121. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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228
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Pascal LE, Vêncio RZ, Vessella RL, Ware CB, Vêncio EF, Denyer G, Liu AY. Lineage relationship of prostate cancer cell types based on gene expression. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:46. [PMID: 21605402 PMCID: PMC3113924 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate tumor heterogeneity is a major factor in disease management. Heterogeneity could be due to multiple cancer cell types with distinct gene expression. Of clinical importance is the so-called cancer stem cell type. Cell type-specific transcriptomes are used to examine lineage relationship among cancer cell types and their expression similarity to normal cell types including stem/progenitor cells. Methods Transcriptomes were determined by Affymetrix DNA array analysis for the following cell types. Putative prostate progenitor cell populations were characterized and isolated by expression of the membrane transporter ABCG2. Stem cells were represented by embryonic stem and embryonal carcinoma cells. The cancer cell types were Gleason pattern 3 (glandular histomorphology) and pattern 4 (aglandular) sorted from primary tumors, cultured prostate cancer cell lines originally established from metastatic lesions, xenografts LuCaP 35 (adenocarcinoma phenotype) and LuCaP 49 (neuroendocrine/small cell carcinoma) grown in mice. No detectable gene expression differences were detected among serial passages of the LuCaP xenografts. Results Based on transcriptomes, the different cancer cell types could be clustered into a luminal-like grouping and a non-luminal-like (also not basal-like) grouping. The non-luminal-like types showed expression more similar to that of stem/progenitor cells than the luminal-like types. However, none showed expression of stem cell genes known to maintain stemness. Conclusions Non-luminal-like types are all representatives of aggressive disease, and this could be attributed to the similarity in overall gene expression to stem and progenitor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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229
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Vêncio EF, Pascal LE, Page LS, Denyer G, Wang AJ, Ruohola-Baker H, Zhang S, Wang K, Galas DJ, Liu AY. Embryonal carcinoma cell induction of miRNA and mRNA changes in co-cultured prostate stromal fibromuscular cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1479-88. [PMID: 20945389 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prostate stromal mesenchyme controls organ-specific development. In cancer, the stromal compartment shows altered gene expression compared to non-cancer. The lineage relationship between cancer-associated stromal cells and normal tissue stromal cells is not known. Nor is the cause underlying the expression difference. Previously, the embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line, NCCIT, was used by us to study the stromal induction property. In the current study, stromal cells from non-cancer (NP) and cancer (CP) were isolated from tissue specimens and co-cultured with NCCIT cells in a trans-well format to preclude heterotypic cell contact. After 3 days, the stromal cells were analyzed by gene arrays for microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression. In co-culture, NCCIT cells were found to alter the miRNA and mRNA expression of NP stromal cells to one like that of CP stromal cells. In contrast, NCCIT had no significant effect on the gene expression of CP stromal cells. We conclude that the gene expression changes in stromal cells can be induced by diffusible factors synthesized by EC cells, and suggest that cancer-associated stromal cells represent a more primitive or less differentiated stromal cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneida F Vêncio
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil.
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230
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Looijenga LHJ, Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Biermann K, Oosterhuis JW. Dissecting the molecular pathways of (testicular) germ cell tumour pathogenesis; from initiation to treatment-resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e234-51. [PMID: 21564133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human type II germ cell tumours (GCTs) originate from an embryonic germ cell, either as a primordial germ cell or gonocyte. This start determines the biological as well as clinical characteristics of this type of cancer, amongst others their totipotency as well as their overall (exceptional) sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. The histology of the precursor lesion, either carcinoma in situ or gonadoblastoma, depends on the level of testicularization (i.e. testis formation) of the gonad. The impact of either intrinsic (genetic) - and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis is demonstrated by disorders of sex development as well as testicular dysgenesis syndrome as risk factors, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias and disturbed fertility as parameters. This knowledge allows identification of individuals at risk for development of this type of cancer, being a population of interest for screening. Factors known to regulate pluripotency during embryogenesis are proven to be of diagnostic value for type II GCTs, including OCT3/4, even applicable for non-invasive screening. In addition, presence of stem cell factor, also known as KITLG, allows distinction between delayed matured germ cells and the earliest stages of malignant transformation. This is of special interest because of the identified association between development of type II GCTs of the testis and a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, including some likely related to KITL. Transition from the precursor lesion to an invasive cancer is associated with gain of the short arm of chromosome 12, in which multiple genes might be involved, including KRAS2 and possibly NANOG (pseudogenes). While most precursor lesions will progress to an invasive cancer, only a limited number of cancers will develop treatment resistance. Putative explanatory mechanisms are identified, including presence of microsatellite instability, BRAF mutations, apoptosis suppression and p21 sub-cellular localization. It remains to be investigated how these different pathways integrate to each other and how informative they are at the patient-individual level. Further understanding will allow development of more targeted treatment, which will benefit quality of life of these young cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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231
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Gu B, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Tan Z, Lin Y, Huang X, Chen L, Yao K, Zhang M. Proteomic analyses reveal common promiscuous patterns of cell surface proteins on human embryonic stem cells and sperms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19386. [PMID: 21559292 PMCID: PMC3086920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been proposed that early embryos and reproductive organs exhibit
similar gene expression profiles. However, whether this similarity is
propagated to the protein level remains largely unknown. We have previously
characterised the promiscuous expression pattern of cell surface proteins on
mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. As cell surface proteins also play
critical functions in human embryonic stem (hES) cells and germ cells, it is
important to reveal whether a promiscuous pattern of cell surface proteins
also exists for these cells. Methods and Principal Findings Surface proteins of hES cells and human mature sperms (hSperms) were purified
by biotin labelling and subjected to proteomic analyses. More than 1000
transmembrane or secreted cell surface proteins were identified on the two
cell types, respectively. Proteins from both cell types covered a large
variety of functional categories including signal transduction, adhesion and
transporting. Moreover, both cell types promiscuously expressed a wide
variety of tissue specific surface proteins, and some surface proteins were
heterogeneously expressed. Conclusions/Significance Our findings indicate that the promiscuous expression of functional and
tissue specific cell surface proteins may be a common pattern in embryonic
stem cells and germ cells. The conservation of gene expression patterns
between early embryonic cells and reproductive cells is propagated to the
protein level. These results have deep implications for the cell surface
signature characterisation of pluripotent stem cells and germ cells and may
lead the way to a new area of study, i.e., the functional significance of
promiscuous gene expression in pluripotent and germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzong Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Tan
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanji Lin
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- The Institute of Cell and Developmental
Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- The Institute of Genetics and Developmental
Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kangshou Yao
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KY)
| | - Ming Zhang
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KY)
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Elizalde C, Campa VM, Caro M, Schlangen K, Aransay AM, Vivanco MDM, Kypta RM. Distinct roles for Wnt-4 and Wnt-11 during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. Stem Cells 2011; 29:141-53. [PMID: 21280163 DOI: 10.1002/stem.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid and Wnt/β-catenin signals play important roles during neuronal differentiation but less is known about noncanonical Wnt signals in this context. We examined retinoic acid and Wnt signaling in two human embryonal carcinoma cell lines, NTERA-2 (clone D1), which undergoes neuronal differentiation in response to retinoic acid, and 2102Ep, which does not. Retinoic acid treatment inhibited β-catenin/Tcf activity in NTERA-2 cells but not in 2102Ep cells. Inhibition occurred downstream of β-catenin but did not involve competition between retinoic acid receptors and β-catenin for binding to p300 or Tcf-4. Ectopic expression of FZD1 partially restored inhibition in 2102Ep cells, suggesting the involvement of Wnt ligands. Retinoic acid treatment of NTERA-2 cells induced the expression of Wnt-4 and Wnt-11, both of which were able to inhibit β-catenin/Tcf activity. Wnt-4 and Wnt-11 were found at cell borders in islands of cells that expressed OCT4 and GFAP and were predominantly negative for Nestin, PAX6, and GATA6. Gene silencing of Wnt-4, but not Wnt-11, reduced retinoic acid downregulation of OCT4 and Nanog and upregulation of PAX6, ASCL1, HOXC5, and NEUROD1, suggesting that Wnt-4 promotes early neuronal differentiation. Gene expression analysis of NTERA-2 cells stably overexpressing Wnt-11 suggested that Wnt-11 potentiates retinoic acid induction of early neurogenesis. Consistent with this, overexpression of Wnt-11 maintained a population of proliferating progenitor cells in cultures treated with retinoic acid for several weeks. These observations highlight the distinct roles of two noncanonical Wnts during the early stages of retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Elizalde
- Cell biology and Stem Cells Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain
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Gutekunst M, Oren M, Weilbacher A, Dengler MA, Markwardt C, Thomale J, Aulitzky WE, van der Kuip H. p53 hypersensitivity is the predominant mechanism of the unique responsiveness of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) cells to cisplatin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19198. [PMID: 21532991 PMCID: PMC3080918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent with the excellent clinical results in testicular germ cell tumors
(TGCT), most cell lines derived from this cancer show an exquisite sensitivity
to Cisplatin. It is well accepted that the high susceptibility of TGCT cells to
apoptosis plays a central role in this hypersensitive phenotype. The role of the
tumor suppressor p53 in this response, however, remains controversial. Here we
show that siRNA-mediated silencing of p53 is sufficient to completely abrogate
hypersensitivity not only to Cisplatin but also to non-genotoxic inducers of p53
such as the Mdm2 antagonist Nutlin-3 and the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib.
The close relationship between p53 protein levels and induction of apoptosis is
lost upon short-term differentiation, indicating that this predominant
pro-apoptotic function of p53 is unique in pluripotent embryonal carcinoma (EC)
cells. RNA interference experiments as well as microarray analysis demonstrated
a central role of the pro-apoptotic p53 target gene NOXA in the p53-dependent
apoptotic response of these cells. In conclusion, our data indicate that the
hypersensitivity of TGCT cells is a result of their unique sensitivity to p53
activation. Furthermore, in the very specific cellular context of germ
cell-derived pluripotent EC cells, p53 function appears to be limited to
induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gutekunst
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Weilbacher
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael A. Dengler
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christiane Markwardt
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School,
Essen, Germany
| | - Walter E. Aulitzky
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart,
Germany
| | - Heiko van der Kuip
- Dr Margarete-Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and
University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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234
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Abstract
The rate of ribosome biogenesis, which is downregulated in terminally differentiated cells and upregulated in most cancers, regulates the growth rate and is linked to the cell's proliferative potential. The U3 box C/D small nucleolar RNP (snoRNP) is an integral component of the small subunit (SSU) processome and is essential for 18S rRNA processing. We show that U3 snoRNP assembly, and therefore U3 snoRNA accumulation, is regulated through the U3-specific protein hU3-55K. Furthermore, we report that the levels of several SSU processome components, including the U3 snoRNA but not other box C/D snoRNAs, are specifically downregulated during human lung (CaCo-2) and colon (CaLu-3) epithelial cell differentiation. c-Myc is reported to play an integral role in regulating ribosome production by controlling the expression of many ribosome biogenesis factors. Our data, however, indicate that this regulation is not dependent on c-Myc since the level of this protein does not change during epithelial cell differentiation. In addition, depletion of c-Myc had only a mild affect on the levels of SSU processome proteins. CaCo-2 cells are colon adenocarcinoma epithelial cells that are believed to revert to their precancerous state during differentiation. This suggests a significant increase in the levels of specific SSU processome components during tumorogenesis.
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235
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Abstract
The unique abilities of human pluripotent stem cells to self-renew and to differentiate into cells of the three germ layers make them an invaluable tool for the future of regenerative medicine. However, the same properties also make them tumorigenic, and therefore hinder their clinical application. Hence, the tumorigenicity of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) has been extensively studied. Until recently, it was assumed that human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) would behave like their embryonic counterparts in respect to their tumorigenicity. However, a rapidly accumulating body of evidence suggests that there are important genetic and epigenetic differences between these two cell types, which seem to influence their tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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236
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Gilbert D, Rapley E, Shipley J. Testicular germ cell tumours: predisposition genes and the male germ cell niche. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:278-88. [PMID: 21412254 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) of adults and adolescents are putatively derived from primordial germ cells or gonocytes. Recently reported genome-wide association studies implicate six gene loci that predispose to TGCT development. Remarkably, the functions of proteins encoded by genes within these regions bridge our understanding between the pathways involved in primordial germ cell physiology, male germ cell development and the molecular pathology of TGCTs. Furthermore, this improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying TGCT development and dissemination has clinical relevance for the management of patients with these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, East Sussex, UK
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237
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Moon SH, Kim SW, Kim JS, Park SJ, Do JT, Lee DR, Chung HM. Gene expression profiles in CHA3 and CHA4 human embryonic stem cells and embryoid bodies. Mol Cells 2011; 31:315-26. [PMID: 21359678 PMCID: PMC3933964 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of the first human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in 1998 provided a unique tool for studying human development. Although several Western embryoderived hESC lines are well characterized, the biological properties of Asian embryo-derived hESC lines remain unexamined. The aim of this study was to characterize Korean embryo-derived hESC lines and their differentiation potential. In this context, we conducted microarraybased differential gene expression analyses using two Korean embryo-derived hESC lines (CHA3 and CHA4) to identify undifferentiated and spontaneously differentiated (human embryoid body, or hEB) status. These two cell lines showed great similarity in gene expression. By comparing their expression patterns, we determined novel hESC-specific genes and transcriptomes that could serve as reliable hESC markers associated with the "stemness" phenotype. Additionally, we sought to identify hEB markers that could be used to determine the presence of differentiated cells in specific tissues, allowing for the purification of homogeneous cell populations or serving as indicators of hESC differentiation. Novel sets of 68 hESC-specific markers, 12 hESC-specific transcripts and 36 hEB markers were identified and shown by quantitative RTPCR to be similarly expressed in CHA3- and CHA4-hESC lines, as compared to the Western embryo-derived H9-hESC line. Furthermore, our data analysis revealed that the cell cycle, urea cycle, p53 signaling, and metabolism of amino groups are significantly implicated in the regulation of hESC differentiation. These results provide another unique set of hESC/hEB markers and foster a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hESC biology. These results may thus facilitate studies of human developmental events and provide information regarding Korean embryo-derived hESCs, which could be used to determine differences in developmental events between human races.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Whan Kim
- Regional Clinical Trial Center, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-715, Korea
| | - Jong Soo Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-907, Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Stemcell Research Laboratory, Department of Developmental Biology, CHA University, Seoul 135-907, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seoul 135-907, Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Fertility Center, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seoul 135-081, Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- CHA Bio & Diostech Co., Ltd., Seoul 135-081, Korea
- Stemcell Research Laboratory, Department of Developmental Biology, CHA University, Seoul 135-907, Korea
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238
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Wen H, Kim N, Fuentes EJ, Mallinger A, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Glenn KA. FBG1 is a promiscuous ubiquitin ligase that sequesters APC2 and causes S-phase arrest. Cell Cycle 2011; 9:4506-17. [PMID: 21135578 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.22.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell proliferation, protein degradation is strictly regulated by the cell cycle and involves two complementary ubiquitin ligase complexes, the SCF (Skp, Cullin, F-box) and APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome) ubiquitin ligases. SCF ligases are constitutively active and generally target only proteins after they have been selected for degradation, usually by phosphorylation. In contrast, APC/C complexes are themselves activated by phosphorylation and their substrates contain a targeting signal known as degron, a consensus amino acid sequence such as a D-Box. SCF complexes degrade proteins during the G1 phase. However, as DNA synthesis begins, the SCF complexes are degraded and APC/C complexes are activated. APC-2, a protein crucial to cell division, initiates anaphase by triggering the degradation of multiple proteins. This study explores an unexpected interaction between APC-2 and SCFFBG1. We found that FBG1 is a promiscuous ubiquitin ligase with many partners. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that FBG1 and APC2 interact directly. Mutagenesis-based experiments show that this interaction requires a D-Box found within the FBG1 F-box domain. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that co-expression with FBG1 increases total APC2 levels. However, free APC2 is decreased, inhibiting cell proliferation. Finally, FACS analysis of cell populations expressing different forms of FBG1 demonstrate that this ubiquitin ligase induces S-phase arrest, illustrating the functional consequences of the interaction described. In summary, we have discovered a novel APC2 inhibitory activity of FBG1 independent from its function as ubiquitin ligase, providing the basis for future studies of FBG1 in aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Wen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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239
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Ding VMY, Boersema PJ, Foong LY, Preisinger C, Koh G, Natarajan S, Lee DY, Boekhorst J, Snel B, Lemeer S, Heck AJR, Choo A. Tyrosine phosphorylation profiling in FGF-2 stimulated human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17538. [PMID: 21437283 PMCID: PMC3060089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in maintaining undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESC) was investigated using a targeted phosphoproteomics approach to specifically profile tyrosine phosphorylation events following FGF-2 stimulation. A cumulative total number of 735 unique tyrosine phosphorylation sites on 430 proteins were identified, by far the largest inventory to date for hESC. Early signaling events in FGF-2 stimulated hESC were quantitatively monitored using stable isotope dimethyl labeling, resulting in temporal tyrosine phosphorylation profiles of 316 unique phosphotyrosine peptides originating from 188 proteins. Apart from the rapid activation of all four FGF receptors, trans-activation of several other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) was observed as well as induced tyrosine phosphorylation of downstream proteins such as PI3-K, MAPK and several Src family members. Both PI3-K and MAPK have been linked to hESC maintenance through FGF-2 mediated signaling. The observed activation of the Src kinase family members by FGF-2 and loss of pluripotent marker expression post Src kinase inhibition may point to the regulation of cytoskeletal and actin depending processes to maintain undifferentiated hESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Y. Ding
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul J. Boersema
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leong Yan Foong
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Preisinger
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geoffrey Koh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Subaashini Natarajan
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Snel
- Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Lemeer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AC); (AJRH)
| | - Andre Choo
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (AC); (AJRH)
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240
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Vougioukalaki M, Kanellis DC, Gkouskou K, Eliopoulos AG. Tpl2 kinase signal transduction in inflammation and cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 304:80-9. [PMID: 21377269 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is critically involved in inflammatory and oncogenic events. Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2), also known as COT and MAP3 kinase 8 (MAP3K8), is a serine-threonine kinase with an important physiological role in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, CD40, Toll-like receptor and G protein-coupled receptor-mediated ERK MAPK signaling. Whilst the full characterization of the biochemical events that lead to the activation of Tpl2 still represent a major challenge, genetic and molecular evidence has highlighted interesting interactions with the NF-κB network. Here, we provide an overview of the multifaceted functions of Tpl2 and the molecular mechanisms that govern its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vougioukalaki
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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241
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Atai NA, Renkema-Mills NA, Bosman J, Schmidt N, Rijkeboer D, Tigchelaar W, Bosch KS, Troost D, Jonker A, Bleeker FE, Miletic H, Bjerkvig R, De Witt Hamer PC, Van Noorden CJF. Differential activity of NADPH-producing dehydrogenases renders rodents unsuitable models to study IDH1R132 mutation effects in human glioblastoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:489-503. [PMID: 21527585 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411400606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatic IDH1(R132) mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 gene occurs in high frequency in glioma and in lower frequency in acute myeloid leukemia and thyroid cancer but not in other types of cancer. The mutation causes reduced NADPH production capacity in glioblastoma by 40% and is associated with prolonged patient survival. NADPH is a major reducing compound in cells that is essential for detoxification and may be involved in resistance of glioblastoma to treatment. IDH has never been considered important in NADPH production. Therefore, the authors investigated NADPH-producing dehydrogenases using in silico analysis of human cancer gene expression microarray data sets and metabolic mapping of human and rodent tissues to determine the role of IDH in total NADPH production. Expression of most NADPH-producing dehydrogenase genes was not elevated in 34 cancer data sets except for IDH1 in glioma and thyroid cancer, indicating an association with the IDH1 mutation. IDH activity was the main provider of NADPH in human normal brain and glioblastoma, but its role was modest in NADPH production in rodent brain and other tissues. It is concluded that rodents are a poor model to study consequences of the IDH1(R132) mutation in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Atai
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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242
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Xu H, Schaniel C, Lemischka IR, Ma'ayan A. Toward a complete in silico, multi-layered embryonic stem cell regulatory network. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 2:708-33. [PMID: 20890967 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts in systematically profiling embryonic stem (ES) cells have yielded a wealth of high-throughput data. Complementarily, emerging databases and computational tools facilitate ES cell studies and further pave the way toward the in silico reconstruction of regulatory networks encompassing multiple molecular layers. Here, we briefly survey databases, algorithms, and software tools used to organize and analyze high-throughput experimental data collected to study mammalian cellular systems with a focus on ES cells. The vision of using heterogeneous data to reconstruct a complete multi-layered ES cell regulatory network is discussed. This review also provides an accompanying manually extracted dataset of different types of regulatory interactions from low-throughput experimental ES cell studies available at http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/iscmid/literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilei Xu
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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243
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Coyle DE, Li J, Baccei M. Regional differentiation of retinoic acid-induced human pluripotent embryonic carcinoma stem cell neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16174. [PMID: 21283767 PMCID: PMC3024414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NTERA2 cl D1 (NT2) cell line, derived from human teratocarcinoma, exhibits similar properties as embryonic stem (ES) cells or very early neuroepithelial progenitors. NT2 cells can be induced to become postmitotic central nervous system neurons (NT2N) with retinoic acid. Although neurons derived from pluripotent cells, such as NT2N, have been characterized for their neurotransmitter phenotypes, their potential suitability as a donor source for neural transplantation also depends on their ability to respond to localized environmental cues from a specific region of the CNS. Therefore, our study aimed to characterize the regional transcription factors that define the rostocaudal and dorsoventral identity of NT2N derived from a monolayer differentiation paradigm using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Purified NT2N mainly expressed both GABAergic and glutamatergic phenotypes and were electrically active but did not form functional synapses. The presence of immature astrocytes and possible radial glial cells was noted. The NT2N expressed a regional transcription factor code consistent with forebrain, hindbrain and spinal cord neural progenitors but showed minimal expression of midbrain phenotypes. In the dorsoventral plane NT2N expressed both dorsal and ventral neural progenitors. Of major interest was that even under the influence of retinoic acid, a known caudalization factor, the NT2N population maintained a rostral phenotype subpopulation which expressed cortical regional transcription factors. It is proposed that understanding the regional differentiation bias of neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells will facilitate their successful integration into existing neuronal networks within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Coyle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.
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244
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Ryser S, Glauser D, Vigier M, Zhang YQ, Tachini P, Schlegel W, Durand P, Irminger-Finger I. Gene expression profiling of rat spermatogonia and Sertoli cells reveals signaling pathways from stem cells to niche and testicular cancer cells to surrounding stroma. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:29. [PMID: 21232125 PMCID: PMC3033334 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells and their niches are studied in many systems, but mammalian germ stem cells (GSC) and their niches are still poorly understood. In rat testis, spermatogonia and undifferentiated Sertoli cells proliferate before puberty, but at puberty most spermatogonia enter spermatogenesis, and Sertoli cells differentiate to support this program. Thus, pre-pubertal spermatogonia might possess GSC potential and pre-pubertal Sertoli cells niche functions. We hypothesized that the different stem cell pools at pre-puberty and maturity provide a model for the identification of stem cell and niche-specific genes. We compared the transcript profiles of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells from pre-pubertal and pubertal rats and examined how these related to genes expressed in testicular cancers, which might originate from inappropriate communication between GSCs and Sertoli cells. Results The pre-pubertal spermatogonia-specific gene set comprised known stem cell and spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) markers. Similarly, the pre-pubertal Sertoli cell-specific gene set comprised known niche gene transcripts. A large fraction of these specifically enriched transcripts encoded trans-membrane, extra-cellular, and secreted proteins highlighting stem cell to niche communication. Comparing selective gene sets established in this study with published gene expression data of testicular cancers and their stroma, we identified sets expressed genes shared between testicular tumors and pre-pubertal spermatogonia, and tumor stroma and pre-pubertal Sertoli cells with statistic significance. Conclusions Our data suggest that SSC and their niche specifically express complementary factors for cell communication and that the same factors might be implicated in the communication between tumor cells and their micro-enviroment in testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ryser
- Molecular Gynecology and Obstetrics Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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245
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Hughes CS, Nuhn AA, Postovit LM, Lajoie GA. Proteomics of human embryonic stem cells. Proteomics 2011; 11:675-90. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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246
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Germ Cell Cancer, Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome and Epigenetics. EPIGENETICS AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14773-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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247
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Cancer stem cells in urologic cancers. Urol Oncol 2010; 28:585-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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248
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Stadler B, Ivanovska I, Mehta K, Song S, Nelson A, Tan Y, Mathieu J, Darby C, Blau CA, Ware C, Peters G, Miller DG, Shen L, Cleary MA, Ruohola-Baker H. Characterization of microRNAs involved in embryonic stem cell states. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:935-50. [PMID: 20128659 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) reveal that these cell lines can be derived from differing stages of embryonic development. We analyzed common changes in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs in 9 different human ESC (hESC) lines during early commitment and further examined the expression of key ESCenriched miRNAs in earlier developmental states in several species. We show that several previously defined hESC-enriched miRNA groups (the miR-302, -17, and -515 families, and the miR-371-373 cluster) and several other hESC-enriched miRNAs are down-regulated rapidly in response to differentiation. We further found that mRNAs up-regulated upon differentiation are enriched in potential target sites for these hESC-enriched miRNAs. Interestingly, we also observed that the expression of ESC-enriched miRNAs bearing identical seed sequences changed dynamically while the cells transitioned through early embryonic states. In human and monkey ESCs, as well as human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the miR-371-373 cluster was consistently up-regulated, while the miR-302 family was mildly down-regulated when the cells were chemically treated to regress to an earlier developmental state. Similarly, miR-302b, but not mmu-miR-295, was expressed at higher levels in murine epiblast stem cells (mEpiSC) as compared with an earlier developmental state, mouse ESCs. These results raise the possibility that the relative expression of related miRNAs might serve as diagnostic indicators in defining the developmental state of embryonic cells and other stem cell lines, such as iPSCs. These data also raise the possibility that miRNAs bearing identical seed sequences could have specific functions during separable stages of early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford Stadler
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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249
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Ding VMY, Ling L, Natarajan S, Yap MGS, Cool SM, Choo ABH. FGF-2 modulates Wnt signaling in undifferentiated hESC and iPS cells through activated PI3-K/GSK3beta signaling. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:417-28. [PMID: 20506199 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is widely used to culture human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Despite its importance in maintaining undifferentiated hESC phenotype, a lack of understanding in the role of FGF-2 still exists. Here, we investigate the signaling events in hESC following the addition of exogenous FGF-2. In this study, we show that hESC express all forms of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) which co-localize on Oct3/4 positive cells. Furthermore, downregulation of Oct3/4 in hESC occurs following treatment with an FGFR inhibitor, suggesting that FGF signaling may regulate Oct3/4 expression. This is also observed in iPS cells. Also, downstream of FGF signaling, both mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways (PI3-K) are activated following FGF-2 stimulation. Notably, inhibition of MAPK and PI3-K signaling using specific kinase inhibitors revealed that activated PI3-K, rather than MAPK, can mediate pluripotent marker expression. To understand the importance of PI3-K activation, activation of Wnt/beta-catenin by FGF-2 was investigated. Wnt signaling had been implicated to have a role in maintaining of pluripotent hESC. We found that upon FGF-2 stimulation, GSK3beta is phosphorylated following which nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and TCF/LEF activation occurs. Interestingly, inhibition of the Wnt pathway with Dikkopf-1 (DKK-1) resulted in only partial suppression of the FGF-2 induced TCF/LEF activity. Prolonged culture of hESC with DKK-1 did not affect pluripotent marker expression. These results suggest that FGF-2 mediated PI3-K signaling may have a direct role in modulating the downstream of Wnt pathway to maintain undifferentiated hESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Y Ding
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Stem Cell Group, Singapore
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250
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Kooreman NG, Wu JC. Tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells: biological insights from molecular imaging. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 6:S753-63. [PMID: 20880852 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0353.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability (i) to duplicate indefinitely while maintaining pluripotency and (ii) to differentiate into cell types of all three embryonic germ layers. These two properties of ESCs and iPSCs make them potentially suitable for tissue engineering and cell replacement therapy for many different diseases, including Parkinson's disease, diabetes and heart disease. However, one critical obstacle in the clinical application of ESCs or iPSCs is the risk of teratoma formation. The emerging field of molecular imaging is allowing researchers to track transplanted ESCs or iPSCs in vivo, enabling early detection of teratomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel G Kooreman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S140B, Stanford, CA 94305-5111, USA
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