201
|
Murphy SV, Skardal A, Atala A. Evaluation of hydrogels for bio-printing applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:272-84. [PMID: 22941807 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the United States alone, there are approximately 500,000 burn injuries that require medical treatment every year. Limitations of current treatments necessitate the development of new methods that can be applied quicker, result in faster wound regeneration, and yield skin that is cosmetically similar to undamaged skin. The development of new hydrogel biomaterials and bioprinting deposition technologies has provided a platform to address this need. Herein we evaluated characteristics of twelve hydrogels to determine their suitability for bioprinting applications. We chose hydrogels that are either commercially available, or are commonly used for research purposes. We evaluated specific hydrogel properties relevant to bioprinting applications, specifically; gelation time, swelling or contraction, stability, biocompatibility and printability. Further, we described regulatory, commercial and financial aspects of each of the hydrogels. While many of the hydrogels screened may exhibit characteristics suitable for other applications, UV-crosslinked Extracel, a hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel, had many of the desired properties for our bioprinting application. Taken together with commercial availability, shelf life, potential for regulatory approval and ease of use, these materials hold the potential to be further developed into fast and effective wound healing treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
|
203
|
Melchels FP, Domingos MA, Klein TJ, Malda J, Bartolo PJ, Hutmacher DW. Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
204
|
Sukarto A, Yu C, Flynn LE, Amsden BG. Co-delivery of adipose-derived stem cells and growth factor-loaded microspheres in RGD-grafted N-methacrylate glycol chitosan gels for focal chondral repair. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2490-502. [PMID: 22746668 DOI: 10.1021/bm300733n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coencapsulation of growth factor-loaded microspheres with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) within a hydrogel matrix was studied as a potential means to enhance ASC chondrogenesis in the development of a cell-based therapeutic strategy for the regeneration of partial thickness chondral defects. A photopolymerizable N-methacrylate glycol chitosan (MGC) was employed to form an in situ gel used to encapsulate microspheres loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) with human ASCs. ASC viability and retention were enhanced when the Young's modulus of the MGC ranged between 225 and 380 kPa. Grafting an RGD-containing peptide onto the MGC backbone (RGD-MGC) improved ASC viability within the gels, remaining at greater than 90% over 14 days in culture. The effects of BMP-6 and TGF-β3 released from the polymer microspheres on ASC chondrogenesis were assessed, and the level of differentiation was compared to ASCs in control gels containing nongrowth factor-loaded microspheres cultured with and without the growth factors supplied in the medium. There was enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers at earlier time points when the ASCs were induced with the sustained and local release of BMP-6 and TGF-β3 from the microspheres. More specifically, the normalized glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II protein expression levels were significantly higher than in the controls. In addition, the ratio of collagen type II to type I was significantly higher in the microsphere delivery group and increased over time. End-point RT-PCR analysis supported that there was a more rapid induction and enhancement of ASC chondrogenesis in the controlled release group. Interestingly, in all of the assays, there was evidence of chondrogenic differentiation when the ASCs were cultured in the gels in the absence of growth factor stimulation. Overall, the co-delivery of growth-factor-loaded microspheres and ASCs in RGD-modified MGC gels successfully induced ASC chondrogenesis and is a promising strategy for cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Sukarto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Abstract
Orthopedic surgeons and researchers worldwide are continuously faced with the challenge of regenerating articular cartilage defects. However, until now, it has not been possible to completely mimic the biological and biochemical properties of articular cartilage using current research and development approaches. In this review, biomaterials previously used for articular cartilage repair research are addressed. Furthermore, a brief discussion of the state of the art of current cell printing procedures mimicking native cartilage is offered in light of their use as future alternatives for cartilage tissue engineering. Inkjet cell printing, controlled deposition cell printing tools, and laser cell printing are cutting-edge techniques in this context. The development of mimetic hydrogels with specific biological properties relevant to articular cartilage native tissue will support the development of improved, functional, and novel engineered tissue for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolf Drescher
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Rath
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Tingart
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Billiet T, Vandenhaute M, Schelfhout J, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. A review of trends and limitations in hydrogel-rapid prototyping for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6020-41. [PMID: 22681979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combined potential of hydrogels and rapid prototyping technologies has been an exciting route in developing tissue engineering scaffolds for the past decade. Hydrogels represent to be an interesting starting material for soft, and lately also for hard tissue regeneration. Their application enables the encapsulation of cells and therefore an increase of the seeding efficiency of the fabricated structures. Rapid prototyping techniques on the other hand, have become an elegant tool for the production of scaffolds with the purpose of cell seeding and/or cell encapsulation. By means of rapid prototyping, one can design a fully interconnected 3-dimensional structure with pre-determined dimensions and porosity. Despite this benefit, some of the rapid prototyping techniques are not or less suitable for the generation of hydrogel scaffolds. In this review, we therefore give an overview on the different rapid prototyping techniques suitable for the processing of hydrogel materials. A primary distinction will be made between (i) laser-based, (ii) nozzle-based, and (iii) printer-based systems. Special attention will be addressed to current trends and limitations regarding the respective techniques. Each of these techniques will be further discussed in terms of the different hydrogel materials used so far. One major drawback when working with hydrogels is the lack of mechanical strength. Therefore, maintaining and improving the mechanical integrity of the processed scaffolds has become a key issue regarding 3-dimensional hydrogel structures. This limitation can either be overcome during or after processing the scaffolds, depending on the applied technology and materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Billiet
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Fedorovich NE, Leeuwenburgh SC, van der Helm YJM, Alblas J, Dhert WJA. The osteoinductive potential of printable, cell-laden hydrogel-ceramic composites. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2412-20. [PMID: 22539500 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels used as injectables or in organ printing often lack the appropriate stimuli to direct osteogenic differentiation of embedded multipotent stromal cells (MSCs), resulting in limited bone formation in these matrices. Addition of calcium phosphate (CaP) particles to the printing mixture is hypothesized to overcome this drawback. In this study we have investigated the effect of CaP particles on the osteoinductive potential of cell-laden hydrogel-CaP composite matrices. To this end, apatitic nanoparticles have been included in Matrigel constructs where after the viability of embedded progenitor cells was assessed in vitro. In addition, the osteoinductive potential of cell-laden Matrigel containing apatitic nanoparticles was investigated in vivo and compared with composites containing osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) microparticles after subcutaneous implantation in immunodeficient mice. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue response as well as in vivo bone formation revealed that apatitic nanoparticles were osteoinductive and induced osteoclast activation, but without bone formation. The BCP particles were more effective in inducing elaborate bone formation at the ectopic location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalja E Fedorovich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Ge Z, Li C, Heng BC, Cao G, Yang Z. Functional biomaterials for cartilage regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2526-36. [PMID: 22492677 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The injury and degeneration of articular cartilage and associated arthritis are leading causes of disability worldwide. Cartilage tissue engineering as a treatment modality for cartilage defects has been investigated for over 20 years. Various scaffold materials have been developed for this purpose, but has yet to achieve feasibility and effectiveness for widespread clinical use. Currently, the regeneration of articular cartilage remains a formidable challenge, due to the complex physiology of cartilage tissue and its poor healing capacity. Although intensive research has been focused on the developmental biology and regeneration of cartilage tissue and a diverse plethora of biomaterials have been developed for this purpose, cartilage regeneration is still suboptimal, such as lacking a layered structure, mechanical mismatch with native cartilage and inadequate integration between native tissue and implanted scaffold. The ideal scaffold material should have versatile properties that actively contribute to cartilage regeneration. Functional scaffold materials may overcome the various challenges faced in cartilage tissue engineering by providing essential biological, mechanical, and physical/chemical signaling cues through innovative design. This review thus focuses on the complex structure of native articular cartilage, the critical properties of scaffolds required for cartilage regeneration, present strategies for scaffold design, and future directions for cartilage regeneration with functional scaffold materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Gurkan UA, Tasoglu S, Kavaz D, Demirel MC, Demirci U. Emerging technologies for assembly of microscale hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2012; 1:149-158. [PMID: 23184717 PMCID: PMC3774531 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of cell encapsulating building blocks (i.e., microscale hydrogels) has significant applications in areas including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and cell-based in vitro assays for pharmaceutical research and drug discovery. Inspired by the repeating functional units observed in native tissues and biological systems (e.g., the lobule in liver, the nephron in kidney), assembly technologies aim to generate complex tissue structures by organizing microscale building blocks. Novel assembly technologies enable fabrication of engineered tissue constructs with controlled properties including tunable microarchitectural and predefined compositional features. Recent advances in micro- and nano-scale technologies have enabled engineering of microgel based three dimensional (3D) constructs. There is a need for high-throughput and scalable methods to assemble microscale units with a complex 3D micro-architecture. Emerging assembly methods include novel technologies based on microfluidics, acoustic and magnetic fields, nanotextured surfaces, and surface tension. In this review, we survey emerging microscale hydrogel assembly methods offering rapid, scalable microgel assembly in 3D, and provide future perspectives and discuss potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Doga Kavaz
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melik C Demirel
- Materials Research Institute Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory Center for Bioengineering Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Rossow T, Heyman JA, Ehrlicher AJ, Langhoff A, Weitz DA, Haag R, Seiffert S. Controlled synthesis of cell-laden microgels by radical-free gelation in droplet microfluidics. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4983-9. [PMID: 22356466 DOI: 10.1021/ja300460p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Micrometer-sized hydrogel particles that contain living cells can be fabricated with exquisite control through the use of droplet-based microfluidics and bioinert polymers such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG). However, in existing techniques, the microgel gelation is often achieved through harmful reactions with free radicals. This is detrimental for the viability of the encapsulated cells. To overcome this limitation, we present a technique that combines droplet microfluidic templating with bio-orthogonal thiol-ene click reactions to fabricate monodisperse, cell-laden microgel particles. The gelation of these microgels is achieved via the nucleophilic Michael addition of dithiolated PEG macro-cross-linkers to acrylated hPG building blocks and does not require any initiator. We systematically vary the microgel properties through the use of PEG linkers with different molecular weights along with different concentrations of macromonomers to investigate the influence of these parameters on the viability and proliferation of encapsulated yeast cells. We also demonstrate the encapsulation of mammalian cells including fibroblasts and lymphoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Rossow
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Potential of engineering methodologies for the application to pharmaceutical research. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:299-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
212
|
Imani R, Emami SH, Moshtagh PR, Baheiraei N, Sharifi AM. Preparation and Characterization of Agarose-Gelatin Blend Hydrogels as a Cell Encapsulation Matrix: An In-Vitro Study. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.657110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Imani
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran , Iran
- b Department of Pharmacology , Razi Institute for Drug Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shahriar Hojjati Emami
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parisa Rahnama Moshtagh
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran , Iran
- b Department of Pharmacology , Razi Institute for Drug Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sharifi
- b Department of Pharmacology , Razi Institute for Drug Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Wilkinson AE, McCormick AM, Leipzig ND. Central Nervous System Tissue Engineering: Current Considerations and Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2200/s00390ed1v01y201111tis008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
214
|
Photoresponsive hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1257-66. [PMID: 21745509 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are soft materials composed of a three-dimensional network which contain a high percentage of water similar to body tissue and are therefore regarded as a biocompatible material. Hydrogels have various potential applications in the biomedical field such as drug delivery and as scaffold for tissue engineering. Control over the physical properties of a hydrogel by an external stimulus is highly desirable and is therefore actively studied. Light is a particularly interesting stimulus to manipulate the properties of a hydrogel as it is a remote stimulus that can be controlled spatially and temporally with great ease and convenience. Therefore in recent years photoresponsive hydrogels have been investigated as an emerging biomaterial. Here we will review recent developments and discuss these new materials, and their applications in the biomedical field.
Collapse
|
215
|
Fedorovich NE, Schuurman W, Wijnberg HM, Prins HJ, van Weeren PR, Malda J, Alblas J, Dhert WJA. Biofabrication of osteochondral tissue equivalents by printing topologically defined, cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 18:33-44. [PMID: 21854293 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral defects are prone to induce osteoarthritic degenerative changes. Many tissue-engineering approaches that aim to generate osteochondral implants suffer from poor tissue formation and compromised integration. This illustrates the need for further improvement of heterogeneous tissue constructs. Engineering of these structures is expected to profit from strategies addressing the complexity of tissue organization and the simultaneous use of multiple cell types. Moreover, this enables the investigation of the effects of three-dimensional (3D) organization and architecture on tissue function. In the present study, we characterize the use of a 3D fiber deposition (3DF) technique for the fabrication of cell-laden, heterogeneous hydrogel constructs for potential use as osteochondral grafts. Changing fiber spacing or angle of fiber deposition yielded scaffolds of varying porosity and elastic modulus. We encapsulated and printed fluorescently labeled human chondrocytes and osteogenic progenitors in alginate hydrogel yielding scaffolds of 1×2 cm with different parts for both cell types. Cell viability remained high throughout the printing process, and cells remained in their compartment of the printed scaffold for the whole culture period. Moreover, distinctive tissue formation was observed, both in vitro after 3 weeks and in vivo (6 weeks subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice), at different locations within one construct. These results demonstrate the possibility of manufacturing viable centimeter-scaled structured tissues by the 3DF technique, which could potentially be used for the repair of osteochondral defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalja E Fedorovich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Jahromi SH, Grover LM, Paxton JZ, Smith AM. Degradation of polysaccharide hydrogels seeded with bone marrow stromal cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:1157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
217
|
Kreitz S, Dohmen G, Hasken S, Schmitz-Rode T, Mela P, Jockenhoevel S. Nondestructive Method to Evaluate the Collagen Content of Fibrin-Based Tissue Engineered Structures Via Ultrasound. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:1021-6. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kreitz
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Guido Dohmen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hasken
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Liu JF, Chen YM, Yang JJ, Kurokawa T, Kakugo A, Yamamoto K, Gong JP. Dynamic Behavior and Spontaneous Differentiation of Mouse Embryoid Bodies on Hydrogel Substrates of Different Surface Charge and Chemical Structures. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2343-57. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yong Mei Chen
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jing Jing Yang
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Creative Research Institution Sosei, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Mishra RK, Majeed ABA, Banthia AK. Fabrication and characterization of Chitosan/Poly (vinyl alcohol)-co-(vinyl acetate)-co-(itaconic acid) hydrogel membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-011-9012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
220
|
Kobel S, Lutolf MP. Biomaterials meet microfluidics: building the next generation of artificial niches. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:690-7. [PMID: 21821410 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials are increasingly being developed as in vitro microenvironments mimicking in vivo stem cell niches. However, current macroscale methodologies to produce these niche models fail to recapitulate the spatial and temporal characteristics of the complex native stem cell regulatory systems. Microfluidic technology offers unprecedented control over the spatial and temporal display of biological signals and therefore promises new avenues for stem cell niche engineering. Here we discuss how the two approaches can be combined to generate more physiological models of stem cell niches that could facilitate the identification of new mechanisms of stem cell regulation, profoundly impacting drug discovery and ultimately therapeutic applications of stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kobel
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
221
|
Wüst S, Müller R, Hofmann S. Controlled Positioning of Cells in Biomaterials-Approaches Towards 3D Tissue Printing. J Funct Biomater 2011; 2:119-54. [PMID: 24956301 PMCID: PMC4030943 DOI: 10.3390/jfb2030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current tissue engineering techniques have various drawbacks: they often incorporate uncontrolled and imprecise scaffold geometries, whereas the current conventional cell seeding techniques result mostly in random cell placement rather than uniform cell distribution. For the successful reconstruction of deficient tissue, new material engineering approaches have to be considered to overcome current limitations. An emerging method to produce complex biological products including cells or extracellular matrices in a controlled manner is a process called bioprinting or biofabrication, which effectively uses principles of rapid prototyping combined with cell-loaded biomaterials, typically hydrogels. 3D tissue printing is an approach to manufacture functional tissue layer-by-layer that could be transplanted in vivo after production. This method is especially advantageous for stem cells since a controlled environment can be created to influence cell growth and differentiation. Using printed tissue for biotechnological and pharmacological needs like in vitro drug-testing may lead to a revolution in the pharmaceutical industry since animal models could be partially replaced by biofabricated tissues mimicking human physiology and pathology. This would not only be a major advancement concerning rising ethical issues but would also have a measureable impact on economical aspects in this industry of today, where animal studies are very labor-intensive and therefore costly. In this review, current controlled material and cell positioning techniques are introduced highlighting approaches towards 3D tissue printing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wüst
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Fedorovich NE, Wijnberg HM, Dhert WJ, Alblas J. Distinct Tissue Formation by Heterogeneous Printing of Osteo- and Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2113-21. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalja E. Fedorovich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. Wijnberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J.A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Schwarz C, Leicht U, Drosse I, Ulrich V, Luibl V, Schieker M, Röcken M. Characterization of adipose-derived equine and canine mesenchymal stem cells after incubation in agarose-hydrogel. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:487-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
224
|
Gruene M, Pflaum M, Hess C, Diamantouros S, Schlie S, Deiwick A, Koch L, Wilhelmi M, Jockenhoevel S, Haverich A, Chichkov B. Laser printing of three-dimensional multicellular arrays for studies of cell-cell and cell-environment interactions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:973-82. [PMID: 21585313 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilization of living cells for therapies in regenerative medicine requires a fundamental understanding of the interactions between different cells and their environment. Moreover, common models based on adherent two-dimensional cultures are not appropriate to simulate the complex interactions that occur in a three-dimensional (3D) cell-microenvironment in vivo. In this study, we present a computer-aided method for the printing of multiple cell types in a 3D array using laser-assisted bioprinting. By printing spots of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), we demonstrate that (i) these cell spots can be arranged layer-by-layer in a 3D array; (ii) any cell-cell ratio, cell quantity, cell-type combination, and spot spacing can be realized within this array; and (iii) the height of the 3D array is freely scalable. As a proof of concept, we printed separate spots of ASCs and ECFCs within a 3D array and observed cell-cell interactions in vascular endothelial growth factor-free medium. It has been demonstrated that direct cell-cell contacts trigger the development of stable vascular-like networks. This method can be applied to study complex and dynamic relationships between cells and their local environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gruene
- Department of Nanotechnology, Laser Zentrum Hannover e. V., Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Wu W, DeConinck A, Lewis JA. Omnidirectional printing of 3D microvascular networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H178-83. [PMID: 21438034 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201004625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Willie Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Oliveira MB, Mano JF. Polymer-based microparticles in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:897-912. [PMID: 21584949 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Different types of biomaterials, processed into different shapes, have been proposed as temporary support for cells in tissue engineering (TE) strategies. The manufacturing methods used in the production of particles in drug delivery strategies have been adapted for the development of microparticles in the fields of TE and regenerative medicine (RM). Microparticles have been applied as building blocks and matrices for the delivery of soluble factors, aiming for the construction of TE scaffolds, either by fusion giving rise to porous scaffolds or as injectable systems for in situ scaffold formation, avoiding complicated surgery procedures. More recently, organ printing strategies have been developed by the fusion of hydrogel particles with encapsulated cells, aiming the production of organs in in vitro conditions. Mesoscale self-assembly of hydrogel microblocks and the use of leachable particles in three-dimensional (3D) layer-by-layer (LbL) techniques have been suggested as well in recent works. Along with innovative applications, new perspectives are open for the use of these versatile structures, and different directions can still be followed to use all the potential that such systems can bring. This review focuses on polymeric microparticle processing techniques and overviews several examples and general concepts related to the use of these systems in TE and RE applications. The use of materials in the development of microparticles from research to clinical applications is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco, Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Self-assembled composite matrix in a hierarchical 3-D scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2244-55. [PMID: 21195810 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is of high clinical relevance in bone tissue engineering that scaffolds promote a high seeding efficiency of cells capable of osteogenic differentiation, such as human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We evaluated the effects of a novel polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold on hMSC seeding efficiency, proliferation, distribution and differentiation. Porous PCL meshes prepared by fused deposition modeling (FDM) were embedded in matrix of hyaluronic acid, methylated collagen and terpolymer via polyelectrolyte complex coacervation. Scaffolds were cultured statically and dynamically in osteogenic stimulation medium for up to 28 days. Compared to naked PCL scaffolds, embedded scaffolds provided a higher cell seeding efficiency (t-test, P<0.05), a more homogeneous cell distribution and more osteogenically differentiated cells, verified by a more pronounced gene expression of the bone markers alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein I and bone sialoprotein II. Dynamic culture resulted in higher amounts of DNA (day 14 and day 21) and calcium (day 21 and day 28), compared to static culture. Dynamic culture and the embedding synergistically enhanced the calcium deposition of hMSC on day 21 and day 28. This in vitro study provides evidence that hybrid scaffolds made from natural and synthetic polymers improve cellular seeding efficiency, proliferation, distribution and osteogenic differentiation.
Collapse
|
228
|
Barbieri D, Yuan H, de Groot F, Walsh WR, de Bruijn JD. Influence of different polymeric gels on the ectopic bone forming ability of an osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2007-14. [PMID: 21241835 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate moldable osteoinductive putties for bone repair we combined microstructured biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) particles with five different polymeric gels, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Pluronic(®) F-127 (PLU), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CHI) and alginate (ALG). In vitro gel dissolution showed that CMC, PLU and ALG gels dissolved rapidly (within hours), while the CHI gel took several days and the PVA gel did not dissolve within 2 weeks. Implanting the putty formulations into sheep muscle for 12 weeks demonstrated ectopic bone formation in the control BCP group as well as the putties prepared with dissolving gels (CMC, PLU, ALG and CHI). Bone was not seen in the putty comprising PVA. Quantitative data showed that the CMC and PLU gels did not significantly affect the osteoinductivity of BCP granules, while the ALG and CHI gels showed a significant decrease in bone formation. These results suggest that the dissolvability and chemistry of the gels may be factors affecting the osteoinduction of the putties.
Collapse
|
229
|
Prestwich GD. Hyaluronic acid-based clinical biomaterials derived for cell and molecule delivery in regenerative medicine. J Control Release 2011; 155:193-9. [PMID: 21513749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of injectable and biocompatible vehicles for delivery, retention, growth, and differentiation of stem cells is of paramount importance for regenerative medicine. For cell therapy and the development of clinical combination products, we created a hyaluronan (HA)-based synthetic extracellular matrix (sECM) that provides highly reproducible, manufacturable, approvable, and affordable biomaterials. The composition of the sECM can be customized for use with progenitor and mature cell populations obtained from skin, fat, liver, heart, muscle, bone, cartilage, nerves, and other tissues. This overview describes the design criteria for "living" HA derivatives, and the many uses of this in situ crosslinkable HA-based sECM hydrogel for three-dimensional (3-D) culture of cells in vitro and translational use in vivo. Recent advances allow rapid expansion and recovery of cells in 3-D, and the bioprinting of engineered tissue constructs. The uses of HA-derived sECMs for cell and molecule delivery in vivo will be reviewed, including applications in cancer biology and tumor imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Prestwich
- Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way #205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1257, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Burdick JA, Prestwich GD. Hyaluronic acid hydrogels for biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H41-56. [PMID: 21394792 PMCID: PMC3730855 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1311] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), an immunoneutral polysaccharide that is ubiquitous in the human body, is crucial for many cellular and tissue functions and has been in clinical use for over thirty years. When chemically modified, HA can be transformed into many physical forms-viscoelastic solutions, soft or stiff hydrogels, electrospun fibers, non-woven meshes, macroporous and fibrillar sponges, flexible sheets, and nanoparticulate fluids-for use in a range of preclinical and clinical settings. Many of these forms are derived from the chemical crosslinking of pendant reactive groups by addition/condensation chemistry or by radical polymerization. Clinical products for cell therapy and regenerative medicine require crosslinking chemistry that is compatible with the encapsulation of cells and injection into tissues. Moreover, an injectable clinical biomaterial must meet marketing, regulatory, and financial constraints to provide affordable products that can be approved, deployed to the clinic, and used by physicians. Many HA-derived hydrogels meet these criteria, and can deliver cells and therapeutic agents for tissue repair and regeneration. This progress report covers both basic concepts and recent advances in the development of HA-based hydrogels for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Burdick
- Prof. J.A. Burdick, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S 33th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (USA),
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Prof. G.D. Prestwich, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 (USA),
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Gruene M, Unger C, Koch L, Deiwick A, Chichkov B. Dispensing pico to nanolitre of a natural hydrogel by laser-assisted bioprinting. Biomed Eng Online 2011; 10:19. [PMID: 21385332 PMCID: PMC3058070 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laser-assisted bioprinting of multi-cellular replicates in accordance with CAD blueprint may substantially improve our understandings of fundamental aspects of 3 D cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in vitro. For predictable printing results, a profound knowledge about effects of different processing parameters is essential for realisation of 3 D cell models with well-defined cell densities. Methods Time-resolved imaging of the hydrogel jet dynamics and quantitative assessment of the dependence of printed droplet diameter on the process characteristics were conducted. Results The existence of a counterjet was visualised, proving the bubble collapsing theory for the jet formation. Furthermore, by adjusting the viscosity and height of the applied hydrogel layer in combination with different laser pulse energies, the printing of volumes in the range of 10 to 7000 picolitres was demonstrated. Additionally, the relationship between the viscosity and the layer thickness at different laser pulse energies on the printed droplet volume was identified. Conclusions These findings are essential for the advancement of laser-assisted bioprinting by enabling predictable printing results and the integration of computational methods in the generation of 3 D multi-cellular constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gruene
- Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
BINDER KYLEW, ALLEN ARTHURJ, YOO JAMESJ, ATALA ANTHONY. DROP-ON-DEMAND INKJET BIOPRINTING: A PRIMER. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s1568558611000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
233
|
Zhang H, Wang L, Song L, Niu G, Cao H, Wang G, Yang H, Zhu S. Controllable properties and microstructure of hydrogels based on crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates with different molecular weights. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
234
|
Koch L, Kuhn S, Sorg H, Gruene M, Schlie S, Gaebel R, Polchow B, Reimers K, Stoelting S, Ma N, Vogt PM, Steinhoff G, Chichkov B. Laser printing of skin cells and human stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:847-54. [PMID: 19883209 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser printing based on laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is a new biofabrication technique for the arrangement of biological materials or living cells in well-defined patterns. In the current study, skin cell lines (fibroblasts/keratinocytes) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were chosen for laser printing experiments due to their high potential in regeneration of human skin and new application possibilities of stem cell therapy. To evaluate the influence of LIFT on the cells, their survival rate, their proliferation and apoptotic activity, and the DNA damages and modifications of their cell surface markers were assessed and statistically evaluated over several days. The cells survived the transfer procedure with a rate of 98% +/- 1% standard error of the mean (skin cells) and 90% +/- 10% (hMSC), respectively. All used cell types maintain their ability to proliferate after LIFT. Further, skin cells and hMSC did not show an increase of apoptosis or DNA fragmentation. In addition, the hMSC keep their phenotype as proven by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. This study demonstrates LIFT as a suitable technique for unharmed computer-controlled positioning of different cell types and a promising tool for future applications in the ex vivo generation of tissue replacements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Koch
- Department of Nanotechnology, Laser Zentrum Hannover e V, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Raghavan S, Lam MT, Foster LL, Gilmont RR, Somara S, Takayama S, Bitar KN. Bioengineered three-dimensional physiological model of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle in vitro. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:999-1009. [PMID: 20001822 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to develop a physiological model of longitudinal smooth muscle tissue from isolated longitudinal smooth muscle cells arranged in the longitudinal axis. METHODS Longitudinal smooth muscle cells from rabbit sigmoid colon were isolated and expanded in culture. Cells were seeded at high densities onto laminin-coated Sylgard surfaces with defined wavy microtopographies. A highly aligned cell sheet was formed, to which addition of fibrin resulted in delamination. RESULTS (1) Acetylcholine (ACh) induced a dose-dependent, rapid, and sustained force generation. (2) Absence of extracellular calcium attenuated the magnitude and sustainability of ACh-induced force by 50% and 60%, respectively. (3) Vasoactive intestinal peptide also attenuated the magnitude and sustainability of ACh-induced force by 40% and 60%, respectively. These data were similar to force generated by longitudinal tissue. (4) Bioengineered constructs also maintained smooth muscle phenotype and calcium-dependence characteristics. SUMMARY This is a novel physiologically relevant in vitro three-dimensional model of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle tissue. Bioengineered three-dimensional longitudinal smooth muscle presents the ability to generate force, and respond to contractile agonists and relaxant peptides similar to native longitudinal tissue. This model has potential applications to investigate the underlying pathophysiology of dysfunctional colonic motility. It also presents as a readily implantable band-aid colonic longitudinal muscle tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Pediatrics-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0658, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Jabbari E. Bioconjugation of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:655-60. [PMID: 21306888 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Success of tissue engineered constructs in regenerative medicine is limited by the lack of cellmatrix interactions to guide devleopment of the seeded cells into the desired tissue. This review highlights the most exciting developments in bioconjugation of synthetic hydrogels targeted to tissue engineering. Application of conjugation techniques has resulted in the synthesis of novel biomimetic cell-responsive hydrogels to control the cascade of cell migration, adhesion, survival, differentiation, and maturation to the desired lineage concurrent with matrix remodeling. The future outlook includes developing conjugated patterned hydrogel matrices, developing novel hydrogel matrices to support self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic and adult stem cells, and merging 3D printing with bioconjugation to fabricate hydrogels with anatomical arrangement of cells and biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmaiel Jabbari
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Abstract
In tissue engineering applications or even in 3D cell cultures, the biological cross talk between cells and the scaffold is controlled by the material properties and scaffold characteristics. In order to induce cell adhesion, proliferation, and activation, materials used for the fabrication of scaffolds must possess requirements such as intrinsic biocompatibility and proper chemistry to induce molecular biorecognition from cells. Materials, scaffold mechanical properties and degradation kinetics should be adapted to the specific tissue engineering application to guarantee the required mechanical functions and to accomplish the rate of the new-tissue formation. For scaffolds, pore distribution, exposed surface area, and porosity play a major role, whose amount and distribution influence the penetration and the rate of penetration of cells within the scaffold volume, the architecture of the produced extracellular matrix, and for tissue engineering applications, the final effectiveness of the regenerative process. Depending on the fabrication process, scaffolds with different architecture can be obtained, with random or tailored pore distribution. In the recent years, rapid prototyping computer-controlled techniques have been applied to the fabrication of scaffolds with ordered geometry. This chapter reviews the principal polymeric materials that are used for the fabrication of scaffolds and the scaffold fabrication processes, with examples of properties and selected applications.
Collapse
|
238
|
Skardal A, Zhang J, McCoard L, Xu X, Oottamasathien S, Prestwich GD. Photocrosslinkable hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogels for two-step bioprinting. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 16:2675-85. [PMID: 20387987 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting by the codeposition of cells and biomaterials is constrained by the availability of printable materials. Herein we describe a novel macromonomer, a new two-step photocrosslinking strategy, and the use of a simple rapid prototyping system to print a proof-of-concept tubular construct. First, we synthesized the methacrylated ethanolamide derivative of gelatin (GE-MA). Second, partial photochemical cocrosslinking of GE-MA with methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HA-MA) gave an extrudable gel-like fluid. Third, the new HA-MA:GE-MA hydrogels were biocompatible, supporting cell attachment and proliferation of HepG2 C3A, Int-407, and NIH 3T3 cells in vitro. Moreover, hydrogels injected subcutaneously in nude mice produced no inflammatory response. Fourth, using the Fab@Home printing system, we printed a tubular tissue construct. The partially crosslinked hydrogels were extruded from a syringe into a designed base layer, and irradiated again to create a firmer structure. The computer-driven protocol was iterated to complete a cellularized tubular construct with a cell-free core and a cell-free structural halo. Cells encapsulated within this printed construct were viable in culture, and gradually remodeled the synthetic extracellular matrix environment to a naturally secreted extracellular matrix. This two-step photocrosslinkable biomaterial addresses an unmet need for printable hydrogels useful in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Hydrogel Synthesis Directed Toward Tissue Engineering: Impact of Reaction Condition on Structural Parameters and Macroscopic Properties of Xerogels. INT J POLYM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1155/2011/343062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of correlation and functional relationships between reaction conditions (concentrations of crosslinker, monomer and initiator, and neutralization degree of monomer), primary structural parameters (crosslinking density of network, average molar mass between crosslinks, and distance between macromolecular chains), and macroscopic properties (equilibrium swelling degree and xerogel density) of the synthesized xerogels which are important for application in tissue engineering is investigated. The structurally different xerogels samples of poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), and poly(acrylic acid-g-gelatin) were synthesized by applying different methods of polymerization: crosslinking polymerization, crosslinking polymerization in high concentrated aqueous solution, and crosslinking graft polymerization. The values of primary structural parameters and macroscopic properties were determined for the synthesized xerogels samples. For all of the investigated methods of polymerization, an existence of empirical power function of the dependence of primary structural parameters and macroscopic properties on the reaction conditions was established. The scaling laws between primary structural parameters and macroscopic properties on average molar mass between crosslinks were established. It is shown that scaling exponent is independent from the type of monomer and other reaction conditions within the same polymerization method. The physicochemical model that could be used for xerogel synthesis with predetermined macroscopic properties was suggested.
Collapse
|
240
|
Skardal A, Zhang J, McCoard L, Oottamasathien S, Prestwich GD. Dynamically crosslinked gold nanoparticle - hyaluronan hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4736-40. [PMID: 20730818 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Therapeutic Biomaterials, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Bott K, Upton Z, Schrobback K, Ehrbar M, Hubbell JA, Lutolf MP, Rizzi SC. The effect of matrix characteristics on fibroblast proliferation in 3D gels. Biomaterials 2010; 31:8454-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
242
|
Gkioni K, Leeuwenburgh SCG, Douglas TEL, Mikos AG, Jansen JA. Mineralization of hydrogels for bone regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 16:577-85. [PMID: 20735319 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are an important class of highly hydrated polymers that are widely investigated for potential use in soft tissue engineering. Generally, however, hydrogels lack the ability to mineralize, preventing the formation of chemical bonds with hard tissues such as bone. A recent trend in tissue engineering involves the development of hydrogels that possess the capacity to mineralize. The strategy that has attracted most interest has been the incorporation of inorganic phases such as calcium phosphate ceramics and bioglasses into hydrogel matrices. These inorganic particles act as nucleation sites that enable further mineralization, thus improving the mechanical properties of the composite material. A second route to create nucleation sites for calcification of hydrogels involves the use of features from the physiological mineralization process. Examples of these biomimetic mineralization strategies include (1) soaking of hydrogels in solutions that are saturated with respect to calcium phosphate, (2) incorporation of enzymes that catalyze deposition of bone mineral, and (3) incorporation of synthetic analogues to matrix vesicles that are the initial sites of biomineralization. Functionalization of the polymeric hydrogel backbone with negatively charged groups is a third mechanism to promote mineralization in otherwise inert hydrogels. This review summarizes the main strategies that have been developed in the past decade to calcify hydrogel matrices and render these hydrogels suitable for applications in bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gkioni
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Aydin D, Louban I, Perschmann N, Blümmel J, Lohmüller T, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Haas TL, Walczak H, Kessler H, Fiammengo R, Spatz JP. Polymeric substrates with tunable elasticity and nanoscopically controlled biomolecule presentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15472-80. [PMID: 20831282 DOI: 10.1021/la103065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in recent years, nanopatterning of hydrated polymeric systems such as hydrogels still represents a major challenge. Here, we employ block copolymer nanolithography to arrange gold nanoparticles on a solid template, followed by the transfer of the pattern to a polymeric hydrogel. In the next step, these nanoparticles serve as specific anchor points for active biomolecules. We demonstrate the engineering of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel surfaces with respect to elasticity, nanopatterning, and functionalization with biomolecules. For the first time, biomolecule arrangement on the nanometer scale and substrate stiffness can be varied independently from each other. Young's moduli, a measure of the compliance of the substrates, can be tuned over 4 orders of magnitude, including the values for all of the different tissues found in the human body. Structured hydrogels can be used to pattern any histidine-tagged protein as exemplified for his-protein A as an acceptor for immunoglobulin. When cell-adhesion-promoting peptide cRGDfK is selectively coupled to gold nanoparticles, the surfaces provide cues for cell-surface interaction and allow for the study of the modulation of cellular adhesion by the mechanical properties of the environment. Therefore, these substrates represent a unique multipurpose platform for studying receptor/ligand interactions with adhering cells, mechanotransduction, and cell-adhesion-dependent signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aydin
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Abstract
Elastomeric proteins are characterized by their large extensibility before rupture, reversible deformation without loss of energy, and high resilience upon stretching. Motivated by their unique mechanical properties, there has been tremendous research in understanding and manipulating elastomeric polypeptides, with most work conducted on the elastins but more recent work on an expanded set of polypeptide elastomers. Facilitated by biosynthetic strategies, it has been possible to manipulate the physical properties, conformation, and mechanical properties of these materials. Detailed understanding of the roles and organization of the natural structural proteins has permitted the design of elastomeric materials with engineered properties, and has thus expanded the scope of applications from elucidation of the mechanisms of elasticity to the development of advanced drug delivery systems and tissue engineering substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Scotti C, Mangiavini L, Boschetti F, Vitari F, Domeneghini C, Fraschini G, Peretti GM. Effect of in vitro culture on a chondrocyte-fibrin glue hydrogel for cartilage repair. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18:1400-6. [PMID: 20033674 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-009-1014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research in tissue engineering has been focused on articular cartilage repair for more than a decade. Some pioneristic studies involved the use of hydrogels such as alginate and fibrin glue which still possess valuable potential for cartilage regeneration. One of the main issues in cartilage tissue engineering is represented by the ideal maturation of the construct, before in vivo implantation, in order to optimize matrix quality and integration. The present study was focused on the effect of in vitro culture on a fibrin glue hydrogel embedding swine chondrocytes. We performed an evaluation of the immunohistochemical and biochemical composition and of the biomechanical properties of the construct after 1 and 5 weeks of culture. We noticed that chondrocytes survived in the fibrin glue gel and enhanced their synthetic activity. In fact, DNA content remained stable, while all indices of cartilage matrix production increased (GAGs content, immunohistochemistry for collagen II and safranin-o staining). On the other hand, the biomechanical properties remained steady, indicating a gradual substitution of the hydrogel scaffold by cartilaginous matrix. This demonstrates that an optimal preculture could provide the surgeon with a better engineered cartilage for implantation. However, whether this more mature tissue will result in a more efficient regeneration of the articular surface still has to be evaluated in future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Scotti
- Residency Program in Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gaetano Pini Orthopaedic Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Piazza A. Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Yang X, Gan Y, Gao X, Zhao L, Gao C, Zhang X, Feng Y, Ting K, Gou Z. Preparation and characterization of trace elements-multidoped injectable biomimetic materials for minimally invasive treatment of osteoporotic bone trauma. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:1170-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
247
|
Mishra RK, Ray AR. Synthesis and characterization of poly{N-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl] methacrylamide-co-itaconic acid} hydrogels for drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
248
|
Skardal A, Zhang J, Prestwich GD. Bioprinting vessel-like constructs using hyaluronan hydrogels crosslinked with tetrahedral polyethylene glycol tetracrylates. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6173-81. [PMID: 20546891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting enables deposition of cells and biomaterials into spatial orientations and complexities that mirror physiologically relevant geometries. To facilitate the development of bioartificial vessel-like grafts, two four-armed polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives with different PEG chain lengths, TetraPEG8 and TetraPEG13, were synthesized from tetrahedral pentaerythritol derivatives. The TetraPEGs are unique multi-armed PEGs with a compact and symmetrical core. The TetraPEGs were converted to tetra-acrylate derivatives (TetraPAcs) which were used in turn to co-crosslink thiolated hyaluronic acid and gelatin derivatives into extrudable hydrogels for printing tissue constructs. First, the hydrogels produced by TetraPAc crosslinking showed significantly higher shear storage moduli when compared to PEG diacrylate (PEGDA)-crosslinked synthetic extracellular matrices (sECMs) of similar composition. These stiffer hydrogels have rheological properties more suited to bioprinting high-density cell suspensions. Second, TetraPAc-crosslinked sECMs were equivalent or superior to PEGDA-crosslinked gels in supporting cell growth and proliferation. Third, the TetraPac sECMs were employed in a proof-of-concept experiment by encapsulation of NIH 3T3 cells in sausage-like hydrogel macrofilaments. These macrofilaments were then printed into tubular tissue constructs by layer-by-layer deposition using the Fab@Home printing system. LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity-stained cross-sectional images showed the bioprinted cell structures to be viable in culture for up to 4 weeks with little evidence of cell death. Thus, biofabrication of cell suspensions in TetraPAc sECMs demonstrates the feasibility of building bioartificial blood vessel-like constructs for research and potentially clinical uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Klein TJ, Malda J, Sah RL, Hutmacher DW. Tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 15:143-57. [PMID: 19203206 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage is a persistent and increasing problem with the aging population, and treatments to achieve biological repair or restoration remain a challenge. Cartilage tissue engineering approaches have been investigated for over 20 years, but have yet to achieve the consistency and effectiveness for widespread clinical use. One of the potential reasons for this is that the engineered tissues do not have or establish the normal zonal organization of cells and extracellular matrix that appears critical for normal tissue function. A number of approaches are being taken currently to engineer tissue that more closely mimics the organization of native articular cartilage. This review focuses on the zonal organization of native articular cartilage, strategies being used to develop such organization, the reorganization that occurs after culture or implantation, and future prospects for the tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Klein
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
250
|
Geckil H, Xu F, Zhang X, Moon S, Demirci U. Engineering hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:469-84. [PMID: 20394538 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex cellular environment consisting of proteins, proteoglycans, and other soluble molecules. ECM provides structural support to mammalian cells and a regulatory milieu with a variety of important cell functions, including assembling cells into various tissues and organs, regulating growth and cell-cell communication. Developing a tailored in vitro cell culture environment that mimics the intricate and organized nanoscale meshwork of native ECM is desirable. Recent studies have shown the potential of hydrogels to mimic native ECM. Such an engineered native-like ECM is more likely to provide cells with rational cues for diagnostic and therapeutic studies. The research for novel biomaterials has led to an extension of the scope and techniques used to fabricate biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this article, we detail the progress of the current state-of-the-art engineering methods to create cell-encapsulating hydrogel tissue constructs as well as their applications in in vitro models in biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikmet Geckil
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, 65 Landsdowne St., #267, 02139 Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|