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Belo DP, Buril MT, Dos Santos EAV, Arruda E, Louzada RB. Leaf and stem micromorphology of Jacquemontia evolvuloides (Moric.) Meisn. (Convolvulaceae) populations: New insights for taxonomic classification using light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1177-1196. [PMID: 37486152 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Morphoanatomical studies can provide useful and relevant information to support taxonomic groupings. Jacquemontia evolvuloides shows great morphological variability, which has led to numerous taxonomic classifications. To determine if anatomical characters can be used to recognize operational taxonomic units within populations of that species, we analyzed the leaves and stems of 22 populations using light and scanning electron microscopy. The variability of the analyzed characters allowed the grouping of these populations into five morphotypes. The presence of paracytic stomata, laticiferous canals, and stellate trichomes can be considered diagnostic characters of J. evolvuloides. The presence and types of epicuticular waxes, as well as a layer similar to palisade parenchyma in the petioles and stems, the classifications of glandular trichomes, and new types of stomata (anomocytic, anomotetracytic, and brachyparatetracytic) are reported here for the first time for Jacquemontia. The results discussed here help clarify the classification of this species complex and contribute to the taxonomy of Jacquemontia-a genus that has historically been difficult to define due to its wide morphological variation at the species level. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Seven types of epicuticular waxes were identified among J. evolvuloides specimens: granules, threads, entire platelets, coiled rodlets, fissured layers, membranous platelets, and tubules. Six types of trichomes were observed among J. evolvuloides populations: stellate, malpighiaceous, sessile peltate glandular, short pedunculate glandular, stipitate-glandular, and capitate glandular. We observed that six populations of Jacquemontia evolvuloides located in the Brazilian Caatinga domain have unprecedented sessile peltate trichomes restricted to the main leaf midrib, which were only observed under light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deibson Pereira Belo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Área de Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Buril
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Área de Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Edinalva Alves Vital Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Área de Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Emília Arruda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Rafael Batista Louzada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Pereira RFP, Rocha J, Nunes P, Fernandes T, Ravishankar AP, Cruz R, Fernandes M, Anand S, Casal S, de Zea Bermudez V, Crespí AL. Vicariance Between Cercis siliquastrum L. and Ceratonia siliqua L. Unveiled by the Physical-Chemical Properties of the Leaves' Epicuticular Waxes. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:890647. [PMID: 35860538 PMCID: PMC9289549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Classically, vicariant phenomena have been essentially identified on the basis of biogeographical and ecological data. Here, we report unequivocal evidences that demonstrate that a physical-chemical characterization of the epicuticular waxes of the surface of plant leaves represents a very powerful strategy to get rich insight into vicariant events. We found vicariant similarity between Cercis siliquastrum L. (family Fabaceae, subfamily Cercidoideae) and Ceratonia siliqua L. (family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinoideae). Both taxa converge in the Mediterranean basin (C. siliquastrum on the north and C. siliqua across the south), in similar habitats (sclerophyll communities of maquis) and climatic profiles. These species are the current representation of their subfamilies in the Mediterranean basin, where they overlap. Because of this biogeographic and ecological similarity, the environmental pattern of both taxa was found to be very significant. The physical-chemical analysis performed on the epicuticular waxes of C. siliquastrum and C. siliqua leaves provided relevant data that confirm the functional proximity between them. A striking resemblance was found in the epicuticular waxes of the abaxial surfaces of C. siliquastrum and C. siliqua leaves in terms of the dominant chemical compounds (1-triacontanol (C30) and 1-octacosanol (C28), respectively), morphology (intricate network of randomly organized nanometer-thick and micrometer-long plates), wettability (superhydrophobic character, with water contact angle values of 167.5 ± 0.5° and 162 ± 3°, respectively), and optical properties (in both species the light reflectance/absorptance of the abaxial surface is significantly higher/lower than that of the adaxial surface, but the overall trend in reflectance is qualitatively similar). These results enable us to include for the first time C. siliqua in the vicariant process exhibited by C. canadensis L., C. griffithii L., and C. siliquastrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui F. P. Pereira
- Chemistry Department and Chemistry Centre, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Rocha
- CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Herbarium and Botanical Garden, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paulo Nunes
- CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tânia Fernandes
- Chemistry Department and Chemistry Centre, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ajith P. Ravishankar
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebeca Cruz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Fernandes
- CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Srinivasan Anand
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Verónica de Zea Bermudez
- CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António L. Crespí
- Herbarium and Botanical Garden, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- CITAB, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Chen M, Zhang Y, Kong X, Du Z, Zhou H, Yu Z, Qin J, Chen C. Leaf Cuticular Transpiration Barrier Organization in Tea Tree Under Normal Growth Conditions. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:655799. [PMID: 34276719 PMCID: PMC8278822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.655799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays a major role in restricting nonstomatal water transpiration in plants. There is therefore a long-standing interest to understand the structure and function of the plant cuticle. Although many efforts have been devoted, it remains controversial to what degree the various cuticular parameters contribute to the water transpiration barrier. In this study, eight tea germplasms were grown under normal conditions; cuticle thickness, wax coverage, and compositions were analyzed from the epicuticular waxes and the intracuticular waxes of both leaf surfaces. The cuticular transpiration rates were measured from the individual leaf surface as well as the intracuticular wax layer. Epicuticular wax resistances were also calculated from both leaf surfaces. The correlation analysis between the cuticular transpiration rates (or resistances) and various cuticle parameters was conducted. We found that the abaxial cuticular transpiration rates accounted for 64-78% of total cuticular transpiration and were the dominant factor in the variations for the total cuticular transpiration. On the adaxial surface, the major cuticular transpiration barrier was located on the intracuticular waxes; however, on the abaxial surface, the major cuticular transpiration barrier was located on the epicuticular waxes. Cuticle thickness was not a factor affecting cuticular transpiration. However, the abaxial epicuticular wax coverage was found to be significantly and positively correlated with the abaxial epicuticular resistance. Correlation analysis suggested that the very-long-chain aliphatic compounds and glycol esters play major roles in the cuticular transpiration barrier in tea trees grown under normal conditions. Our results provided novel insights about the complex structure-functional relationships in the tea cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
- The Fujian Research Branch of the National Tea Genetic Improvement Center, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zhaoxi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jianheng Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology of Henan Province, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
- The Fujian Research Branch of the National Tea Genetic Improvement Center, Fuzhou, China
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Ciorîță A, Tripon SC, Mircea IG, Podar D, Barbu-Tudoran L, Mircea C, Pârvu M. The Morphological and Anatomical Traits of the Leaf in Representative Vinca Species Observed on Indoor- and Outdoor-Grown Plants. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:622. [PMID: 33805226 PMCID: PMC8064346 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and anatomical traits of the Vinca leaf were examined using microscopy techniques. Outdoor Vinca minor and V. herbacea plants and greenhouse cultivated V. major and V. major var. variegata plants had interspecific variations. All Vinca species leaves are hypostomatic. However, except for V. minor leaf, few stomata were also present on the upper epidermis. V. minor leaf had the highest stomatal index and V. major had the lowest, while the distribution of trichomes on the upper epidermis was species-specific. Differentiated palisade and spongy parenchyma tissues were present in all Vinca species' leaves. However, V. minor and V. herbacea leaves had a more organized anatomical aspect, compared to V. major and V. major var. variegata leaves. Additionally, as a novelty, the cellular to intercellular space ratio of the Vinca leaf's mesophyll was revealed herein with the help of computational analysis. Lipid droplets of different sizes and aspects were localized in the spongy parenchyma cells. Ultrastructural characteristics of the cuticle and its epicuticular waxes were described for the first time. Moreover, thick layers of cutin seemed to be characteristic of the outdoor plants only. This could be an adaptation to the unpredictable environmental conditions, but nevertheless, it might influence the chemical composition of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ciorîță
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 44 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.P.); (C.M.)
- Electron Microscopy Center, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.T.); (L.B.-T.)
- Integrated Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Septimiu Cassian Tripon
- Electron Microscopy Center, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.T.); (L.B.-T.)
- Integrated Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Gabriel Mircea
- Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogalniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Dorina Podar
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 44 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Lucian Barbu-Tudoran
- Electron Microscopy Center, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.T.); (L.B.-T.)
- Integrated Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Mircea
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 44 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Marcel Pârvu
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 44 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (D.P.); (C.M.)
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Du Z, Zhang W, Devkota AR, Chen Z, Chen C, Sun W, Chen M. A Proposed Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Cuticular Transpiration From Different Leaf Surfaces in Camellia sinensis. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:420. [PMID: 32477374 PMCID: PMC7239270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is the major barrier that limits unrestricted water loss and hence plays a critical role in plant drought tolerance. Due to the presence of stomata on the leaf abaxial surface, it is technically challenging to measure abaxial cuticular transpiration. Most of the existing reports were only focused on leaf astomatous adaxial surface, and few data are available regarding abaxial cuticular transpiration. Developing a method that can measure cuticular transpiration from both leaf surfaces simultaneously will improve our understanding about leaf transpiration barrier organization. Here, we developed a new method that enabled the simultaneous measurement of cuticular transpiration rates from the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The proposed method combined multi-step leaf pretreatments including water equilibration under dark and ABA treatment to close stomata, as well as gum arabic or vaseline application to remove or seal the epicuticular wax layer. Mathematical formulas were established and used to calculate the transpiration rates of individual leaf surfaces from observed experimental data. This method facilitates the simultaneous quantification of cuticular transpiration from adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. By applying this method, we demonstrated that the adaxial intracuticular waxes and the abaxial epicuticular waxes constitute the major transpiration barriers in Camellia sinensis. Wax analysis indicated that adaxial intracuticular waxes had higher coverage of very long chain fatty acids, 1-alkanol esters, and glycols, which may be attributed to its higher transpiration barrier than that of the abaxial intracuticular waxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ananta Raj Devkota
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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Zhang Y, Du Z, Han Y, Chen X, Kong X, Sun W, Chen C, Chen M. Plasticity of the Cuticular Transpiration Barrier in Response to Water Shortage and Resupply in Camellia sinensis: A Role of Cuticular Waxes. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:600069. [PMID: 33505410 PMCID: PMC7829210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is regarded as a non-living tissue; it remains unknown whether the cuticle could be reversibly modified and what are the potential mechanisms. In this study, three tea germplasms (Wuniuzao, 0202-10, and 0306A) were subjected to water deprivation followed by rehydration. The epicuticular waxes and intracuticular waxes from both leaf surfaces were quantified from the mature 5th leaf. Cuticular transpiration rates were then measured from leaf drying curves, and the correlations between cuticular transpiration rates and cuticular wax coverage were analyzed. We found that the cuticular transpiration barriers were reinforced by drought and reversed by rehydration treatment; the initial weak cuticular transpiration barriers were preferentially reinforced by drought stress, while the original major cuticular transpiration barriers were either strengthened or unaltered. Correlation analysis suggests that cuticle modifications could be realized by selective deposition of specific wax compounds into individual cuticular compartments through multiple mechanisms, including in vivo wax synthesis or transport, dynamic phase separation between epicuticular waxes and the intracuticular waxes, in vitro polymerization, and retro transportation into epidermal cell wall or protoplast for further transformation. Our data suggest that modifications of a limited set of specific wax components from individual cuticular compartments are sufficient to alter cuticular transpiration barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanting Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuan, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
- *Correspondence: Mingjie Chen, ;
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Kurokawa Y, Nagai K, Huan PD, Shimazaki K, Qu H, Mori Y, Toda Y, Kuroha T, Hayashi N, Aiga S, Itoh JI, Yoshimura A, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Ohta H, Shimojima M, Malik AI, Pedersen O, Colmer TD, Ashikari M. Rice leaf hydrophobicity and gas films are conferred by a wax synthesis gene (LGF1) and contribute to flood tolerance. New Phytol 2018; 218:1558-1569. [PMID: 29498045 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Floods impede gas (O2 and CO2 ) exchange between plants and the environment. A mechanism to enhance plant gas exchange under water comprises gas films on hydrophobic leaves, but the genetic regulation of this mechanism is unknown. We used a rice mutant (dripping wet leaf 7, drp7) which does not retain gas films on leaves, and its wild-type (Kinmaze), in gene discovery for this trait. Gene complementation was tested in transgenic lines. Functional properties of leaves as related to gas film retention and underwater photosynthesis were evaluated. Leaf Gas Film 1 (LGF1) was identified as the gene determining leaf gas films. LGF1 regulates C30 primary alcohol synthesis, which is necessary for abundant epicuticular wax platelets, leaf hydrophobicity and gas films on submerged leaves. This trait enhanced underwater photosynthesis 8.2-fold and contributes to submergence tolerance. Gene function was verified by a complementation test of LGF1 expressed in the drp7 mutant background, which restored C30 primary alcohol synthesis, wax platelet abundance, leaf hydrophobicity, gas film retention, and underwater photosynthesis. The discovery of LGF1 provides an opportunity to better understand variation amongst rice genotypes for gas film retention ability and to target various alleles in breeding for improved submergence tolerance for yield stability in flood-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Phung Danh Huan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- Crops Research and Development Institute, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Kousuke Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Huangqi Qu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yosuke Toda
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nagao Hayashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Saori Aiga
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Al Imran Malik
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ole Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy David Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
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Kim KW. Electron microscopic observations of stomata, epicuticular waxes, and papillae in Chamaecyparis obtusa: Reconsidering the traditional concept of Y-shaped white stomatal bands. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:716-723. [PMID: 29624793 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The foliar morphological characters of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) were revisited using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In C. obtusa, typical Y-shaped white stomatal bands were evident on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Two facial leaves and two lateral leaves were observed at the same node. Waxy papillae and oval stomata were arranged in two or three rows with protuberant rims on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Higher magnifications revealed the deposition of epicuticular waxes (tubules) on the Y-shaped white stomatal bands. Given the absence of stomatal bands after dewaxing with organic solvents, the white stomatal bands in C. obtusa were related to the epicuticular waxes rather than the presence of aggregated stomata alone. In contrast to C. obtusa, a single median leaf and two lateral leaves were observed at the same node of oriental arborvitae (Platycladus koraiensis). Neither stomatal bands nor papillae were observed on P. koraiensis leaves. The stomatal density and epicuticular waxes in the stomatal regions of C. obtusa were higher than those of P. koraiensis. This study suggests that the traditional concept of Y-shaped white stomatal bands in C. obtusa should be revised to describe the arrangement of the aggregated waxy stomata that occur in rows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Woo Kim
- School of Ecology and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Korea.,Tree Diagnostic Center, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Korea
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9
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Abstract
The plant epidermis or cuticle is constantly exposed to external and internal environmental factors, including an enriched and diverse community of bacteria, yeast, fungi, viruses, and mites. It is not only where the plant has its first physical barrier, but also where organisms can be recognized and potentially where the plant defense responses can be triggered. The plant cuticle is a polymeric composite formed by an array of structurally and chemically heterogeneous compounds, including cutin and wax. A few studies have shown that cuticular components are essential and important drivers of the structure and size of the bacterial community. On the other hand, cuticular components are also important for both pathogens and plants, to initiate the pre-invasion and infection process and to activate the innate immune response, respectively. In this review, we explore current knowledge on the role of the cuticle during the intimate interactions between plants and microorganisms, in particular pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Finally, we propose new perspectives on the potential use of this information for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Aragón
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José Juan Reina-Pinto
- Colegio El Pinar S.A.L. Camino de la Acequia, s/n 29130, Alhaurín de la Torre, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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10
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Ennis D, Despland E, Chen F, Forgione P, Bauce E. Spruce budworm feeding and oviposition are stimulated by monoterpenes in white spruce epicuticular waxes. Insect Sci 2017; 24:73-80. [PMID: 26463122 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes, source of the distinctive odor of conifers, are generally considered plant defensive compounds. However, they are also known to act as long-range insect attractants, as they are volatile and permeate forest airspaces. Moreover, they are lipid soluble and can be absorbed into plant epicuticular waxes. We test their role in short-range host plant choice by both adult females and larvae of a folivorous forest pest (Choristoneura fumiferana). We conducted laboratory assays testing the responses of Eastern spruce budworm to an artificial monoterpene mix (α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, myrcene) and to white spruce (Picea glauca) epicuticular waxes in closed arenas. Ovipositing females preferred filter paper discs treated with P. glauca waxes to controls, and preferred the waxes + monoterpenes treatment to waxes alone. However, females showed no preference between the monoterpene-treated disc and the control when presented without waxes. Feeding larvae prefered wax discs to control discs. They also consumed discs treated with realistic monoterpene concentrations and wax preferentially over wax-only discs, but showed no preference between extremely high monoterpene concentrations and wax-only controls. In an insect-free assay, P. glauca epicuticular wax decreased monoterpene volatilization. These results suggest that P. glauca waxes and realistic concentrations of monoterpenes are stimulatory to both egg-laying females and feeding larvae, and that their effects are synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6
| | - Pat Forgione
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, H4B 1R6
| | - Eric Bauce
- Département des Sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Peguero-Pina JJ, Sisó S, Fernández-Marín B, Flexas J, Galmés J, García-Plazaola JI, Niinemets Ü, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil-Pelegrín E. Leaf functional plasticity decreases the water consumption without further consequences for carbon uptake in Quercus coccifera L. under Mediterranean conditions. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:356-67. [PMID: 26705310 PMCID: PMC4885942 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of epicuticular waxes over stomata in Quercus coccifera L. contributes to a severe reduction in maximum stomatal conductance (g s,max) under Mediterranean (MED) conditions. However, this phenomenon was not observed in this species under temperate (TEM) conditions, which could lead to differences in the ability to assimilate CO2 between the sites. We hypothesise that the overall importance of such a reduction in gs,max on photosynthesis is modulated by other factors affecting carbon gain, mainly mesophyll conductance to CO2 (g m), through a plastic response to changes in environmental conditions (i.e., vapour pressure deficit, VPD, and mean daily quantum flux density, Q int). The results reveal that leaves grown at the TEM site did not show an increased ability for net CO2 assimilation (A N), mainly due to an equal gm at both sites. This fact is explained by a trade-off between an increased conductance of the gas phase (g ias) and a reduced conductance of the liquid phase (g liq) at the TEM site compared with the MED site. In spite of the reduction in gs,max at the MED site, transpiration (E) did not diminish during midsummer to the levels of the TEM site due to a higher VPD found at the MED site, yielding a higher water use efficiency (AN/E) at the TEM site. Moreover, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency was also higher at the TEM site, indicating these leaves can reach similar values of AN with lower nitrogen investment that those at the MED site. These results suggest that Q. coccifera does not always use the main resources (water and nutrients) at leaf level as efficiently as possible. Moreover, the different patterns of resource use (in particular N), together with the functional plasticity, cannot overcome the morpho-functional constraints that limit photosynthetic activity, even under potentially favourable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Sisó
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Institute of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Gobierno de Aragón, Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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La Rocca N, Manzotti PS, Cavaiuolo M, Barbante A, Dalla Vecchia F, Gabotti D, Gendrot G, Horner DS, Krstajic J, Persico M, Rascio N, Rogowsky P, Scarafoni A, Consonni G. The maize fused leaves1 (fdl1) gene controls organ separation in the embryo and seedling shoot and promotes coleoptile opening. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:5753-67. [PMID: 26093144 PMCID: PMC4566974 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fdl1-1 mutation, caused by an Enhancer/Suppressor mutator (En/Spm) element insertion located in the third exon of the gene, identifies a novel gene encoding ZmMYB94, a transcription factor of the R2R3-MYB subfamily. The fdl1 gene was isolated through co-segregation analysis, whereas proof of gene identity was obtained using an RNAi strategy that conferred less severe, but clearly recognizable specific mutant traits on seedlings. Fdl1 is involved in the regulation of cuticle deposition in young seedlings as well as in the establishment of a regular pattern of epicuticular wax deposition on the epidermis of young leaves. Lack of Fdl1 action also correlates with developmental defects, such as delayed germination and seedling growth, abnormal coleoptile opening and presence of curly leaves showing areas of fusion between the coleoptile and the first leaf or between the first and the second leaf. The expression profile of ZmMYB94 mRNA-determined by quantitative RT-PCR-overlaps the pattern of mutant phenotypic expression and is confined to a narrow developmental window. High expression was observed in the embryo, in the seedling coleoptile and in the first two leaves, whereas RNA level, as well as phenotypic defects, decreases at the third leaf stage. Interestingly several of the Arabidopsis MYB genes most closely related to ZmMYB94 are also involved in the activation of cuticular wax biosynthesis, suggesting deep conservation of regulatory processes related to cuticular wax deposition between monocots and dicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Priscilla S Manzotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cavaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Barbante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Dalla Vecchia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Damiano Gabotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ghislaine Gendrot
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Unité Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - David S Horner
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jelena Krstajic
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Persico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Rascio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Peter Rogowsky
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Unité Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Alessio Scarafoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRA, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Unité Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, F-69364 Lyon, France Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti la Nutrizione, l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Consonni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DISAA), Produzione, Territorio, Energia Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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13
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Vichi S, Cortés-Francisco N, Romero A, Caixach J. Direct chemical profiling of olive (Olea europaea) fruit epicuticular waxes by direct electrospray-ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2015; 50:558-566. [PMID: 25800192 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, an electrospray ionization (ESI)-Orbitrap method is proposed for the direct chemical profiling of epicuticular wax (EW) from Olea europaea fruit. It constitutes a rapid and efficient tool suitable for a wide-ranging screening of a large number of samples. In a few minutes, the method provides a comprehensive characterization of total EW extracts, based on the molecular formula of their components. Accurate mass measurements are obtained by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry, and compositional restrictions are set on the basis of the information available from previous studies of olive EW. By alternating positive and negative ESI modes within the same analysis, complementary results are obtained and a wide range of chemical species is covered. This provides a detailed compositional overview that otherwise would only be available by applying multiple analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vichi
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, XaRTA (Catalonian Reference Network on Food Technology), University of Barcelona, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, Av. Prat de la Riba, 171. 08921, S.ta Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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14
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Abstract
The leaf surface features of the biomass plant Miscanthus sinensis were investigated by electron and ion beam microscopy. Fully developed leaves were collected from the plant, air-dried and examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Stomata and longitudinal stripes were present on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Longitudinally aggregated rodlets surrounded the stomata and formed hollow cylinders or chimney-like structures. With varying lengths up to ∼10 μm, the rodlets were curved (<1 μm in diameter) and almost occluded the stomata. As another type of epicuticular wax, platelets were observed in the vicinity of the stomata. The platelets were arranged into rather radially assembled clusters. As a novel approach for cross sectioning native epicuticular waxes, focused ion beam milling allowed precise in situ cutting of the stomata and epicuticular waxes. The longitudinally aggregated rodlets of the stomatal chimneys of M. sinensis were derived from the stomatal guard cells. These results suggest that the epicuticular waxes of M. sinensis can be categorized as stomatal chimneys (Strelitzia type) and rosettes (Fabales type). Combined electron and ion beam microscopy can help unravel the ultrastructure and vertical profile of epicuticular waxes in a range of plant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Woo Kim
- School of Ecology and Environmental System, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Korea
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15
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Abstract
Plant surfaces covered with three-dimensional (3D) waxes are known to strongly reduce insect adhesion, leading to slippery surfaces. Besides 3D epicuticular waxes, cuticular folds are a common microstructure found on plant surfaces, which have not been quantitatively investigated with regard to their influence on insect adhesion. We performed traction experiments with Colorado potato beetles on five plant surfaces with cuticular folds of different magnitude. For comparison, we also tested (i) smooth plant surfaces and (ii) plant surfaces possessing 3D epicuticular waxes. Traction forces on surfaces with medium cuticular folds, of about 0.5 µm in both height and thickness and a spacing of 0.5-1.5 µm, were reduced by an average of 88 per cent in comparison to smooth plant surfaces. Traction forces were reduced by the same order of magnitude as on plant surfaces covered with 3D epicuticular waxes. For surface characterization, we performed static contact angle measurements, which proved a strong effect of cuticular folds also on surface wettability. Surfaces possessing cuticular folds of greater magnitude showed higher contact angles up to superhydrophobicity. We hypothesize that cuticular folds reduce insect adhesion mainly due to a critical roughness, reducing the real contact area between the surface and the insect's adhesive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Prüm
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Seidel
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Bionics Competence Network Biokon e.V., Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Florian Bohn
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Bionics Competence Network Biokon e.V., Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
- Competence Network Biomimetics, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Poinern GEJ, Le XT, Fawcett D. Superhydrophobic nature of nanostructures on an indigenous Australian eucalyptus plant and its potential application. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2011; 4:113-21. [PMID: 24198490 PMCID: PMC3781715 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s24834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this preliminary study, the morphology and nanostructured features formed by the epicuticular waxes of the mottlecah (Eucalyptus macrocarpa) leaf were investigated and quantified. The surface features formed by the waxes give the leaf remarkable wetting and self-cleaning properties that enhance the plant's survival in an arid climate. This paper also provides experimental evidence of the self-assembly properties of the epicuticular waxes. Analysis of the water contact angle measurements gave a mean static contact angle of 162.00 ± 6.10 degrees, which clearly indicated that the mottlecah's leaf surface was superhydrophobic. Detailed field emission scanning electron microscopy examination revealed that the surface was covered by bumps approximately 20 μm in diameter and regularly spaced at a distance of around 26 μm. The bumps are capped by nanotubules/pillars with an average diameter of 280 nm at the tips. Self-cleaning experiments indicated that the mottlecah's leaf could be effectively cleaned by a fine spray of water droplets that rolled over the surface picking up contaminants. Field emission scanning electron microscopy investigation of extracted epicuticular waxes revealed that the waxes were capable of self-reassembly and formed features similar to those of the original leaf surface. Furthermore, also reported is a simple technique for surface treating one side of a planar surface to produce a superhydrophobic surface that can be used as a planar floatation platform for microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérrard Eddy Jai Poinern
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Xuan Thi Le
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - Derek Fawcett
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
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Raffaele S, Leger A, Roby D. Very long chain fatty acid and lipid signaling in the response of plants to pathogens. Plant Signal Behav 2009; 4:94-9. [PMID: 19649180 PMCID: PMC2637489 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.2.7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that lipid signaling is essential for plant resistance to pathogens. Besides oxylipins and unsaturated fatty acids known to play important signaling functions during plant-pathogen interactions, the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis pathway has been recently associated to plant defense through different aspects. VLCFAs are indeed required for the biosynthesis of the plant cuticle and the generation of sphingolipids. Elucidation of the roles of these lipids in biotic stress responses is the result of the use of genetic approaches together with the identification of the genes/proteins involved in their biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent observations which revealed the complex function of the cuticle and cuticle-derived signals, and the key role of sphingolipids as bioactive molecules involved in signal transduction and cell death regulation during plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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