201
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Pérez-Chaca MV, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Molina AS, Pedranzani HE, Zirulnik F, Sandalio LM, Romero-Puertas MC. Cadmium induces two waves of reactive oxygen species in Glycine max (L.) roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1672-87. [PMID: 24433233 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal that may be toxic or even lethal to plants as it can be easily taken up by the roots and loaded into the xylem to the leaves. Using soybean roots (Glycine max L.) DM 4800, we have analysed various parameters related to reactive oxygen metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) during a 6 day Cd exposure. A rise in H(2)O(2) and NO, and to a lesser extent O(2)(·-) content was observed after 6 h exposure with a concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation and carbonyl group content. Both oxidative markers were significantly reduced after 24 h. A second, higher wave of O(2)(·-) production was also observed after 72 h of exposure followed by a reduction until the end of the treatment. NOX and glicolate oxidase activity might be involved in the initial Cd-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and it appears that other sources may also participate. The analysis of antioxidative enzymes showed an increase in glutathione-S-transferase activity and in transcript levels and activity of enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the NADPH-generating enzymes. These results suggest that soybean is able to respond rapidly to oxidative stress imposed by Cd by improving the availability of NADPH necessary for the ascorbate-glutathione cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Verónica Pérez-Chaca
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica. Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, FQByF. Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de los Andes 950, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
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202
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Zimmer-Prados LM, Moreira ASFP, Magalhaes JR, França MGC. Nitric oxide increases tolerance responses to moderate water deficit in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata bean species. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:295-301. [PMID: 25049456 PMCID: PMC4101133 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-014-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most intensively studied and widespread constraints, and nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule involved in the mediation of abiotic stresses in plants. We demonstrated that a sprayed solution of NO from donor sodium nitroprusside increased drought stress tolerance responses in both sensitive (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tolerant (Vigna unguiculata) beans. In intact plants subjected to halting irrigation, NO increased the leaf relative water content and stomatal conductance in both species. After cutting leaf discs and washing them, NO induced increased electrolyte leakage, which was more evident in the tolerant species. These leaf discs were then subjected to different water deficits, simulating moderate and severe drought stress conditions through polyethylene glycol solutions. NO supplied at moderate drought stress revealed a reduced membrane injury index in sensitive species. In hydrated discs and at this level of water deficit, NO increased the electron transport rate in both species, and a reduction of these rates was observed at severe stress levels. Taken together, it can be shown that NO has an effective role in ameliorating drought stress effects, activating tolerance responses at moderate water deficit levels and in both bean species which present differential drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Martins Zimmer-Prados
- />Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 MG Brazil
| | | | - Jose Ronaldo Magalhaes
- />Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA, Av. Olegário Maciel, 450, 36015-350 Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
| | - Marcel Giovanni Costa França
- />Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 MG Brazil
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203
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Yu M, Lamattina L, Spoel SH, Loake GJ. Nitric oxide function in plant biology: a redox cue in deconvolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1142-1156. [PMID: 24611485 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous, redox-active small molecule, is gradually becoming established as a central regulator of growth, development, immunity and environmental interactions in plants. A major route for the transfer of NO bioactivity is S-nitrosylation, the covalent attachment of an NO moiety to a protein cysteine thiol to form an S-nitrosothiol (SNO). This chemical transformation is rapidly emerging as a prototypic, redox-based post-translational modification integral to the life of plants. Here we review the myriad roles of NO and SNOs in plant biology and, where known, the molecular mechanisms underpining their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), CC 12457600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
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204
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Misra AN, Vladkova R, Singh R, Misra M, Dobrikova AG, Apostolova EL. Action and target sites of nitric oxide in chloroplasts. Nitric Oxide 2014; 39:35-45. [PMID: 24731839 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule in plants under physiological and stress conditions. Here we review the influence of NO on chloroplasts which can be directly induced by interaction with the photosynthetic apparatus by influencing photophosphorylation, electron transport activity and oxido-reduction state of the Mn clusters of the oxygen-evolving complex or by changes in gene expression. The influence of NO-induced changes in the photosynthetic apparatus on its functions and sensitivity to stress factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra N Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India.
| | - Radka Vladkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ranjeet Singh
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India
| | - Meena Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 435020, India
| | - Anelia G Dobrikova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia L Apostolova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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205
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Gupta KJ, Hebelstrup KH, Kruger NJ, George Ratcliffe R. Nitric oxide is required for homeostasis of oxygen and reactive oxygen species in barley roots under aerobic conditions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:747-50. [PMID: 24285092 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti J Gupta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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206
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Leiva-Eriksson N, Pin PA, Kraft T, Dohm JC, Minoche AE, Himmelbauer H, Bülow L. Differential expression patterns of non-symbiotic hemoglobins in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:834-44. [PMID: 24486763 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biennial sugar beet (Beta vulgaris spp. vulgaris) is a Caryophyllidae that has adapted its growth cycle to the seasonal temperature and daylength variation of temperate regions. This is the first time a holistic study of the expression pattern of non-symbiotic hemoglobins (nsHbs) is being carried out in a member of this group and under two essential environmental conditions for flowering, namely vernalization and length of photoperiod. BvHb genes were identified by sequence homology searches against the latest draft of the sugar beet genome. Three nsHb genes (BvHb1.1, BvHb1.2 and BvHb2) and one truncated Hb gene (BvHb3) were found in the genome of sugar beet. Gene expression profiling of the nsHb genes was carried out by quantitative PCR in different organs and developmental stages, as well as during vernalization and under different photoperiods. BvHb1.1 and BvHb2 showed differential expression during vernalization as well as during long and short days. The high expression of BvHb2 indicates that it has an active role in the cell, maybe even taking over some BvHb1.2 functions, except during germination where BvHb1.2 together with BvHb1.1-both Class 1 nsHbs-are highly expressed. The unprecedented finding of a leader peptide at the N-terminus of BvHb1.1, for the first time in an nsHb from higher plants, together with its observed expression indicate that it may have a very specific role due to its suggested location in chloroplasts. Our findings open up new possibilities for research, breeding and engineering since Hbs could be more involved in plant development than previously was anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélida Leiva-Eriksson
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221.00 Lund, Sweden
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207
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Trevisan S, Manoli A, Quaggiotti S. NO signaling is a key component of the root growth response to nitrate in Zea mays L. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28290. [PMID: 24613869 PMCID: PMC4091522 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Roots are considered to be a vital organ system of plants due to their involvement in water and nutrient uptake, anchorage, propagation, storage functions, secondary metabolite (including hormones) biosynthesis, and accumulation. Crops are strongly dependent on the availability of nitrogen in soil and on the efficiency of nitrogen utilization for biomass production and yield. However, knowledge about molecular responses to nitrogen fluctuations mainly derives from the study of model species. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to be implicated in plant adaptation to environment, but its exact role in the response of plants to nutritional stress is still under evaluation. Recently a novel role for NO production and scavenging, thanks to the coordinate spatio-temporal expression of nitrate reductase and non-symbiotic hemoglobins, in the maize root response to nitrate has been postulated. This control of NO homeostasis is preferentially accomplished by the cells of the root transition zone (TZ) which seem to represent the most nitrate responsive portion of maize root. The TZ is already known to function as a sensory center able to gather information from the external environment and to re-elaborate them in an adequate response. These results indicate that it could play a central role also for nitrate sensing by roots. A lot of work is still needed to identify and characterize other upstream and downstream signals involved in the "nitrate-NO" pathway, leading to root architecture adjustments and finally to stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trevisan
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment (DAFNAE); University of Padua; Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Alessandro Manoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment (DAFNAE); University of Padua; Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Silvia Quaggiotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment (DAFNAE); University of Padua; Agripolis, Legnaro (PD), Italy
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208
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León J, Castillo MC, Coego A, Lozano-Juste J, Mir R. Diverse functional interactions between nitric oxide and abscisic acid in plant development and responses to stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:907-21. [PMID: 24371253 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The extensive support for abscisic acid (ABA) involvement in the complex regulatory networks controlling stress responses and development in plants contrasts with the relatively recent role assigned to nitric oxide (NO). Because treatment with exogenous ABA leads to enhanced production of NO, it has been widely considered that NO participates downstream of ABA in controlling processes such as stomata movement, seed dormancy, and germination. However, data on leaf senescence and responses to stress suggest that the functional interaction between ABA and NO is more complex than previously thought, including not only cooperation but also antagonism. The functional relationship is probably determined by several factors including the time- and place-dependent pattern of accumulation of both molecules, the threshold levels, and the regulatory factors important for perception. These factors will determine the actions exerted by each regulator. Here, several examples of well-documented functional interactions between NO and ABA are analysed in light of the most recent reported data on seed dormancy and germination, stomata movements, leaf senescence, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- José León
- Plant Development and Hormone Action, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain
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209
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Gibbs DJ, Md Isa N, Movahedi M, Lozano-Juste J, Mendiondo GM, Berckhan S, Marín-de la Rosa N, Vicente Conde J, Sousa Correia C, Pearce SP, Bassel GW, Hamali B, Talloji P, Tomé DFA, Coego A, Beynon J, Alabadí D, Bachmair A, León J, Gray JE, Theodoulou FL, Holdsworth MJ. Nitric oxide sensing in plants is mediated by proteolytic control of group VII ERF transcription factors. Mol Cell 2014; 53:369-79. [PMID: 24462115 PMCID: PMC3969242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling compound in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In plants, NO regulates critical developmental transitions and stress responses. Here, we identify a mechanism for NO sensing that coordinates responses throughout development based on targeted degradation of plant-specific transcriptional regulators, the group VII ethylene response factors (ERFs). We show that the N-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis targets these proteins for destruction in the presence of NO, and we establish them as critical regulators of diverse NO-regulated processes, including seed germination, stomatal closure, and hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, we define the molecular mechanism for NO control of germination and crosstalk with abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through ERF-regulated expression of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5). Our work demonstrates how NO sensing is integrated across multiple physiological processes by direct modulation of transcription factor stability and identifies group VII ERFs as central hubs for the perception of gaseous signals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibbs
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nurulhikma Md Isa
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mahsa Movahedi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jorge Lozano-Juste
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermina M Mendiondo
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sophie Berckhan
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nora Marín-de la Rosa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Vicente Conde
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Cristina Sousa Correia
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simon P Pearce
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - George W Bassel
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Bulut Hamali
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Prabhavathi Talloji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Daniel F A Tomé
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alberto Coego
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Frederica L Theodoulou
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Michael J Holdsworth
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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210
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Christou A, Filippou P, Manganaris GA, Fotopoulos V. Sodium hydrosulfide induces systemic thermotolerance to strawberry plants through transcriptional regulation of heat shock proteins and aquaporin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:42. [PMID: 24499299 PMCID: PMC3933230 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperature extremes represent an important limiting factor to plant growth and productivity. The present study evaluated the effect of hydroponic pretreatment of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. 'Camarosa') roots with an H2S donor, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS; 100 μM for 48 h), on the response of plants to acute heat shock treatment (42°C, 8 h). RESULTS Heat stress-induced phenotypic damage was ameliorated in NaHS-pretreated plants, which managed to preserve higher maximum photochemical PSII quantum yields than stressed plants. Apparent mitigating effects of H2S pretreatment were registered regarding oxidative and nitrosative secondary stress, since malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) were quantified in lower amounts than in heat-stressed plants. In addition, NaHS pretreatment preserved ascorbate/glutathione homeostasis, as evidenced by lower ASC and GSH pool redox disturbances and enhanced transcription of ASC (GDH) and GSH biosynthetic enzymes (GS, GCS), 8 h after heat stress imposition. Furthermore, NaHS root pretreatment resulted in induction of gene expression levels of an array of protective molecules, such as enzymatic antioxidants (cAPX, CAT, MnSOD, GR), heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP80, HSP90) and aquaporins (PIP). CONCLUSION Overall, we propose that H2S root pretreatment activates a coordinated network of heat shock defense-related pathways at a transcriptional level and systemically protects strawberry plants from heat shock-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasis Christou
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
- Present address: Agricultural Research Institute, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Panagiota Filippou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - George A Manganaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
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211
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Minocha R, Majumdar R, Minocha SC. Polyamines and abiotic stress in plants: a complex relationship. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:175. [PMID: 24847338 PMCID: PMC4017135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The physiological relationship between abiotic stress in plants and polyamines was reported more than 40 years ago. Ever since there has been a debate as to whether increased polyamines protect plants against abiotic stress (e.g., due to their ability to deal with oxidative radicals) or cause damage to them (perhaps due to hydrogen peroxide produced by their catabolism). The observation that cellular polyamines are typically elevated in plants under both short-term as well as long-term abiotic stress conditions is consistent with the possibility of their dual effects, i.e., being protectors from as well as perpetrators of stress damage to the cells. The observed increase in tolerance of plants to abiotic stress when their cellular contents are elevated by either exogenous treatment with polyamines or through genetic engineering with genes encoding polyamine biosynthetic enzymes is indicative of a protective role for them. However, through their catabolic production of hydrogen peroxide and acrolein, both strong oxidizers, they can potentially be the cause of cellular harm during stress. In fact, somewhat enigmatic but strong positive relationship between abiotic stress and foliar polyamines has been proposed as a potential biochemical marker of persistent environmental stress in forest trees in which phenotypic symptoms of stress are not yet visible. Such markers may help forewarn forest managers to undertake amelioration strategies before the appearance of visual symptoms of stress and damage at which stage it is often too late for implementing strategies for stress remediation and reversal of damage. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the published literature on interactions between abiotic stress and polyamines in plants, and examines the experimental strategies used to understand the functional significance of this relationship with the aim of improving plant productivity, especially under conditions of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Minocha
- US Forest Service, Northern Research StationDurham, NH, USA
| | - Rajtilak Majumdar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceGeneva, NY, USA
| | - Subhash C. Minocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
- *Correspondence: Subhash C. Minocha, Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Rudman Hall, 46 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA e-mail:
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212
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Mott GA, Middleton MA, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Peptides and small molecules of the plant-pathogen apoplastic arena. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:677. [PMID: 25506352 PMCID: PMC4246658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants reside within an environment rich in potential pathogens. Survival in the presence of such threats requires both effective perception of, and appropriate responses to, pathogenic attack. While plants lack an adaptive immune system, they have a highly developed and responsive innate immune system able to detect and inhibit the growth of the vast majority of potential pathogens. Many of the critical interactions that characterize the relationship between plants and pathogens are played out in the intercellular apoplastic space. The initial perception of pathogen invasion is often achieved through specific plant receptor-like kinases that recognize conserved molecular patterns presented by the pathogen or respond to the molecular debris caused by cellular damage. The perception of either microbial or damage signals by these receptors initiates a response that includes the production of peptides and small molecules to enhance cellular integrity and inhibit pathogen growth. In this review, we discuss the roles of apoplastic peptides and small molecules in modulating plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Adam Mott
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
- *Correspondence: G. Adam Mott, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada e-mail:
| | - Maggie A. Middleton
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONCanada
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213
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Wang X, Hargrove MS. Nitric oxide in plants: the roles of ascorbate and hemoglobin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82611. [PMID: 24376554 PMCID: PMC3869716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid and hemoglobins have been linked to nitric oxide metabolism in plants. It has been hypothesized that ascorbic acid directly reduces plant hemoglobin in support of NO scavenging, producing nitrate and monodehydroascorbate. In this scenario, monodehydroascorbate reductase uses NADH to reduce monodehydroascorbate back to ascorbate to sustain the cycle. To test this hypothesis, rates of rice nonsymbiotic hemoglobin reduction by ascorbate were measured directly, in the presence and absence of purified rice monodehydroascorbate reductase and NADH. Solution NO scavenging was also measured methodically in the presence and absence of rice nonsymbiotic hemoglobin and monodehydroascorbate reductase, under hypoxic and normoxic conditions, in an effort to gauge the likelihood of these proteins affecting NO metabolism in plant tissues. Our results indicate that ascorbic acid slowly reduces rice nonsymbiotic hemoglobin at a rate identical to myoglobin reduction. The product of the reaction is monodehydroascorbate, which can be efficiently reduced back to ascorbate in the presence of monodehydroascorbate reductase and NADH. However, our NO scavenging results suggest that the direct reduction of plant hemoglobin by ascorbic acid is unlikely to serve as a significant factor in NO metabolism, even in the presence of monodehydroascorbate reductase. Finally, the possibility that the direct reaction of nitrite/nitrous acid and ascorbic acid produces NO was measured at various pH values mimicking hypoxic plant cells. Our results suggest that this reaction is a likely source of NO as the plant cell pH drops below 7, and as nitrite concentrations rise to mM levels during hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Hargrove
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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214
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Sainz M, Pérez-Rontomé C, Ramos J, Mulet JM, James EK, Bhattacharjee U, Petrich JW, Becana M. Plant hemoglobins may be maintained in functional form by reduced flavins in the nuclei, and confer differential tolerance to nitro-oxidative stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:875-87. [PMID: 24118423 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The heme of bacteria, plant and animal hemoglobins (Hbs) must be in the ferrous state to bind O(2) and other physiological ligands. Here we have characterized the full set of non-symbiotic (class 1 and 2) and 'truncated' (class 3) Hbs of Lotus japonicus. Class 1 Hbs are hexacoordinate, but class 2 and 3 Hbs are pentacoordinate. Three of the globins, Glb1-1, Glb2 and Glb3-1, are nodule-enhanced proteins. The O(2) affinity of Glb1-1 (50 pm) was the highest known for any Hb, and the protein may function as an O(2) scavenger. The five globins were reduced by free flavins, which transfer electrons from NAD(P)H to the heme iron under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Class 1 Hbs were reduced at very fast rates by FAD, class 2 Hbs at slower rates by both FMN and FAD, and class 3 Hbs at intermediate rates by FMN. The members of the three globin classes were immunolocalized predominantly in the nuclei. Flavins were quantified in legume nodules and nuclei, and their concentrations were sufficient to maintain Hbs in their functional state. All Hbs, except Glb1-1, were expressed in a flavohemoglobin-deficient yeast mutant and found to confer tolerance to oxidative stress induced by methyl viologen, copper or low temperature, indicating an anti-oxidative role for the hemes. However, only Glb1-2 and Glb2 afforded protection against nitrosative stress induced by S-nitrosoglutathione. Because this compound is specifically involved in transnitrosylation reactions with thiol groups, our results suggest a contribution of the single cysteine residues of both proteins in the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sainz
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
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215
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Groß F, Durner J, Gaupels F. Nitric oxide, antioxidants and prooxidants in plant defence responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:419. [PMID: 24198820 PMCID: PMC3812536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells the free radical nitric oxide (NO) interacts both with anti- as well as prooxidants. This review provides a short survey of the central roles of ascorbate and glutathione-the latter alone or in conjunction with S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-in controlling NO bioavailability. Other major topics include the regulation of antioxidant enzymes by NO and the interplay between NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under stress conditions NO regulates antioxidant enzymes at the level of activity and gene expression, which can cause either enhancement or reduction of the cellular redox status. For instance chronic NO production during salt stress induced the antioxidant system thereby increasing salt tolerance in various plants. In contrast, rapid NO accumulation in response to strong stress stimuli was occasionally linked to inhibition of antioxidant enzymes and a subsequent rise in hydrogen peroxide levels. Moreover, during incompatible Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae interactions ROS burst and cell death progression were shown to be terminated by S-nitrosylation-triggered inhibition of NADPH oxidases, further highlighting the multiple roles of NO during redox-signaling. In chemical reactions between NO and ROS reactive nitrogen species (RNS) arise with characteristics different from their precursors. Recently, peroxynitrite formed by the reaction of NO with superoxide has attracted much attention. We will describe putative functions of this molecule and other NO derivatives in plant cells. Non-symbiotic hemoglobins (nsHb) were proposed to act in NO degradation. Additionally, like other oxidases nsHb is also capable of catalyzing protein nitration through a nitrite- and hydrogen peroxide-dependent process. The physiological significance of the described findings under abiotic and biotic stress conditions will be discussed with a special emphasis on pathogen-induced programmed cell death (PCD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Gaupels
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz-Zentrum MünchenMunich, Germany
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216
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Boscari A, Meilhoc E, Castella C, Bruand C, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Which role for nitric oxide in symbiotic N2-fixing nodules: toxic by-product or useful signaling/metabolic intermediate? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:384. [PMID: 24130563 PMCID: PMC3793596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to the establishment of a symbiotic relationship characterized by the formation of new organs called nodules, in which bacteria have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) via the nitrogenase activity. Significant nitric oxide (NO) production was evidenced in the N2-fixing nodules suggesting that it may impact the symbiotic process. Indeed, NO was shown to be a potent inhibitor of nitrogenase activity and symbiotic N2 fixation. It has also been shown that NO production is increased in hypoxic nodules and this production was supposed to be linked - via a nitrate/NO respiration process - with improved capacity of the nodules to maintain their energy status under hypoxic conditions. Other data suggest that NO might be a developmental signal involved in the induction of nodule senescence. Hence, the questions were raised of the toxic effects versus signaling/metabolic functions of NO, and of the regulation of NO levels compatible with nitrogenase activity. The present review analyses the different roles of NO in functioning nodules, and discusses the role of plant and bacterial (flavo)hemoglobins in the control of NO level in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Boscari
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 7254Sophia Antipolis, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Eliane Meilhoc
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claude Castella
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 7254Sophia Antipolis, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Claude Bruand
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 7254Sophia Antipolis, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 1355Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR 7254Sophia Antipolis, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Nice Sophia AntipolisSophia Antipolis, France
- *Correspondence: Renaud Brouquisse, UMR INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - Interactions Biotiques et Santé Végétale, Institut Agrobiotech, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France e-mail:
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217
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Freschi L. Nitric oxide and phytohormone interactions: current status and perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:398. [PMID: 24130567 PMCID: PMC3793198 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is currently considered a ubiquitous signal in plant systems, playing significant roles in a wide range of responses to environmental and endogenous cues. During the signaling events leading to these plant responses, NO frequently interacts with plant hormones and other endogenous molecules, at times originating remarkably complex signaling cascades. Accumulating evidence indicates that virtually all major classes of plant hormones may influence, at least to some degree, the endogenous levels of NO. In addition, studies conducted during the induction of diverse plant responses have demonstrated that NO may also affect biosynthesis, catabolism/conjugation, transport, perception, and/or transduction of different phytohormones, such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonates, and brassinosteroids. Although still not completely elucidated, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between NO and plant hormones have recently been investigated in a number of species and plant responses. This review specifically focuses on the current knowledge of the mechanisms implicated in NO-phytohormone interactions during the regulation of developmental and metabolic plant events. The modifications triggered by NO on the transcription of genes encoding biosynthetic/degradative enzymes as well as proteins involved in the transport and signal transduction of distinct plant hormones will be contextualized during the control of developmental, metabolic, and defense responses in plants. Moreover, the direct post-translational modification of phytohormone biosynthetic enzymes and receptors through S-nitrosylation will also be discussed as a key mechanism for regulating plant physiological responses. Finally, some future perspectives toward a more complete understanding of NO-phytohormone interactions will also be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Freschi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Sao PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
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218
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Hill RD, Huang S, Stasolla C. Hemoglobins, programmed cell death and somatic embryogenesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:35-41. [PMID: 23987809 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a universal process in all multicellular organisms. It is a critical component in a diverse number of processes ranging from growth and differentiation to response to stress. Somatic embryogenesis is one such process where PCD is significantly involved. Nitric oxide is increasingly being recognized as playing a significant role in regulating PCD in both mammalian and plant systems. Plant hemoglobins scavenge NO, and evidence is accumulating that events that modify NO levels in plants also affect hemoglobin expression. Here, we review the process of PCD, describing the involvement of NO and plant hemoglobins in the process. NO is an effector of cell death in both plants and vertebrates, triggering the cascade of events leading to targeted cell death that is a part of an organism's response to stress or to tissue differentiation and development. Expression of specific hemoglobins can alter this response in plants by scavenging the NO, thus, interrupting the death process. Somatic embryogenesis is used as a model system to demonstrate how cell-specific expression of different classes of hemoglobins can alter the embryogenic process, affecting hormone synthesis, cell metabolite levels and genes associated with PCD and embryogenic competence. We propose that plant hemoglobins influence somatic embryogenesis and PCD through cell-specific expression of a distinct plant hemoglobin. It is based on the premise that both embryogenic competence and PCD are strongly influenced by cellular NO levels. Increases in cellular NO levels result in elevated Zn(2+) and reactive-oxygen species associated with PCD, but they also result in decreased expression of MYC2, a transcription factor that is a negative effector of indoleacetic acid synthesis, a hormone that positively influences embryogenic competence. Cell-specific hemoglobin expression reduces NO levels as a result of NO scavenging, resulting in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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219
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Meilhoc E, Blanquet P, Cam Y, Bruand C. Control of NO level in rhizobium-legume root nodules: not only a plant globin story. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.25923. [PMID: 23962798 PMCID: PMC4091110 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO ) is a gaseous signaling molecule which plays both regulatory and defense roles in animals and plants. In the symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia, NO has been shown to be involved in bacterial infection and nodule development steps as well as in mature nodule functioning. We recently showed that an increase in NO level inside Medicago truncatula root nodules also could trigger premature nodule senescence. Here we discuss the importance of the bacterial Sinorhizobium meliloti flavohemoglobin to finely tune the NO level inside nodules and further, we demonstrate that S. meliloti possesses at least two non redundant ways to control NO and that both systems are necessary to maintain efficient nitrogen fixing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Meilhoc
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR441; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR2594; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Correspondence to: Eliane Meilhoc,
| | - Pauline Blanquet
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR441; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR2594; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yvan Cam
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR441; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR2594; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claude Bruand
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR441; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); UMR2594; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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220
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Romero-Puertas MC, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Sandalio LM. Protein S-nitrosylation in plants under abiotic stress: an overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:373. [PMID: 24065977 PMCID: PMC3778396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress is one of the main problems affecting agricultural losses, and understanding the mechanisms behind plant tolerance and stress response will help us to develop new means of strengthening fruitful agronomy. The mechanisms of plant stress response are complex. Data obtained by experimental procedures are sometimes contradictory, depending on the species, strength, and timing applied. In recent years nitric oxide has been identified as a key signaling molecule involved in most plant responses to abiotic stress, either indirectly through gene activation or interaction with reactive oxygen species and hormones; or else directly, as a result of modifying enzyme activities mainly by nitration and S-nitrosylation. While the functional relevance of the S-nitrosylation of certain proteins has been assessed in response to biotic stress, it has yet to be characterized under abiotic stress. Here, we review initial works about S-nitrosylation in response to abiotic stress to conclude with a brief overview, and discuss further perspectives to obtain a clear outlook of the relevance of S-nitrosylation in plant response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Romero-Puertas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
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221
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Guillas I, Puyaubert J, Baudouin E. Nitric oxide-sphingolipid interplays in plant signalling: a new enigma from the Sphinx? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:341. [PMID: 24062754 PMCID: PMC3770979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) emerged as one of the major signaling molecules operating during plant development and plant responses to its environment. Beyond the identification of the direct molecular targets of NO, a series of studies considered its interplay with other actors of signal transduction and the integration of NO into complex signaling networks. Beside the close relationships between NO and calcium or phosphatidic acid signaling pathways that are now well-established, recent reports paved the way for interplays between NO and sphingolipids (SLs). This mini-review summarizes our current knowledge of the influence NO and SLs might exert on each other in plant physiology. Based on comparisons with examples from the animal field, it further indicates that, although SL-NO interplays are common features in signaling networks of eukaryotic cells, the underlying mechanisms and molecular targets significantly differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Guillas
- UR 5, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6Paris, France
- EAC 7180, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParis, France
| | - Juliette Puyaubert
- UR 5, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6Paris, France
- EAC 7180, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParis, France
| | - Emmanuel Baudouin
- UR 5, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6Paris, France
- EAC 7180, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParis, France
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Baudouin, UR 5, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Bâtiment C/3 Boîte courrier 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cédex 05, France; EAC 7180, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bâtiment C/3 Boîte courrier 156, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cédex 05, France e-mail:
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222
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Antoniou C, Filippou P, Mylona P, Fasoula D, Ioannides I, Polidoros A, Fotopoulos V. Developmental stage- and concentration-specific sodium nitroprusside application results in nitrate reductase regulation and the modification of nitrate metabolism in leaves of Medicago truncatula plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e25479. [PMID: 23838961 PMCID: PMC4011814 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule involved in numerous biological events that has been reported to display both pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties in plants. Several reports exist which demonstrate the protective action of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a widely used NO donor, which acts as a signal molecule in plants responsible for the expression regulation of many antioxidant enzymes. This study attempts to provide a novel insight into the effect of application of low (100 μΜ) and high (2.5 mM) concentrations of SNP on the nitrosative status and nitrate metabolism of mature (40 d) and senescing (65 d) Medicago truncatula plants. Higher concentrations of SNP resulted in increased NO content, cellular damage levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, further induced in older tissues. Senescing M. truncatula plants demonstrated greater sensitivity to SNP-induced oxidative and nitrosative damage, suggesting a developmental stage-dependent suppression in the plant's capacity to cope with free oxygen and nitrogen radicals. In addition, measurements of the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), a key enzyme involved in the generation of NO in plants, indicated a differential regulation in a dose and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, expression levels of NO-responsive genes (NR, nitrate/nitrite transporters) involved in nitrogen assimilation and NO production revealed significant induction of NR and nitrate transporter during long-term 2.5 mM SNP application in mature plants and overall gene suppression in senescing plants, supporting the differential nitrosative response of M. truncatula plants treated with different concentrations of SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Antoniou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science; Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Panagiota Filippou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science; Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Photini Mylona
- Agricultural Research Center of Northern Greece; NAGREF; Thermi, Greece
| | | | | | - Alexios Polidoros
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding; School of Agriculture; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science; Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol, Cyprus
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223
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Scheler C, Durner J, Astier J. Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in plant biotic interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:534-9. [PMID: 23880111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules in plants. Recent progress has been made in defining their role during plant biotic interactions. Over the last decade, their function in disease resistance has been highlighted and focused a lot of investigations. Moreover, NO and ROS have recently emerged as important players of defense responses after herbivore attacks. Besides their role in plant adaptive response development, NO and ROS have been demonstrated to be involved in symbiotic interactions between plants and microorganisms. Here we review recent data concerning these three sides of NO and ROS functions in plant biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scheler
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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224
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D’Alessandro S, Posocco B, Costa A, Zahariou G, Schiavo FL, Carbonera D, Zottini M. Limits in the use of cPTIO as nitric oxide scavenger and EPR probe in plant cells and seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:340. [PMID: 24009621 PMCID: PMC3756283 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade the importance of nitric oxide (NO) in plant signaling has emerged. Despite its recognized biological role, the sensitivity and effectiveness of the methods used for measuring NO concentration in plants are still under discussion. Among these, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a well-accepted technique to detect NO. In the present work we report the constraints of using 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) in biological samples as spin trap for quantitative measurement of NO. EPR analyses on Arabidopsis cell cultures and seedlings show that cPTIO(NNO) is degraded in a matter of few minutes while the (INO) compound, produced by cPTIO and NO reaction, has not been detected. Limitations of using this spin trap in plant systems for quantitative measurements of NO are discussed. As NO scavenger, cPTIO is widely used in combination with 4-amino-5-methylamino-2('),7(')-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM) fluorescent dye in plant research. However, the dependence of DAF-FM fluorescence on cPTIO and NO concentrations is not clearly defined so that the range of concentrations should be tightly selected. In this context, a systematic study on cPTIO NO scavenging properties has been performed, as it was still lacking for plant system applications. The results of this systematic analysis are discussed in terms of reliability of the use of cPTIO in the quantitative determination and scavenging of NO in plants and plant cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, University of MilanMilano, Italy
| | - Georgia Zahariou
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michela Zottini, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy e-mail: ; Donatella Carbonera, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy e-mail:
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michela Zottini, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy e-mail: ; Donatella Carbonera, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy e-mail:
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225
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Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU. Recommendations of using at least two different methods for measuring NO. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:58. [PMID: 23520440 PMCID: PMC3603275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti J. Gupta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- *Correspondence: ;
| | - Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John'sNL, Canada
- *Correspondence: ;
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Parí R, Iglesias MJ, Terrile MC, Casalongué CA. Functions of S-nitrosylation in plant hormone networks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:294. [PMID: 23914202 PMCID: PMC3729995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, a wide frame of physiological processes are regulated in liaison by both, nitric oxide (NO) and hormones. Such overlapping roles raise the question of how the cross-talk between NO and hormones trigger common physiological responses. In general, NO has been largely accepted as a signaling molecule that works in different processes. Among the most relevant ways NO and the NO-derived reactive species can accomplish their biological functions it is worthy to mention post-translational protein modifications. In the last years, S-nitrosylation has been the most studied NO-dependent regulatory mechanism. Briefly, S-nitrosylation is a redox-based mechanism for cysteine residue modification and is being recognized as a ubiquitous regulatory reaction comparable to phosphorylation. Therefore, it is emerging as a crucial mechanism for the transduction of NO bioactivity in plants and animals. In this mini-review, we provide an overview on S-nitrosylation of target proteins related to hormone networks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia A. Casalongué
- *Correspondence: Claudia A. Casalongué, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Unidade Ejecutora-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientïficas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina e-mail:
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227
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Mur LAJ, Prats E, Pierre S, Hall MA, Hebelstrup KH. Integrating nitric oxide into salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ ethylene plant defense pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:215. [PMID: 23818890 PMCID: PMC3694216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense against pests and pathogens is known to be conferred by either salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) pathways, depending on infection or herbivore-grazing strategy. It is well attested that SA and JA/ET pathways are mutually antagonistic allowing defense responses to be tailored to particular biotic stresses. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a major signal influencing resistance mediated by both signaling pathways but no attempt has been made to integrate NO into established SA/JA/ET interactions. NO has been shown to act as an inducer or suppressor of signaling along each pathway. NO will initiate SA biosynthesis and nitrosylate key cysteines on TGA-class transcription factors to aid in the initiation of SA-dependent gene expression. Against this, S-nitrosylation of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1) will promote the NPR1 oligomerization within the cytoplasm to reduce TGA activation. In JA biosynthesis, NO will initiate the expression of JA biosynthetic enzymes, presumably to over-come any antagonistic effects of SA on JA-mediated transcription. NO will also initiate the expression of ET biosynthetic genes but a suppressive role is also observed in the S-nitrosylation and inhibition of S-adenosylmethionine transferases which provides methyl groups for ET production. Based on these data a model for NO action is proposed but we have also highlighted the need to understand when and how inductive and suppressive steps are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. J. Mur
- Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
- *Correspondence: Luis A. J. Mur, Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK e-mail:
| | - Elena Prats
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research CouncilCórdoba, Spain
| | - Sandra Pierre
- Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Michael A. Hall
- Molecular Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
| | - Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Section of Crop Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
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Mur LAJ, Hebelstrup KH, Gupta KJ. Striking a balance: does nitrate uptake and metabolism regulate both NO generation and scavenging? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:288. [PMID: 23908662 PMCID: PMC3726862 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
- *Correspondence: ;
| | - Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | - Kapuganti J. Gupta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- *Correspondence: ;
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