201
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Akalu A, Roth JM, Caunt M, Policarpio D, Liebes L, Brooks PC. Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis by Targeting a Matrix Immobilized Cryptic Extracellular Matrix Epitope in Laminin. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4353-63. [PMID: 17483349 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and tumor metastasis depend on extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and subsequent cellular interactions with these modified proteins. An in-depth understanding of how both endothelial and tumor cells use matrix-immobilized cryptic ECM epitopes to regulate invasive cell behavior may lead to the development of novel strategies for the treatment of human tumors. However, little is known concerning the existence and the functional significance of cryptic laminin epitopes in regulating angiogenesis and tumor cell metastasis. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a synthetic peptide that binds to a cryptic epitope in laminin. The STQ peptide selectively bound denatured and proteolyzed laminin but showed little interaction with native laminin. The cryptic laminin epitope recognized by this peptide was selectively exposed within malignant melanoma in vivo, whereas little if any was detected in normal mouse skin. Moreover, the STQ peptide selectively inhibited endothelial and tumor cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation in vitro and inhibited angiogenesis, tumor growth, and experimental metastasis in vivo. This inhibitory activity was associated with a selective up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P27(KIP1) and induction of cellular senescence. These novel findings suggest the existence of functionally relevant cryptic laminin epitopes in vivo and that selective targeting of these laminin epitopes may represent an effective new strategy for the treatment of malignant tumors by affecting both the endothelial and tumor cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Akalu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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202
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Dorrell M, Uusitalo-Jarvinen H, Aguilar E, Friedlander M. Ocular neovascularization: basic mechanisms and therapeutic advances. Surv Ophthalmol 2007; 52 Suppl 1:S3-19. [PMID: 17240254 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of diseases that cause catastrophic loss of vision do so as a result of ocular neovascularization. During normal retinal vascular development, vascular endothelial cells proliferate and migrate through the extracellular matrix in response to a variety of cytokines, leading to the formation of new blood vessels in a highly ordered fashion. During abnormal neovascularization of the iris, retina, or choroid, angiogenesis is unregulated and usually results in the formation of dysfunctional blood vessels. When these newly formed vessels leak fluid, hemorrhage, or are associated with fibrous proliferation, retinal edema, retinal/vitreous hemorrhage, or traction retinal detachments may occur resulting in potentially catastrophic loss of vision. In this review, we will briefly discuss the scope of the clinical problem and the general underlying principles of angiogenesis. We will focus on recent laboratory advances that have led to the development of therapeutics useful in the treatment of neovascular eye diseases. We will describe compounds currently in pre-clinical development stages as well as the results of clinical trials involving the use of these drugs as treatments for ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dorrell
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92014, USA
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203
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Digtyar AV, Pozdnyakova NV, Feldman NB, Lutsenko SV, Severin SE. Endostatin: Current concepts about its biological role and mechanisms of action. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:235-46. [PMID: 17447877 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis are proved to be a major factor preventing the emergence of clinically manifested stages of human cancer. The protein endostatin, a 20-kD proteolytic fragment of type XVIII collagen, is one of the most active natural inhibitors of angiogenesis. Endostatin specifically inhibits the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of endothelial cells, inducing their apoptosis through inhibition of cyclin D1. On the surface of endothelial cells, endostatin binds with the integrin alpha(5)beta(1) that activates the Src-kinase pathway. The binding of endostatin with integrins also down-regulates the activity of RhoA GTPase and inhibits signaling pathways mediated by small kinases of the Ras and Raf families. All these events promote disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton, disorders in cell-matrix interactions, and decrease in endotheliocyte mobility, i.e., promote the suppression of angiogenesis. Endostatin displays a high antitumor activity in vivo: it inhibits the progression of more than 60 types of tumors. This review summarizes results of numerous studies concerning the biological activity and action mechanism of endostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Digtyar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, Moscow, Russia.
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204
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Zweers MC, Davidson JM, Pozzi A, Hallinger R, Janz K, Quondamatteo F, Leutgeb B, Krieg T, Eckes B. Integrin α2β1 Is Required for Regulation of Murine Wound Angiogenesis but Is Dispensable for Reepithelialization. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:467-78. [PMID: 16977325 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The alpha2beta1 integrin functions as the major receptor for collagen type I on a large number of different cell types, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and a variety of inflammatory cells. Recently, we demonstrated that adhesion of keratinocytes to collagen critically depends on alpha2beta1, whereas fibroblasts can partly compensate for loss of alpha2beta1 in simple adhesion to collagen. However, in three-dimensional collagen matrices, alpha2beta1-null fibroblasts are hampered in generating mechanical forces. These data suggested a pivotal role for alpha2beta1 during wound healing in vivo. Unexpectedly, reepithelialization of excisional wounds of alpha2beta1-null mice was not impaired, indicating that keratinocytes do not require adhesion to or migration on collagen for wound closure. Whereas wound contraction and myofibroblast differentiation were similar, wound tensile strain was reduced in alpha2beta1-null mice, suggesting subtle changes in organization of the extracellular matrix. In addition, we observed reduced influx of mast cells into the granulation tissue, whereas infiltration of other inflammatory cells was not impaired. Interestingly, ablation of alpha2beta1 resulted in strong enhancement of neovascularization of granulation tissue and sponge implants. Both ultrastructurally and functionally, these new blood vessels appeared intact. In conclusion, our data show unique and overlapping functions of alpha2beta1 integrin during murine cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon C Zweers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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205
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Gianazza E, Wait R, Begum S, Eberini I, Campagnoli M, Labò S, Galliano M. Mapping the 5–50-kDa fraction of human amniotic fluid proteins by 2-DE and ESI-MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:167-75. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200600543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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206
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Autelitano DJ, Rajic A, Smith AI, Berndt MC, Ilag LL, Vadas M. The cryptome: a subset of the proteome, comprising cryptic peptides with distinct bioactivities. Drug Discov Today 2007; 11:306-14. [PMID: 16580972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that proteolytic cleavage gives rise to 'hidden' peptides with bioactivities that are often unpredicted and totally distinct to the parent protein. So far, the liberation of these cryptic peptides, or crypteins, has been shown to be prevalent in proteins associated with endocrine signalling, the extracellular matrix, the complement cascade and milk. A broad spectrum of proteases has been implicated in the generation of natural crypteins that appear to play a role in modulating diverse biological processes, such as angiogenesis, immune function and cell growth. The proteolytic liberation of crypteins with novel activities represents an important mechanism for increasing diversity of protein function and potentially offers new opportunities for protein-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Autelitano
- Cryptome Pharmaceuticals, PO Box 6492, St. Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne, Vic 8008, Australia.
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207
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Rodgers KD, Sasaki T, Aszodi A, Jacenko O. Reduced perlecan in mice results in chondrodysplasia resembling Schwartz-Jampel syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:515-28. [PMID: 17213231 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perlecan knock-in mice were developed to model Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS), a skeletal disease resulting from decreased perlecan. Two mouse strains were generated: those carrying a C-to-Y mutation at residue 1532 and the neomycin cassette (C1532Yneo) and those harboring the mutation alone (C1532Y). Immunostaining, biochemistry, size measurements, skeletal studies and histology revealed Hspg2 transcriptional changes in C1532Yneo mice, leading to reduced perlecan secretion and a skeletal disease phenotype characteristic of SJS patients. Skeletal disease features include smaller size, impaired mineralization, misshapen bones, flat face and joint dysplasias reminiscent of osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis. Moreover, C1532Yneo mice displayed transient expansion of hypertrophic cartilage in the growth plate concomitant with radial trabecular bone orientation. In contrast, C1532Y mice, harboring only the mutation associated with SJS, displayed a mild phenotype, inconsistent with SJS. These studies question the C1532Y mutation as the sole causative factor of SJS in the human family harboring this alteration and imply that transcriptional changes leading to perlecan reduction may represent the disease mechanism for SJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Rodgers
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street, Rosenthal Room 152, Pennsylvania, PA 19104-6046, USA.
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208
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Bix G, Iozzo RA, Woodall B, Burrows M, McQuillan A, Campbell S, Fields GB, Iozzo RV. Endorepellin, the C-terminal angiostatic module of perlecan, enhances collagen-platelet responses via the alpha2beta1-integrin receptor. Blood 2006; 109:3745-8. [PMID: 17197432 PMCID: PMC1874567 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-039925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endorepellin, a C-terminal fragment of the vascular basement membrane proteoglycan perlecan, inhibits angiogenesis via the alpha2beta1-integrin receptor. Because this integrin is also implicated in platelet-collagen responses and because endorepellin or its fragments are generated in response to injury and inflammation, we hypothesized that endorepellin could also affect platelet biology. We discovered that endorepellin supported alpha2beta1-dependent platelet adhesion, without appreciably activating or aggregating platelets. Notably, endorepellin enhanced collagen-evoked responses in platelets, in a src kinase-dependent fashion, and enhanced the collagen-inhibitory effect of an alpha2beta1-integrin function-blocking antibody. Collectively, these results suggest that endorepellin/alpha2beta1-integrin interaction and effects are specific and dependent on cell type, differ from those emanated by exposure to collagen, and may be due to cellular differences in alpha2beta1-integrin activation/ligand affinity state. These studies also suggest a heretofore unrecognized role for angiostatic basement membrane fragments in platelet biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bix
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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209
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Bix G, Castello R, Burrows M, Zoeller JJ, Weech M, Iozzo RA, Cardi C, Thakur ML, Barker CA, Camphausen K, Iozzo RV. Endorepellin In Vivo: Targeting the Tumor Vasculature and Retarding Cancer Growth and Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 98:1634-46. [PMID: 17105986 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiangiogenic approach to controlling cancer requires a better understanding of angiogenesis and the discovery of new compounds that modulate this key biological process. Here we investigated the role of endorepellin, an angiostatic protein fragment that is derived from the C-terminus of perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in controlling tumor angiogenesis in vivo. METHODS We administered human recombinant endorepellin systemically to mice bearing orthotopic squamous carcinoma xenografts or syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma tumors. We monitored tumor growth, angiogenesis, metabolism, hypoxia, and mitotic index by using quantitative immunohistochemistry and positron emission tomography scan imaging. In addition, we determined the localization of injected endorepellin using near-infrared labeling and immunohistochemistry of frozen tumor sections. Finally, we isolated tumor-derived endothelial cells and tested whether endorepellin could interact with these cells and disrupt in vitro capillary morphogenesis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Endorepellin specifically targeted the tumor vasculature as determined by immunohistochemical analysis and accumulated in the tumor perivascular zones where it persisted for several days as discrete deposits. This led to inhibition of tumor angiogenesis (as measured by decreased CD31-positive cells, mean control = 1902 CD31-positive pixels, mean endorepellin treated = 343.9, difference between means = 1558, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1296 to 1820, P<.001), enhanced tumor hypoxia, and a statistically significant decrease in tumor metabolism and mitotic index (as measured by decreased Ki67-positive cells, mean control Ki67 pixels = 5970, mean endorepellin-treated Ki67 pixels = 3644, difference between means = 2326, 95% CI = 1904 to 2749, P<.001) compared to untreated controls. Endorepellin was actively internalized by tumor-derived endothelial cells causing a redistribution of alpha2beta1 integrin such that both proteins colocalized to punctate deposits in the perivascular region. Endorepellin treatment inhibited in vitro capillary morphogenesis of both normal and tumor-derived endothelia. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support for the hypothesis that endorepellin is an effective antitumor vasculature agent that could be used as a therapeutic modality to combat cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/administration & dosage
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Infusions, Parenteral
- Integrin alpha2beta1/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mitotic Index
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Random Allocation
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bix
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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210
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes evidence for several functions of neovascularization in plaque growth that sustain perfusion beyond limits of diffusion from the artery lumen and outer adventitial vasa vasorum, deposit proatherogenic plasma molecules, recruit immune cells and progenitors, and promote intraplaque hemorrhage. Recent approvals of antiangiogenesis drugs for clinical use in cancer and macular degeneration improve the feasibility of testing whether such agents inhibit plaque angiogenesis and incidental atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Improvements in large and small animal models of atherosclerosis and knowledge of the molecular regulation of angiogenesis in development and disease have advanced understanding of plaque angiogenesis. Genetic modifications of angiogenesis molecules in mouse strains susceptible to atherosclerosis provide experimental means to identify native molecules that regulate plaque angiogenesis. Studies of plaque angiogenesis are aided by micro-computed tomography techniques that image vasa vasorum anatomy in relation to the atheroma. SUMMARY Greater knowledge of plaque angiogenesis regulation is needed to design treatments that target the most critical regulatory pathways. Evolutions in angiogenesis inhibitor treatments for cancer and other diseases call for a need to understand the distinct cardiovascular profiles of different agents to rationally combine agents for optimal selectivity and efficacy in the intended vascular bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Moulton
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Karp Family Research Building 11.212, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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211
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Abstract
The interstitial extracellular matrix tenascin-X (iTNX), which has a molecular mass of roughly 450 kDa, is expressed at high levels in muscular tissues and skin. In this study, we identified the serum form of TNX (sTNX) with a molecular mass of 200 kDa in the mouse. Western blot analysis with specific antibodies against fibronectin type III-like (FNIII) repeats of TNX and N-terminal sequence analysis of 200-kDa sTNX revealed that the N-terminus of sTNX is located in the juncture between the 16th FNIII (M16) and 17th FNIII (M17) repeats of iTNX. The 200-kDa sTNX contains 15 FNIII repeats and a fibrinogen domain identical to the Cterminal portion of the iTNX. TNX-deficient mice lacked not only iTNX but also sTNX. Furthermore, 200-kDa sTNX was generated by cleavage of the spleen iTNX by spleen homogenate, and its generation was inhibited by protease inhibitors. These results suggest that sTNX is generated by proteolytic cleavage of iTNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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212
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Monami G, Gonzalez EM, Hellman M, Gomella LG, Baffa R, Iozzo RV, Morrione A. Proepithelin promotes migration and invasion of 5637 bladder cancer cells through the activation of ERK1/2 and the formation of a paxillin/FAK/ERK complex. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7103-10. [PMID: 16849556 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth factor proepithelin (also known as progranulin, acrogranin, PC-derived growth factor, or granulin-epithelin precursor) is a secreted glycoprotein that functions as an important regulator of cell growth, migration, and transformation. Proepithelin is overexpressed in a great variety of cancer cell lines and clinical specimens of breast, ovarian, and renal cancer as well as glioblastomas. In this study, we have investigated the effects of proepithelin on bladder cancer cells using human recombinant proepithelin purified to homogeneity from 293-EBNA cells. Although proepithelin did not appreciably affect cell growth, it did promote migration of 5637 bladder cancer cells and stimulate in vitro wound closure and invasion. These effects required the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and paxillin, which upon proepithelin stimulation formed a complex with focal adhesion kinase and active extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Our results provide the first evidence for a role of proepithelin in stimulating migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells, and support the hypothesis that this growth factor may play a critical role in the establishment of the invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Monami
- Department of Urology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cellular Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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213
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Laplante P, Raymond MA, Labelle A, Abe JI, Iozzo RV, Hébert MJ. Perlecan proteolysis induces an alpha2beta1 integrin- and Src family kinase-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway in fibroblasts in the absence of focal adhesion kinase activation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30383-92. [PMID: 16882656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of apoptosis in endothelial cells (EC) and fibroblasts contributes to fibrosis. We have shown previously that apoptosis of EC triggers the proteolysis of extracellular matrix components and the release of a C-terminal fragment of perlecan, which in turn inhibits apoptosis of fibroblasts. Here we have defined the receptors and pathways implicated in this anti-apoptotic response in fibroblasts. Neutralizing alpha2beta1 integrin activity in fibroblasts exposed to either medium conditioned by apoptotic EC (SSC) or a recombinant perlecan C-terminal fragment (LG3) prevented resistance to apoptosis and is associated with decreased levels of Akt phosphorylation. Co-incubation of fibroblasts for 24 h with SSC or LG3 in the presence of PP2 (AG1879), a biochemical inhibitor of Src family kinases (SFKs) and focal adhesion kinase, showed a significantly decreased anti-apoptotic response. However, focal adhesion kinase gene silencing with RNA interference did not inhibit the anti-apoptotic response in fibroblasts. Src phosphorylation was increased in fibroblasts exposed to SSC, and transfection of fibroblasts with constitutively active Src mutants induced an anti-apoptotic response that was not further increased by SSC. Also, Src(-/-)Fyn(-/-) fibroblasts failed to mount an anti-apoptotic response in presence of SSC for 24 h but developed a complete anti-apoptotic response when exposed to SSC for 7 days. These results suggest that extracellular matrix fragments produced by apoptotic EC initiate a state of resistance to apoptosis in fibroblasts via an alpha2beta1 integrin/SFK (Src and Fyn)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent pathway. In the long term, additional SFK members are recruited for sustaining the anti-apoptotic response, which could play crucial roles in abnormal fibrogenic healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Laplante
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montreal, University of Montreal, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
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214
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Goldoni S, Iozzo RA, Kay P, Campbell S, McQuillan A, Agnew C, Zhu JX, Keene DR, Reed CC, Iozzo RV. A soluble ectodomain of LRIG1 inhibits cancer cell growth by attenuating basal and ligand-dependent EGFR activity. Oncogene 2006; 26:368-81. [PMID: 16847455 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains-1 (LRIG1) is a transmembrane protein with an ectodomain containing 15 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) homologous to mammalian decorin and the Drosophila kekkon1 gene. In this study, we demonstrate that a soluble ectodomain of LRIG1, containing only the LRRs, inhibits ligand-independent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and causes growth inhibition of A431, HeLa and MDA-468 carcinoma cells. In contrast, cells that do not express detectable levels of EGFR fail to respond to soluble LRIG1. However, when a functional EGFR gene is introduced in these cells, they become growth-inhibited by soluble LRIG1 protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate the existence of high-affinity (K(d)=10 nM) binding sites on the A431 cells that can be competitively displaced (up to 75%) by molar excess of EGF. Even more powerful effects are obtained with a chimeric proteoglycan harboring the N-terminus of decorin, substituted with a single glycosaminoglycan chain, fused to the LRIG1 ectodomain. Both proteins also inhibit ligand-dependent activation of the EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 signaling in a rapid and dose-dependent manner. These results suggest a novel mechanism of action evoked by a soluble ectodomain of LRIG1 protein that could modulate EGFR signaling and its growth-promoting activity. Attenuation of EGFR activity without physical downregulation of the receptor could represent a novel therapeutic approach toward malignancies in which EGFR plays a primary role in tumor growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goldoni
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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215
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West L, Govindraj P, Koob TJ, Hassell JR. Changes in perlecan during chondrocyte differentiation in the fetal bovine rib growth plate. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:1317-26. [PMID: 16705694 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Perlecan is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan present in the growth plate and essential for endochondral ossification. We evaluated the synthesis and structure of perlecan in the different zones of the growth plate. The growth plates from fetal bovine ribs were isolated and sequentially sliced into 1-mm sections containing the hypertrophic zone, lower proliferative zone, upper proliferative zone, intermediate zone, and resting zone, respectively. The slices were then either incubated in culture medium with 35SO4 to measure total sulfated proteoglycan synthesis and perlecan synthesis, extracted for perlecan core protein analysis by Western blot, or extracted for perlecan isolation and subsequent characterization of glycosaminoglycan size and disaccharide composition. 35SO4 incorporation into perlecan was three-fourfold higher in the proliferating/hypertrophic zone than the resting zone. Western blot showed perlecan content was greatest in the lower and upper proliferating zones and that a perlecan fragment lacking portions of the N- and C-terminal domains containing heparan sulfate was also present in all zones. Purified perlecan from the hypertrophic/lower proliferative zone had larger chondroitin sulfate chains and a different composition of CS and HS disaccharides than the perlecan isolated from the resting zone. These results indicate perlecan deposition is increased and is turned over during proliferation to be replaced by a perlecan with a different sulfation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh West
- Center for Research in Skeletal Development and Pediatric Orthopaedics, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Tampa, 12502 Pine Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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216
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Gomes RR, Joshi SS, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Ribozyme-mediated perlecan knockdown impairs chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts. Differentiation 2006; 74:53-63. [PMID: 16466400 PMCID: PMC1403289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2005.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan (Pln) is an abundant heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan in the pericellular matrix of developing cartilage, and its absence dramatically disrupts endochondral bone formation. This study examined two previously unexamined aspects of the function of Pln in mesenchymal chondrogenesis in vitro. Using the well-established high-density micromass model of chondrogenic differentiation, we first examined the requirement for endogenous Pln synthesis and secretion through the use of Pln-targeted ribozymes in murine C3H10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts. Second, we examined the ability of the unique N-terminal, HS-bearing Pln domain I (PlnDI) to synergize with exogenous bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to support later stage chondrogenic maturation of cellular condensations. The results provide clear evidence that the function of Pln in late stage chondrogenesis requires Pln biosynthesis and secretion, because 60%-70% reductions in Pln greatly diminish chondrogenic marker expression in micromass culture. Additionally, these data support the idea that while early chondrocyte differentiation can be supported by exogenous HS-decorated PlnDI, efficient late stage PlnDI-supported chondrogenesis requires both BMP-2 and Pln biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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217
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Ernkvist M, Aase K, Ukomadu C, Wohlschlegel J, Blackman R, Veitonmäki N, Bratt A, Dutta A, Holmgren L. p130-Angiomotin associates to actin and controls endothelial cell shape. FEBS J 2006; 273:2000-11. [PMID: 16640563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Angiomotin, an 80 kDa protein expressed in endothelial cells, promotes cell migration and invasion, and stabilizes tube formation in vitro. Angiomotin belongs to a new protein family with two additional members, Amotl-1 and Amotl-2, which are characterized by conserved coiled-coil domains and C-terminal PDZ binding motifs. Here, we report the identification of a 130 kDa splice isoform of angiomotin that is expressed in different cell types including vascular endothelial cells, as well as cytotrophoblasts of the placenta. p130-Angiomotin consists of a cytoplasmic N-terminal extension that mediates its association with F-actin. Transfection of p130-angiomotin into endothelial cells induces actin fiber formation and changes cell shape. The p130-angiomotin protein remained associated with actin after destabilization of actin fibers with cytochalasin B. In contrast to p80-angiomotin, p130-angiomotin does not promote cell migration and did not respond to angiostatin. We propose that p80- and p130-angiomotin play coordinating roles in tube formation by affecting cell migration and cell shape, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Ernkvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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218
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Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors which bind extracellular matrix proteins and enable not only cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization but also transduction of critical signals into the cells to promote survival, proliferation, differentiation, or migration programs. Integrins participate in many aspects of vascular biology. The past few years have experienced a sustained interest in the implication of integrin receptors in tumor angiogenesis. We will focus our review on studies giving concrete evidence to a role of the beta1 class of integrins in angiogenesis, and we will provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Mettouchi
- INSERM U634, Faculté de médecine, 27 Av. de Valombrose, F-06107 Nice Cedex, France.
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219
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Mirancea N, Hausser I, Beck R, Metze D, Fusenig NE, Breitkreutz D. Vascular anomalies in lipoid proteinosis (hyalinosis cutis et mucosae): basement membrane components and ultrastructure. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:231-9. [PMID: 16497486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lipoid proteinosis (LP) vascular anomalies represent severe functional defects caused by excessive deposition of basement membrane (BM)-like matrix, particularly around small subepithelial blood vessels. OBJECTIVE Correlation of microvascular anomalies in morphology and ultrastructure with extracellular matrix composition and cell interactions for elucidating vascular involvement in LP-pathophysiology. METHODS Biopsies from non-related LP-patients were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), electron microscopy (EM), and immune-EM (ImEM). RESULTS In LP-skin and mucosa the thickened vessel walls stained strongly for the BM-components type IV collagen, laminin, perlecan, and nidogen (IIF). Integrin alpha6beta4 was regularly collocated with endothelial surface markers such as PECAM (CD31). Ultrastructure (EM) revealed highly ordered matrix deposits around microvessels, with frequently collapsed lumina, functionally compensated by increased vascular density (histology, IIF). Pericytes were trapped between these concentric BM-layers at varying distances towards the periphery (EM), contrasting their regularly close endothelial apposition. Periodic type IV collagen patterns (ImEM) corroborated the multiple BM-leaflet structure and the lack of a common 'fused' endothelial-pericyte BM, seen normally. Presumptive secretory vesicles, abundant in both cell types, implied an equal contribution to BM-synthesis, but also indicated partial loss of endothelial polarity. CONCLUSIONS In LP thickened vessel walls, composed of multiple BM, profoundly alter microvascular properties, also by interference with endothelial-pericyte interactions. The increased microvascular density reflects compensatory restoration for disabled function. Most remarkable was the exaggerated secretory activity (also at luminal surfaces) underlining the regulatory key role of extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1; mutated in LP) in export or turnover of all major BM-components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Mirancea
- German Cancer Research Center, Division Carcinogenesis and Differentiation, Heidelberg, Germany
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220
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Cailhier JF, Laplante P, Hébert MJ. Endothelial apoptosis and chronic transplant vasculopathy: recent results, novel mechanisms. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:247-53. [PMID: 16426308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic transplant vasculopathy (CTV) is a progressive form of vascular obliteration affecting the arteries, arterioles and capillaries of solid organ transplants. It is characterized by intimal accumulation of mononuclear cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), myofibroblasts and connective tissue. Mounting evidence, based on animal models and human biopsy results, suggests that acute and persistent rejection triggering apoptosis of endothelial cells (EC) plays a pivotal role in CTV. The precise mechanisms that underlie the induction of fibroproliferative changes in association with endothelial apoptosis have yet to be clearly delineated. Recent observations in the field of apoptosis research provide some important mechanistic clues. First, endothelial apoptosis creates a state of hyperadhesiveness for mononuclear cells, thus facilitating sustained leukocyte infiltration. Second, phosphatidylserine-dependent engulfment of apoptotic cells by infiltrating mononuclear leukocytes promotes transforming growth factor-beta1 production. Third, apoptosis of EC triggers extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis thus initiating the production of fibroproliferative/fibrogenic ECM fragments. The relative importance of these mechanisms in the pathophysiology of CTV will need to be addressed in vivo. Yet, these recent developments provide a new mechanistic framework that will help better define the importance of immune-mediated EC apoptosis in the regulation of vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Cailhier
- Renal and Transplantation Division, Research Centre CHUM (Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal), University of Montreal, 1560 Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
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221
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Wang D, Anderson JC, Gladson CL. The role of the extracellular matrix in angiogenesis in malignant glioma tumors. Brain Pathol 2006; 15:318-26. [PMID: 16389944 PMCID: PMC8095805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2005.tb00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a promising target for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of malignant brain tumors in that it has the potential to starve large tumors and prevent the regrowth of residual margins. Two critical steps in angiogenesis, the proliferation of activated endothelial cells and their migration into the perivascular space (sprouting), require adherence of the endothelial cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, the availability of the appropriate ligands within the ECM contributes to the regulation of angiogenesis. In addition, several components of the ECM can act through other mechanisms to further promote angiogenesis or inhibit it. Current evidence suggests that the regulation of angiogenesis is a dynamic process in which the endothelial cells can promote angiogenesis by secreting proteases that remodel the ECM, tumor cells can further promote angiogenesis by secreting ECM components and actively remodeling their environment, and stromal cells may respond to angiogenesis associated with tumors and inflammatory reactions by secreting inhibitory molecules. Here, we provide a critical review of the protein and proteoglycan components of the ECM that have been implicated in angiogenesis with an emphasis on their role in promoting or inhibiting angiogenesis in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Joshua C. Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Candece L. Gladson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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222
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Abstract
The astacin family (M12A) of the metzincin subclan MA(M) of metalloproteinases has been detected in developing and mature individuals of species that range from hydra to humans. Functions of this family of metalloproteinase vary from digestive degradation of polypeptides, to biosynthetic processing of extracellular proteins, to activation of growth factors. This review will focus on a small subgroup of the astacin family; the bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1)/Tolloid (TLD)-like metalloproteinases. In vertebrates, the BMP1/TLD-like metalloproteinases play key roles in regulating formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via biosynthetic processing of various precursor proteins into mature functional enzymes, structural proteins, and proteins involved in initiating mineralization of the ECM of hard tissues. Roles in ECM formation include: processing of the C-propeptides of procollagens types I-III, to yield the major fibrous components of vertebrate ECM; proteolytic activation of the enzyme lysyl oxidase, necessary to formation of covalent cross-links in collagen and elastic fibers; processing of NH2-terminal globular domains and C-propeptides of types V and XI procollagen chains to yield monomers that are incorporated into and control the diameters of collagen type I and II fibrils, respectively; processing of precursors for laminin 5 and collagen type VII, both of which are involved in securing epidermis to underlying dermis; and maturation of small leucine-rich proteoglycans. The BMP1/TLD-related metalloproteinases are also capable of activating the vertebrate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-like "chalones" growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8, also known as myostatin), and GDF11 (also known as BMP11), involved in negative feedback inhibition of muscle and neural tissue growth, respectively; by freeing them from noncovalent latent complexes with their cleaved prodomains. BMP1/TLD-like proteinases also liberate the vertebrate TGF-beta-like morphogens BMP2 and 4 and their invertebrate ortholog decapentaplegic, from latent complexes with the vertebrate extracellular antagonist chordin and its invertebrate ortholog short gastrulation (SOG), respectively. The result is formation of the BMP signaling gradients that form the dorsal-ventral axis in embryogenesis. Thus, BMP1/TLD-like proteinases appear to be key to regulating and orchestrating formation of the ECM and signaling by various TGF-beta-like proteins in morphogenetic and homeostatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Ge
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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223
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Maeshima Y. Novel therapeutic approaches for progressive renal disorders by targeting glomerular component mesangial and endothelial cells. Clin Exp Nephrol 2005; 9:271-281. [PMID: 16362153 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-005-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Maeshima
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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224
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Sund M, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R. Endogenous stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers: basic science to clinical application. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:2076-91. [PMID: 16344073 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Progression of cancer is dependent on acquisition of vascular networks within the tumor. Tumor angiogenesis is dependent on up-regulation of angiogenesis stimulators to overcome the endogenous anti-angiogenic barrier. Such disruption of angiogenesis balance to favor neovascularization is a key step for progression of tumor growth and metastasis. In this regard, the vascular basement membrane and the extracellular matrix have been found to be rich sources of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors that become bioavailable on proteolysis of the matrix by tumor microenvironment-related enzymes. In this review the subgroup of endogenous angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors is discussed, and their mechanism of action during tumor angiogenesis is evaluated. The role in regulating tumor growth and the possibility of using them as prognostic markers for human gastrointestinal cancers is discussed. Furthermore, we specifically address the role of vascular endothelial growth factor in human gastrointestinal cancers and discuss the development and use of bevacizumab (Avastin; anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody [Genentech, CA]) in the treatment of colorectal and other gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Sund
- Center for Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
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225
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Melrose J, Smith S, Cake M, Read R, Whitelock J. Comparative spatial and temporal localisation of perlecan, aggrecan and type I, II and IV collagen in the ovine meniscus: an ageing study. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124:225-35. [PMID: 16028067 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to immunolocalise perlecan in meniscal tissues and to demonstrate how its localisation varied with ageing relative to aggrecan and type I, II and IV collagen. Perlecan was present in the middle and inner meniscal zones where it was expressed by cells of an oval or rounded morphology. Unlike the other components visualised in this study, perlecan was strongly cell associated and its levels fell significantly with age onset and cell number decline. The peripheral outer meniscal zones displayed very little perlecan staining other than in small blood vessels. Picrosirius red staining viewed under polarised light strongly delineated complex arrangements of slender discrete randomly oriented collagen fibre bundles as well as transverse, thick, strongly oriented, collagen tie bundles in the middle and outer meniscal zones. The collagen fibres demarcated areas of the meniscus which were rich in anionic toluidine blue positive proteoglycans; immunolocalisations confirmed the presence of aggrecan and perlecan. When meniscal sections were examined macroscopically, type II collagen localisation in the inner meniscal zone was readily evident in the 2- to 7-day-old specimens; this became more disperse in the older meniscal specimens. Type I collagen had a widespread distribution in all meniscal zones at all time points. Type IV collagen was strongly associated with blood vessels in the 2- to 7-day-old meniscal specimens but was virtually undetectable at the later time points (>7 month).
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Level 5, The University Clinic, Building B26, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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226
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Thadikkaran L, Crettaz D, Siegenthaler MA, Gallot D, Sapin V, Iozzo RV, Queloz PA, Schneider P, Tissot JD. The role of proteomics in the assessment of premature rupture of fetal membranes. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 360:27-36. [PMID: 15970282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence and integrity of amniotic fluid is fundamental for the normal development of the human fetus during pregnancy. Its production rate changes throughout pregnancy and is mainly related to the functions of the different fetal, placental and amniotic compartments. Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) occurs in about 5% of deliveries, with complications such as infection and preterm birth. The management of patients with PROM, regardless of gestational age, remains controversial, and it is therefore important to develop new biological tests in order to achieve accurate diagnoses by identifying the presence of specific amniotic fluid markers in vaginal environment. We recently showed the usefulness of amniotic fluid proteomics in identifying a series of peptides that were absent from the corresponding maternal plasma. Several peptides corresponded to fragments of plasma proteins. Two peptides, absent from plasma samples of pregnant women, were identified in amniotic fluid. They corresponded to the COOH-terminal parts of perlecan (SwissProt: P98160) and of agrin (SwissProt: O00468) protein cores, two major heparan sulfate proteoglycans of basement membranes. In this review we will discuss modern proteomic strategies that may improve the laboratory assessment of PROM, and will focus on some of the biochemical characteristics of agrin and perlecan fragments identified in amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Thadikkaran
- Service Régional Vaudois de Transfusion sanguine, Rue du Bugnon 27, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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227
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Wickström SA, Alitalo K, Keski-Oja J. Endostatin signaling and regulation of endothelial cell-matrix interactions. Adv Cancer Res 2005; 94:197-229. [PMID: 16096002 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(05)94005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The growth and survival of a malignant tumor are dependent on the formation and maintenance of its own microvasculature, a process termed angiogenesis. Inhibition of this phenomenon is an emerging strategy in cancer therapy. The extracellular matrix surrounding the vascular endothelial cells contains cryptic protein domains, which are exposed by changes in the proteolytic homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. These fragments transmit local signals, which regulate vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Endostatin, the proteolytic fragment of collagen type XVIII, is a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis in various mouse models and is currently in clinical trials for therapeutic use in human cancer. Multiple cell surface receptors have been described for endostatin, but the signals transmitted by these receptors resulting in the inhibition of angiogenesis have so far been poorly characterized. Studies on the effects of endostatin on cultured endothelial cells suggest that the antimigratory and antiproliferative properties of this molecule are the major mechanisms underlying its antiangiogenic potential. These effects may be a consequence of endostatin modulation of endothelial cell-matrix interactions and pericellular proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Wickström
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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228
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Cattaruzza S, Perris R. Proteoglycan control of cell movement during wound healing and cancer spreading. Matrix Biol 2005; 24:400-17. [PMID: 16055321 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of their multifunctional nature, proteoglycans (PGs) are thought to govern the process of cell movement in numerous physiological and pathological contexts, spanning from early embryonic development to tumour invasion and metastasis. The precise mode by which they influence this process is still fragmentary, but evidence is accruing that they may affect it in a multifaceted manner. PGs bound to the plasma membrane mediate the polyvalent interaction of the cell with matrix constituents and with molecules of the neighbouring cells' surfaces; they modulate the activity of receptors implicated in the recognition of these components; and they participate in the perception and convergence of growth- and motility-promoting cues contributed by soluble factors. Through some of these interactions several PGs transduce to pro-motile cells crucial intracellular signals that are likely to be essential for their mobility. A regulated shedding of certain membrane-intercalated PGs seems to provide an additional level of control of cell movement. Coincidentally, matrix-associated PGs may govern cell migration by structuring permissive and non-permissive migratory paths and, when directly secreted by the moving cells, may alternatively create favourable or hostile microenvironments. To exert this latter, indirect effect on cell movement, matrix PGs strongly rely upon their primary molecular partners, such as hyaluronan, link proteins, tenascins, collagens and low-affinity cell surface receptors, whereas a further finer control is provided by a highly regulated proteolytic processing of the PGs accounted by both the migrating cells themselves and cells of their surrounding tissues. Overall, PGs seem to play an important role in determining the migratory phenotype of a cell by initiating, directing and terminating cell movement in a spatio-temporally controlled fashion. This implies that the "anti-adhesive and/or "anti-migratory" properties that have previously been assigned to certain PGs may be re-interpreted as being a means by which these macromolecules elaborate haptotaxis-like mechanisms imposing directionality upon the moving cells. Since these conditions would allow cells to be led to given tissue locations and become immobilized at these sites, a primary function may be ascribed to PGs in the dictation of a "stop or go" choice of the migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Cattaruzza
- Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 11/A PARMA 43100, Italy
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229
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Abstract
The biology of basement membrane proteoglycans extends far beyond the original notion of anionic filters. These complex molecules have dual roles as structural constituents of basement membranes and functional regulators of several growth-factor signalling pathways. As such, they are involved in angiogenesis and, consequently, in tumour progression and their partial or total absence causes several congenital defects that affect the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and nervous systems. New findings indicate a potential functional coupling between the intricate make-up of basement membrane proteoglycans and their ability to control important biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cellular Biology and Signalling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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230
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is required for many pathologic processes, including invasive tumor growth as well as physiologic organ/tissue maintenance. Angiogenesis during development and adulthood is likely regulated by a balance between endogenous proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. It is speculated that tumor growth requires disruption of such balance; thus, the angiogenic switch must be turned "on" for cancer progression. If the angiogenic switch needs to be turned on to facilitate the tumor growth, the question remains as to what the physiologic status of this switch is in the adult human body; is it "off," with inhibitors outweighing the stimulators, or maintained at a fine "balance," keeping the proangiogenic properties of many factors at a delicate "activity" balance with endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis. The physiologic status of this balance is important to understand as it might determine an individual's predisposition to turn the switch on during pathologic events dependent on angiogenesis. Conceivably, if the physiologic angiogenesis balance in human population exists somewhere between off and even balance, an individual's capacity and rate to turn the switch on might reflect their normal physiologic angiogenic status. In this regard, although extensive knowledge has been gained in our understanding of endogenous growth factors that stimulate angiogenesis, the activities associated with endogenous inhibitors are poorly understood. In this review, we will present an overview of the knowledge gained in studies related to the identification and characterization of 27 different endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Nyberg
- Center for Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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231
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Zhu JX, Goldoni S, Bix G, Owens RT, McQuillan DJ, Reed CC, Iozzo RV. Decorin evokes protracted internalization and degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor via caveolar endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32468-79. [PMID: 15994311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503833200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by down-regulating its tyrosine kinase activity, thereby blocking the growth of a variety of transformed cells and tumor xenografts. In this study we provide evidence that decorin directly binds to the EGFR causing its dimerization, internalization, and ultimately its degradation. Using various pharmacological agents to disrupt clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis, we demonstrate that decorin evokes a protracted internalization of the EGFR primarily via caveolar-mediated endocytosis. In contrast to EGF, decorin targets the EGFR to caveolae, but not to early or recycling endosomes. Ultimately, however, both EGF- and decorin-induced pathways converge into late endosomes/lysosomes for final degradation. Thus, we have discovered a novel biological mechanism for decorin that could explain its anti-proliferative and anti-oncogenic mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xu Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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232
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Kaur B, Brat DJ, Devi NS, Van Meir EG. Vasculostatin, a proteolytic fragment of brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1, is an antiangiogenic and antitumorigenic factor. Oncogene 2005; 24:3632-42. [PMID: 15782143 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) is a transmembrane protein with unknown function expressed primarily in normal but not tumoral brain. The finding of thrombospondin type 1 repeats in its extracellular domain suggested an antiangiogenic function, but the mechanisms by which a transmembrane receptor could inhibit angiogenesis remained unexplained. Here we demonstrate that BAI1 is proteolytically cleaved at a conserved G-protein-coupled receptor proteolytic cleavage site (GPS), releasing its 120 kDa extracellular domain. We named this secreted fragment Vasculostatin as it inhibited migration of endothelial cells in vitro and dramatically reduced in vivo angiogenesis. Both constitutive and doxycycline-induced expression of Vasculostatin elicited dose-dependent suppression of tumor growth and vascular density in mice, implicating Vasculostatin in the regulation of vascular homeostasis and tumor prevention. Generation of a soluble antiangiogenic factor by cleavage of a pre-existing transmembrane protein represents a novel mechanism for regulating vascular homeostasis and preventing tumorigenesis. Modulation of this cleavage or delivery of Vasculostatin may constitute novel treatment modalities for cancer and other diseases of aberrant angiogenesis, especially in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balveen Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery, Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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233
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Whitelock JM, Iozzo RV. Heparan Sulfate: A Complex Polymer Charged with Biological Activity. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2745-64. [PMID: 16011323 DOI: 10.1021/cr010213m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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234
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Melrose J, Smith S, Cake M, Read R, Whitelock J. Perlecan displays variable spatial and temporal immunolocalisation patterns in the articular and growth plate cartilages of the ovine stifle joint. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123:561-71. [PMID: 16021525 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan is a modular heparan sulphate and/or chondroitin sulphate substituted proteoglycan of basement membrane, vascular tissues and cartilage. Perlecan acts as a low affinity co-receptor for fibroblast growth factors 1, 2, 7, 9, binds connective tissue growth factor and co-ordinates chondrogenesis, endochondral ossification and vascular remodelling during skeletal development; however, relatively little is known of its distribution in these tissues during ageing and development. The aim of the present study was to immunolocalise perlecan in the articular and epiphyseal growth plate cartilages of stifle joints in 2-day to 8-year-old pedigree merino sheep. Perlecan was prominent pericellularly in the stifle joint cartilages at all age points and also present in the inter-territorial matrix of the newborn to 19-month-old cartilage specimens. Aggrecan was part pericellular, but predominantly an extracellular proteoglycan. Perlecan was a prominent component of the long bone growth plates and displayed a pericellular as well as a strong ECM distribution pattern; this may indicate a so far unrecognised role for perlecan in the mineralisation of hypertrophic cartilage. A significant age dependant decline in cell number and perlecan levels was evident in the hyaline and growth plate cartilages. The prominent pericellular distribution of perlecan observed indicates potential roles in cell-matrix communication in cartilage, consistent with growth factor signalling, cellular proliferation and tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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235
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Abstract
Collagen XVIII is a component of basement membranes (BMs) with the structural properties of both a collagen and a proteoglycan. Proteolytic cleavage within its C-terminal domain releases a fragment, endostatin, which has been reported to have anti-angiogenesis effects. Molecular studies demonstrated binding of the endostatin domain to heparan sulfate and to BM components like laminin and perlecan, but the functional role of these interactions in vivo remains unknown. Insights into the physiological function of collagen XVIII/endostatin have recently been obtained through the identification of inactivating mutations in the human collagen XVIII/endostatin gene (COL18A1) in patients with Knobloch syndrome, characterized by age-dependent vitreoretinal degeneration and occipital encephalocele. That collagen XVIII/endostatin has an essential role in ocular development and the maintenance of visual function is further demonstrated by the ocular abnormalities seen in mice lacking collagen XVIII/endostatin. Age-dependent loss of vision in these mutant mice is associated with pathological accumulation of deposits under the retinal pigment epithelium, as seen in early stages of age-related macular degeneration in humans. In addition, recent evidence suggests that lack of collagen XVIII/endostatin predisposes to hydrocephalus formation. These recent findings demonstrate an important role for collagen XVIII/endostatin in cell-matrix interactions in certain tissues that may be compensated for in other tissues expressing this collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Marneros
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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236
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Mott JD, Werb Z. Regulation of matrix biology by matrix metalloproteinases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005; 16:558-64. [PMID: 15363807 PMCID: PMC2775446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that contribute to growth, development and wound healing as well as to pathologies such as arthritis and cancer. Until recently, it has been thought that MMPs participate in these processes simply by degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. However, it is now clear that MMP activity is much more directed and causes the release of cryptic information from the ECM. By precisely cleaving large insoluble ECM components and ECM-associated molecules, MMPs liberate bioactive fragments and growth factors and change ECM architecture, all of which influence cellular behavior. Thus, MMPs have become a focal point for understanding matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni D Mott
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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237
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Ricard-Blum S, Ruggiero F. The collagen superfamily: from the extracellular matrix to the cell membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:430-42. [PMID: 16085121 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The collagen superfamily is highly complex and shows a remarkable diversity in molecular and supramolecular organization, tissue distribution and function. However, all its members share a common structural feature, the presence of at least one triple-helical domain, which corresponds to a number of (Gly-X-Y)n repeats (X being frequently proline and Y hydroxyproline) in the amino acid sequence. Several sub-families have been determined according to sequence homologies and to similarities in the structural organization and supramolecular assembly. In the present review, we focus on the newly described fibrillar collagens, fibrillar-associated collagens with interrupted triple helix, membrane collagens and multiplexins. Recent advances in the characterization of proteins containing triple-helical domains but not referred to as collagens are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS UCBL, IFR128 Biosciences Gerland, Lyon, France.
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238
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Novel Biological Properties of Peptides Arising from Basement Membrane Proteins. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(05)56013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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239
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Bix G, Iozzo RV. Matrix revolutions: ‘tails’ of basement-membrane components with angiostatic functions. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15:52-60. [PMID: 15653078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the creation of neovasculature from native blood vessels, is a prerequisite for many physiological and pathological processes. Recently, C-terminal tail fragments of several basement-membrane proteins such as endostatin, tumstatin and endorepellin have been shown to inhibit angiogenesis. Although there seems to be little or no homology among them, a common theme is that these fragments modulate endothelial cells by distinct interactions with integrins and activate distinct intracellular signaling cascades that often lead to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we focus on recent advances regarding the mechanism of action of these angiostatic fragments and the emerging concept of similarities among them, with the underlying premise that appreciating these similarities might lead to improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bix
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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240
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Deocaris CC, Castro MCPD, Oabel AT, L. Co E, Mojica ERE. Screening for Anti-angiogenic Activity in Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes Berk) Extracts. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2004. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.43.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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241
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Gonzalez EM, Reed CC, Bix G, Fu J, Zhang Y, Gopalakrishnan B, Greenspan DS, Iozzo RV. BMP-1/Tolloid-like metalloproteases process endorepellin, the angiostatic C-terminal fragment of perlecan. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:7080-7. [PMID: 15591058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409841200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endorepellin, the C-terminal domain of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan, possesses angiostatic activity. The terminal laminin-like globular (LG3) domain of endorepellin appears to possess most of the biological activity on endothelial cells. LG3 protein has been detected in the urine of patients with end-stage renal disease and in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women with premature rupture of fetal membranes. These findings suggest that proteolytic processing of endorepellin and the generation of LG3 might have biological significance. In this study, we have identified specific enzymes of the bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1)/Tolloid family of metalloproteases that cleave LG3 from recombinant endorepellin at the physiologically relevant site and that cleave LG3 from endogenous perlecan in cultured mouse and human cells. The BMP-1/Tolloid family of metalloproteases is thereby implicated in the processing of a major basement membrane proteoglycan and in the liberation of an anti-angiogenic factor. Using molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and angiogenic assays, we further demonstrate that LG3 activity requires specific amino acids involved in Ca(2+) coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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242
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Melrose J, Smith S, Whitelock J. Perlecan immunolocalizes to perichondrial vessels and canals in human fetal cartilaginous primordia in early vascular and matrix remodeling events associated with diarthrodial joint development. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:1405-13. [PMID: 15505335 PMCID: PMC3957814 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6261.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to ascertain how perlecan was localized in human fetal cartilaginous joint rudiment tissues. Perlecan was immunolocalized in human fetal (12-14-week-old) toe, finger, knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip joint rudiments using a monoclonal antibody to domain-1 of perlecan (MAb A76). Perlecan had a widespread distribution in the cartilaginous joint rudiments and growth plates and was also prominent in a network of convoluted hairpin loop-type vessels at the presumptive articulating surfaces of joints. Perlecan was also present in small perichondrial venules and arterioles along the shaft of the developing long bones, small blood vessels in the synovial lining and joint capsules, and in distinctive arrangements of cartilage canals in the knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip joint rudiments. Perlecan was notably absent from CD-31-positive metaphyseal vessels in the hip, knee, shoulder, and fingers. These vessels may have a role in the nutrition of the expanding cell populations in these developing joint tissues and in the establishment of the secondary centers of ossification in the long bones, which is essential for endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Level 5, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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243
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Wegrowski Y, Maquart FX. Involvement of stromal proteoglycans in tumour progression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2004; 49:259-68. [PMID: 15036265 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) belong to a class of extracellular macromolecules necessary for the growth of any multicellular structures, including tumours. Transformed cells induce stromal reaction either per se or by activation of the mesenchymal cells. Tumour stroma contains several chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate proteoglycans. These proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan chains modify cell behaviour by interacting with different molecules such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, proteinases and their inhibitors. This review describes the main proteoglycans of tumour stoma and discusses their implication in the regulation of the activity of extracellular proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanusz Wegrowski
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, CNRS FRE 2534, Faculty of Medicine, IFR-53, 51095 Reims Cedex, France.
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244
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Rops ALWMM, van der Vlag J, Lensen JFM, Wijnhoven TJM, van den Heuvel LPWJ, van Kuppevelt TH, Berden JHM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in glomerular inflammation. Kidney Int 2004; 65:768-85. [PMID: 14871397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoproteins consisting of a core protein to which linear heparan sulfate side chains are covalently attached. These heparan sulfate side chains can be modified at different positions by several enzymes, which include N-deacetylases, N- and O-sulfotransferases, and an epimerase. These heparan sulfate modifications give rise to an enormous structural diversity, which corresponds to the variety of biologic functions mediated by heparan sulfate, including its role in inflammation. The HSPGs in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII, play an important role in the charge-selective permeability of the glomerular filter. In addition to these HSPGs, various cell types express HSPGs at their cell surface, which include syndecans, glypicans, CD44, and betaglycan. During inflammation, HSPGs, especially heparan sulfate, in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and at the surface of endothelial cells bind chemokines, which establishes a local concentration gradient recruiting leukocytes. Endothelial and leukocyte cell surface HSPGs also play a role in their direct adhesive interactions via other cell surface adhesion molecules, such as selectins and beta2 integrin. Activated leukocytes and endothelial cells exert heparanase activity, resulting in degradation of heparan sulfate moieties in the ECM, which facilitates leukocyte passage into tissues and the release of heparan sulfate-bound factors. In various renal inflammatory diseases the expression of agrin and GBM-associated heparan sulfate is decreased, while the expression of CD44 is increased. Heparan sulfate or heparin preparations affect inflammatory cell behavior and have promising therapeutic, anti-inflammatory properties by preventing leukocyte adhesion/influx and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique L W M M Rops
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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245
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Olsen B. From the Editor's desk. Matrix Biol 2004; 23:265-6. [PMID: 15464358 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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246
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Bix G, Fu J, Gonzalez EM, Macro L, Barker A, Campbell S, Zutter MM, Santoro SA, Kim JK, Höök M, Reed CC, Iozzo RV. Endorepellin causes endothelial cell disassembly of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions through alpha2beta1 integrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 166:97-109. [PMID: 15240572 PMCID: PMC2172143 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200401150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endorepellin, the COOH-terminal domain of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan, inhibits several aspects of angiogenesis. We provide evidence for a novel biological axis that links a soluble fragment of perlecan protein core to the major cell surface receptor for collagen I, α2β1 integrin, and provide an initial investigation of the intracellular signaling events that lead to endorepellin antiangiogenic activity. The interaction between endorepellin and α2β1 integrin triggers a unique signaling pathway that causes an increase in the second messenger cAMP; activation of two proximal kinases, protein kinase A and focal adhesion kinase; transient activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and heat shock protein 27, followed by a rapid down-regulation of the latter two proteins; and ultimately disassembly of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions. The end result is a profound block of endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Because perlecan is present in both endothelial and smooth muscle cell basement membranes, proteolytic activity during the initial stages of angiogenesis could liberate antiangiogenic fragments from blood vessels' walls, including endorepellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Bix
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rm. 249 JAH, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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247
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248
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Sund M, Xie L, Kalluri R. The contribution of vascular basement membranes and extracellular matrix to the mechanics of tumor angiogenesis. APMIS 2004; 112:450-62. [PMID: 15563309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.t01-1-apm11207-0806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to highlight the contribution of extracellular matrix and vascular basement membranes to the regulation of angiogenesis and tumor progression. Here we present a new concept that vascular basement membrane influences endothelial cells and possibly other cell types in a solid state assembled form, and also in a degraded solution state form. Depending on the structural integrity, composition and exposure of cryptic sites, the vascular basement membrane proteome exerts functional influences on proliferating and resting endothelial cells. This review provides the reader with an appreciation of this newly evolved concept in the area of vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Sund
- Center for Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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249
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Sottile J. Regulation of angiogenesis by extracellular matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2004; 1654:13-22. [PMID: 14984764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Accepted: 07/04/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During angiogenesis, endothelial cell growth, migration, and tube formation are regulated by pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, matrix-degrading proteases, and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Temporal and spatial regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling events allows for local changes in net matrix deposition or degradation, which in turn contributes to control of cell growth, migration, and differentiation during different stages of angiogenesis. Remodeling of the extracellular matrix can have either pro- or anti-angiogenic effects. Extracellular matrix remodeling by proteases promotes cell migration, a critical event in the formation of new vessels. Matrix-bound growth factors released by proteases and/or by angiogenic factors promote angiogenesis by enhancing endothelial migration and growth. Extracellular matrix molecules, such as thrombospondin-1 and -2, and proteolytic fragments of matrix molecules, such as endostatin, can exert anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. In contrast, other matrix molecules promote endothelial cell growth and morphogenesis, and/or stabilize nascent blood vessels. Hence, extracellular matrix molecules and extracellular matrix remodelling events play a key role in regulating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Sottile
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 679, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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250
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Balasubramani M, Bier ME, Hummel S, Schneider WJ, Halfter W. Perlecan and its immunoglobulin like domain IV are abundant in vitreous and serum of the chick embryo. Matrix Biol 2004; 23:143-52. [PMID: 15296942 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perlecan is a highly conserved heparan sulfate proteoglycan in cartilage and basement membranes. We identified chick perlecan and a 90 KD perlecan fragment in vivo using a newly generated monoclonal antibody. Chick perlecan is, like its human and mouse homologue, a hybrid heparan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with a core protein of 400 KD. Analysis of the 90 KD fragment by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Capillary LC nano Electrospray Ionization tandem MS (LC nano ESI MS/MS) showed that it belonged to domain IV of the perlecan core protein. We found that full-length perlecan and its domain IV fragment are abundant in embryonic vitreous body and serum. Their expression in vitreous and serum is greatly down-regulated shortly after hatching of the chick. We speculate that the abundance of perlecan in the embryonic circulation and vitreous reflects the ongoing formation of new BMs in the expanding vascular system and the growing retina. In addition, we found that perlecan as a substrate does not support, rather inhibits neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manimalha Balasubramani
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, 1402 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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