201
|
Reantragoon R, Corbett AJ, Sakala IG, Gherardin NA, Furness JB, Chen Z, Eckle SBG, Uldrich AP, Birkinshaw RW, Patel O, Kostenko L, Meehan B, Kedzierska K, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Hansen TH, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J, Kjer-Nielsen L. Antigen-loaded MR1 tetramers define T cell receptor heterogeneity in mucosal-associated invariant T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2305-20. [PMID: 24101382 PMCID: PMC3804952 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Generation of antigen-loaded MR1 tetramers that specifically stain MAIT cells identifies heterogeneity in phenotypes and TCR repertoires in humans and mice. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α-chain, TRAV1-2–TRAJ33, and are activated by vitamin B metabolites bound by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–related class I–like molecule, MR1. Understanding MAIT cell biology has been restrained by the lack of reagents to specifically identify and characterize these cells. Furthermore, the use of surrogate markers may misrepresent the MAIT cell population. We show that modified human MR1 tetramers loaded with the potent MAIT cell ligand, reduced 6-hydroxymethyl-8-d-ribityllumazine (rRL-6-CH2OH), specifically detect all human MAIT cells. Tetramer+ MAIT subsets were predominantly CD8+ or CD4−CD8−, although a small subset of CD4+ MAIT cells was also detected. Notably, most human CD8+ MAIT cells were CD8α+CD8β−/lo, implying predominant expression of CD8αα homodimers. Tetramer-sorted MAIT cells displayed a TH1 cytokine phenotype upon antigen-specific activation. Similarly, mouse MR1–rRL-6-CH2OH tetramers detected CD4+, CD4−CD8− and CD8+ MAIT cells in Vα19 transgenic mice. Both human and mouse MAIT cells expressed a broad TCR-β repertoire, and although the majority of human MAIT cells expressed TRAV1-2–TRAJ33, some expressed TRAJ12 or TRAJ20 genes in conjunction with TRAV1-2. Accordingly, MR1 tetramers allow precise phenotypic characterization of human and mouse MAIT cells and revealed unanticipated TCR heterogeneity in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rangsima Reantragoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; and 2 Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
CD1d-lipid antigen recognition by the γδ TCR. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
203
|
Diacylglycerol kinase zeta positively controls the development of iNKT-17 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75202. [PMID: 24073253 PMCID: PMC3779165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play important roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity via rapidly producing a variety of cytokines. A small subset of iNKT cells produces IL-17 and is generated in the thymus during iNKT-cell ontogeny. The mechanisms that control the development of these IL-17-producing iNKT-17 cells (iNKT-17) are still not well defined. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKζ) belongs to a family of enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation and conversion of diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid, two important second messengers involved in signaling from numerous receptors. We report here that DGKζ plays an important role in iNKT-17 development. A deficiency of DGKζ in mice causes a significant reduction of iNKT-17 cells, which is correlated with decreased RORγt and IL-23 receptor expression. Interestingly, iNKT-17 defects caused by DGKζ deficiency can be corrected in chimeric mice reconstituted with mixed wild-type and DGKζ-deficient bone marrow cells. Taken together, our data identify DGKζ as an important regulator of iNKT-17 development through iNKT-cell extrinsic mechanisms.
Collapse
|
204
|
Sørensen JØ, Buschard K, Brogren CH. The preventive role of type 2 NKT cells in the development of type 1 diabetes. APMIS 2013; 122:167-82. [PMID: 23992281 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, natural killer T (NKT) cells have emerged as an important factor in preventing type 1 diabetes (T1D) when investigated in the experimental non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. So far, investigations have largely focused on type 1 NKT cells with invariant T-cell receptors, whereas the role of type 2 NKT cells with diverse T-cell receptors is less well understood. However, there have been several findings which indicate that in fact type 2 NKT cells may regulate the progression of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice, including a fraction of these cells which recognize β-cell-enriched sulfatide. Therefore, the focus for this review is to present the current evidence of the effect of type 2 NKT cells on the development of T1D. In general, there is still uncertainty surrounding the mechanism of activation and function of NKT cells. Here, we present two models of the effector mechanisms, respectively, Th1/Th2 polarization and the induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC). In conclusion, this review points to the importance of immunoregulation by type 2 NKT cells in preventing the development of T1D and highlights the induction of tolerogenic DC as a likely mechanism. The possible therapeutic role of type 1 and type 2 NKT cells are evaluated and future experiments concerning type 2 NKT cells and T1D are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Ørskov Sørensen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloesvej 5, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Abstract
Individuals with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease lack invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and are exquisitely susceptible to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. To determine whether iNKT cells recognize or regulate EBV, resting B cells were infected with EBV in the presence or absence of iNKT cells. The depletion of iNKT cells increased both viral titers and the frequency of EBV-infected B cells. However, EBV-infected B cells rapidly lost expression of the iNKT cell receptor ligand CD1d, abrogating iNKT cell recognition. To determine whether induced CD1d expression could restore iNKT recognition in EBV-infected cells, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were treated with AM580, a synthetic retinoic acid receptor-α agonist that upregulates CD1d expression via the nuclear protein, lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF-1). AM580 significantly reduced LEF-1 association at the CD1d promoter region, induced CD1d expression on LCL, and restored iNKT recognition of LCL. CD1d-expressing LCL elicited interferon γ secretion and cytotoxicity by iNKT cells even in the absence of exogenous antigen, suggesting an endogenous iNKT antigen is expressed during EBV infection. These data indicate that iNKT cells may be important for early, innate control of B cell infection by EBV and that downregulation of CD1d may allow EBV to circumvent iNKT cell-mediated immune recognition.
Collapse
|
206
|
Arslan F. Mediators of inflammation after cardiac ischemia: the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 63:118-21. [PMID: 23917034 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Arslan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Heart Institute (ICIN-NHI), Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Bacher P, Scheffold A. Flow-cytometric analysis of rare antigen-specific T cells. Cytometry A 2013; 83:692-701. [PMID: 23788442 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytometric enumeration and characterization of antigen-specific lymphocytes, as introduced about 15 years ago, has contributed significantly to our understanding of adaptive immune responses in health and disease. Despite the development of several technologies, allowing to directly or indirectly analyze many aspects of lymphocyte specificity and function, several unresolved issues remain, due to the low frequency of certain antigen-specific lymphocyte subsets and the complexity of T cell antigen recognition. This is especially true for CD4(+) conventional as well as regulatory T cells, which bring major contributions to immune protection and pathology. Here we review the current technologies for the analysis of antigen specific T cells within the physiologic T cell repertoire and with a special focus on recent technologies addressing the analysis of rare antigen-specific T cell populations including naive and regulatory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bacher
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Lee BC, Lee J. Cellular and molecular players in adipose tissue inflammation in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:446-62. [PMID: 23707515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that inflammation is an important pathogenic mediator of the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance. It is now generally accepted that tissue-resident immune cells play a major role in the regulation of this obesity-induced inflammation. The roles that adipose tissue (AT)-resident immune cells play have been particularly extensively studied. AT contains most types of immune cells and obesity increases their numbers and activation levels, particularly in AT macrophages (ATMs). Other pro-inflammatory cells found in AT include neutrophils, Th1 CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, DCs, and mast cells. However, AT also contains anti-inflammatory cells that counter the pro-inflammatory immune cells that are responsible for the obesity-induced inflammation in this tissue. These anti-inflammatory cells include regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs), Th2 CD4 T cells, and eosinophils. Hence, AT inflammation is shaped by the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell homeostasis, and obesity skews this balance towards a more pro-inflammatory status. Recent genetic studies revealed several molecules that participate in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. In this review, the cellular and molecular players that participate in the regulation of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance are discussed, with particular attention being placed on the roles of the cellular players in these pathogeneses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Cheol Lee
- The Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsoon Lee
- The Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of T cells that rapidly produce an array of cytokines on activation and play a critical role in regulating various immune responses. NKT cells are classified into 2 groups based on differences in T-cell receptor usage. Type I NKT cells have an invariant T-cell receptor α-chain and are readily detectable by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-loaded CD1d tetramers. Type II NKT cells have a more diverse T-cell receptor repertoire and cannot be directly identified. Both types of NKT cells and multiple CD1d-expressing cell types are present in the intestine, and their interactions are likely to be modulated by pathogenic and commensal microbes, which in turn contribute to the intestinal immune responses in health and disease. Indeed, in several animal models of inflammatory bowel disease, type I NKT cells have been shown to make both protective and pathogenic contributions to disease. In contrast, in patients with ulcerative colitis, and a mouse model in which both CD1d expression and the frequency of type II NKT cells are increased, type II NKT cells seem to promote intestinal inflammation. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge on the antigen recognition, activation, and function of NKT cells with a particular focus on their role in inflammatory bowel disease and discuss factors that may influence the functional outcome of NKT cell responses in intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
|
210
|
Wehr A, Baeck C, Heymann F, Niemietz PM, Hammerich L, Martin C, Zimmermann HW, Pack O, Gassler N, Hittatiya K, Ludwig A, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Chemokine receptor CXCR6-dependent hepatic NK T Cell accumulation promotes inflammation and liver fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5226-36. [PMID: 23596313 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury characteristically results in hepatic inflammation, which represents a prerequisite for organ fibrosis. Although NKT cells are abundantly present in liver and involved in hepatic inflammation, molecular mechanisms of their recruitment in liver fibrosis remained elusive. We hypothesized that chemokine receptor CXCR6 and its ligand CXCL16 control NKT cell migration and functionality in liver fibrosis. In patients with chronic liver diseases (n = 58), CXCR6 and CXCL16 expression was intrahepatically upregulated compared with controls. In murine liver, Cxcl16 was strongly expressed by endothelium and macrophages, whereas lymphocyte populations (NKT, NK, CD4 T, CD8 T cells) expressed CXCR6. Intravital two-photon microscopy imaging of Cxcr6(+/gfp) and Cxcr6(gfp/gfp) mice and chemotaxis studies in vitro revealed that CXCR6 specifically controls hepatic NKT cell accumulation during the early response upon experimental liver damage. Hepatic invariant NKT cells expressed distinct proinflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ and IL-4 upon injury. CXCR6-deficient mice were protected from liver fibrosis progression in two independent experimental models. Macrophage infiltration and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4 were also reduced in fibrotic livers of Cxcr6(-/-) mice, corroborating that hepatic NKT cells provide essential cytokine signals perpetuating hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Adoptive transfer of NKT cells, but not CD4 T cells, isolated from wild type livers restored hepatic fibrosis in Cxcr6(-/-) mice upon experimental steatohepatitis. Our results demonstrate that hepatic NKT cells accumulate CXCR6-dependent early upon injury, thereby accentuating the inflammatory response in the liver and promoting hepatic fibrogenesis. Interfering with CXCR6/CXCL16 might therefore bear therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wehr
- Department of Medicine III, University-Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Pommey S, Lu B, McRae J, Stagg J, Hill P, Salvaris E, Robson SC, d'Apice AJF, Cowan PJ, Dwyer KM. Liver grafts from CD39-overexpressing rodents are protected from ischemia reperfusion injury due to reduced numbers of resident CD4+ T cells. Hepatology 2013; 57:1597-606. [PMID: 22829222 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major limiting event for successful liver transplantation, and CD4+ T cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been implicated in promoting IRI. We hypothesized that hepatic overexpression of CD39, an ectonucleotidase with antiinflammatory functions, will protect liver grafts after prolonged cold ischemia. CD39-transgenic (CD39tg) and wildtype (WT) mouse livers were transplanted into WT recipients after 18 hours cold storage and pathological analysis was performed 6 hours after transplantation. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly reduced in recipients of CD39tg livers compared to recipients of WT livers. Furthermore, less severe histopathological injury was demonstrated in the CD39tg grafts. Immune analysis revealed that CD4+ T cells and iNKT cells were significantly decreased in number in the livers of untreated CD39tg mice. This was associated with a peripheral CD4+ T cell lymphopenia due to defective thymocyte maturation. To assess the relative importance of liver-resident CD4+ T cells and iNKT cells in mediating liver injury following extended cold preservation and transplantation, WT mice depleted of CD4+ T cells or mice genetically deficient in iNKT cells were used as donors. The absence of CD4+ T cells, but not iNKT cells, protected liver grafts from early IRI. CONCLUSION Hepatic CD4+ T cells, but not iNKT cells, play a critical role in early IRI following extended cold preservation in a liver transplant model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pommey
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Ly D, Kasmar AG, Cheng TY, de Jong A, Huang S, Roy S, Bhatt A, van Summeren RP, Altman JD, Jacobs WR, Adams EJ, Minnaard AJ, Porcelli SA, Moody DB. CD1c tetramers detect ex vivo T cell responses to processed phosphomycoketide antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:729-41. [PMID: 23530121 PMCID: PMC3620358 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD1c tetramers loaded with a phospholipid antigen from M. tuberculosis are recognized by human T cells. CD1c is expressed with high density on human dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, yet its antigen presentation functions are the least well understood among CD1 family members. Using a CD1c-reactive T cell line (DN6) to complete an organism-wide survey of M. tuberculosis lipids, we identified C32 phosphomycoketide (PM) as a previously unknown molecule and a CD1c-presented antigen. CD1c binding and presentation of mycoketide antigens absolutely required the unusual, mycobacteria-specific lipid branching patterns introduced by polyketide synthase 12 (pks12). Unexpectedly, one TCR responded to diversely glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of mycoketide when presented by DCs and B cells. Yet cell-free systems showed that recognition was mediated only by the deglycosylated phosphoantigen. These studies identify antigen processing of a natural bacterial antigen in the human CD1c system, indicating that cells act on glycolipids to generate a highly simplified neoepitope composed of a sugar-free phosphate anion. Using knowledge of this processed antigen, we generated human CD1c tetramers, and demonstrate that CD1c–PM complexes stain T cell receptors (TCRs), providing direct evidence for a ternary interaction among CD1c-lipid-TCR. Furthermore, PM-loaded CD1c tetramers detect fresh human T cells from peripheral blood, demonstrating a polyclonal response to PM antigens in humans ex vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalam Ly
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Wu W, Shi S, Ljunggren HG, Cava AL, Van Kaer L, Shi FD, Liu R. NK cells inhibit T-bet-deficient, autoreactive Th17 cells. Scand J Immunol 2013; 76:559-66. [PMID: 22928727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation and maintenance of Th17 cells require a unique cytokine milieu and activation of lineage-specific transcription factors. This process appears to be antagonized by the transcription factor T-bet, which controls the differentiation of Th1 cells. Considering that T-bet-deficient (T-bet(-/-) ) mice are largely devoid of natural killer (NK) cells due to a defect in the terminal maturation of these cells, and because NK cells can influence the differentiation of T helper cells, we investigated whether the absence of NK cells in T-bet-deficient mice contributes to the augmentation of autoreactive Th17 cell responses. We show that the loss of T-bet renders the transcription factors Rorc and STAT3 highly responsive to activation by stimuli provided by NK cells. Furthermore, reconstitution of T-bet(-/-) mice with wild-type NK cells inhibited the development of autoreactive Th17 cells through NK cell-derived production of IFN-γ. These results identify NK cells as critical regulators in the development of autoreactive Th17 cells and Th17-mediated pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wu
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurologic Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Human CD1d knock-in mouse model demonstrates potent antitumor potential of human CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2963-8. [PMID: 23382238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a high degree of conservation, subtle but important differences exist between the CD1d antigen presentation pathways of humans and mice. These differences may account for the minimal success of natural killer T (NKT) cell-based antitumor therapies in human clinical trials, which contrast strongly with the powerful antitumor effects in conventional mouse models. To develop an accurate model for in vivo human CD1d (hCD1d) antigen presentation, we have generated a hCD1d knock-in (hCD1d-KI) mouse. In these mice, hCD1d is expressed in a native tissue distribution pattern and supports NKT cell development. Reduced numbers of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells were observed, but at an abundance comparable to that in most normal humans. These iNKT cells predominantly expressed mouse Vβ8, the homolog of human Vβ11, and phenotypically resembled human iNKT cells in their reduced expression of CD4. Importantly, iNKT cells in hCD1d knock-in mice exert a potent antitumor function in a melanoma challenge model. Our results show that replacement of mCD1d by hCD1d can select a population of functional iNKT cells closely resembling human iNKT cells. These hCD1d knock-in mice will allow more accurate in vivo modeling of human iNKT cell responses and will facilitate the preclinical assessment of iNKT cell-targeted antitumor therapies.
Collapse
|
215
|
Brennan PJ, Brigl M, Brenner MB. Invariant natural killer T cells: an innate activation scheme linked to diverse effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:101-17. [PMID: 23334244 DOI: 10.1038/nri3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exist in a 'poised effector' state, which enables them to rapidly produce cytokines following activation. Using a nearly monospecific T cell receptor, they recognize self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d in a conserved manner, but their activation can catalyse a spectrum of polarized immune responses. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the innate-like mechanisms underlying iNKT cell activation and describe how lipid antigens, the inflammatory milieu and interactions with other immune cell subsets regulate the functions of iNKT cells in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Jiang J, Champion CI, Wei B, Liu G, Kelly KA. CD8⁺CXCR5⁺ T cells regulate pathology in the genital tract. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013:813238. [PMID: 23365491 PMCID: PMC3556439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/813238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a CD8⁺CXCR5⁺ T cell that prevents the development of oviduct dilation following C. muridarum genital infection. Phenotypic studies show that CD8⁺CXCR5⁺ cells express markers of T regulatory cells (FoxP3, CD25, and GITR) but do not express a necessary component of cytotoxic cells (perforin). Cxcr5⁻/⁻ mice have significantly lower numbers of CD8⁺ cells and lack the CD8⁺CXCR5⁺ population while the total number of CD4⁺ cells is equivalent between mouse strains. The transfer of CD8⁺ splenocytes from WT mice reduces the oviduct dilation seen in Cxcr5⁻/⁻ mice following C. muridarum infection. Future studies will investigate the mechanism by which this cell type regulates genital tract pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cheryl I. Champion
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China National Biotec Group (CNBG), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Nakano M, Saeki C, Takahashi H, Homma S, Tajiri H, Zeniya M. Activated natural killer T cells producing interferon-gamma elicit promoting activity to murine dendritic cell-based autoimmune hepatic inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:274-82. [PMID: 23121668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As natural killer (NK) T cells play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases, they should have significant roles for the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver disease. Implication of the NK T cells in the generation of autoimmune-related hepatic inflammation was investigated using a novel mouse model. Immunization of mice with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with hepatocyte-mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma cells (DC/Hepa1-6) induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) capable of killing hepatocytes. Subsequent administration of interleukin (IL)-12, a potent interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) inducer, to the immunized mice generates autoimmune hepatic inflammation (AHI), as reported previously. Upon onset of the AHI response, the number of intrahepatic CD3(+) NK1 · 1(+) NK T cells increased markedly, along with a decrease in the number of splenic NK T cells, augmented expression of CXCR6 on intrahepatic NK T cells and CXCL16 in hepatic tissue, suggesting that NK T cells were recruited into the inflamed liver. The NK T cells were strongly positive for CD69 and produced IFN-γ, but not IL-4. AHI activity was attenuated markedly in CD1d(-/-) NK T cell-deficient mice, indicating that NK T cells play a pivotal role in the development of AHI. Mice treated with DC/Hepa1-6 and alpha-galactosylceramide, a potent NK T cell activator, also exhibited similar hepatic inflammation, in which activated NK T cells producing IFN-γ and CD8(+) T cells cytotoxic to hepatocytes were induced in liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells. Activated NK T cells producing IFN-γ potentiate DC-based AHI in the mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize a wide variety of lipid antigens presented by CD1 molecules. NKT cells exhibit rapid activation after recognition of cognate antigens, secrete abundant amounts of T helper (Th) 1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines within hours of activation and shape the immune response through subsequent activation of dendritic, NK, T and B cells. NKT cells therefore play central roles in antimicrobial and anticancer immunity and in modulation of various autoimmune disorders. Consequently, recent research has focused on the discovery of microbial and self-antigens involved in NKT cell activation. In this chapter, we discuss different strategies for studying antigen recognition by NKT cells including CD1d tetramer-based approaches and in vitro assays characterizing NKT cell activation in response to lipid antigen presentation. While toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and cytokines such as IL-12 are critical for NKT cell activation in vivo, particularly in the context of microbial infection, methods for detection of TLR- and cytokine-dependent NKT cell activation will not be discussed in this section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeissig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Torsten Olszak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Espen Melum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are innate-like T lymphocytes that act as critical regulators of the immune response. To better characterize this population, we profiled gene expression in iNKT cells during ontogeny and in peripheral subsets as part of the Immunological Genome Project. High-resolution comparative transcriptional analyses defined developmental and subset-specific programs of gene expression by iNKT cells. In addition, we found that iNKT cells shared an extensive transcriptional program with NK cells, similar in magnitude to that shared with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells. Notably, the program shared by NK cells and iNKT cells also operated constitutively in γδ T cells and in adaptive T cells after activation. Together our findings highlight a core effector program regulated distinctly in innate and adaptive lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
220
|
Jiang J, Karimi O, Ouburg S, Champion CI, Khurana A, Liu G, Freed A, Pleijster J, Rozengurt N, Land JA, Surcel HM, Tiitinen A, Paavonen J, Kronenberg M, Morré SA, Kelly KA. Interruption of CXCL13-CXCR5 axis increases upper genital tract pathology and activation of NKT cells following chlamydial genital infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47487. [PMID: 23189125 PMCID: PMC3506621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of immune responses is critical for controlling inflammation and disruption of this process can lead to tissue damage. We reported that CXCL13 was induced in fallopian tube tissue following C. trachomatis infection. Here, we examined the influence of the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis in chlamydial genital infection. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Disruption of the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis by injecting anti-CXCL13 Ab to BALB/c mice or using Cxcr5-/- mice increased chronic inflammation in the upper genital tract (UGT; uterine horns and oviducts) after Chlamydia muridarum genital infection (GT). Further studies in Cxcr5-/- mice showed an elevation in bacterial burden in the GT and increased numbers of neutrophils, activated DCs and activated NKT cells early after infection. After resolution, we noted increased fibrosis and the accumulation of a variety of T cells subsets (CD4-IFNγ, CD4-IL-17, CD4-IL-10 & CD8-TNFα) in the oviducts. NKT cell depletion in vitro reduced IL-17α and various cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that activated NKT cells modulate neutrophils and DCs through cytokine/chemokine secretion. Further, chlamydial glycolipids directly activated two distinct types of NKT cell hybridomas in a cell-free CD1d presentation assay and genital infection of Cd1d-/- mice showed reduced oviduct inflammation compared to WT mice. CXCR5 involvement in pathology was also noted using single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis in C. trachomatis infected women attending a sub-fertility clinic. Women who developed tubal pathology after a C. trachomatis infection had a decrease in the frequency of CXCR5 SNP +10950 T>C (rs3922). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These experiments indicate that disruption of the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis permits increased activation of NKT cells by type I and type II glycolipids of Chlamydia muridarum and results in UGT pathology potentially through increased numbers of neutrophils and T cell subsets associated with UGT pathology. In addition, CXCR5 appears to contribute to inter-individual differences in human tubal pathology following C. trachomatis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ouafae Karimi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Ouburg
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cheryl I. Champion
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Khurana
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda Freed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jolein Pleijster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Rozengurt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- CURE DDRC Morphology and Images Core, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jolande A. Land
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Helja-Marja Surcel
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kastelli Research Centre, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aila' Tiitinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Paavonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Servaas A. Morré
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institutes, School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI) and Growth and Development (GROW), Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen A. Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Viale R, Ware R, Maricic I, Chaturvedi V, Kumar V. NKT Cell Subsets Can Exert Opposing Effects in Autoimmunity, Tumor Surveillance and Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:287-296. [PMID: 25288922 DOI: 10.2174/157339512804806224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The innate-like natural killer T (NKT) cells are essential regulators of immunity. These cells comprise at least two distinct subsets and recognize different lipid antigens presented by the MHC class I like molecules CD1d. The CD1d-dependent recognition pathway of NKT cells is highly conserved from mouse to humans. While most type I NKT cells can recognize αGalCer and express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), a major population of type II NKT cells reactive to sulfatide utilizes an oligoclonal TCR. Furthermore TCR recognition features of NKT subsets are also distinctive with almost parallel as opposed to perpendicular footprints on the CD1d molecules for the type I and type II NKT cells respectively. Here we present a view based upon the recent studies in different clinical and experimental settings that while type I NKT cells are more often pathogenic, they may also be regulatory. On the other hand, sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells mostly play an inhibitory role in the control of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the activity and cytokine secretion profiles of NKT cell subsets can be modulated differently by lipid ligands or their analogs, novel immunotherapeutic strategies are being developed for their differential activation for potential intervention in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Viale
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Randle Ware
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Igor Maricic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Varun Chaturvedi
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Lawson V. Turned on by danger: activation of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells. Immunology 2012; 137:20-7. [PMID: 22734667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells bear characteristics of innate and adaptive lymphocytes, which allow them to bridge the two halves of the immune response and play roles in many disease settings. Recent work has characterized precisely how their activation is initiated and regulated. Novel antigens from important pathogens have been identified, as has an abundant self-antigen, β-glucopyranosylcaramide, capable of mediating an iNKT-cell response. Studies of the iNKT T-cell receptor (TCR)-antigen-CD1d complex show how docking between CD1d-antigen and iNKT TCR is highly conserved, and how small sequence differences in the TCR establish intrinsic variation in iNKT TCR affinity. The sequence of the TCR CDR3β loop determines iNKT TCR affinity for ligand-CD1d, independent of ligand identity. CD1d ligands can promote T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 biased cytokine responses, depending on the composition of their lipid tails. Ligands loaded into CD1d on the cell surface promote Th2 responses, whereas ligands with long hydrophobic tails are loaded endosomally and promote Th1 responses. This information is informing the design of synthetic iNKT-cell antigens. The iNKT cells may be activated by exogenous antigen, or by a combination of dendritic cell-derived interleukin-12 and iNKT TCR-self-antigen-CD1d engagement. The iNKT-cell activation is further modulated by recent foreign or self-antigen encounter. Activation of dendritic cells through pattern recognition receptors alters their antigen presentation and cytokine production, strongly influencing iNKT-cell activation. In a range of bacterial infections, dendritic cell-dependent innate activation of iNKT cells through interleukin-12 is the dominant influence on their activity.
Collapse
|
223
|
Enders A, Stankovic S, Teh C, Uldrich AP, Yabas M, Juelich T, Altin JA, Frankenreiter S, Bergmann H, Roots CM, Kyparissoudis K, Goodnow CC, Godfrey DI. ZBTB7B (Th-POK) regulates the development of IL-17-producing CD1d-restricted mouse NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5240-9. [PMID: 23105140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-dependent NKT cells represent a heterogeneous family of effector T cells including CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(-) subsets that respond to glycolipid Ags with rapid and potent cytokine production. NKT cell development is regulated by a unique combination of factors, however very little is known about factors that control the development of NKT subsets. In this study, we analyze a novel mouse strain (helpless) with a mis-sense mutation in the BTB-POZ domain of ZBTB7B and demonstrate that this mutation has dramatic, intrinsic effects on development of NKT cell subsets. Although NKT cell numbers are similar in Zbtb7b mutant mice, these cells are hyperproliferative and most lack CD4 and instead express CD8. Moreover, the majority of ZBTB7B mutant NKT cells in the thymus are retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt positive, and a high frequency produce IL-17 while very few produce IFN-γ or other cytokines, sharply contrasting the profile of normal NKT cells. Mice heterozygous for the helpless mutation also have reduced numbers of CD4(+) NKT cells and increased production of IL-17 without an increase in CD8(+) cells, suggesting that ZBTB7B acts at multiple stages of NKT cell development. These results reveal ZBTB7B as a critical factor genetically predetermining the balance of effector subsets within the NKT cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Enders
- Ramaciotti Immunization Genomics Laboratory, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Sag D, Wingender G, Nowyhed H, Wu R, Gebre AK, Parks JS, Kronenberg M, Hedrick CC. ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 intrinsically regulates invariant NKT cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5129-38. [PMID: 23100511 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) plays a role in the intracellular transport of cholesterol. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid Ags. In this study, we demonstrate that ABCG1 regulates iNKT cell development and functions in a cell-intrinsic manner. Abcg1(-/-) mice displayed reduced frequencies of iNKT cells in thymus and periphery. Thymic iNKT cells deficient in ABCG1 had reduced membrane lipid raft content, and showed impaired proliferation and defective maturation during the early stages of development. Moreover, we found that Abcg1(-/-) mice possess a higher frequency of Vβ7(+) iNKT cells, suggesting alterations in iNKT cell thymic selection. Furthermore, in response to CD3ε/CD28 stimulation, Abcg1(-/-) thymic iNKT cells showed reduced production of IL-4 but increased production of IFN-γ. Our results demonstrate that changes in intracellular cholesterol homeostasis by ABCG1 profoundly impact iNKT cell development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Identification of invariant natural killer T cells in porcine peripheral blood. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:272-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
226
|
Liver inflammation in a mouse model of Th1 hepatitis despite the absence of invariant NKT cells or the Th1 chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1461-71. [PMID: 22906987 PMCID: PMC3460069 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific mechanisms that mediate CD4(+) T-cell-mediated liver injury have not been fully elucidated. CD4(+) invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are required for liver damage in some mouse models of hepatitis, while the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 are considered dominant Th1 chemokine receptors involved in Th1 trafficking in inflammatory conditions. BALB/c-Tgfb1(-/-) mice spontaneously develop Th1 hepatitis. Here, we directly test the hypotheses that iNKT cells or the Th1-cell chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 are required for development of liver disease in Tgfb1(-/-) mice. Tgfb1(-/-) mouse livers exhibited significant increases in iNKT cells and in ligands for CXCR3 or CCR5. Tgfb1(-/-) mice were rendered deficient in iNKT cells, CXCR3, CCR5, or both CXCR3 and CCR5, by cross-breeding with appropriate knockout mice. Tgfb1(-/-) mice developed severe liver injury, even in the absence of functional CD1d/iNKT cells, CXCR3, CCR5, or both CXCR3 and CCR5. Liver CD4(+) T cells accumulated to high numbers, and spleen CD4(+) T-cell numbers declined, regardless of the functionality of the CXCR3/CCR5 response pathways. Similarly, dendritic cells and macrophages accumulated in Tgfb1(-/-) livers even when CXCR3 and CCR5 were knocked out. Th1-associated cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) and chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10) were strongly overexpressed in Tgfb1(-/-) mice despite knockouts in CD1d, CXCR3, or CCR5. These studies indicate that the cellular and biochemical basis for CD4(+) T-cell-mediated injury in liver can be complex, with myriad pathways potentially involved.
Collapse
|
227
|
Lynch L, Nowak M, Varghese B, Clark J, Hogan AE, Toxavidis V, Balk SP, O'Shea D, O'Farrelly C, Exley MA. Adipose tissue invariant NKT cells protect against diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorder through regulatory cytokine production. Immunity 2012; 37:574-87. [PMID: 22981538 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are evolutionarily conserved innate T cells that influence inflammatory responses. We have shown that iNKT cells, previously thought to be rare in humans, were highly enriched in human and murine adipose tissue, and that as adipose tissue expanded in obesity, iNKT cells were depleted, correlating with proinflammatory macrophage infiltration. iNKT cell numbers were restored in mice and humans after weight loss. Mice lacking iNKT cells had enhanced weight gain, larger adipocytes, fatty livers, and insulin resistance on a high-fat diet. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells into obese mice or in vivo activation of iNKT cells via their lipid ligand, alpha-galactocylceramide, decreased body fat, triglyceride levels, leptin, and fatty liver and improved insulin sensitivity through anti-inflammatory cytokine production by adipose-derived iNKT cells. This finding highlights the potential of iNKT cell-targeted therapies, previously proven to be safe in humans, in the management of obesity and its consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lynch
- Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Nguyen TKA, Koets AP, Vordermeier M, Jervis PJ, Cox LR, Graham SP, Santema WJ, Moody DB, van Calenbergh S, Zajonc DM, Besra GS, Van Rhijn I. The bovine CD1D gene has an unusual gene structure and is expressed but cannot present α-galactosylceramide with a C26 fatty acid. Int Immunol 2012; 25:91-8. [PMID: 22968995 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although CD1d and NKT cells have been proposed to have highly conserved functions in mammals, data on functions of CD1d and NKT cells in species other than humans and rodents are lacking. Upon stimulation with the CD1d-presented synthetic antigen α-galactosylceramide, human and rodent type I invariant NKT cells release large amounts of cytokines. The two bovine CD1D (boCD1D) genes have structural features that suggest that they cannot be translated into functional proteins expressed on the cell surface. Here we provide evidence that despite an intron-exon structure and signal peptide that are different from all other known CD1 genes, boCD1D can be translated into a protein that is expressed on the cell surface. However, in vivo treatment of cattle (Bos taurus) with 0.1, 1, or 10 µg kg⁻¹ of the most commonly used α-galactosylceramide, which has a C26 fatty acid, did not lead to an increase in body temperature and serum cytokine levels of the animals. This lack of reactivity is not due to a complete inability of boCD1d to present glycosphingolipids because α-galactosylceramide variants with shorter fatty acids could be presented by boCD1d to human NKT cells in vitro. This suggests that the natural ligands of boCD1d are smaller lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim Anh Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Hillhouse EE, Lesage S. A comprehensive review of the phenotype and function of antigen-specific immunoregulatory double negative T cells. J Autoimmun 2012; 40:58-65. [PMID: 22910322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Double negative T cells that lack the expression of both CD4 and CD8 T cell co-receptors exhibit a most unique antigen-specific immunoregulatory potential first described over a decade ago. Due to their immunoregulatory function, this rare T cell population has been studied in both mice and humans for their contribution to peripheral tolerance and disease prevention. Consequently, double negative cells are gaining interest as a potential cellular therapeutic. Herein, we review the phenotype and function of double negative T cells with emphasis on their capacity to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. While the phenotypic and functional similarities between double negative T cells identified in mouse and humans are highlighted, we also call attention to the need for a specific marker of double negative T cells, which will facilitate future studies in humans. Altogether, due to their unique properties, double negative T cells present a promising therapeutic potential in the context of various disease settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Hillhouse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Mallevaey T, Selvanantham T. Strategy of lipid recognition by invariant natural killer T cells: 'one for all and all for one'. Immunology 2012; 136:273-82. [PMID: 22671023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are evolutionarily conserved lipid-reactive T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite a relatively restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity, these cells respond to a variety of structurally distinct foreign (i.e. microbial or synthetic) as well as host-derived (self-) lipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule. These multi-tasking lymphocytes are among the first responders in immunity, and produce an impressive array of cytokines and chemokines that can tailor the ensuing immune response. Accordingly, iNKT cells play important functions in autoimmune diseases, cancer, infection and inflammation. These properties make iNKT cells appealing targets in immune-based therapies. Yet, much has to be learned on the mechanisms that allow iNKT cells to produce polarized responses. Responses of iNKT cells are influenced by the direct signals perceived by the cells through their TCRs, as well as by indirect co-stimulatory (and potentially co-inhibitory) cues that they receive from antigen-presenting cells or the local milieu. A decade ago, biochemists and immunologists have started to describe synthetic lipid agonists with cytokine skewing potential, paving a new research avenue in the iNKT cell field. Yet how iNKT cells translate various antigenic signals into distinct functional responses has remained obscure. Recent findings have revealed a unique and innate mode of lipid recognition by iNKT cells, and suggest that both the lipid antigen presented and the diversity of the TCR modulate the strength of CD1d-iNKT TCR interactions. In this review, we focus on novel discoveries on lipid recognition by iNKT cells, and how these findings may help us to design effective strategies to steer iNKT cell responses for immune intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
231
|
Wingender G, Stepniak D, Krebs P, Lin L, McBride S, Wei B, Braun J, Mazmanian SK, Kronenberg M. Intestinal microbes affect phenotypes and functions of invariant natural killer T cells in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:418-28. [PMID: 22522092 PMCID: PMC3404247 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells undergo canonical, Vα14-Jα18 rearrangement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) in mice; this form of the TCR recognizes glycolipids presented by CD1d. iNKT cells mediate many different immune reactions. Their constitutive activated and memory phenotype and rapid initiation of effector functions after stimulation indicate previous antigen-specific stimulation. However, little is known about this process. We investigated whether symbiotic microbes can determine the activated phenotype and function of iNKT cells. METHODS We analyzed the numbers, phenotypes, and functions of iNKT cells in germ-free mice, germ-free mice reconstituted with specified bacteria, and mice housed in specific pathogen-free environments. RESULTS Specific pathogen-free mice, obtained from different vendors, have different intestinal microbiota. iNKT cells isolated from these mice differed in TCR Vβ7 frequency and cytokine response to antigen, which depended on the environment. iNKT cells isolated from germ-free mice had a less mature phenotype and were hyporesponsive to activation with the antigen α-galactosylceramide. Intragastric exposure of germ-free mice to Sphingomonas bacteria, which carry iNKT cell antigens, fully established phenotypic maturity of iNKT cells. In contrast, reconstitution with Escherichia coli, which lack specific antigens for iNKT cells, did not affect the phenotype of iNKT cells. The effects of intestinal microbes on iNKT cell responsiveness did not require Toll-like receptor signals, which can activate iNKT cells independently of TCR stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal microbes can affect iNKT cell phenotypes and functions in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dariusz Stepniak
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave; CHS 13-222, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sara McBride
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Bl., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave; CHS 13-222, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave; CHS 13-222, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sarkis K. Mazmanian
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Bl., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Author for correspondence: La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, San Diego, CA, 92037, Tel: (858) 752- 6540, Fax: (858) 752-6990, , URL: http://www.liai.org
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Novak J, Novakova L. Prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus by the manipulation of invariant natural killer T cells. Clin Exp Med 2012; 13:229-37. [PMID: 22825586 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted T cells with regulatory functions. iNKT cells are numerically and functionally deficient in experimental models of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Moreover, various experimental strategies correcting the defect of or stimulating iNKT cells prevent T1DM. Here, we review the data on the role of iNKT cells in the development of T1DM and discuss indications, obstacles and prospects of the use of iNKT cell manipulations in the prevention and treatment of human T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novak
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Ruska 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic,
| | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Early posttransplantation donor-derived invariant natural killer T-cell recovery predicts the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease and overall survival. Blood 2012; 120:2144-54. [PMID: 22730537 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-01-404673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can experimentally dissociate GVL from graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). Their role in human conventional allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is unknown. Here, we analyzed the post-HSCT recovery of iNKT cells in 71 adult allografted patients. Results were compared with conventional T- and NK-cell recovery and correlated to the occurrence of GVHD, relapse, and survival. We observed that posttransplantation iNKT cells, likely of donor origin, recovered independently of T and NK cells in the first 90 days after HSCT and reached greater levels in recipient younger than 45 years (P = .003) and after a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen (P = .03). Low posttransplantation iNKT/T ratios (ie, < 10(-3)) were an independent factor associated with the occurrence of acute GVHD (aGVHD; P = .001). Inversely, reaching iNKT/T ratios > 10(-3) before day 90 was associated with reduced nonrelapse mortality (P = .009) without increased risk of relapse and appeared as an independent predictive factor of an improved overall survival (P = .028). Furthermore, an iNKT/T ratio on day 15 > 0.58 × 10(-3) was associated with a 94% risk reduction of aGVHD. These findings provide a proof of concept that early postallogeneic HSCT iNKT cell recovery can predict the occurrence of aGVHD and an improved overall survival.
Collapse
|
234
|
Fernandez CS, Cameron G, Godfrey DI, Kent SJ. Ex-vivo α-galactosylceramide activation of NKT cells in humans and macaques. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:150-9. [PMID: 22683545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NKT cells are key mediators of antiviral and anticancer immunity. Experiments in mice have demonstrated that activation of NKT cells in vivo induces the expression of multiple effector molecules critical to successful immunity. Human clinical trials have shown similar responses, although in vivo activation of NKT cells in humans or primate models are far more limited in number and scope. Measuring ex vivo activation of NKT cells by the CD1d-restricted glycolipid ligand α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) through cytokine expression profiles is a useful marker of NKT cell function, but for reasons that are unclear, this approach does not appear to work as well in humans and non-human primate macaque models in comparison to mice. We performed a series of experiments on human and macaque (Macaca nemestrina) fresh whole blood samples to define optimal conditions to detect NKT cell cytokine (TNF, IFNγ, IL-2) and degranulation marker (CD107a) expression by flow cytometry. We found that conditions previously described for mouse splenocyte NKT cell activation were suboptimal on human or macaque blood NKT cells. In contrast, a 6h incubation with brefeldin A added for the last 4h, in a 96-well plate based assay, and using an α-GalCer concentration of 1 μg/ml were optimal methods to stimulate NKT cells in fresh blood from both humans and macaques. Unexpectedly, we noted that blood NKT cells from macaques infected with SIV were more readily activated by α-GalCer than NKT cells from uninfected macaques, suggesting that SIV infection may have primed the NKT cells. In conclusion, we describe optimized methods for the ex vivo antigen-specific activation of human and macaque blood NKT cells. These assays should be useful in monitoring NKT cells in disease and in immunotherapy studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Downs I, Liu J, Aw TY, Adegboyega PA, Ajuebor MN. The ROS scavenger, NAC, regulates hepatic Vα14iNKT cells signaling during Fas mAb-dependent fulminant liver failure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38051. [PMID: 22701598 PMCID: PMC3368940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled systemic activation of the immune system is an early initiating event that leads to development of acute fulminant liver failure (FLF) in mice after treatment with agonistic Fas mAb. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of mice with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger and glutathione (GSH) precursor, almost completely abolished Fas mAb-induced FLF through suppression of Vα14iNKT cell activation, IFN-γ signaling, apoptosis and nitrotyrosine formation in liver. In addition, enrichment of the liver with GSH due to Vα14iNKT cells deficiency, induced an anti-inflammatory response in the liver of Jα18(-/-) mice that inhibited apoptosis, nitrotyrosine formation, IFN-γ signaling and effector functions. In summary, we propose a novel and previously unrecognized pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic role for endogenous ROS in stimulating Th1 signaling in Vα14iNKT cells to promote the development of FLF. Therefore, our study provides critical new insights into how NAC, a ROS scavenger, regulates Th1 signaling in intrahepatic Vα14iNKT cells to impact inflammatory and pathological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Downs
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Tak Yee Aw
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick A. Adegboyega
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Maureen N. Ajuebor
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
A possible relationship of natural killer T cells with humoral immune response to 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in clinical settings. Vaccine 2012; 30:3304-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
237
|
Zaldivar MM, Berres ML, Sahin H, Nellen A, Heinrichs D, Schmitz P, Gassler N, Streetz KL, Trautwein C, Wasmuth HE. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 limits injury after acute toxic liver damage. J Transl Med 2012; 92:724-34. [PMID: 22430509 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although acute liver failure is a rare disease, its presence is associated with high morbidity and mortality in affected patients. While a contribution of the immune system to the outcome of toxic liver failure is anticipated, functionally relevant immune cell receptors for liver cell damage need to be better defined. We here investigate the relevance of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, which is important for hepatic immune cell infiltration, in a model of experimental acute liver failure. Liver injury was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in CXCR3(-/-), CCR1(-/-), CCR5(-/-) and wild-type mice. In this model, CXCR3(-/-) mice displayed augmented liver damage compared with all other mouse strains as assessed by liver histology and serum transaminases 24 and 72 h after injury. Phenotypically, CXCR3(-/-) mice had significantly reduced intrahepatic NK and NKT cells after injury at all investigated time points (all P<0.05), but strongly elevated expression levels of IL1-β, TNF-α and IFN-γ. In line with a functional role of innate immune cells, wild-type mice depleted for NK cells with an anti-ASIALO GM1 antibody before liver injury also displayed increased liver injury after CCl(4) challenge. CXCR3(-/-) and NK cell-depleted mice show reduced apoptotic liver cells (TUNEL assay), but more necrotic hepatocytes. Functionally, the augmented liver cell necrosis in CXCR3(-/-) and NK cell-depleted mice was associated with increased expression of high mobility group 1 (HMGB1) protein and a consecutive enhanced infiltration of neutrophils into the liver. In conclusion, the results demonstrate a primarily unexpected beneficial role of CXCR3 in acute toxic liver injury. These findings should be taken into account when planning trials with CXCR3 antagonists.
Collapse
|
238
|
Olszak T, An D, Zeissig S, Vera MP, Richter J, Franke A, Glickman JN, Siebert R, Baron RM, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function. Science 2012; 336:489-93. [PMID: 22442383 PMCID: PMC3437652 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1177] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to microbes during early childhood is associated with protection from immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Here, we show that in germ-free (GF) mice, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells accumulate in the colonic lamina propria and lung, resulting in increased morbidity in models of IBD and allergic asthma as compared with that of specific pathogen-free mice. This was associated with increased intestinal and pulmonary expression of the chemokine ligand CXCL16, which was associated with increased mucosal iNKT cells. Colonization of neonatal-but not adult-GF mice with a conventional microbiota protected the animals from mucosal iNKT accumulation and related pathology. These results indicate that age-sensitive contact with commensal microbes is critical for establishing mucosal iNKT cell tolerance to later environmental exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Olszak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dingding An
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Miguel Pinilla Vera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia Richter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | | | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Rebecca M. Baron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dennis L. Kasper
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Pei B, Vela JL, Zajonc D, Kronenberg M. Interplay between carbohydrate and lipid in recognition of glycolipid antigens by natural killer T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:68-79. [PMID: 22352829 PMCID: PMC3336017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a T cell subpopulation that were named originally based on coexpression of receptors found on natural killer (NK) cells, cells of the innate immune system, and by T lymphocytes. The maturation and activation of NKT cells requires presentation of glycolipid antigens by CD1d, a cell surface protein distantly related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigen presenting molecules. This specificity distinguishes NKT cells from most CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that recognize peptides presented by MHC class I and class II molecules. The rapid secretion of a large amount of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines by activated NKT cells endows them with the ability to play a vital role in the host immune defense against various microbial infections. In this review, we summarize progress on identifying the sources of microbe-derived glycolipid antigens recognized by NKT cells and the biochemical basis for their recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pei
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Jose Luis Vela
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Dirk Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Vivier E, Ugolini S, Blaise D, Chabannon C, Brossay L. Targeting natural killer cells and natural killer T cells in cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:239-52. [PMID: 22437937 DOI: 10.1038/nri3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells are subsets of lymphocytes that share some phenotypical and functional similarities. Both cell types can rapidly respond to the presence of tumour cells and participate in antitumour immune responses. This has prompted interest in the development of innovative cancer therapies that are based on the manipulation of NK and NKT cells. Recent studies have highlighted how the immune reactivity of NK and NKT cells is shaped by the environment in which they develop. The rational use of these cells in cancer immunotherapies awaits a better understanding of their effector functions, migratory patterns and survival properties in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Renna MS, Figueredo CM, Rodríguez-Galán MC, Icely PA, Peralta Ramos JM, Correa SG, Sotomayor CE. Abrogation of spontaneous liver tolerance during immune response to Candida albicans: contribution of NKT and hepatic mononuclear cells. Int Immunol 2012; 24:315-25. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
242
|
Yoshioka K, Ueno Y, Tanaka S, Nagai K, Onitake T, Hanaoka R, Watanabe H, Chayama K. Role of natural killer T cells in the mouse colitis-associated colon cancer model. Scand J Immunol 2012; 75:16-26. [PMID: 21815907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are considered innate-like lymphocytes, and regulate the immunity against inflammation and tumorigenesis. However, the impact of iNKT cells in inflammation-associated tumorigenesis remains unclear. In this study, we examined the physiological role of iNKT cells in a mouse colitis-associated colorectal cancer model. C57BL/6 (B6) and Jα18 NKT cell-deficient KO (KO) mice were used. Colitis-associated colorectal cancer was induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The resulting inflammation and tumours were examined. The surface markers of mononuclear cells from the liver and the colon were assessed by FACS. The levels of IL-13 from the colon were measured by ELISA. α-galactosylceramide (GC), or its close analog OCH, was administered intraperitoneally on the first day of each cycle of DSS-administration. In the AOM/DSS model, hepatic iNKT cells were significantly decreased. In KO mice there were significantly greater numbers of colon tumours and more severe inflammation than in B6 mice. FACS analysis revealed that the population of NK1.1 (+) T cells (non-invariant NKT cells) in the colon was increased when compared to B6 mice. The secretion of IL-13 was increased in the colon of KO mice after AOM/DSS. The number of colon tumours was significantly decreased in the GC-treated group compared to the control group. GC-treatment significantly inhibited IL-13 secretion from the colonic mononuclear cells and the number of colonic NK1.1 (+) T cells was significantly decreased. These results suggest that iNKT cells may play a critical role in the prevention of tumour progression and inflammation in the AOM/DSS model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshioka
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Liao CM, Zimmer MI, Shanmuganad S, Yu HT, Cardell SL, Wang CR. dysregulation of CD1d-restricted type ii natural killer T cells leads to spontaneous development of colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:326-34.e1-2. [PMID: 22057113 PMCID: PMC3267843 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD1d-restricted natural killer (NK) T cells are a subset of immunoregulatory T cells that comprise type I (express the semi-invariant T-cell receptor [TCR] and can be detected using the α-galactosylceramide/CD1d tetramer) and type II (express diverse TCRs and cannot be directly identified). Studies in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease revealed a complex role for type I NKT cells in the development of colitis. Type II NKT cells have been associated with intestinal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis. METHODS To investigate whether dysregulation of type II NKT cells, caused by increased expression of CD1d, can contribute to colitis, we generated transgenic mice that express high levels of CD1d and a TCR from an autoreactive, type II NKT cell (CD1dTg/24αβTg mice). RESULTS CD1dTg/24αβTg mice had reduced numbers of 24αβ T cells compared with 24αβTg mice, indicating that negative selection increases among type II NKT cells engaged by abundant self-antigen. The residual 24αβ T cells in CD1dTg/24αβTg mice had an altered surface phenotype and acquired a cytokine profile distinct from that of equivalent cells in 24αβTg mice. Interestingly, CD1dTg/24αβTg mice spontaneously developed colitis; adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that type II NKT cells that develop in the context of increased CD1d expression are pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant type II NKT cell responses directly contribute to intestinal inflammation in mice, indicating the importance of CD1d expression levels in the development and regulation of type II NKT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Min Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Institute of Zoology and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Michael I. Zimmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sharmila Shanmuganad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hon-Tsen Yu
- Institute of Zoology and Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Zheng Q, Zhou L, Mi QS. MicroRNA miR-150 is involved in Vα14 invariant NKT cell development and function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2118-26. [PMID: 22287707 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted Vα14 invariant NKT (iNKT) cells play an important role in the regulation of diverse immune responses. MicroRNA-mediated RNA interference is emerging as a crucial regulatory mechanism in the control of iNKT cell differentiation and function. Yet, roles of specific microRNAs in the development and function of iNKT cells remain to be further addressed. In this study, we identified the gradually increased expression of microRNA-150 (miR-150) during the maturation of iNKT cells in thymus. Using miR-150 knockout (KO) mice, we found that miR-150 deletion resulted in an interruption of iNKT cell final maturation in both thymus and periphery. Upon activation, iNKT cells from miR-150KO mice showed significantly increased IFN-γ production compared with wild-type iNKT cells. Bone marrow-transferring experiments demonstrated the cell-intrinsic characteristics of iNKT cell maturation and functional defects in mice lacking miR-150. Furthermore, miR-150 target c-Myb was significantly upregulated in miR-150KO iNKT cells, which potentially contribute to iNKT cell defects in miR-150KO mice. Our data define a specific role of miR-150 in the development and function of iNKT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanhui Zheng
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Primary immunodeficiency associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1250:14-24. [PMID: 22276638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD1 is a family of atypical MHC class I molecules that present various endogenous and exogenous lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T cells. While little is known about the function of CD1a-, CD1b-, and CD1c-restricted lipid-reactive T cells due to their absence in mice, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells have been extensively studied since their description almost 20 years ago. NKT cells, effector memory cells that share characteristics of innate and adaptive lymphocytes, are among the earliest responders in immune reactions and have broad effects on the activation of other immune cell lineages, including NK cells, T cells, and B cells. Accordingly, studies in mice have revealed critical roles of NKT cells in infectious, malignant, and autoimmune diseases. The recent description of primary immunodeficiencies associated with defects in CD1 and CD1-restricted T cells has provided a unique opportunity to study the biological role of lipid antigen presentation in human disease. Intriguingly, these studies revealed that defects in lipid immunity are associated with susceptibility to selected infectious and malignant diseases but not with broad immunodeficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeissig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Rijavec M, Volarevic S, Osolnik K, Kosnik M, Korosec P. Natural killer T cells in pulmonary disorders. Respir Med 2012; 105 Suppl 1:S20-5. [PMID: 22015081 DOI: 10.1016/s0954-6111(11)70006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a unique subgroup of lymphocytes with features of both T and natural killer (NK) cells, represent a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. They have the ability to either promote or suppress immune responses. With these immunoregulatory functions, NKT cells have emerged as an important subset of lymphocytes with a protective role in some disorders, such as infections, cancer, and possibly sarcoidosis, and a pathogenic role in others, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Immunotherapeutic interventions to modulate the immune response by targeting iNKT cell functions has become a challenging field and has shown promising results for the development of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matija Rijavec
- University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Colnik, Slovenia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Bezman NA, Chakraborty T, Bender T, Lanier LL. miR-150 regulates the development of NK and iNKT cells. J Exp Med 2011; 208:2717-31. [PMID: 22124110 PMCID: PMC3244033 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and invariant NK T (iNKT) cells are critical in host defense against pathogens and for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. miRNAs play important roles in NK and iNKT cell development, maturation, and function, but the roles of specific miRNAs are unclear. We show that modulation of miR-150 expression levels has a differential effect on NK and iNKT cell development. Mice with a targeted deletion of miR-150 have an impaired, cell lineage-intrinsic defect in their ability to generate mature NK cells. Conversely, a gain-of-function miR-150 transgene promotes the development of NK cells, which display a more mature phenotype and are more responsive to activation. In contrast, overexpression of miR-150 results in a substantial reduction of iNKT cells in the thymus and in the peripheral lymphoid organs. The transcription factor c-Myb has been shown to be a direct target of miR-150. Our finding of increased NK cell and decreased iNKT cell frequencies in Myb heterozygous bone marrow chimeras suggests that miR-150 differentially controls the development of NK and iNKT cell lineages by targeting c-Myb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Bezman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tirtha Chakraborty
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115
| | - Timothy Bender
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Yabas M, Godfrey DI, Goodnow CC, Hoyne GF. Differential requirement for the CD45 splicing regulator hnRNPLL for accumulation of NKT and conventional T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26440. [PMID: 22073166 PMCID: PMC3208548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells represent an important regulatory T cell subset that develops in the thymus and contains immature (NK1.1lo) and mature (NK1.1hi) cell subsets. Here we show in mice that an inherited mutation in heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein L-like protein (hnRNPLLthunder), that shortens the survival of conventional T cells, has no discernible effect on NKT cell development, homeostasis or effector function. Thus, Hnrpll deficiency effectively increases the NKT∶T cell ratio in the periphery. However, Hnrpll mutation disrupts CD45RA, RB and RC exon silencing of the Ptprc mRNA in both NKT and conventional T cells, and leads to a comparably dramatic shift to high molecular weight CD45 isoforms. In addition, Hnrpll mutation has a cell intrinsic effect on the expression of the developmentally regulated cell surface marker NK1.1 on NKT cells in the thymus and periphery but does not affect cell numbers. Therefore our results highlight both overlapping and divergent roles for hnRNPLL between conventional T cells and NKT cells. In both cell subsets it is required as a trans-acting factor to regulate alternative splicing of the Ptprc mRNA, but it is only required for survival of conventional T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Yabas
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail: (CG); (GH)
| | - Gerard F. Hoyne
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail: (CG); (GH)
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Bienemann K, Iouannidou K, Schoenberg K, Krux F, Reuther S, Feyen O, Bienemann K, Schuster F, Uhrberg M, Laws HJ, Borkhardt A. iNKT cell frequency in peripheral blood of Caucasian children and adolescent: the absolute iNKT cell count is stable from birth to adulthood. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:406-11. [PMID: 21671972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are a unique population of T cells that express a semi-invariantly rearranged T cell receptor (TCR) and are involved in a variety of immunoregulatory processes. We assessed the frequency of peripheral blood iNKT cells in 64 healthy Caucasian children from 7 months to 18 years of age and five cord blood samples by flow cytometry. iNKT cells were measured as CD3(+) cells co-expressing TCRVα24 and TCRVβ11 and using the monoclonal antibody 6B11, which recognizes specifically their invariant TCR rearrangement. The absolute number of iNKT cells ranged from 86 to 10,499 (CD3(+) /TCRVα24(+) / TCRVβ11(+)) and 233 to 11,167 (CD3(+) /6B11(+)) iNKT cells per millilitre of blood. This range is stable from birth to adulthood. The relative iNKT cell count was found to be 0.003-0.71% (CD3(+) /TCRVα24/TCRVβ11) and 0.019-0.776% (CD3/6B11) of peripheral blood T cells and shows only a slight increase with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bienemann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Banovic T, Yanilla M, Simmons R, Robertson I, Schroder WA, Raffelt NC, Wilson YA, Hill GR, Hogan P, Nourse CB. Disseminated varicella infection caused by varicella vaccine strain in a child with low invariant natural killer T cells and diminished CD1d expression. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1893-901. [PMID: 22043019 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live attenuated varicella vaccine is considered a safe vaccine with serious adverse effects reported only in immunocompromised children. We describe a severe life-threatening infection with varicella vaccine virus causing rash and pneumonitis in a 6-year-old boy with no apparent immunodeficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of vesicle swab samples demonstrated varicella zoster virus (VZV). Sequencing of the PCR product demonstrated 100% homology with human herpesvirus 3 strain VZV-Oka ORF62 gene. Routine immunologic investigations failed to demonstrate any abnormality. Total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts and lymphocyte subsets were normal. Immunoglobulins, C3, C4, and CH50 were intact. Specific IgG to protein and polysaccharide antigens and to Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were present. Normal lymphocyte proliferation to phytohemagglutinin and VZV antigens was detected. Neutrophil function and natural killer (NK) cell activity were normal. The analysis of invariant NK T (iNKT) cell numbers and function revealed diminished iNKT cells, reported once previously and unique to our patient, deficient expression of the cognate receptor, CD1d. CONCLUSIONS This report provides a further link between deficiency of the iNKT/CD1d pathway and increased susceptibility to varicella vaccine virus, suggesting an important role of this innate pathway in host defense against yet another member of the herpesvirus family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Banovic
- Laboratory for Bone Marrow Transplantation, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|