201
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Peer M, Stegmann M, Mueller MJ, Waller F. Pseudomonas syringaeinfection triggers de novo synthesis of phytosphingosine from sphinganine inArabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4053-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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202
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Roche Y, Klymchenko AS, Gerbeau-Pissot P, Gervais P, Mély Y, Simon-Plas F, Perrier-Cornet JM. Behavior of plant plasma membranes under hydrostatic pressure as monitored by fluorescent environment-sensitive probes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1798:1601-7. [PMID: 20381451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We monitored the behavior of plasma membrane (PM) isolated from tobacco cells (BY-2) under hydrostatic pressures up to 3.5kbar at 30 degrees C, by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy using the newly introduced environment-sensitive probe F2N12S and also Laurdan and di-4-ANEPPDHQ. The consequences of sterol depletion by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin were also studied. We found that application of hydrostatic pressure led to a marked decrease of hydration as probed by F2N12S and to an increase of the generalized polarization excitation (GPex) of Laurdan. We observed that the hydration effect of sterol depletion was maximal between 1 and 1.5 kbar but was much less important at higher pressures (above 2 kbar) where both parameters reached a plateau value. The presence of a highly dehydrated gel state, insensitive to the sterol content, was thus proposed above 2.5 kbar. However, the F2N12S polarity parameter and the di-4-ANEPPDHQ intensity ratio showed strong effect on sterol depletion, even at very high pressures (2.5-3.5 kbar), and supported the ability of sterols to modify the electrostatic properties of membrane, notably its dipole potential, in a highly dehydrated gel phase. We thus suggested that BY-2 PM undergoes a complex phase behavior in response to the hydrostatic pressure and we also emphasized the role of phytosterols to regulate the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on plant PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Roche
- Laboratoire Plantes-Microbe-Environnement, UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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203
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Griebel T, Zeier J. A role for beta-sitosterol to stigmasterol conversion in plant-pathogen interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:254-268. [PMID: 20444228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon inoculation with pathogenic microbes, plants induce an array of metabolic changes that potentially contribute to induced resistance or even enhance susceptibility. When analysing leaf lipid composition during the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae interaction, we found that accumulation of the phytosterol stigmasterol is a significant plant metabolic process that occurs upon bacterial leaf infection. Stigmasterol is synthesized from beta-sitosterol by the cytochrome P450 CYP710A1 via C22 desaturation. Arabidopsis cyp710A1 mutant lines impaired in pathogen-inducible expression of the C22 desaturase and concomitant stigmasterol accumulation are more resistant to both avirulent and virulent P. syringae strains than wild-type plants, and exogenous application of stigmasterol attenuates this resistance phenotype. These data indicate that induced sterol desaturation in wild-type plants favours pathogen multiplication and plant susceptibility. Stigmasterol formation is triggered through perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as flagellin and lipopolysaccharides, and through production of reactive oxygen species, but does not depend on the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid or ethylene defence pathways. Isolated microsomal and plasma membrane preparations exhibited a similar increase in the stigmasterol/beta-sitosterol ratio as whole-leaf extracts after leaf inoculation with P. syringae, indicating that the stigmasterol produced is incorporated into plant membranes. The increased contents of stigmasterol in leaves after pathogen attack do not influence salicylic acid-mediated defence signalling but attenuate pathogen-induced expression of the defence regulator flavin-dependent monooxygenase 1. P. syringae thus promotes plant disease susceptibility through stimulation of sterol C22 desaturation in leaves, which increases the stigmasterol to beta-sitosterol ratio in plant membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Griebel
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Plant Biology Section, University of Fribourg, Route Albert Gockel 3, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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204
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Rossard S, Roblin G, Atanassova R. Ergosterol triggers characteristic elicitation steps in Beta vulgaris leaf tissues. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1807-16. [PMID: 20304987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of the fungal sterol ergosterol as a general elicitor in the triggering of plant innate immunity in sugar beet. Evidence for this specific function of ergosterol is provided by careful comparison with cholesterol and three plant sterols (stigmasterol, campesterol, sitosterol), which do not enable the integrity of responses leading to elicitation. Our results demonstrate the modification of H(+) flux by ergosterol, due to the direct inhibition of the H(+)-ATPase activity on plasma membrane vesicles purified from leaves. The ergosterol-induced oxidative burst is related to enhanced NADPH-oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. The similar effects obtained with the fungal elicitor chitosan further reinforce the particular role of ergosterol in the induced defences. The involvement of salicylic acid and/or jasmonic acid signalling in the ergosterol-enhanced plant non-host resistance is also studied. The possible link between ergosterol-triggered plant innate immunity and its putative impact on the structural organization of plant plasma membrane are discussed in terms of the ability of this fungal sterol to promote the formation of lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Rossard
- University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3091 Molecular Physiology of Sugar Transport in Plants, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
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205
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Hąc-Wydro K, Flasiński M, Broniatowski M, Dynarowicz-Łątka P, Majewski J. Comparative Studies on the Influence of β-Sitosterol and Stigmasterol on Model Sphingomyelin Membranes: A Grazing-Incidence X-ray Diffraction Study. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:6866-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Hąc-Wydro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland, and Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Michał Flasiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland, and Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Marcin Broniatowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland, and Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Patrycja Dynarowicz-Łątka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland, and Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Jarosław Majewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland, and Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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206
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Melser S, Batailler B, Peypelut M, Poujol C, Bellec Y, Wattelet-Boyer V, Maneta-Peyret L, Faure JD, Moreau P. Glucosylceramide biosynthesis is involved in Golgi morphology and protein secretion in plant cells. Traffic 2010; 11:479-90. [PMID: 20028486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2009.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have an established role as structural components of membranes or as signalling molecules, but their role as molecular actors in protein secretion is less clear. The complex sphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is enriched in the plasma membrane and lipid microdomains of plant cells, but compared to animal and yeast cells, little is known about the role of GlcCer in plant physiology. We have investigated the influence of GlcCer biosynthesis by glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) on the efficiency of protein transport through the plant secretory pathway and on the maintenance of normal Golgi structure. We determined that GlcCer is synthesized at the beginning of the plant secretory pathway [mainly endoplasmic reticulum (ER)] and that D,L-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoyl amino-3-morpholino-propanol (PDMP) is a potent inhibitor of plant GCS activity in vitro and in vivo. By an in vivo confocal microscopy approach in tobacco leaves infiltrated with PDMP, we showed that the decrease in GlcCer biosynthesis disturbed the transport of soluble and membrane secretory proteins to the cell surface, as these proteins were partly retained intracellularly in the ER and/or Golgi. Electron microscopic observations of Arabidopsis thaliana root cells after high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution evidenced strong morphological changes in the Golgi bodies, pointing to a link between decreased protein secretion and perturbations of Golgi structure following inhibition of GlcCer biosynthesis in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Melser
- Université V. Segalen Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS UMR 5200, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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207
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Boutté Y, Frescatada-Rosa M, Men S, Chow CM, Ebine K, Gustavsson A, Johansson L, Ueda T, Moore I, Jürgens G, Grebe M. Endocytosis restricts Arabidopsis KNOLLE syntaxin to the cell division plane during late cytokinesis. EMBO J 2010; 29:546-58. [PMID: 19959995 PMCID: PMC2789941 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis represents the final stage of eukaryotic cell division during which the cytoplasm becomes partitioned between daughter cells. The process differs to some extent between animal and plant cells, but proteins of the syntaxin family mediate membrane fusion in the plane of cell division in diverse organisms. How syntaxin localization is kept in check remains elusive. Here, we report that localization of the Arabidopsis KNOLLE syntaxin in the plane of cell division is maintained by sterol-dependent endocytosis involving a clathrin- and DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN1A-dependent mechanism. On genetic or pharmacological interference with endocytosis, KNOLLE mis-localizes to lateral plasma membranes after cell-plate fusion. Fluorescence-loss-in-photo-bleaching and fluorescence-recovery-after-photo-bleaching experiments reveal lateral diffusion of GFP-KNOLLE from the plane of division to lateral membranes. In an endocytosis-defective sterol biosynthesis mutant displaying lateral KNOLLE diffusion, KNOLLE secretory trafficking remains unaffected. Thus, restriction of lateral diffusion by endocytosis may serve to maintain specificity of syntaxin localization during late cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Boutté
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, UPSC, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Márcia Frescatada-Rosa
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, UPSC, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cheung-Ming Chow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Gustavsson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lenore Johansson
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Chemical and Biological Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Grebe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, UPSC, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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208
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Nanda AK, Andrio E, Marino D, Pauly N, Dunand C. Reactive oxygen species during plant-microorganism early interactions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:195-204. [PMID: 20377681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are continuously produced as a result of aerobic metabolism or in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. ROS are not only toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, but are also signalling molecules involved in several developmental processes in all organisms. Previous studies have clearly shown that an oxidative burst often takes place at the site of attempted invasion during the early stages of most plant-pathogen interactions. Moreover, a second ROS production can be observed during certain types of plant-pathogen interactions, which triggers hypersensitive cell death (HR). This second ROS wave seems absent during symbiotic interactions. This difference between these two responses is thought to play an important signalling role leading to the establishment of plant defense. In order to cope with the deleterious effects of ROS, plants are fitted with a large panel of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. Thus, increasing numbers of publications report the characterisation of ROS producing and scavenging systems from plants and from microorganisms during interactions. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the ROS signals and their role during plant-microorganism interactions.
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209
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A remorin protein interacts with symbiotic receptors and regulates bacterial infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2343-8. [PMID: 20133878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913320107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Remorin proteins have been hypothesized to play important roles during cellular signal transduction processes. Induction of some members of this multigene family has been reported during biotic interactions. However, no roles during host-bacteria interactions have been assigned to remorin proteins until now. We used root nodule symbiosis between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti to study the roles of a remorin that is specifically induced during nodulation. Here we show that this oligomeric remorin protein attaches to the host plasma membrane surrounding the bacteria and controls infection and release of rhizobia into the host cytoplasm. It interacts with the core set of symbiotic receptors that are essential for perception of bacterial signaling molecules, and thus might represent a plant-specific scaffolding protein.
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210
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Oda T, Hashimoto H, Kuwabara N, Akashi S, Hayashi K, Kojima C, Wong HL, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K, Sato M, Shimizu T. Structure of the N-terminal regulatory domain of a plant NADPH oxidase and its functional implications. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:1435-45. [PMID: 19864426 PMCID: PMC2801269 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.058909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant NADPH oxidases (Rboh, for respiratory burst oxidase homolog) produce reactive oxygen species that are key regulators of various cellular events including plant innate immunity. Rbohs possess a highly conserved cytoplasmic N-terminal region containing two EF-hand motifs that regulate Rboh activity. Rice (Oryza sativa) RbohB (OsRbohB) is regulated by the direct binding of a small GTPase (Rac1) to this regulatory region as well as by Ca(2+) binding to the EF-hands. Here, we present the atomic structure of the N-terminal region of OsRbohB. The structure reveals that OsRbohB forms a unique dimer stabilized by swapping the EF-hand motifs. We identified two additional EF-hand-like motifs that were not predicted from sequence data so far. These EF-hand-like motifs together with the swapped EF-hands form a structure similar to that found in calcineurin B. We observed conformational changes mediated by Ca(2+) binding to only one EF-hand. Structure-based in vitro pulldown assays and NMR titration experiments defined the OsRac1 binding interface within the coiled-coil region created by swapping the EF-hands. In addition, we demonstrate a direct intramolecular interaction between the N and C terminus, and that the complete N-terminal cytoplasmic region is required for this interaction. The structural features and intramolecular interactions characterized here might be common elements shared by Rbohs that contribute to the regulation of reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oda
- From the Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 and
| | - Hiroshi Hashimoto
- From the Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 and
| | - Naoyuki Kuwabara
- From the Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 and
| | - Satoko Akashi
- From the Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 and
| | | | | | - Hann Ling Wong
- Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sato
- From the Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 and
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- From the Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 and
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211
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212
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Zäuner S, Ternes P, Warnecke D. Biosynthesis of Sphingolipids in Plants (and Some of Their Functions). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 688:249-63. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6741-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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213
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Tjellström H, Hellgren LI, Wieslander A, Sandelius AS. Lipid asymmetry in plant plasma membranes: phosphate deficiency-induced phospholipid replacement is restricted to the cytosolic leaflet. FASEB J 2009; 24:1128-38. [PMID: 19966136 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-139410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As in other eukaryotes, plant plasma membranes contain sphingolipids, phospholipids, and free sterols. In addition, plant plasma membranes also contain sterol derivatives and usually <5 mol% of a galactolipid, digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). We earlier reported that compared to fully fertilized oats (Avena sativa), oats cultivated without phosphate replaced up to 70 mol% of the root plasma membrane phospholipids with DGDG. Here, we investigated the implications of a high DGDG content on membrane properties. The phospholipid-to-DGDG replacement almost exclusively occurred in the cytosolic leaflet, where DGDG constituted up to one-third of the lipids. In the apoplastic (exoplasmic) leaflet, as well as in rafts, phospholipids were not replaced by DGDG, but by acylated sterol glycosides. Liposome studies revealed that the chain ordering in free sterol/phospholipid mixtures clearly decreased when >5 mol% DGDG was included. As both the apoplastic plasma membrane leaflet (probably the major water permeability barrier) and rafts both contain only trace amounts of DGDG, we conclude that this lipid class is not compatible with membrane functions requiring a high degree of lipid order. By not replacing phospholipids site specifically with DGDG, negative functional effects of this lipid in the plasma membrane are avoided.-Tjellström, H., Hellgren, L. I., Wieslander, A., Sandelius, A. S. Lipid asymmetry in plant plasma membranes: phosphate deficiency-induced phospholipid replacement is restricted to the cytosolic leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Tjellström
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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214
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215
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Liu P, Li RL, Zhang L, Wang QL, Niehaus K, Baluska F, Samaj J, Lin JX. Lipid microdomain polarization is required for NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS signaling in Picea meyeri pollen tube tip growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:303-13. [PMID: 19566595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The polarization of sterol-enriched lipid microdomains has been linked to morphogenesis and cell movement in diverse cell types. Recent biochemical evidence has confirmed the presence of lipid microdomains in plant cells; however, direct evidence for a functional link between these microdomains and plant cell growth is still lacking. Here, we reported the involvement of lipid microdomains in NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in Picea meyeri pollen tube growth. Staining with di-4-ANEPPDHQ or filipin revealed that sterol-enriched microdomains were polarized to the growing tip of the pollen tube. Sterol sequestration with filipin disrupted membrane microdomain polarization, depressed tip-based ROS formation, dissipated tip-focused cytosolic Ca(2+) gradient and thereby arrested tip growth. NOX clustered at the growing tip, and corresponded with the ordered membrane domains. Immunoblot analysis and native gel assays demonstrated that NOX was partially associated with detergent-resistant membranes and, furthermore, that NOX in a sterol-dependent fashion depends on membrane microdomains for its enzymatic activity. In addition, in vivo time-lapse imaging revealed the coexistence of a steep tip-high apical ROS gradient and subapical ROS production, highlighting the reported signaling role for ROS in polar cell growth. Our results suggest that the polarization of lipid microdomains to the apical plasma membrane, and the inclusion of NOX into these domains, contribute, at least in part, to the ability to grow in a highly polarized manner to form pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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216
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Stanislas T, Bouyssie D, Rossignol M, Vesa S, Fromentin J, Morel J, Pichereaux C, Monsarrat B, Simon-Plas F. Quantitative proteomics reveals a dynamic association of proteins to detergent-resistant membranes upon elicitor signaling in tobacco. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2186-98. [PMID: 19525550 PMCID: PMC2742443 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900090-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence from the past decade supports the existence, in membrane from animal and yeast cells, of functional microdomains playing important roles in protein sorting, signal transduction, or infection by pathogens. In plants, as previously observed for animal microdomains, detergent-resistant fractions, enriched in sphingolipids and sterols, were isolated from plasma membrane. A characterization of their proteic content revealed their enrichment in proteins involved in signaling and response to biotic and abiotic stress and cell trafficking suggesting that these domains were likely to be involved in such physiological processes. In the present study, we used (14)N/(15)N metabolic labeling to compare, using a global quantitative proteomics approach, the content of tobacco detergent-resistant membranes extracted from cells treated or not with cryptogein, an elicitor of defense reaction. To analyze the data, we developed a software allowing an automatic quantification of the proteins identified. The results obtained indicate that, although the association to detergent-resistant membranes of most proteins remained unchanged upon cryptogein treatment, five proteins had their relative abundance modified. Four proteins related to cell trafficking (four dynamins) were less abundant in the detergent-resistant membrane fraction after cryptogein treatment, whereas one signaling protein (a 14-3-3 protein) was enriched. This analysis indicates that plant microdomains could, like their animal counterpart, play a role in the early signaling process underlying the setup of defense reaction. Furthermore proteins identified as differentially associated to tobacco detergent-resistant membranes after cryptogein challenge are involved in signaling and vesicular trafficking as already observed in similar studies performed in animal cells upon biological stimuli. This suggests that the ways by which the dynamic association of proteins to microdomains could participate in the regulation of the signaling process may be conserved between plant and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stanislas
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Bouyssie
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
| | - Michel Rossignol
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
- **IPBS, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 40 Plateforme Protéomique, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Simona Vesa
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Fromentin
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Johanne Morel
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
- **IPBS, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 40 Plateforme Protéomique, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Monsarrat
- ¶Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- ‖IPBS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- From the ‡Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Plante Microbe Environnement 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510 F-21000 Dijon, France
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217
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Posé D, Botella MA. Analysis of the arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 mutant suggests a role for sterols in signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:873-874. [PMID: 19847116 PMCID: PMC2802798 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.9.9425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sterols play multi-faceted roles in all eukaryotes. In plants, there are mounting evidences pointing to sterols, other than BRs, can act as signaling molecules. The Arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 mutant has multiple developmental defects caused by a point mutation in the SQE1 gene that generates a hypomorphic allele. SQE1 encodes a squalene epoxidase, which converts squalene into 2,3-oxidosqualene the precursor of plant sterols. Genetic, molecular and biochemical analyses suggest that dry2/sqe1-5 defective phenotypes cannot be simply explained by a depletion of bulk sterols but rather by altered ROS. It remains to be elucidated whether the altered ROS production of the mutant is caused by membrane composition, which in turn affect the lipid rafts composition and/or an altered signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Posé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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218
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Analysis of phospholipids, sterols, and fatty acids inTaxus chinensisvar.maireicells in response to shear stress. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 54:105-12. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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219
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Moscatelli A, Idilli AI. Pollen tube growth: a delicate equilibrium between secretory and endocytic pathways. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 51:727-39. [PMID: 19686370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although pollen tube growth is a prerequisite for higher plant fertilization and seed production, the processes leading to pollen tube emission and elongation are crucial for understanding the basic mechanisms of tip growth. It was generally accepted that pollen tube elongation occurs by accumulation and fusion of Golgi-derived secretory vesicles (SVs) in the apical region, or clear zone, where they were thought to fuse with a restricted area of the apical plasma membrane (PM), defining the apical growth domain. Fusion of SVs at the tip reverses outside cell wall material and provides new segments of PM. However, electron microscopy studies have clearly shown that the PM incorporated at the tip greatly exceeds elongation and a mechanism of PM retrieval was already postulated in the mid-nineteenth century. Recent studies on endocytosis during pollen tube growth showed that different endocytic pathways occurred in distinct zones of the tube, including the apex, and led to a new hypothesis to explain vesicle accumulation at the tip; namely, that endocytic vesicles contribute substantially to V-shaped vesicle accumulation in addition to SVs and that exocytosis does not involve the entire apical domain. New insights suggested the intriguing hypothesis that modulation between exo- and endocytosis in the apex contributes to maintain PM polarity in terms of lipid/protein composition and showed distinct degradation pathways that could have different functions in the physiology of the cell. Pollen tube growth in vivo is closely regulated by interaction with style molecules. The study of endocytosis and membrane recycling in pollen tubes opens new perspectives to studying pollen tube-style interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Moscatelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia L. Gorini, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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220
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[Plant SNAREs and their biological functions]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 31:471-8. [PMID: 19586840 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2009.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The signal communication between various organelles is essential for cells of eukaryotic organisms. Vesicle trafficking is an important pathway for this kind of communication. Most of the membrane fusion is mediated by SNAREs (Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors), which are highly conserved from various species. Compared with genomes of other eukaryotes, plant genome encodes an even higher number of SNAREs. Accumulating evidences support that plant SNAREs is a multifunctional protein family, which is involved in variety of biological processes. We review the recent advances on molecular mechanism and biological functions of plant SNAREs.
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221
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Gao WY, Quinn PJ, Yu ZW. The role of sterol rings and side chain on the structure and phase behaviour of sphingomyelin bilayers. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 25:485-97. [DOI: 10.1080/09687680802388975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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222
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Fujiwara M, Hamada S, Hiratsuka M, Fukao Y, Kawasaki T, Shimamoto K. Proteome analysis of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) associated with OsRac1-mediated innate immunity in rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1191-200. [PMID: 19502382 PMCID: PMC2709549 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OsRac1, a member of the Rac/Rop GTPase family, plays important roles as a molecular switch in rice innate immunity, and the active form of OsRac1 functions in the plasma membrane (PM). To study the precise localization of OsRac1 in the PM and its possible association with other signaling components, we performed proteomic analysis of DRMs (detergent-resistant membranes) isolated from rice suspension-cultured cells transformed with myc-tagged constitutively active (CA) OsRac1. DRMs are regions of the PM that are insoluble after Triton X-100 treatment under cold conditions and are thought to be involved in various signaling processes in animal, yeast and plant cells. We identified 192 proteins in DRMs that included receptor-like kinases (RLKs) such as Xa21, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR)-type disease resistance proteins, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, syntaxin, NADPH oxidase, a WD-40 repeat family protein and various GTP-binding proteins. Many of these proteins have been previously identified in the DRMs isolated from other plant species, and animal and yeast cells, validating the methods used in our study. To examine the possible association of DRMs and OsRac1-mediated innate immunity, we used rice suspension-cultured cells transformed with myc-tagged wild-type (WT) OsRac1 and found that OsRac1 and RACK1A, an effector of OsRac1, shifted to the DRMs after chitin elicitor treatment. These results suggest that OsRac1-mediated innate immunity is associated with DRMs in the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Analysis, Plant Education Unit, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Satoshi Hamada
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Minori Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Analysis, Plant Education Unit, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Ko Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax: +81-743-72-5502
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223
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Lherminier J, Elmayan T, Fromentin J, Elaraqui KT, Vesa S, Morel J, Verrier JL, Cailleteau B, Blein JP, Simon-Plas F. NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production: subcellular localization and reassessment of its role in plant defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:868-81. [PMID: 19522569 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-7-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered in tobacco BY-2 cells by the fungal elicitor cryptogein was previously demonstrated to be abolished in cells transformed with an antisense construct of the plasma membrane NADPH oxidase, NtrbohD. Here, using electron microscopy, it has been confirmed that the first hydrogen peroxide production occurring a few minutes after challenge of tobacco cells with cryptogein is plasma membrane located and NtrbohD mediated. Furthermore, the presence of NtrbohD in detergent-resistant membrane fractions could be associated with the presence of NtrbohD-mediated hydrogen peroxide patches along the plasma membrane. Comparison of the subcellular localization of ROS in wild-type tobacco and in plants transformed with antisense constructs of NtrbohD revealed that this enzyme is also responsible for the hydrogen peroxide production occurring at the plasma membrane after infiltration of tobacco leaves with cryptogein. Finally, the reactivity of wild-type and transformed plants to the elicitor and their resistance against the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora parasitica were examined. NtrbohD-mediated hydrogen peroxide production does not seem determinant for either hypersensitive response development or the establishment of acquired resistance but it is most likely involved in the signaling pathways associated with the protection of the plant cell.
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224
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Yang H, Murphy AS. Functional expression and characterization of Arabidopsis ABCB, AUX 1 and PIN auxin transporters in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:179-91. [PMID: 19309458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression systems based on tobacco BY-2 cells, Arabidopsis cell cultures, Xenopus oocytes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and human HeLa cells have been used to express and characterize PIN, ABCB (PGP), and AUX/LAX auxin transporters from Arabidopsis. However, no single system has been identified that can be used for effective comparative analyses of these proteins. We have developed an accessible Schizosaccharomyces pombe system for comparative studies of plant transport proteins. The system includes knockout mutants in all ABC and putative auxin transport genes and Gateway((R))-compatible expression vectors for functional analysis and subcellular localization of recombinant proteins. We expressed Arabidopsis ABCB1 and ABCB19 in mam1pdr1 host lines under the inducible nmt41 promoter. ABCB19 showed a higher (3)H-IAA export activity than ABCB1. Arabidopsis PIN proteins were expressed in a mutant lacking the auxin effluxer like 1 (AEL1) gene. PIN1 showed higher activity than PIN2 with similar protein expression levels. Expression of AUX1 in a permease-deficient vat3 mutant resulted in increased net auxin uptake activity. Finally, ABCB4 expressed in mam1pdr1 displayed a concentration-dependent reversal of (3)H-IAA transport that is consistent with its observed activity in planta. Structural modelling suggests that ABCB4 has three substrate interaction sites rather than the two found in ABCB19, thus providing a rationale for the observed substrate activation. Taken together, these results suggest that the S. pombe system described here can be employed for comparative analyses and subsequent structural characterizations of plant transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA
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225
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Patel HH, Insel PA. Lipid rafts and caveolae and their role in compartmentation of redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1357-72. [PMID: 19061440 PMCID: PMC2757136 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Membrane (lipid) rafts and caveolae, a subset of rafts, are cellular domains that concentrate plasma membrane proteins and lipids involved in the regulation of cell function. In addition to providing signaling platforms for G-protein-coupled receptors and certain tyrosine kinase receptors, rafts/caveolae can influence redox signaling. This review discusses molecular characteristics of and methods to study rafts/caveolae, determinants that contribute to the localization of molecules in these entities, an overview of signaling molecules that show such localization, and the contribution of rafts/caveolae to redox signaling. Of particular note is the evidence that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxygenase, and heme oxygenase, along with other less well-studied redox systems, localize in rafts and caveolae. The precise basis for this localization and the contribution of raft/caveolae-localized redox components to physiology and disease are important issues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemal H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0636, USA
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226
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Peer WA, Hosein FN, Bandyopadhyay A, Makam SN, Otegui MS, Lee GJ, Blakeslee JJ, Cheng Y, Titapiwatanakun B, Yakubov B, Bangari B, Murphy AS. Mutation of the membrane-associated M1 protease APM1 results in distinct embryonic and seedling developmental defects in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1693-721. [PMID: 19531600 PMCID: PMC2714933 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.059634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase M1 (APM1), a single copy gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, encodes a metallopeptidase originally identified via its affinity for, and hydrolysis of, the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Mutations in this gene result in haploinsufficiency. Loss-of-function mutants show irregular, uncoordinated cell divisions throughout embryogenesis, affecting the shape and number of cotyledons and the hypophysis, and is seedling lethal at 5 d after germination due to root growth arrest. Quiescent center and cell cycle markers show no signals in apm1-1 knockdown mutants, and the ground tissue specifiers SHORTROOT and SCARECROW are misexpressed or mislocalized. apm1 mutants have multiple, fused cotyledons and hypocotyls with enlarged epidermal cells with cell adhesion defects. apm1 alleles show defects in gravitropism and auxin transport. Gravistimulation decreases APM1 expression in auxin-accumulating root epidermal cells, and auxin treatment increases expression in the stele. On sucrose gradients, APM1 occurs in unique light membrane fractions. APM1 localizes at the margins of Golgi cisternae, plasma membrane, select multivesicular bodies, tonoplast, dense intravacuolar bodies, and maturing metaxylem cells. APM1 associates with brefeldin A-sensitive endomembrane structures and the plasma membrane in cortical and epidermal cells. The auxin-related phenotypes and mislocalization of auxin efflux proteins in apm1 are consistent with biochemical interactions between APM1 and NPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ann Peer
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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227
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Raffaele S, Bayer E, Lafarge D, Cluzet S, German Retana S, Boubekeur T, Leborgne-Castel N, Carde JP, Lherminier J, Noirot E, Satiat-Jeunemaître B, Laroche-Traineau J, Moreau P, Ott T, Maule AJ, Reymond P, Simon-Plas F, Farmer EE, Bessoule JJ, Mongrand S. Remorin, a solanaceae protein resident in membrane rafts and plasmodesmata, impairs potato virus X movement. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:1541-55. [PMID: 19470590 PMCID: PMC2700541 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.064279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Remorins (REMs) are proteins of unknown function specific to vascular plants. We have used imaging and biochemical approaches and in situ labeling to demonstrate that REM clusters at plasmodesmata and in approximately 70-nm membrane domains, similar to lipid rafts, in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane. From a manipulation of REM levels in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants, we show that Potato virus X (PVX) movement is inversely related to REM accumulation. We show that REM can interact physically with the movement protein TRIPLE GENE BLOCK PROTEIN1 from PVX. Based on the localization of REM and its impact on virus macromolecular trafficking, we discuss the potential for lipid rafts to act as functional components in plasmodesmata and the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
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228
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Plasma membrane microdomains from hybrid aspen cells are involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Biochem J 2009; 420:93-103. [PMID: 19216717 DOI: 10.1042/bj20082117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains [DRMs (detergent-resistant membranes)] were isolated recently from several plant species. As for animal cells, a large range of cellular functions, such as signal transduction, endocytosis and protein trafficking, have been attributed to plant lipid rafts and DRMs. The data available are essentially based on proteomics and more approaches need to be undertaken to elucidate the precise function of individual populations of DRMs in plants. We report here the first isolation of DRMs from purified plasma membranes of a tree species, the hybrid aspen Populus tremula x tremuloides, and their biochemical characterization. Plasma membranes were solubilized with Triton X-100 and the resulting DRMs were isolated by flotation in sucrose density gradients. The DRMs were enriched in sterols, sphingolipids and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and thus exhibited similar properties to DRMs from other species. However, they contained key carbohydrate synthases involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, namely callose [(1-->3)-beta-D-glucan] and cellulose synthases. The association of these enzymes with DRMs was demonstrated using specific glucan synthase assays and antibodies, as well as biochemical and chemical approaches for the characterization of the polysaccharides synthesized in vitro by the isolated DRMs. More than 70% of the total glucan synthase activities present in the original plasma membranes was associated with the DRM fraction. In addition to shedding light on the lipid environment of callose and cellulose synthases, our results demonstrate the involvement of DRMs in the biosynthesis of important cell wall polysaccharides. This novel concept suggests a function of plant membrane microdomains in cell growth and morphogenesis.
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229
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Jorrín-Novo JV, Maldonado AM, Echevarría-Zomeño S, Valledor L, Castillejo MA, Curto M, Valero J, Sghaier B, Donoso G, Redondo I. Plant proteomics update (2007–2008): Second-generation proteomic techniques, an appropriate experimental design, and data analysis to fulfill MIAPE standards, increase plant proteome coverage and expand biological knowledge. J Proteomics 2009; 72:285-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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230
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Hunting for low abundant redox proteins in plant plasma membranes. J Proteomics 2009; 72:475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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231
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Qi Y, Katagiri F. Purification of low-abundance Arabidopsis plasma-membrane protein complexes and identification of candidate components. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:932-44. [PMID: 19000159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Purification of low-abundance plasma-membrane (PM) protein complexes is a challenging task. We devised a tandem affinity purification tag termed the HPB tag, which contains the biotin carboxyl carrier protein domain (BCCD) of Arabidopsis 3-methylcrotonal CoA carboxylase. The BCCD is biotinylated in vivo, and the tagged protein can be captured by streptavidin beads. All five C-terminally tagged Arabidopsis proteins tested, including four PM proteins, were functional and biotinylated with high efficiency in Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing an HPB-tagged protein, RPS2::HPB, were used to develop a method to purify protein complexes containing the HPB-tagged protein. RPS2 is a membrane-associated disease resistance protein of low abundance. The purification method involves microsomal fractionation, chemical cross-linking, solubilization, and one-step affinity purification using magnetic streptavidin beads, followed by protein identification using LC-MS/MS. We identified RIN4, a known RPS2 interactor, as well as other potential components of the RPS2 complex(es). Thus, the HPB tag method is suitable for the purification of low-abundance PM protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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232
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Cell wall polysaccharide synthases are located in detergent-resistant membrane microdomains in oomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1938-49. [PMID: 19201970 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02728-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathways responsible for cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis are vital in eukaryotic microorganisms. The corresponding synthases are potential targets of inhibitors such as fungicides. Despite their fundamental and economical importance, most polysaccharide synthases are not well characterized, and their molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. With the example of Saprolegnia monoica as a model organism, we show that chitin and (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan synthases are located in detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs) in oomycetes, a phylum that comprises some of the most devastating microorganisms in the agriculture and aquaculture industries. Interestingly, no cellulose synthase activity was detected in the DRMs. The purified DRMs exhibited similar biochemical features as lipid rafts from animal, plant, and yeast cells, although they contained some species-specific lipids. This report sheds light on the lipid environment of the (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan and chitin synthases, as well as on the sterol biosynthetic pathways in oomycetes. The results presented here are consistent with a function of lipid rafts in cell polarization and as platforms for sorting specific sets of proteins targeted to the plasma membrane, such as carbohydrate synthases. The involvement of DRMs in the biosynthesis of major cell wall polysaccharides in eukaryotic microorganisms suggests a function of lipid rafts in hyphal morphogenesis and tip growth.
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233
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Raffaele S, Leger A, Roby D. Very long chain fatty acid and lipid signaling in the response of plants to pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:94-9. [PMID: 19649180 PMCID: PMC2637489 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.2.7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that lipid signaling is essential for plant resistance to pathogens. Besides oxylipins and unsaturated fatty acids known to play important signaling functions during plant-pathogen interactions, the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis pathway has been recently associated to plant defense through different aspects. VLCFAs are indeed required for the biosynthesis of the plant cuticle and the generation of sphingolipids. Elucidation of the roles of these lipids in biotic stress responses is the result of the use of genetic approaches together with the identification of the genes/proteins involved in their biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent observations which revealed the complex function of the cuticle and cuticle-derived signals, and the key role of sphingolipids as bioactive molecules involved in signal transduction and cell death regulation during plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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234
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Minami A, Fujiwara M, Furuto A, Fukao Y, Yamashita T, Kamo M, Kawamura Y, Uemura M. Alterations in detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains in Arabidopsis thaliana during cold acclimation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:341-59. [PMID: 19106119 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microdomains in the plasma membrane (PM) have been proposed to be involved in many important cellular events in plant cells. To understand the role of PM microdomains in plant cold acclimation, we isolated the microdomains as detergent-resistant plasma membrane fractions (DRMs) from Arabidopsis seedlings and compared lipid and protein compositions before and after cold acclimation. The DRM was enriched in sterols and glucocerebrosides, and the proportion of free sterols in the DRM increased after cold acclimation. The protein-to-lipid ratio in the DRM was greater than that in the total PM fraction. The protein amount recovered in DRMs decreased gradually during cold acclimation. Cold acclimation further resulted in quantitative changes in DRM protein profiles. Subsequent mass spectrometry and Western blot analyses revealed that P-type H(+)-ATPases, aquaporins and endocytosis-related proteins increased and, conversely, tubulins, actins and V-type H(+)-ATPase subunits decreased in DRMs during cold acclimation. Functional categorization of cold-responsive proteins in DRMs suggests that plant PM microdomains function as platforms of membrane transport, membrane trafficking and cytoskeleton interaction. These comprehensive changes in microdomains may be associated with cold acclimation of Arabidopsis.
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235
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Reactive Oxygen-Generating NADPH Oxidases in Plants. REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN PLANT SIGNALING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00390-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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236
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Titapiwatanakun B, Murphy AS. Post-transcriptional regulation of auxin transport proteins: cellular trafficking, protein phosphorylation, protein maturation, ubiquitination, and membrane composition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:1093-107. [PMID: 18824505 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Auxin concentration gradients, established by polar transport of auxin, are essential for the establishment and maintenance of polar growth and morphological patterning. Three families of cellular transport proteins, PIN-formed (PIN), P-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP), and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE AUX1 (AUX1/LAX), can independently and co-ordinately transport auxin in plants. Regulation of these proteins involves intricate and co-ordinated cellular processes, including protein-protein interactions, vesicular trafficking, protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and stabilization of the transporter complexes on the plasma membrane.
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Titapiwatanakun B, Blakeslee JJ, Bandyopadhyay A, Yang H, Mravec J, Sauer M, Cheng Y, Adamec J, Nagashima A, Geisler M, Sakai T, Friml J, Peer WA, Murphy AS. ABCB19/PGP19 stabilises PIN1 in membrane microdomains in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:27-44. [PMID: 18774968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin transport is mediated at the cellular level by three independent mechanisms that are characterised by the PIN-formed (PIN), P-glycoprotein (ABCB/PGP) and AUX/LAX transport proteins. The PIN and ABCB transport proteins, best represented by PIN1 and ABCB19 (PGP19), have been shown to coordinately regulate auxin efflux. When PIN1 and ABCB19 coincide on the plasma membrane, their interaction enhances the rate and specificity of auxin efflux and the dynamic cycling of PIN1 is reduced. However, ABCB19 function is not regulated by the dynamic cellular trafficking mechanisms that regulate PIN1 in apical tissues, as localisation of ABCB19 on the plasma membrane was not inhibited by short-term treatments with latrunculin B, oryzalin, brefeldin A (BFA) or wortmannin--all of which have been shown to alter PIN1 and/or PIN2 plasma membrane localisation. When taken up by endocytosis, the styryl dye FM4-64 labels diffuse rather than punctuate intracellular bodies in abcb19 (pgp19), and some aggregations of PIN1 induced by short-term BFA treatment did not disperse after BFA washout in abcb19. Although the subcellular localisations of ABCB19 and PIN1 in the reciprocal mutant backgrounds were like those in wild type, PIN1 plasma membrane localisation in abcb19 roots was more easily perturbed by the detergent Triton X-100, but not other non-ionic detergents. ABCB19 is stably associated with sterol/sphingolipid-enriched membrane fractions containing BIG/TIR3 and partitions into Triton X-100 detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions. In the wild type, PIN1 was also present in DRMs, but was less abundant in abcb19 DRMs. These observations suggested a rationale for the observed lack of auxin transport activity when PIN1 is expressed in a non-plant heterologous system. PIN1 was therefore expressed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which has plant-like sterol-enriched microdomains, and catalysed auxin transport in these cells. These data suggest that ABCB19 stabilises PIN1 localisation at the plasma membrane in discrete cellular subdomains where PIN1 and ABCB19 expression overlaps.
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239
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Grefen C, Blatt MR. SNAREs--molecular governors in signalling and development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:600-9. [PMID: 18945636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor) proteins drive membrane fusion and contribute to membrane and protein targeting and delivery in all eukaryotic cells. SNAREs are essential to the mechanics of cell growth and development, and they facilitate a number of homeostatic and evoked responses in plants, from hormone signalling to pathogen defence. Additionally, there is now unambiguous evidence that SNAREs play roles in anchoring other membrane proteins and in facilitating ion channel gating through direct, physical interaction with channel proteins. What is the physiological significance of these additional features of plant SNAREs? We explore possible interpretations and suggest functions as scaffolds for effective signal transmission between proteins and, by analogy with a mechanical device invented by James Watt, as molecular governors to coordinate solute transport with cell expansion and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grefen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, IBLS-Plant Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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240
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Driouich A, Baskin TI. Intercourse between cell wall and cytoplasm exemplified by arabinogalactan proteins and cortical microtubules. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008; 95:1491-7. [PMID: 21628156 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
How does a plant cell sense and respond to the status of its cell wall? Intercourse between cell wall and cytoplasm has long been supposed to involve arabinogalactan proteins, in part because many of them are anchored to the plasma membrane. Disrupting arabinogalactan proteins has recently been shown to disrupt the array of cortical microtubules present just inside the plasma membrane, implying that microtubules and arabinogalactan proteins interact. In this article, we assess possibilities for how this interaction might be mediated. First, we consider microdomains in the plasma membrane (lipid rafts), which have been alleged to link internal and external regions of the plasma membrane; however, the characteristics and even the existence of these domains remains controversial. Next, we point out that disrupting the synthesis of cellulose also can disrupt microtubules and consider whether arabinogalactan proteins are part of a network linking microtubules and nascent microfibrils. Finally, we outline several signaling cascades that could transmit information from arabinogalactan proteins to microtubules through channels of cellular communication. These diverse possibilities highlight the work that remains to be done before we can understand how plant cells communicate across their membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeddine Driouich
- UMR 6037 CNRS-Institut Fédératif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire des Peptides (IFRMP 23), Plateforme de Recherche en Imagerie Cellulaire de Haute Normandie (PRIMACEN)-Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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241
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D'Aoust MA, Lavoie PO, Couture MMJ, Trépanier S, Guay JM, Dargis M, Mongrand S, Landry N, Ward BJ, Vézina LP. Influenza virus-like particles produced by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana induce a protective immune response against a lethal viral challenge in mice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:930-40. [PMID: 19076615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A strain-specific vaccine represents the best possible response to the threat of an influenza pandemic. Rapid delivery of such a vaccine to the world's population before the peak of the first infection wave seems to be an unattainable goal with the current influenza vaccine manufacturing capacity. Plant-based transient expression is one of the few production systems that can meet the anticipated surge requirement. To assess the capability of plant agroinfiltration to produce an influenza vaccine, we expressed haemagglutinin (HA) from strains A/Indonesia/5/05 (H5N1) and A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Size distribution analysis of protein content in infiltrated leaves revealed that HA was predominantly assembled into high-molecular-weight structures. H5-containing structures were purified and examination by transmission electron microscopy confirmed virus-like particle (VLP) assembly. High-performance thin layer chromatography analysis of VLP lipid composition highlighted polar and neutral lipid contents comparable with those of purified plasma membranes from tobacco plants. Electron microscopy of VLP-producing cells in N. benthamiana leaves confirmed that VLPs accumulated in apoplastic indentations of the plasma membrane. Finally, immunization of mice with two doses of as little as 0.1 microg of purified influenza H5-VLPs triggered a strong immune response against the homologous virus, whereas two doses of 0.5 microg of H5-VLPs conferred complete protection against a lethal challenge with the heterologous A/Vietnam/1194/04 (H5N1) strain. These results show, for the first time, that plants are capable of producing enveloped influenza VLPs budding from the plasma membrane; such VLPs represent very promising candidates for vaccination against influenza pandemic strains.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/virology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André D'Aoust
- Medicago Inc., 1020 Route de l'Eglise, Bureau 600, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 3V9
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242
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Zappel NF, Panstruga R. Heterogeneity and lateral compartmentalization of plant plasma membranes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:632-40. [PMID: 18774330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Membrane specialization through lateral compartmentalization is pivotal to the development of organisms and their response to environmental signals. The membrane raft hypothesis is lively discussed as a concept for domain formation. In recent years plant scientists have begun to critically assess the membrane raft hypothesis, and this provided the first insights into the mechanisms underlying microdomain formation in plant plasma membranes. Several groups have now shown that phytosterols can induce phase separation, a prerequisite for the formation of membrane rafts. Furthermore, the protein repertoire of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) has been extensively characterized and the degree of fatty acid desaturation has been identified as an important factor in DRM formation. Recent studies comprising sterol-deficient mutants demonstrated the importance of correct sterol composition and endocytosis for proper membrane compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Friderike Zappel
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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243
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Structure-function analysis of plant aquaporin AtPIP2;1 gating by divalent cations and protons. Biochem J 2008; 415:409-16. [PMID: 18637793 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water channel proteins, AQPs (aquaporins), of the PIP (plasma membrane intrinsic protein) subfamily, provide a means for fine and quick adjustments of the plant water status. A molecular model for gating of PIPs by cytosolic protons (H(+)) and divalent cations was derived from the atomic structure of spinach SoPIP2;1 (Spinacia oleracea PIP2;1) in an open- and a closed-pore conformation. In the present study, we produced the Arabidopsis AtPIP2;1 (Arabidopsis thaliana PIP2;1) homologue in Pichia pastoris, either WT (wild-type) or mutations at residues supposedly involved in gating. Stopped-flow spectrophotometric measurements showed that, upon reconstitution in proteoliposomes, all forms function as water channels. The first functional evidence for a direct gating of PIPs by divalent (bivalent) cations was obtained. In particular, cadmium and manganese were identified, in addition to calcium (Ca(2+)) and H(+) as potent inhibitors of WT AtPIP2;1. Our results further show that His(199), the previously identified site for H(+) sensing, but also N-terminal located Glu(31), and to a lesser extent Asp(28), are involved in both divalent-cation- and H(+)-mediated gating. In contrast, mutation of Arg(124) rendered AtPIP2;1 largely insensitive to Ca(2+) while remaining fully sensitive to H(+). The role of these residues in binding divalent cations and/or stabilizing the open or closed pore conformations is discussed.
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Kierszniowska S, Seiwert B, Schulze WX. Definition of Arabidopsis sterol-rich membrane microdomains by differential treatment with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and quantitative proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 8:612-23. [PMID: 19036721 PMCID: PMC2667346 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800346-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membranes are dynamic compartments with key functions in solute transport, cell shape, and communication between cells and the environment. In mammalian cells and yeast, the plasma membrane has been shown to be compartmented into so-called lipid rafts, which are defined by their resistance to treatment with non-ionic detergents. In plants, the existence of lipid rafts has been postulated, but the precise composition of this membrane compartment is still under debate. Here we were able to experimentally clearly distinguish (i) true sterol-dependent “raft proteins” and (ii) sterol-independent “non-raft” proteins and co-purifying “contaminants” in plant detergent-resistant membranes. We used quantitative proteomics techniques involving 15N metabolic labeling and specific disruption of sterol-rich membrane domains by methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Among the sterol-dependent proteins we found an over-representation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. A large fraction of these proteins has functions in cell wall anchoring. We were able to distinguish constant and variable components of plant sterol-rich membrane microdomains based on their responsiveness to the drug methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Predominantly proteins with signaling functions, such as receptor kinases, G-proteins, and calcium signaling proteins, were identified as variable members in plant lipid rafts, whereas cell wall-related proteins and specific proteins with unknown functions make up a core set of sterol-dependent plant plasma membrane proteins. This allows the plant to maintain a balance between static anchoring of cell shape forming elements and variable adjustment to changing external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Kierszniowska
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany
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245
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Lin SS, Martin R, Mongrand S, Vandenabeele S, Chen KC, Jang IC, Chua NH. RING1 E3 ligase localizes to plasma membrane lipid rafts to trigger FB1-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 56:550-61. [PMID: 18643987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays important roles in plant development, including programmed cell death. Here, we characterize a novel membrane-bound RING motif protein, encoded by RING1, that is expressed at a low level in all Arabidopsis tissues but can be upregulated by fumonisin B1 (FB1) treatment and pathogen infection. RING1 displays E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro, which is dependent on the integrity of the RING motif. GFP fusion protein localization and cell fractionation experiments show that this E3 ligase is associated with the lipid rafts of plasma membranes. Knock-down of RING1 transcripts using artificial microRNA (amiR-R1(159)) leads to FB1 hyposensitivity, but overexpression of RING1 confers hypersensitivity. Additionally, expression of the pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) gene is lower and delayed in amiR-R1(159) plants compared with wild-type and RING1-overexpressing plants. The FB1 hyposensitivity of amiR-R1(159) plants can be rescued by expression of cleavage-resistant RING1mut transcripts. Our results suggest that RING1 acts as a signal from the plasma membrane lipid rafts to trigger the FB1-induced plant programmed cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Shun Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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246
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Roche Y, Gerbeau-Pissot P, Buhot B, Thomas D, Bonneau L, Gresti J, Mongrand S, Perrier-Cornet JM, Simon-Plas F. Depletion of phytosterols from the plant plasma membrane provides evidence for disruption of lipid rafts. FASEB J 2008; 22:3980-91. [PMID: 18676403 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of sterols in membrane structural properties has been extensively studied in model systems but rarely assessed in natural membranes and never investigated for the plant plasma membrane (PM). Here, we address the question of the role of phytosterols in the organization of the plant PM. The sterol composition of tobacco BY-2 cell PM was determined by gas chromatography. The cyclic oligosaccharide methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, commonly used in animal cells to decrease cholesterol levels, caused a drastic reduction (50%) in the PM total free sterol content of the plant material, without modification in amounts of steryl-conjugates. Fluorescence spectroscopy experiments using DPH, TMA-DPH, Laurdan, and di-4-ANEPPDHQ indicated that such a depletion in sterol content increased lipid acyl chain disorder and reduced the overall liquid-phase heterogeneity in correlation with the disruption of phytosterol-rich domains. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin also prevented isolation of a PM fraction resistant to solubilization by nonionic detergents, previously characterized in tobacco, and induced redistribution of the proteic marker of this fraction, NtrbohD, within the membrane. Altogether, our results support the role of phytosterols in the lateral structuring of the PM of higher plant cells and suggest that they are key compounds for the formation of plant PM microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Roche
- Laboratoire Plantes-Microbe-Environnement, UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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247
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Zhang N, Shaw ARE, Li N, Chen R, Mak A, Hu X, Young N, Wishart D, Li L. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of lipid raft proteome of monocytes. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:82-90. [PMID: 18790130 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are dynamic assemblies of cholesterol and glycolipid that form detergent-insoluble microdomains within membrane lipid bilayers. Because rafts can be separated by flotation on sucrose gradients, interrogation by mass spectrometry (MS) provides a valuable new insight into lipid raft function. Here we combine liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS/MS to corroborate and extend our previous description of lipid raft proteomes derived from the monocytic cell line THP-1. Interestingly, LC-ESI and MALDI MS/MS identify largely non-overlapping, and therefore, potentially complementary protein populations. Using the combined approach, we detected 277 proteins compared to 52 proteins obtained with the original gel-based MALDI MS. We confirmed the presence of 47 of the original 52 proteins demonstrating the consistency of the lipid raft preparations. We demonstrated by immunoblotting that Rac 1 and Rac 2, two of the 52 proteins we failed to confirm, were indeed absent from the lipid raft fractions. The majority of new proteins were cytoskeletal proteins and their regulators, proteins implicated in membrane fusion and vesicular trafficking or signaling molecules. Our results therefore, confirm and extend previous evidence indicating lipid rafts of monocytic cells are specialized for cytoskeletal assembly and vesicle trafficking. Of particular interest, we detected SNAP-23, basigin, Glut-4 and pantophysin in lipid rafts. Since these proteins are implicated in both vesicular trafficking and gamete fusion, lipid rafts may play a common role in these processes. It is evident that the combination of LC-ESI and LC-MALDI MS/MS increases the proteome coverage which allows better understanding of the lipid raft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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248
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Klima A, Foissner I. FM dyes label sterol-rich plasma membrane domains and are internalized independently of the cytoskeleton in characean internodal cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:1508-21. [PMID: 18757863 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We applied the endocytic markers FM1-43, FM4-64 and filipin to internodal cells of the green alga Chara corallina. Both FM dyes stained stable, long-living plasma membrane patches with a diameter of up to 1 microm. After 5 min, FM dyes labeled cortical, trembling structures up to 500 nm in size. After 15 min, FM dyes localized to endoplasmic organelles up to 1 microm in diameter, which migrated actively along actin bundles or participated in cytoplasmic mass streaming. After 30-60 min, FM fluorescence appeared in the membrane of small, endoplasmic vacuoles but not in that of the central vacuole. Some of the FM-labeled organelles were also stained by neutral red and lysotracker yellow, indicative of acidic compartments. Filipin, a sterol-specific marker, likewise labeled plasma membrane domains which co-localized with the FM patches. However, internalization of filipin could not be observed. KCN, cytochalasin D, latrunculin B and oryzalin had no effect on size, shape and distribution of FM- and filipin-labeled plasma membrane domains. Internalization of FM dyes was inhibited by KCN but not by drugs which interfere with the actin or microtubule cytoskeleton. Our data indicate that the plasma membrane of characean internodal cells contains discrete domains which are enriched in sterols and probably correspond to clusters of lipid rafts. The inhibitor experiments suggest that FM uptake is active but independent of actin filaments, actin polymerization and microtubules. The possible function of the sterol-rich, FM labeled plasma membrane areas and the significance of actin-independent FM internalization (via endocytosis or energy-dependent flippases) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klima
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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249
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Sadowski PG, Groen AJ, Dupree P, Lilley KS. Sub-cellular localization of membrane proteins. Proteomics 2008; 8:3991-4011. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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250
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Suwastika IN, Uemura T, Shiina T, Sato MH, Takeyasu K. SYP71, a plant-specific Qc-SNARE protein, reveals dual localization to the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis. Cell Struct Funct 2008; 33:185-92. [PMID: 18827404 DOI: 10.1247/csf.08024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SNAREs ('Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors') play a critical role in the membrane fusion step of the vesicular transport system in eukaryotes. The number of the genes encoding SNARE proteins is estimated to be 64 in Arabidopsis thaliana. This number is much larger than those in other eukaryotes, suggesting a complex membrane trafficking in plants. The Arabidopsis SNAREs, the SYP7 group proteins, SYP71, SYP72, and SYP73, form a plant-specific SNARE subfamily with not-yet-identified functions. We have previously reported that the SYP7 subfamily proteins are predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in the Arabidopsis suspension cultured cells under transient expression condition. However, several proteomic analyzes indicated the plasma membrane localizations of one of SYP7 subfamily proteins, SYP71. In order to confirm the expression patterns and subcellular localization of SYP7, we performed combination analyses including promoter GUS analysis, a sucrose density gradient centrifugation analysis, as well as an observation on transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GFP-fused SYP71 under control of its native promoter. From these analyses, we concluded that one of the SYP7 subfamily proteins, SYP71, is predominantly expressed in all vegetative tissues and mainly localized to the plasma membrane. We also found that SYP71 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in the dividing cells of various types of tissues.
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