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Buckley KM, Dong P, Cameron RA, Rast JP. Bacterial artificial chromosomes as recombinant reporter constructs to investigate gene expression and regulation in echinoderms. Brief Funct Genomics 2019; 17:362-371. [PMID: 29045542 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequences contain all the necessary information-both coding and regulatory sequences-to construct an organism. The developmental process translates this genomic information into a three-dimensional form. One interpretation of this translation process can be described using gene regulatory network (GRN) models, which are maps of interactions among regulatory gene products in time and space. As high throughput investigations reveal increasing complexity within these GRNs, it becomes apparent that efficient methods are required to test the necessity and sufficiency of regulatory interactions. One of the most complete GRNs for early development has been described in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. This work has been facilitated by two resources: a well-annotated genome sequence and transgenes generated in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) constructs. BAC libraries played a central role in assembling the S. purpuratus genome sequence and continue to serve as platforms for generating reporter constructs for use in expression and regulatory analyses. Optically transparent echinoderm larvae are highly amenable to transgenic approaches and are therefore particularly well suited for experiments that rely on BAC-based reporter transgenes. Here, we discuss the experimental utility of BAC constructs in the context of understanding developmental processes in echinoderm embryos and larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Buckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ping Dong
- California Institute of Technology, California, USA
| | - R Andrew Cameron
- Beckman Institute Center for Computational Regulatory Genomics, California Institute for Technology, California, USA
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202
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Barriers to genome editing with CRISPR in bacteria. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1327-1341. [PMID: 31165970 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing is essential for probing genotype-phenotype relationships and for enhancing chemical production and phenotypic robustness in industrial bacteria. Currently, the most popular tools for genome editing couple recombineering with DNA cleavage by the CRISPR nuclease Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes. Although successful in some model strains, CRISPR-based genome editing has been slow to extend to the multitude of industrially relevant bacteria. In this review, we analyze existing barriers to implementing CRISPR-based editing across diverse bacterial species. We first compare the efficacy of current CRISPR-based editing strategies. Next, we discuss alternatives when the S. pyogenes Cas9 does not yield colonies. Finally, we describe different ways bacteria can evade editing and how elucidating these failure modes can improve CRISPR-based genome editing across strains. Together, this review highlights existing obstacles to CRISPR-based editing in bacteria and offers guidelines to help achieve and enhance editing in a wider range of bacterial species, including non-model strains.
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203
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Tobler K, Senn C, Schraner EM, Ackermann M, Fraefel C, Wild P. The herpes simplex virus 1 Us3 kinase is involved in assembly of membranes needed for viral envelopment and in distribution of glycoprotein K. F1000Res 2019; 8:727. [PMID: 31448105 PMCID: PMC6681629 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19194.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Capsids of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are assembled in cell nuclei, released into the perinuclear space by budding at the inner nuclear membrane acquiring tegument and envelope. Alternatively, capsids gain access to the cytoplasm via dilated nuclear pores. They are enveloped by Golgi membranes. Us3 is a non-essential viral kinase that is involved in nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation, preventing apoptosis and regulation of phospholipid-biosynthesis. Us3-deletion mutants (HSV-1∆Us3) accumulate in the perinuclear space. Nuclear and Golgi membranes proliferate, and homogeneous, proteinaceous structures of unknown identity are deposited in nuclei and cytoplasm. Glycoprotein K (gK), a highly hydrophobic viral protein, is essential for production of infectious progeny virus but, according to the literature, exclusively vital for envelopment of capsids by Golgi membranes. In the absence of Us3, virions remain stuck in the perinuclear space but mature to infectivity without reaching Golgi membranes, suggesting further function of gK than assumed. Methods: We constructed a HSV-1∆Us3 mutant designated CK177∆Us3gK-HA, in which gK was hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged in order to localize gK by immunolabeling using antibodies against HA for light and electron microscopy. Results: CK177∆Us3gK-HA-infected Vero cells showed similar alterations as those reported for other HSV-1∆Us3, including accumulation of virions in the perinuclear space, overproduction of nuclear and Golgi membranes containing electron dense material with staining property of proteins. Immunolabeling using antibodies against HA revealed that gK is overproduced and localized at nuclear membranes, perinuclear virions stuck in the perinuclear space, Golgi membranes and on protein deposits in cytoplasm and nuclei. Conclusions: Us3 is involved in proper assembly of membranes needed for envelopment and incorporation of gK. Without Us3, virions derived by budding at nuclear membranes remain stuck in the perinuclear space but incorporate gK into their envelope to gain infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Senn
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wild
- Institute of Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland
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204
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Chen Q, Zhou J, Huang C, Huang B, Bi F, Zhou H, Xiao B. Temporal Expression of Mutant TDP-43 Correlates with Early Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Phenotype and Motor Weakness. Curr Neurovasc Res 2019; 15:3-9. [PMID: 29313467 PMCID: PMC5997843 DOI: 10.2174/1567202615666180109161541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mutant transactive response DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) is closely correlated to the inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TDP-43 transgenic rats can reproduce the core phenotype of ALS and constitutive expression of TDP-43 caused postnatal death. Objective: The study aimed to understand whether neurologic deficiency caused by mutant TDP-43 is dependent on its temporal expression. Method: Transgenic rats were established that express mutant human TDP-43 (M337V substitution) in neurons, then a Tet-off system was used to regulate its expression. Results: TDP-43 mutant transgenic rats developed significant weakness after the transgene was activated. Rats with expression of mutant TDP-43 at 30 days showed a more aggressive phenotype. More severe pathological changes in neurogenic atrophy were observed in these rats. Conclusion: Temporal expression of mutant TDP-43 in neurons promoted serious phenotype in rats. The dysfunction of TDP-43 had a profound impact on the development of motor neurons and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jinxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Cao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Fangfang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hongxia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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205
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Koch S, Damas M, Freise A, Hage E, Dhingra A, Rückert J, Gallo A, Kremmer E, Tegge W, Brönstrup M, Brune W, Schulz TF. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vIRF2 protein utilizes an IFN-dependent pathway to regulate viral early gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007743. [PMID: 31059555 PMCID: PMC6522069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8) belongs to the subfamily of Gammaherpesvirinae and is the etiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma as well as of two lymphoproliferative diseases: primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. The KSHV life cycle is divided into a latent and a lytic phase and is highly regulated by viral immunomodulatory proteins which control the host antiviral immune response. Among them is a group of proteins with homology to cellular interferon regulatory factors, the viral interferon regulatory factors 1–4. The KSHV vIRFs are known as inhibitors of cellular interferon signaling and are involved in different oncogenic pathways. Here we characterized the role of the second vIRF protein, vIRF2, during the KSHV life cycle. We found the vIRF2 protein to be expressed in different KSHV positive cells with early lytic kinetics. Importantly, we observed that vIRF2 suppresses the expression of viral early lytic genes in both newly infected and reactivated persistently infected endothelial cells. This vIRF2-dependent regulation of the KSHV life cycle might involve the increased expression of cellular interferon-induced genes such as the IFIT proteins 1, 2 and 3, which antagonize the expression of early KSHV lytic proteins. Our findings suggest a model in which the viral protein vIRF2 allows KSHV to harness an IFN-dependent pathway to regulate KSHV early gene expression. The life cycle of Kaposi Sarcoma herpesvirus involves both persistence in a latent form and productive replication to generate new viral particles. How the virus switches between latency and productive (‘lytic’) replication is only partially understood. Here we show that a viral homologue of interferon regulatory factors, vIRF2, antagonizes lytic protein expression in endothelial cells. It does this by inducing the expression of cellular interferon-regulated genes such as IFIT 1–3, which in turn dampens early viral gene expression. This observation suggests that vIRF2 allows KSHV to harness the interferon pathway to regulate early viral gene expression in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Koch
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Modester Damas
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Anika Freise
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Elias Hage
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Jessica Rückert
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg Site, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Tegge
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg Site, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
- * E-mail:
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206
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Huang L, Chambliss KL, Gao X, Yuhanna IS, Behling-Kelly E, Bergaya S, Ahmed M, Michaely P, Luby-Phelps K, Darehshouri A, Xu L, Fisher EA, Ge WP, Mineo C, Shaul PW. SR-B1 drives endothelial cell LDL transcytosis via DOCK4 to promote atherosclerosis. Nature 2019; 569:565-569. [PMID: 31019307 PMCID: PMC6631346 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, which underlies life-threatening cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction and stroke1, is initiated by low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) passage into the artery wall and engulfment by macrophages, leading to foam cell formation and lesion development2, 2, 3, 3. How circulating LDL enters the artery wall to instigate atherosclerosis is unknown. Here we show in mice that scavenger receptor, class B type 1 (SR-B1) in endothelial cells mediates LDL delivery into arteries and its accumulation by artery wall macrophages, thereby promoting atherosclerosis. LDL particles are colocalized with SR-B1 in endothelial cell intracellular vesicles in vivo, and LDL transcytosis across endothelial monolayers requires its direct binding to SR-B1 and an 8 amino acid cytoplasmic domain of the receptor that recruits the guanine nucleotide exchange factor dedicator of cytokinesis 4 (DOCK4)4. DOCK4 promotes SR-B1 internalization and LDL transport by coupling LDL binding to SR-B1 with Rac1 activation. SR-B1 and DOCK4 expression are increased in atherosclerosis-prone regions of the mouse aorta prior to lesion formation, and in human atherosclerotic versus normal arteries. These findings challenge the long-held concept that atherogenesis involves passive LDL movement across a compromised endothelial barrier. Interventions inhibiting endothelial delivery of LDL into the artery wall may represent a new therapeutic category in the battle against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhang Huang
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ken L Chambliss
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ivan S Yuhanna
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sonia Bergaya
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter Michaely
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kate Luby-Phelps
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anza Darehshouri
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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207
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Bruckbauer ST, Trimarco JD, Martin J, Bushnell B, Senn KA, Schackwitz W, Lipzen A, Blow M, Wood EA, Culberson WS, Pennacchio C, Cox MM. Experimental Evolution of Extreme Resistance to Ionizing Radiation in Escherichia coli after 50 Cycles of Selection. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:e00784-18. [PMID: 30692176 PMCID: PMC6436341 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00784-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous work (D. R. Harris et al., J Bacteriol 191:5240-5252, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00502-09; B. T. Byrne et al., Elife 3:e01322, 2014, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01322), we demonstrated that Escherichia coli could acquire substantial levels of resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) via directed evolution. Major phenotypic contributions involved adaptation of organic systems for DNA repair. We have now undertaken an extended effort to generate E. coli populations that are as resistant to IR as Deinococcus radiodurans After an initial 50 cycles of selection using high-energy electron beam IR, four replicate populations exhibit major increases in IR resistance but have not yet reached IR resistance equivalent to D. radiodurans Regular deep sequencing reveals complex evolutionary patterns with abundant clonal interference. Prominent IR resistance mechanisms involve novel adaptations to DNA repair systems and alterations in RNA polymerase. Adaptation is highly specialized to resist IR exposure, since isolates from the evolved populations exhibit highly variable patterns of resistance to other forms of DNA damage. Sequenced isolates from the populations possess between 184 and 280 mutations. IR resistance in one isolate, IR9-50-1, is derived largely from four novel mutations affecting DNA and RNA metabolism: RecD A90E, RecN K429Q, and RpoB S72N/RpoC K1172I. Additional mechanisms of IR resistance are evident.IMPORTANCE Some bacterial species exhibit astonishing resistance to ionizing radiation, with Deinococcus radiodurans being the archetype. As natural IR sources rarely exceed mGy levels, the capacity of Deinococcus to survive 5,000 Gy has been attributed to desiccation resistance. To understand the molecular basis of true extreme IR resistance, we are using experimental evolution to generate strains of Escherichia coli with IR resistance levels comparable to Deinococcus Experimental evolution has previously generated moderate radioresistance for multiple bacterial species. However, these efforts could not take advantage of modern genomic sequencing technologies. In this report, we examine four replicate bacterial populations after 50 selection cycles. Genomic sequencing allows us to follow the genesis of mutations in populations throughout selection. Novel mutations affecting genes encoding DNA repair proteins and RNA polymerase enhance radioresistance. However, more contributors are apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Bruckbauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph D Trimarco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Duke Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joel Martin
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Brian Bushnell
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Katherine A Senn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Anna Lipzen
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Matthew Blow
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wesley S Culberson
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Michael M Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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208
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Maslon MM, Braunschweig U, Aitken S, Mann AR, Kilanowski F, Hunter CJ, Blencowe BJ, Kornblihtt AR, Adams IR, Cáceres JF. A slow transcription rate causes embryonic lethality and perturbs kinetic coupling of neuronal genes. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018101244. [PMID: 30988016 PMCID: PMC6484407 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) elongation has an important role in the control of alternative splicing (AS); however, the in vivo consequences of an altered elongation rate are unknown. Here, we generated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) knocked in for a slow elongating form of RNAPII We show that a reduced transcriptional elongation rate results in early embryonic lethality in mice. Focusing on neuronal differentiation as a model, we observed that slow elongation impairs development of the neural lineage from ESCs, which is accompanied by changes in AS and in gene expression along this pathway. In particular, we found a crucial role for RNAPII elongation rate in transcription and splicing of long neuronal genes involved in synapse signaling. The impact of the kinetic coupling of RNAPII elongation rate with AS is greater in ESC-differentiated neurons than in pluripotent cells. Our results demonstrate the requirement for an appropriate transcriptional elongation rate to ensure proper gene expression and to regulate AS during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Maslon
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ulrich Braunschweig
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart Aitken
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Abigail R Mann
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona Kilanowski
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris J Hunter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alberto R Kornblihtt
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ian R Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Javier F Cáceres
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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209
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The DNase Activity of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus SOX Protein Serves an Important Role in Viral Genome Processing during Lytic Replication. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01983-18. [PMID: 30728255 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01983-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) alkaline exonuclease SOX, encoded by open reading frame 37 (ORF37), is a bifunctional early-lytic-phase protein that possesses alkaline 5'-to-3' DNase activity and promotes host shutoff at the mRNA level during productive lytic infection. While the SOX protein is well characterized for drastically impairing cellular gene expression, little is known about the impact of its DNase activity on the KSHV genome and life cycle and the biology of KSHV infections. Here, we introduced a previously described DNase-inactivating Glu129His (Q129H) mutation into the ORF37 gene of the viral genome to generate ORF37-Q129H recombinant virus (the Q129H mutant) and investigated the effects of loss or inactivation of DNase activity on viral genome replication, cleavage, and packaging. For the first time, we provide experimental evidence that the DNase activity of the SOX protein does not affect viral latent/lytic DNA synthesis but is required for cleavage and processing of the KSHV genome during lytic replication. Interestingly, the Q129H mutation severely impaired intranuclear processing of progeny virions compared to the wild-type ORF37, as assessed by pulsed-field and Gardella gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and single-molecule analysis of replicating DNA (SMARD) assays. Complementation with ORF37-wt (wild type) or BGLF5 (the KSHV protein homolog in Epstein-Barr virus) in 293L/Q129H cells restored the viral genome encapsidation defects. Together, these results indicated that ORF37's proposed DNase activity is essential for viral genome processing and encapsidation and, hence, can be targeted for designing antiviral agents to block KSHV virion production.IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus is the causative agent of multiple malignancies, predominantly in immunocompromised individuals, including HIV/AIDS patients. Reduced incidence of KS in HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiherpetic drugs to block lytic replication confirms the role of lytic DNA replication and gene products in KSHV-mediated tumorigenesis. Herpesvirus lytic replication results in the production of complex concatemeric DNA, which is cleaved into unit length viral DNA for packaging into the infectious virions. The conserved herpesviral alkaline exonucleases play an important role in viral genome cleavage and packaging. Here, by using the previously described Q129H mutant virus that selectively lacks DNase activity but retains host shutoff activity, we provide experimental evidence confirming that the DNase function of the KSHV SOX protein is essential for viral genome processing and packaging and capsid maturation into the cytoplasm during lytic replication in infected cells. This led to the identification of ORF37's DNase activity as a potential target for antiviral therapeutics.
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210
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Bäck S, Necarsulmer J, Whitaker LR, Coke LM, Koivula P, Heathward EJ, Fortuno LV, Zhang Y, Yeh CG, Baldwin HA, Spencer MD, Mejias-Aponte CA, Pickel J, Hoffman AF, Spivak CE, Lupica CR, Underhill SM, Amara SG, Domanskyi A, Anttila JE, Airavaara M, Hope BT, Hamra FK, Richie CT, Harvey BK. Neuron-Specific Genome Modification in the Adult Rat Brain Using CRISPR-Cas9 Transgenic Rats. Neuron 2019; 102:105-119.e8. [PMID: 30792150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the rat has been the preferred animal model for behavioral studies. Limitations in genome modification have, however, caused a lag in their use compared to the bevy of available transgenic mice. Here, we have developed several transgenic tools, including viral vectors and transgenic rats, for targeted genome modification in specific adult rat neurons using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Starting from wild-type rats, knockout of tyrosine hydroxylase was achieved with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors expressing Cas9 or guide RNAs (gRNAs). We subsequently created an AAV vector for Cre-dependent gRNA expression as well as three new transgenic rat lines to specifically target CRISPR-Cas9 components to dopaminergic neurons. One rat represents the first knockin rat model made by germline gene targeting in spermatogonial stem cells. The rats described herein serve as a versatile platform for making cell-specific and sequence-specific genome modifications in the adult brain and potentially other Cre-expressing tissues of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bäck
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Julie Necarsulmer
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Leslie R Whitaker
- Neuronal Ensembles in Drug Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lamarque M Coke
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Pyry Koivula
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Emily J Heathward
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lowella V Fortuno
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - C Grace Yeh
- Neuronal Ensembles in Drug Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Heather A Baldwin
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Morgan D Spencer
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carlos A Mejias-Aponte
- Histology Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - James Pickel
- Transgenic Technology Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander F Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Charles E Spivak
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Suzanne M Underhill
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan G Amara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni E Anttila
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Neuronal Ensembles in Drug Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - F Kent Hamra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Optogenetics and Transgenic Technology Core/Genetic Engineering and Viral Vector Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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211
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Gómez MD, Fuster-Almunia C, Ocaña-Cuesta J, Alonso JM, Pérez-Amador MA. RGL2 controls flower development, ovule number and fertility in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 281:82-92. [PMID: 30824064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins are a group of plant specific GRAS proteins of transcriptional regulators that have a key role in gibberellin (GA) signaling. In Arabidopsis, the DELLA family is formed by five members. The complexity of this gene family raises the question on whether single DELLA proteins have specific or overlapping functions in the control of several GA-dependent developmental processes. To better understand the roles played by RGL2, one of the DELLA proteins in Arabidopsis, two transgenic lines that express fusion proteins of Venus-RGL2 and a dominant version of RGL2, YPet-rgl2Δ17, were generated by recombineering strategy using a genomic clone that contained the RGL2 gene. The dominant YPet-rgl2Δ17 protein is not degraded by GAs, and therefore it blocks the RGL2-dependent GA signaling and hence RGL2-dependent development. The RGL2 role in seed germination was further confirmed using these genetic tools, while new functions of RGL2 in plant development were uncovered. RGL2 has a clear function in the regulation of flower development, particularly stamen growth and anther dehiscence, which has a great impact in fertility. Moreover, the increased ovule number in the YPet-rgl2Δ17 line points out the role of RGL2 in the determination of ovule number.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Ed. 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Fuster-Almunia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Ed. 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Ocaña-Cuesta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Ed. 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Miguel A Pérez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Ed. 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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212
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Jiang B, Li Z, Ou B, Duan Q, Zhu G. Targeting ideal oral vaccine vectors based on probiotics: a systematical view. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3941-3953. [PMID: 30915504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have great potential to be engineered into oral vaccine delivery systems, which can facilitate elicitation of mucosal immunity without latent risks of pathogenicity. Combined with the progressive understanding of probiotics and the mucosal immune system as well as the advanced biotechniques of genetic engineering, the development of promising oral vaccine vectors based on probiotics is available while complicated and demanding. Therefore, a systematical view on the design of practical probiotic vectors is necessary, which will help to logically analyze and resolve the problems that might be neglected during our exploration. Here, we attempt to systematically summarize several fundamental issues vital to the effectiveness of the vector of probiotics, including the stability of the engineered vectors, the optimization of antigen expression, the improvement of colonization, and the enhancement of immunoreactivity. We also compared the existent strategies and some developing ones, attempting to figure out an optimal strategy that might deserve to be referred in the future development of oral vaccine vectors based on probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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213
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Hsp90 Mediates Membrane Deformation and Exosome Release. Mol Cell 2019; 71:689-702.e9. [PMID: 30193096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is an essential chaperone that guards proteome integrity and amounts to 2% of cellular protein. We now find that Hsp90 also has the ability to directly interact with and deform membranes via an evolutionarily conserved amphipathic helix. Using a new cell-free system and in vivo measurements, we show this amphipathic helix allows exosome release by promoting the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. We dissect the relationship between Hsp90 conformation and membrane-deforming function and show that mutations and drugs that stabilize the open Hsp90 dimer expose the helix and allow MVB fusion, while these effects are blocked by the closed state. Hence, we structurally separated the Hsp90 membrane-deforming function from its well-characterized chaperone activity, and we show that this previously unrecognized function is required for exosome release.
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214
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Heiniö C, Sorsa S, Siurala M, Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela S, Havunen R, Haavisto E, Koski A, Hemminki O, Zafar S, Cervera-Carrascon V, Munaro E, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Effect of Genetic Modifications on Physical and Functional Titers of Adenoviral Cancer Gene Therapy Constructs. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:740-752. [PMID: 30672366 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After the discovery and characterization of the adenovirus in the 1950s, this prevalent cause of the common cold and other usually mild diseases has been modified and utilized in biomedicine in several ways. To date, adenoviruses are the most frequently used vectors and therapeutic (e.g., oncolytic) agents with a number of beneficial features. They infect both dividing and nondividing cells, enable high-level, transient protein expression, and are easy to amplify to high concentrations. As an important and versatile research tool, it is of essence to understand the limits and advantages that genetic modification of adenovirus vectors may entail. Therefore, a retrospective analysis was performed of adenoviral gene therapy constructs produced in the same laboratory with similar methods. The aim was to assess the impact of various modifications on the physical and functional titer of the virus. It was found that genome size (designed within "the 105% golden rule") did not significantly affect the physical titer of the adenovirus preparations, regardless of the type of transgene (e.g., immunostimulatory vs. other), number of engineered changes, and size of the mutated virus genome. One statistically significant exception was noted, however. Chimeric adenoviruses (5/3) had a slightly lower physical titer compared to Ad5-based viruses, although a trend for the opposite was true for functional titers. Thus, 5/3 chimeric viruses may in fact be appealing from a safety versus efficacy viewpoint. Armed viruses had lower functional and physical titers than unarmed viruses, while five genomic modifications started to decrease functional titer. Importantly, even highly modified armed viruses generally had good titers compatible with clinical testing. In summary, this paper shows the plasticity of adenovirus for various vector, oncolytic, and armed oncolytic uses. These results inform future generations of adenovirus-based drugs for human use. This information is directly transferable to academic laboratories and the biomedical industry involved in vector design and production optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Heiniö
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sorsa
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,2 TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Siurala
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,2 TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Riikka Havunen
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,2 TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anniina Koski
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Hemminki
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,3 Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sadia Zafar
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Víctor Cervera-Carrascon
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,2 TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleonora Munaro
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- 1 Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,2 TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland.,5 Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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215
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Buckley KM, Ettensohn CA. Techniques for analyzing gene expression using BAC-based reporter constructs. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 151:197-218. [PMID: 30948008 PMCID: PMC7215881 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the complex regulatory control of gene expression using fluorescent protein reporters, it is often necessary to analyze large genomic regions. Bacteria artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors, which are able to support DNA fragments of up to 300kb, provide stable platforms for experimental manipulation. Using phage-based systems of homologous recombination, BACs can be efficiently engineered for a variety of aims. These include expressing fluorescent proteins to delineate gene expression boundaries using high-resolution, in vivo microscopy, tracing cell lineages using stable fluorescent proteins, perturbing endogenous protein function by expressing dominant negative forms, interfering with development by mis-expressing transcription factors, and identifying regulatory regions through deletion analysis. Here, we present a series of protocols for identifying BAC clones that contain genes of interest, modifying BACs for use as reporter constructs, and preparing BAC DNA for microinjection into fertilized eggs. Although the protocols here are tailored for use in echinoderm embryonic and larval stages, these methods are easily adaptable for use in other transgenic systems. As fluorescent protein technology continues to expand, so do the potential applications for recombinant BACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Buckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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216
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Maurel DB, Matsumoto T, Vallejo JA, Johnson ML, Dallas SL, Kitase Y, Brotto M, Wacker MJ, Harris MA, Harris SE, Bonewald LF. Characterization of a novel murine Sost ER T2 Cre model targeting osteocytes. Bone Res 2019; 7:6. [PMID: 30820362 PMCID: PMC6382861 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice are widely used to delete or overexpress genes in a cell specific manner to advance knowledge of bone biology, function and disease. While numerous Cre models exist to target gene recombination in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, few target osteocytes specifically, particularly mature osteocytes. Our goal was to create a spatial and temporal conditional Cre model using tamoxifen to induce Cre activity in mature osteocytes using a Bac construct containing the 5' and 3' regions of the Sost gene (Sost ERT2 Cre). Four founder lines were crossed with the Ai9 Cre reporter mice. One founder line showed high and specific activity in mature osteocytes. Bones and organs were imaged and fluorescent signal quantitated. While no activity was observed in 2 day old pups, by 2 months of age some osteocytes were positive as osteocyte Cre activity became spontaneous or 'leaky' with age. The percentage of positive osteocytes increased following tamoxifen injection, especially in males, with 43% to 95% positive cells compared to 19% to 32% in females. No signal was observed in any bone surface cell, bone marrow, nor in muscle with or without tamoxifen injection. No spontaneous signal was observed in any other organ. However, with tamoxifen injection, a few positive cells were observed in kidney, eye, lung, heart and brain. All other organs, 28 in total, were negative with tamoxifen injection. However, with age, a muscle phenotype was apparent in the Sost-ERT2 Cre mice. Therefore, although this mouse model may be useful for targeting gene deletion or expression to mature osteocytes, the muscle phenotype may restrict the use of this model to specific applications and should be considered when interpreting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine B Maurel
- 1Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO USA.,7Present Address: Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Universite de Bordeaux, Bio-Tis, INSERM Unité 1026 BioTis, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Tsutomu Matsumoto
- 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Julian A Vallejo
- 1Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Mark L Johnson
- 1Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- 1Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Yukiko Kitase
- 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- 3Bone-Muscle Collaborative Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
| | - Michael J Wacker
- 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Marie A Harris
- 5University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | | | - Lynda F Bonewald
- 1Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO USA.,2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA.,6Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
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217
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Copy-Paste Mutagenesis: A Method for Large-Scale Alteration of Viral Genomes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040913. [PMID: 30791544 PMCID: PMC6413233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cloning of the large DNA genomes of herpesviruses, poxviruses, and baculoviruses as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) in Escherichia coli has opened a new era in viral genetics. Several methods of lambda Red-mediated genome engineering (recombineering) in E. coli have been described, which are now commonly used to generate recombinant viral genomes. These methods are very efficient at introducing deletions, small insertions, and point mutations. Here we present Copy-Paste mutagenesis, an efficient and versatile strategy for scarless large-scale alteration of viral genomes. It combines gap repair and en passant mutagenesis procedures and relies on positive selection in all crucial steps. We demonstrate that this method can be used to generate chimeric strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the largest human DNA virus. Large (~15 kbp) genome fragments of HCMV strain TB40/E were tagged with an excisable marker and cloned (copied) in a low-copy plasmid vector by gap repair recombination. The cloned fragment was then excised and inserted (pasted) into the HCMV AD169 genome with subsequent scarless removal of the marker by en passant mutagenesis. We have done four consecutive rounds of this procedure, thereby generating an AD169-TB40/E chimera containing 60 kbp of the donor strain TB40/E. This procedure is highly useful for identifying gene variants responsible for phenotypic differences between viral strains. It can also be used for repair of incomplete viral genomes, and for modification of any BAC-cloned sequence. The method should also be applicable for large-scale alterations of bacterial genomes.
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218
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Chen W, Li Y, Wu G, Zhao L, Lu L, Wang P, Zhou J, Cao C, Li S. Simple and efficient genome recombineering using kil counter-selection in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2019; 294:58-66. [PMID: 30768999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Seamless modification of the Escherichia coli genome using positive selection / negative selection is widely used in metabolic engineering and functional genome analysis. Some excellent negative selection systems have been reported, of which tetA-sacB and inducible toxins system are prominent. To expand the existing negative selection toolkit, we constructed a new negative selection marker system based on kil gene of lambda prophage. The selection stringency of kil was measured and compared with the most widely used counter-selection gene, sacB, at the lacI, ack, and dbpa loci using different E. coli strains. At all these loci of tested strains, the selection stringency of kil significantly exceeds that of sacB by 2- to 28-fold. When dsDNA fragments were employed for recombination, the efficiency for isolating the correct recombinant of kil was significantly higher than that of sacB. This new negative selection system does not require special media or extended incubation time. However, our system cannot be used in host strains containing temperature-sensitive kil gene. A Red system providing plasmid without kil gene is recommended for use together with our system. Our counter-selection system is expected to be an addition to the engineering arsenal of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangjin Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingfeng Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Lu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianguang Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Shanhu Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China.
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219
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Bubnov DM, Yuzbashev TV, Vybornaya TV, Netrusov AI, Sineoky SP. Excision of selectable markers from the Escherichia coli genome without counterselection using an optimized λRed recombineering procedure. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 158:86-92. [PMID: 30738107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of chromosomal mutations into the E. coli genome using λRed-mediated recombineering includes two consecutive steps-the insertion of an antibiotic resistance gene and the subsequent excision of the marker. The second step usually requires a counterselection method, because the efficiency of recombination is not high enough to find recombinants among non-recombinant cells. Most counterselection methods require the introduction of additional mutations into the genome or the use of expensive chemicals. In this paper, we describe the development of a reliable procedure for the removal of an antibiotic resistance marker from the E. coli genome without the need for counterselection. For this purpose, we used dsDNA cassettes consisting of two regions homologous to the sequences that flank the marker on the chromosome. We optimized the length of the homologous regions, the electroporation conditions, and the duration of recovery for the electroporated cells in order to maximize the recombination efficiency. Using the optimal parameters identified, we obtained a rate of 4-6% recombinants among the transformed cells. This high efficiency allowed us to find marker-less, antibiotic-sensitive recombinants by replica plating without the need for selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii M Bubnov
- Bioresource Center Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (BRC VKPM), State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1-st Dorozhny pr., 1, Moscow 117545, Russia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, 1-12, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Tigran V Yuzbashev
- Bioresource Center Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (BRC VKPM), State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1-st Dorozhny pr., 1, Moscow 117545, Russia; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK.
| | - Tatiana V Vybornaya
- Bioresource Center Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (BRC VKPM), State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1-st Dorozhny pr., 1, Moscow 117545, Russia
| | - Alexander I Netrusov
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, 1-12, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Sergey P Sineoky
- Bioresource Center Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (BRC VKPM), State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", 1-st Dorozhny pr., 1, Moscow 117545, Russia.
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220
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Yamaguchi N, Colak-Champollion T, Knaut H. zGrad is a nanobody-based degron system that inactivates proteins in zebrafish. eLife 2019; 8:43125. [PMID: 30735119 PMCID: PMC6384026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of protein function is essential to modern biology. While protein function has mostly been studied through gene or RNA interference, more recent approaches to degrade proteins directly have been developed. Here, we adapted the anti-GFP nanobody-based system deGradFP from flies to zebrafish. We named this system zGrad and show that zGrad efficiently degrades transmembrane, cytosolic and nuclear GFP-tagged proteins in zebrafish in an inducible and reversible manner. Using tissue-specific and inducible promoters in combination with functional GFP-fusion proteins, we demonstrate that zGrad can inactivate transmembrane and cytosolic proteins globally, locally and temporally with different consequences. Global protein depletion results in phenotypes similar to loss of gene activity, while local and temporal protein inactivation yields more restricted and novel phenotypes. Thus, zGrad is a versatile tool to study the spatial and temporal requirement of proteins in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Tugba Colak-Champollion
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
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221
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Beyranvand Nejad E, Ratts RB, Panagioti E, Meyer C, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Früh K, van der Burg SH, Arens R. Demarcated thresholds of tumor-specific CD8 T cells elicited by MCMV-based vaccine vectors provide robust correlates of protection. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:25. [PMID: 30704520 PMCID: PMC6357411 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capacity of cytomegalovirus (CMV) to elicit long-lasting strong T cell responses, and the ability to engineer the genome of this DNA virus positions CMV-based vaccine vectors highly suitable as a cancer vaccine platform. Defined immune thresholds for tumor protection and the factors affecting such thresholds have not well been investigated in cancer immunotherapy. We here determined using CMV as a vaccine platform whether critical thresholds of vaccine-specific T cell responses can be established that relate to tumor protection, and which factors control such thresholds. METHODS We generated CMV-based vaccine vectors expressing the E7 epitope and tested these in preclinical models of HPV16-induced cancer. Vaccination was applied via different doses and routes (intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC) and intranasal (IN)). The magnitude, kinetics and phenotype of the circulating tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response were determined. Mice were subsequently challenged with tumor cells, and the tumor protection was monitored. RESULTS Immunization with CMV-based vaccines via the IP or SC route eliciting vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses of > 0.3% of the total circulating CD8 T cell population fully protects mice against lethal tumor challenge. However, low dose inoculations via the IP or SC route or IN vaccination elicited vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses that did not reach protective thresholds for tumor protection. In addition, whereas weak pre-existing immunity did not alter the protective thresholds of the vaccine-specific T cell response following subsequent immunization with CMV-based vaccine vectors, strong pre-existing immunity inhibited the development of vaccine-induced T cells and their control on tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS This study highlight the effectiveness of CMV-based vaccine vectors, and shows that demarcated thresholds of vaccine-specific T cells could be defined that correlate to tumor protection. Together, these results may hold importance for cancer vaccine development to achieve high efficacy in vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Beyranvand Nejad
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site, Hannover/Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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222
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A variant of the Escherichia coli anaerobic transcription factor FNR exhibiting diminished promoter activation function enhances ionizing radiation resistance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0199482. [PMID: 30673695 PMCID: PMC6343905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously generated four replicate populations of ionizing radiation (IR)-resistant Escherichia coli though directed evolution. Sequencing of isolates from these populations revealed that mutations affecting DNA repair (through DNA double-strand break repair and replication restart), ROS amelioration, and cell wall metabolism were prominent. Three mutations involved in DNA repair explained the IR resistance phenotype in one population, and similar DNA repair mutations were prominent in two others. The remaining population, IR-3-20, had no mutations in the key DNA repair proteins, suggesting that it had taken a different evolutionary path to IR resistance. Here, we present evidence that a variant of the anaerobic metabolism transcription factor FNR, unique to and isolated from population IR-3-20, plays a role in IR resistance. The F186I allele of FNR exhibits a diminished ability to activate transcription from FNR-activatable promoters, and furthermore reduces levels of intracellular ROS. The FNR F186I variant is apparently capable of enhancing resistance to IR under chronic irradiation conditions, but does not increase cell survival when exposed to acute irradiation. Our results underline the importance of dose rate on cell survival of IR exposure.
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223
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Minshawi F, White MRH, Muller W, Humphreys N, Jackson D, Campbell BJ, Adamson A, Papoutsopoulou S. Human TNF-Luc reporter mouse: A new model to quantify inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:193. [PMID: 30655563 PMCID: PMC6336827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a key cytokine during inflammatory responses and its dysregulation is detrimental in many inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we used a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) construct that expresses luciferase under the control of the human TNF locus to generate a novel transgenic mouse, the hTNF.LucBAC strain. In vitro stimulation of hTNF.LucBAC cells of different origin revealed a cell specific response to stimuli demonstrating the integrated construct's ability as a proxy for inflammatory gene response. Lipopolysaccharide was the most potent luciferase inducer in macrophages, while TNF was a strong activator in intestinal organoids. Lipopolysaccharide-induced luciferase activity in macrophages was downregulated by inhibitors of NF-κB pathway, as well as by Interleukin-10, a known anti-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, the transgene-dependent luciferase activity showed a positive correlation to the endogenous murine soluble TNF secreted to the culture medium. In conclusion, the hTNF.LucBAC strain is a valuable tool for studying and screening molecules that target TNF synthesis and will allow further functional studies of the regulatory elements of the TNF locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Minshawi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mike R H White
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Muller
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Humphreys
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Jackson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J Campbell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Antony Adamson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
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224
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Funk C, Raschbichler V, Lieber D, Wetschky J, Arnold EK, Leimser J, Biggel M, Friedel CC, Ruzsics Z, Bailer SM. Comprehensive analysis of nuclear export of herpes simplex virus type 1 tegument proteins and their Epstein-Barr virus orthologs. Traffic 2019; 20:152-167. [PMID: 30548142 PMCID: PMC6590417 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of herpesviral virions is initiated in the nucleus but completed in the cytoplasm. Mature virions contain more than 25 tegument proteins many of which perform both nuclear and cytoplasmic functions suggesting they shuttle between these compartments. While nuclear import of herpesviral proteins was shown to be crucial for viral propagation, active nuclear export and its functional impact are still poorly understood. To systematically analyze nuclear export of tegument proteins present in virions of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the Nuclear EXport Trapped by RAPamycin (NEX-TRAP) was applied. Nine of the 22 investigated HSV1 tegument proteins including pUL4, pUL7, pUL11, pUL13, pUL21, pUL37d11, pUL47, pUL48 and pUS2 as well as 2 out of 6 EBV orthologs harbor nuclear export activity. A functional leucine-rich nuclear export sequence (NES) recognized by the export factor CRM1/Xpo1 was identified in six of them. The comparison between experimental and bioinformatic data indicates that experimental validation of predicted NESs is required. Mutational analysis of the pUL48/VP16 NES revealed its importance for herpesviral propagation. Together our data suggest that nuclear export is an important feature of the herpesviral life cycle required to co-ordinate nuclear and cytoplasmic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Verena Raschbichler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Lieber
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Wetschky
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eileen K Arnold
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Leimser
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Biggel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Caroline C Friedel
- Institute for Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne M Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.,Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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225
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Ventral Pallidum Is the Primary Target for Accumbens D1 Projections Driving Cocaine Seeking. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2041-2051. [PMID: 30622165 PMCID: PMC6507080 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2822-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Outputs from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) include projections to the ventral pallidum and the ventral tegmental area and subtantia nigra in the ventral mesencephalon. The medium spiny neurons (MSN) that give rise to these pathways are GABAergic and consist of two populations of equal number that are segregated by differentially expressed proteins, including D1- and D2-dopamine receptors. Afferents to the ventral pallidum arise from both D1- and D2-MSNs, whereas the ventral mesencephalon is selectively innervated by D1-MSN. To determine the extent of collateralization of D1-MSN to these axon terminal fields we used retrograde labeling in transgenic mice expressing tdTomato selectively in D1-MSN, and found that a large majority of D1-MSN in either the shell or core subcompartments of the accumbens collateralized to both output structures. Approximately 70% of D1-MSNs projecting to the ventral pallidum collateralized to the ventral mesencephalon, whereas >90% of mesencephalic D1-MSN afferents collateralized to the ventral pallidum. In contrast, <10% of dorsal striatal D1-MSNs collateralized to both the globus pallidus and ventral mesencephalon. D1-MSN activation is required for conditioned cues to induce cocaine seeking. To determine which D1-MSN projection mediates cued cocaine seeking, we selectively transfected D1-MSNs in transgenic rats with an inhibitory Gi-coupled DREADD. Activation of the transfected Gi-DREADD with clozapine-N-oxide administered into the ventral pallidum, but not into the ventral mesencephalon, blocked cue-induced cocaine seeking. These data show that, although accumbens D1-MSNs largely collateralize to both the ventral pallidum and ventral mesencephalon, only D1-MSN innervation of the ventral pallidum is necessary for cue-induced cocaine seeking.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activity in D1 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the NAc is required for rodents to respond to cocaine-conditioned cues and relapse to drug seeking behaviors. The D1-expressing neurons project to both the ventral pallidum and ventral mesencephalon, and we found that a majority of the neurons that innervate the ventral pallidum also collateralize to the ventral mesencephalon. However, despite innervating both structures, only D1 innervation of the ventral pallidum mediates cue-induced cocaine seeking.
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226
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Liu L, Wang T, Wang M, Tong Q, Sun Y, Pu J, Sun H, Liu J. Recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing H9 hemagglutinin providing protection against H9N2 avian influenza. Virology 2019; 529:7-15. [PMID: 30641481 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were prevailing in chickens, causing great economic losses and public health threats. In this study, turkey herpesviruses (HVT) was cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC). Recombinant HVT (rHVT-H9) containing hemagglutinin (HA) gene from H9N2 virus were constructed via galactokinase (galK) selection and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing system. The recombinant rHVT-H9 showed no difference with parent HVT in plague morphology and virus replication kinetics. H9 protein expression of rHVT-H9 could be detected by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in vitro and in vivo. Immunization with rHVT-H9 could induce robust humoral and cellular immunity in chickens. In the challenge study, no chicken shed H9N2 virus from oropharynx and cloaca, and no H9N2 virus was found in viscera in vaccination groups. The result suggests that rHVT-H9 provides effective protection against H9N2 AIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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227
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Ji X, Lu P, van der Veen S. Development of a dual-antimicrobial counterselection method for markerless genetic engineering of bacterial genomes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1465-1474. [PMID: 30607491 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Markerless genetic engineering of bacterial genomes is commonly performed by two-step homologous recombination methods using vectors carrying flanking regions of the target gene for site-specific vector integration and counterselection markers to provide positive selection pressure on the second recombination step resulting in vector excision. Here, we provide the proof-of-principle of a novel counterselection method that exploits antagonistic activities between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics and which can provide selection pressure on the second recombination step by selective killing of bacteria retaining the antibiotic selection marker. This method was optimized for the bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Neisseria meningitidis by screening for antagonistic activities between the bactericidal aminoglycosides kanamycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin in combination with the bacteriostatic antibiotics chloramphenicol and erythromycin. The largest difference in selective killing of both L. monocytogenes and N. meningitidis containing an antibiotic selection marker versus wild-type bacteria was observed for the combination of erythromycin, gentamicin, and ermC as antibiotic selection marker. Therefore, this combination was used to generate two markerless deletion mutants for both L. monocytogenes and N. meningitidis. After applying the dual-antimicrobial selection pressure on cultures during the second recombination step, surviving colonies were replica plated on agar with and without erythromycin. On average, 12-13% of the randomly selected bacterial colonies had lost the selection marker due to a second recombination event and approximately half of these colonies were the desired markerless in-frame deletion mutants. Therefore, this method proved to be easy and fast and should be applicable to a wide variety of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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228
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Abstract
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) libraries are a valuable research resource. Any one of the clones in these libraries can carry hundreds of thousands of base pairs of genetic information. Often the entire coding sequence and significant upstream and downstream regions, including regulatory elements, can be found in a single BAC clone. BACs can be put to many uses, such as to study the function of human genes in knockout mice, to drive reporter gene expression in transgenic animals, and for gene discovery. In order to use BACs for experimental purposes it is often desirable to genetically modify them by introducing reporter elements or heterologous cDNA sequences. It is not feasible to use conventional DNA cloning approaches to modify BACs due to their size and complexity, thus a specialized field "recombineering" has developed to modify BAC clones through the use of homologous recombination in bacteria with short homology regions. Genetically engineered BACs can then be used in cell culture, mouse, or rat models to study cancer, neurology, and genetics.
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229
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Dason JS, Allen AM, Vasquez OE, Sokolowski MB. Distinct functions of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase in nerve terminal growth and synaptic vesicle cycling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227165. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained neurotransmission requires the tight coupling of synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis and endocytosis. The mechanisms underlying this coupling are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), encoded by the foraging (for) gene in Drosophila melanogaster, is critical for this process using a for null mutant, genomic rescues, and tissue specific rescues. We uncoupled FOR's exocytic and endocytic functions in neurotransmission using a temperature-sensitive shibire mutant in conjunction with fluorescein-assisted light inactivation of FOR. We discovered a dual role for presynaptic FOR, where FOR inhibits SV exocytosis during low frequency stimulation by negatively regulating presynaptic Ca2+ levels and maintains neurotransmission during high frequency stimulation by facilitating SV endocytosis. Additionally, glial FOR negatively regulated nerve terminal growth through TGF-β signaling and this developmental effect was independent from FOR's effects on neurotransmission. Overall, FOR plays a critical role in coupling SV exocytosis and endocytosis, thereby balancing these two components to maintain sustained neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Dason
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Aaron M. Allen
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Present Address: Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, OX1 3SR Oxford, UK
| | - Oscar E. Vasquez
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Marla B. Sokolowski
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
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230
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Windgassen TA, Leroux M, Sandler SJ, Keck JL. Function of a strand-separation pin element in the PriA DNA replication restart helicase. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2801-2814. [PMID: 30593500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA helicases are motor proteins that couple the chemical energy of nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis to the mechanical functions required for DNA unwinding. Studies of several helicases have identified strand-separating "pin" structures that are positioned to intercept incoming dsDNA and promote strand separation during helicase translocation. However, pin structures vary among helicases and it remains unclear whether they confer a conserved unwinding mechanism. Here, we tested the biochemical and cellular roles of a putative pin element within the Escherichia coli PriA DNA helicase. PriA orchestrates replication restart in bacteria by unwinding the lagging-strand arm of abandoned DNA replication forks and reloading the replicative helicase with the help of protein partners that combine with PriA to form what is referred to as a primosome complex. Using in vitro protein-DNA cross-linking, we localized the putative pin (a β-hairpin within a zinc-binding domain in PriA) near the ssDNA-dsDNA junction of the lagging strand in a PriA-DNA replication fork complex. Removal of residues at the tip of the β-hairpin eliminated PriA DNA unwinding, interaction with the primosome protein PriB, and cellular function. We isolated a spontaneous intragenic suppressor mutant of the priA β-hairpin deletion mutant in which 22 codons around the deletion site were duplicated. This suppressor variant and an Ala-substituted β-hairpin PriA variant displayed wildtype levels of DNA unwinding and PriB binding in vitro These results suggest essential but sequence nonspecific roles for the PriA pin element and coupling of PriA DNA unwinding to its interaction with PriB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia A Windgassen
- From the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
| | - Maxime Leroux
- the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Steven J Sandler
- the Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - James L Keck
- From the Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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231
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Danisch S, Slabik C, Cornelius A, Albanese M, Tagawa T, Chen YFA, Krönke N, Eiz-Vesper B, Lienenklaus S, Bleich A, Theobald SJ, Schneider A, Ganser A, von Kaisenberg C, Zeidler R, Hammerschmidt W, Feuerhake F, Stripecke R. Spatiotemporally Skewed Activation of Programmed Cell Death Receptor 1-Positive T Cells after Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Tumor Development in Long-Term Fully Humanized Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:521-539. [PMID: 30593822 PMCID: PMC6902117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Humanized mice developing functional human T cells endogenously and capable of recognizing cognate human leukocyte antigen–matched tumors are emerging as relevant models for studying human immuno-oncology in vivo. Herein, mice transplanted with human CD34+ stem cells and bearing endogenously developed human T cells for >15 weeks were infected with an oncogenic recombinant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encoding enhanced firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein. EBV–firefly luciferase was detectable 1 week after infection by noninvasive optical imaging in the spleen, from where it spread rapidly and systemically. EBV infection resulted into a pronounced immunologic skewing regarding the expansion of CD8+ T cells in the blood outnumbering the CD4+ T and CD19+ B cells. Furthermore, within 10 weeks of infections, mice developing EBV-induced tumors had significantly higher absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells in lymphatic tissues than mice controlling tumor development. Tumor outgrowth was paralleled by an up-regulation of the programmed cell death receptor 1 on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, indicative for T-cell dysfunction. Histopathological examinations and in situ hybridizations for EBV in tumors, spleen, liver, and kidney revealed foci of EBV-infected cells in perivascular regions in close association with programmed cell death receptor 1–positive infiltrating lymphocytes. The strong spatiotemporal correlation between tumor development and the T-cell dysfunctional status seen in this viral oncogenesis humanized model replicates observations obtained in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Danisch
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanze Slabik
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Cornelius
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yen-Fu A Chen
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Krönke
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institutes for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andre Bleich
- Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Feuerhake
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Neuropathology, University Clinic Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH and German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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van Zyl DG, Tsai MH, Shumilov A, Schneidt V, Poirey R, Schlehe B, Fluhr H, Mautner J, Delecluse HJ. Immunogenic particles with a broad antigenic spectrum stimulate cytolytic T cells and offer increased protection against EBV infection ex vivo and in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007464. [PMID: 30521644 PMCID: PMC6298685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is etiologically linked to the development of several malignancies and autoimmune diseases. EBV has a multifaceted life cycle that comprises virus lytic replication and latency programs. Considering EBV infection holistically, we rationalized that prophylactic EBV vaccines should ideally prime the immune system against lytic and latent proteins. To this end, we generated highly immunogenic particles that contain antigens from both these cycles. In addition to stimulating EBV-specific T cells that recognize lytic or latent proteins, we show that the immunogenic particles enable the ex vivo expansion of cytolytic EBV-specific T cells that efficiently control EBV-infected B cells, preventing their outgrowth. Lastly, we show that immunogenic particles containing the latent protein EBNA1 afford significant protection against wild-type EBV in a humanized mouse model. Vaccines that include antigens which predominate throughout the EBV life cycle are likely to enhance their ability to protect against EBV infection. Human herpesviruses are tremendously successful pathogens that establish lifelong infection in a substantial proportion of the population. The oncogenic γ-herpesvirus EBV, like other herpesviruses, expresses a plethora of open-reading frames throughout its multifaceted life cycle. We have developed a prophylactic vaccine candidate in the form of immunogenic particles that contain several EBV antigens. This is in stark contrast to the vast majority of EBV vaccines candidates that contain only one or two EBV antigens. Our immunogenic particles were shown capable of stimulating several EBV-specific T-cell clones in vitro. The immunogenic particles were also capable of expanding cytolytic EBV-specific T cells ex vivo and provided a protective benefit in vivo when used as a prophylactic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwain G. van Zyl
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anatoliy Shumilov
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viktor Schneidt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rémy Poirey
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bettina Schlehe
- Frauenklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Herbert Fluhr
- Frauenklinik, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- Children’s Hospital, Technische Universität München, & Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Henri-Jacques Delecluse
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Unit F100, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit U1074, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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233
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Valencia S, Gill RB, Dowdell KC, Wang Y, Hornung R, Bowman JJ, Lacayo JC, Cohen JI. Comparison of vaccination with rhesus CMV (RhCMV) soluble gB with a RhCMV replication-defective virus deleted for MHC class I immune evasion genes in a RhCMV challenge model. Vaccine 2018; 37:333-342. [PMID: 30522906 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccine to prevent infection and/or reduce disease associated with congenital infection or visceral disease in transplant recipients is a high priority, but has remained elusive. We created a disabled infectious single cycle rhesus CMV (RhCMV) deleted for glycoprotein L (gL) and the MHC class I immune evasion genes Rh178 and Rh182-189, and restored its epithelial cell tropism by inserting the Rh128-131A genes. The resulting virus, RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189, was used to vaccinate rhesus monkeys intramuscularly and was compared with vaccination of animals with soluble RhCMV glycoprotein B (gB) in alum/monophosphoryl lipid A or with PBS as a control. At 4 weeks after the second vaccination, an increased frequency of RhCMV-specific CD8 T cells was detected in animals vaccinated with the RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189 vaccine compared to animals vaccinated with soluble gB. In contrast, monkeys vaccinated with soluble gB had 20-fold higher gB antibody titers than animals vaccinated with RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189. Titers of neutralizing antibody to RhCMV infection of fibroblasts were higher in animals vaccinated with gB compared with RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189. Following vaccination, monkeys were challenged subcutaneously with RhCMV UCD59, a low passage virus propagated in monkey kidney epithelial cells. All animals became infected after challenge; however, the frequency of RhCMV detection in the blood was reduced in monkeys vaccinated with soluble gB compared with those vaccinated with RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189. The frequency of challenge virus shedding in the urine and saliva and the RhCMV copy number shed at these sites was not different in animals vaccinated with RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189 or soluble gB compared with those that received PBS before challenge. Although the RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189 vaccine was superior in inducing cellular immunity to RhCMV, it induced lower titers of neutralizing antibody and antibody to gB than the soluble gB vaccine; after challenge, animals vaccinated with soluble gB had a lower frequency of virus detection in the blood than those vaccinated with RhCMVRΔgL/178/182-189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Valencia
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rachel B Gill
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kennichi C Dowdell
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Clinical Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ron Hornung
- Clinical Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J Jason Bowman
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan C Lacayo
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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The Abundant Tegument Protein pUL25 of Human Cytomegalovirus Prevents Proteasomal Degradation of pUL26 and Supports Its Suppression of ISGylation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01180-18. [PMID: 30282718 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01180-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tegument of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virions contains proteins that interfere with both the intrinsic and the innate immunity. One protein with a thus far unknown function is pUL25. The deletion of pUL25 in a viral mutant (Towne-ΔUL25) had no impact on the release of virions and subviral dense bodies or on virion morphogenesis. Proteomic analyses showed few alterations in the overall protein composition of extracellular particles. A surprising result, however, was the almost complete absence of pUL26 in virions and dense bodies of Towne-ΔUL25 and a reduction of the large isoform pUL26-p27 in mutant virus-infected cells. pUL26 had been shown to inhibit protein conjugation with the interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15), thereby supporting HCMV replication. To test for a functional relationship between pUL25 and pUL26, we addressed the steady-state levels of pUL26 and found them to be reduced in Towne-ΔUL25-infected cells. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments proved an interaction between pUL25 and pUL26. Surprisingly, the overall protein ISGylation was enhanced in Towne-ΔUL25-infected cells, thus mimicking the phenotype of a pUL26-deleted HCMV mutant. The functional relevance of this was confirmed by showing that the replication of Towne-ΔUL25 was more sensitive to beta interferon. The increase of protein ISGylation was also seen in cells infected with a mutant lacking the tegument protein pp65. Upon retesting, we found that pUL26 degradation was also increased when pp65 was unavailable. Our experiments show that both pUL25 and pp65 regulate pUL26 degradation and the pUL26-dependent reduction of ISGylation and add pUL25 as another HCMV tegument protein that interferes with the intrinsic immunity of the host cell.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses a number of tegument proteins that interfere with the intrinsic and the innate defense mechanisms of the cell. Initial induction of the interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15) and conjugation of proteins with ISG15 (ISGylation) by HCMV infection are subsequently attenuated by the expression of the viral IE1, pUL50, and pUL26 proteins. This study adds pUL25 as another factor that contributes to suppression of ISGylation. The tegument protein interacts with pUL26 and prevents its degradation by the proteasome. By doing this, it supports its restrictive influence on ISGylation. In addition, a lack of pUL25 enhances the levels of free ISG15, indicating that the tegument protein may interfere with the interferon response on levels other than interacting with pUL26. Knowledge obtained in this study widens our understanding of HCMV immune evasion and may also provide a new avenue for the use of pUL25-negative strains for vaccine production.
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235
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The Human Cytomegalovirus US27 Gene Product Constitutively Activates Antioxidant Response Element-Mediated Transcription through G βγ, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase, and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00644-18. [PMID: 30209167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00644-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that modulates host chemokine signaling during persistent infection in the host. HCMV encodes four proteins with homology to the chemokine receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): US27, US28, UL33, and UL78. Each of the four receptors modulates host CXCR4 signaling. US28, UL33, and UL78 impair CXCR4 signaling outcomes, while US27 enhances signaling, as evidenced by increased calcium mobilization and cell migration to CXCL12. To investigate the effects of US27 on CXCR4 during virus infection, fibroblasts were infected with bacterial artificial chromosome-derived clinical strain HCMV TB40/E-mCherry (wild type [WT]), mutants lacking US27 (TB40/E-mCherry-US27Δ [US27Δ]) or all four GPCRs (TB40 E-mCherry-allΔ), or mutants expressing only US27 but not US28, UL33, or UL78 (TB40/E-mCherry-US27wt [US27wt]). CXCR4 gene expression was significantly higher in WT- and US27wt-infected fibroblasts. This effect was evident at 3 h postinfection, suggesting that US27 derived from the parental virion enhanced CXCR4 expression. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that US27 increased transcriptional activity regulated by the antioxidant response element (ARE), and small interfering RNA treatment indicated that this effect was mediated by NRF-1, the primary transcription factor for CXCR4. Increased translocation of NRF-1 into the nucleus of WT-infected cells compared to mock- or US27Δ-infected cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Chemical inhibitors targeting Gβγ and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) ablated the increase in ARE-driven transcription, implicating these proteins as mediators of US27-stimulated gene transcription. This work identifies the first signaling pathway activated by HCMV US27 and may reveal a novel regulatory function for this orphan viral receptor in stimulating stress response genes during infection.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection worldwide, causing deafness, blindness, and other serious birth defects. CXCR4 is a human chemokine receptor that is crucial for both fetal development and immune responses. We found that the HCMV protein US27 stimulates increased expression of CXCR4 through activation of the transcription factor nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1). NRF-1 regulates stress response genes that contain the antioxidant response element (ARE), and HCMV infection is associated with increased expression of many stress response genes when US27 is present. Our results show that the US27 protein activates the NRF-1/ARE pathway, stimulating higher expression of CXCR4 and other stress response genes, which is likely to be beneficial for virus replication and/or immune evasion.
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236
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Nukui M, O'Connor CM, Murphy EA. The Natural Flavonoid Compound Deguelin Inhibits HCMV Lytic Replication within Fibroblasts. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110614. [PMID: 30405048 PMCID: PMC6265796 DOI: 10.3390/v10110614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus for which there is no vaccine or cure. This viral infection, once acquired, is life-long, residing latently in hematopoietic cells. However, latently infected individuals with weakened immune systems often undergo HCMV reactivation, which can cause serious complications in immunosuppressed and immunocompromised patients. Current anti-viral therapies target late stages of viral replication, and are often met with therapeutic resistance, necessitating the development of novel therapeutics. In this current study, we identified a naturally-occurring flavonoid compound, deguelin, which inhibits HCMV lytic replication. Our findings reveal that nanomolar concentrations of deguelin significantly suppress the production of the infectious virus. Further, we show that deguelin inhibits the lytic cycle during the phase of the replication cycle consistent with early (E) gene and protein expression. Importantly, our data reveal that deguelin inhibits replication of a ganciclovir-resistant strain of HCMV. Together, our findings identify a novel, naturally occurring compound that may prove useful in the treatment of HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nukui
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Eain A Murphy
- FORGE Life Science, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18901, USA.
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237
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Zandawala M, Yurgel ME, Texada MJ, Liao S, Rewitz KF, Keene AC, Nässel DR. Modulation of Drosophila post-feeding physiology and behavior by the neuropeptide leucokinin. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007767. [PMID: 30457986 PMCID: PMC6245514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavior and physiology are orchestrated by neuropeptides acting as central neuromodulators and circulating hormones. An outstanding question is how these neuropeptides function to coordinate complex and competing behaviors. In Drosophila, the neuropeptide leucokinin (LK) modulates diverse functions, but mechanisms underlying these complex interactions remain poorly understood. As a first step towards understanding these mechanisms, we delineated LK circuitry that governs various aspects of post-feeding physiology and behavior. We found that impaired LK signaling in Lk and Lk receptor (Lkr) mutants affects diverse but coordinated processes, including regulation of stress, water homeostasis, feeding, locomotor activity, and metabolic rate. Next, we sought to define the populations of LK neurons that contribute to the different aspects of this physiology. We find that the calcium activity in abdominal ganglia LK neurons (ABLKs), but not in the two sets of brain neurons, increases specifically following water consumption, suggesting that ABLKs regulate water homeostasis and its associated physiology. To identify targets of LK peptide, we mapped the distribution of Lkr expression, mined a brain single-cell transcriptome dataset for genes coexpressed with Lkr, and identified synaptic partners of LK neurons. Lkr expression in the brain insulin-producing cells (IPCs), gut, renal tubules and chemosensory cells, correlates well with regulatory roles detected in the Lk and Lkr mutants. Furthermore, these mutants and flies with targeted knockdown of Lkr in IPCs displayed altered expression of insulin-like peptides (DILPs) and transcripts in IPCs and increased starvation resistance. Thus, some effects of LK signaling appear to occur via DILP action. Collectively, our data suggest that the three sets of LK neurons have different targets, but modulate the establishment of post-prandial homeostasis by regulating distinct physiological processes and behaviors such as diuresis, metabolism, organismal activity and insulin signaling. These findings provide a platform for investigating feeding-related neuroendocrine regulation of vital behavior and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria E. Yurgel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Texada
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sifang Liao
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim F. Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, United States of America
| | - Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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238
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Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8 + T cells for early control of viral infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4516. [PMID: 30375396 PMCID: PMC6207712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with parasitic helminths can imprint the immune system to modulate bystander inflammatory processes. Bystander or virtual memory CD8+ T cells (TVM) are non-conventional T cells displaying memory properties that can be generated through responsiveness to interleukin (IL)-4. However, it is not clear if helminth-induced type 2 immunity functionally affects the TVM compartment. Here, we show that helminths expand CD44hiCD62LhiCXCR3hiCD49dlo TVM cells through direct IL-4 signaling in CD8+ T cells. Importantly, helminth-mediated conditioning of TVM cells provided enhanced control of acute respiratory infection with the murid gammaherpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4). This enhanced control of MuHV-4 infection could further be explained by an increase in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell effector responses in the lung and was directly dependent on IL-4 signaling. These results demonstrate that IL-4 during helminth infection can non-specifically condition CD8+ T cells, leading to a subsequently raised antigen-specific CD8+ T cell activation that enhances control of viral infection. Parasitic helminth infection is known to impact upon the host response to other bystander inflammatory processes. Here the authors show that IL4 production induced by helminth infection results in expansion of bystander CD8+ memory T cells and enhanced control to viral infection.
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239
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Cheng CC, Tsutsui K, Taguchi T, Sanzen N, Nakagawa A, Kakiguchi K, Yonemura S, Tanegashima C, Keeley SD, Kiyonari H, Furuta Y, Tomono Y, Watt FM, Fujiwara H. Hair follicle epidermal stem cells define a niche for tactile sensation. eLife 2018; 7:38883. [PMID: 30355452 PMCID: PMC6226291 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity and compartmentalization of stem cells is a common principle in many epithelia, and is known to function in epithelial maintenance, but its other physiological roles remain elusive. Here we show transcriptional and anatomical contributions of compartmentalized epidermal stem cells in tactile sensory unit formation in the mouse hair follicle. Epidermal stem cells in the follicle upper-bulge, where mechanosensory lanceolate complexes innervate, express a unique set of extracellular matrix (ECM) and neurogenesis-related genes. These epidermal stem cells deposit an ECM protein called EGFL6 into the collar matrix, a novel ECM that tightly ensheathes lanceolate complexes. EGFL6 is required for the proper patterning, touch responses, and αv integrin-enrichment of lanceolate complexes. By maintaining a quiescent original epidermal stem cell niche, the old bulge, epidermal stem cells provide anatomically stable follicle-lanceolate complex interfaces, irrespective of the stage of follicle regeneration cycle. Thus, compartmentalized epidermal stem cells provide a niche linking the hair follicle and the nervous system throughout the hair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chun Cheng
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ko Tsutsui
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noriko Sanzen
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Asako Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kisa Kakiguchi
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tanegashima
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sean D Keeley
- Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratories for Animal Resource Development and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Laboratories for Animal Resource Development and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tomono
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Shigei Medical Research Institute, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Laboratory for Tissue Microenvironment, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
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Rak MA, Buehler J, Zeltzer S, Reitsma J, Molina B, Terhune S, Goodrum F. Human Cytomegalovirus UL135 Interacts with Host Adaptor Proteins To Regulate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Reactivation from Latency. J Virol 2018; 92:e00919-18. [PMID: 30089695 PMCID: PMC6158428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00919-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus, HCMV, is a betaherpesvirus that establishes a lifelong latent infection in its host that is marked by recurrent episodes of reactivation. The molecular mechanisms by which the virus and host regulate entry into and exit from latency remain poorly understood. We have previously reported that UL135 is critical for reactivation, functioning in part by overcoming suppressive effects of the latency determinant UL138 We have demonstrated a role for UL135 in diminishing cell surface levels and targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for turnover. The attenuation of EGFR signaling promotes HCMV reactivation in combination with cellular differentiation. In this study, we sought to define the mechanisms by which UL135 functions in regulating EGFR turnover and viral reactivation. Screens to identify proteins interacting with pUL135 identified two host adaptor proteins, CIN85 and Abi-1, with overlapping activities in regulating EGFR levels in the cell. We mapped the amino acids in pUL135 necessary for interaction with Abi-1 and CIN85 and generated recombinant viruses expressing variants of pUL135 that do not interact with CIN85 or Abi-1. These recombinant viruses replicate in fibroblasts but are defective for reactivation in an experimental model for latency using primary CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). These UL135 variants have altered trafficking of EGFR and are defective in targeting EGFR for turnover. These studies demonstrate a requirement for pUL135 interactions with Abi-1 and CIN85 for regulation of EGFR and mechanistically link the regulation of EGFR to reactivation.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a lifelong latent infection in the human host. While the infection is typically asymptomatic in healthy individuals, HCMV infection poses life-threatening disease risk in immunocompromised individuals and is the leading cause of birth defects. Understanding how HCMV controls the lifelong latent infection and reactivation of replication from latency is critical to developing strategies to control HCMV disease. Here, we identify the host factors targeted by a viral protein that is required for reactivation. We define the importance of this virus-host interaction in reactivation from latency, providing new insights into the molecular underpinnings of HCMV latency and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason Buehler
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sebastian Zeltzer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Justin Reitsma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Belen Molina
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Scott Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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241
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Selective 4-Thiouracil Labeling of RNA Transcripts within Latently Infected Cells after Infection with Human Cytomegalovirus Expressing Functional Uracil Phosphoribosyltransferase. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00880-18. [PMID: 30089702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00880-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are highly prevalent in the general population as the virus has evolved the capacity to undergo distinct replication strategies resulting in lytic, persistent, and latent infections. During the latent life cycle, HCMV resides in subsets of cells within the hematopoietic cell compartment, including hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and peripheral blood monocytes. Since only a small fraction of these cell types harbor viral genomes during natural latency, identification and analysis of distinct changes mediated by viral infection are difficult to assess. In order to characterize latent infections of HPCs, we used an approach that involves complementation of deficiencies within the human pyrimidine salvage pathway, thus allowing for conversion of labeled uracil into rUTP. Here, we report the development of a recombinant HCMV that complements the defective human pyrimidine salvage pathway, allowing incorporation of thiol containing UTP into all RNA species that are synthesized within an infected cell. This virus grows to wild-type kinetics and can establish a latent infection within two distinct culture models of HCMV latency. Using this recombinant HCMV, we report the specific labeling of transcripts only within infected cells. These transcripts reveal a transcriptional landscape during HCMV latency that is distinct from uninfected cells. The utility of this labeling system allows for the identification of distinct changes within host transcripts and will shed light on characterizing how HCMV establishes and maintains latency.IMPORTANCE HCMV is a significant pathogen that accounts for a substantial amount of complications within the immunosuppressed and immunocompromised. Of particular significance is the capacity of HCMV to reactivate within solid tissue and bone marrow transplant recipients. While it is known that HCMV latency resides within a fraction of HPCs and monocytes, the exact subset of cells that harbor latent viral genomes during natural infections remain uncharacterized. The capacity to identify changes within the host transcriptome during latent infections is critical for developing approaches that therapeutically or physically eliminate latent viral genome containing cells and will represent a major breakthrough for reducing complications due to HCMV reactivation posttransplant. In this report, we describe the generation and use of a recombinant HCMV that allows specific and distinct labeling of RNA species that are produced within virally infected cells. This is a critical first step in identifying how HCMV affects the host cell during latency and more importantly, allows one to characterize cells that harbor latent HCMV.
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242
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Kim D, Kim S, Oh Y, Park S, Jeon Y, Kim H, Lee H, Kim S. AIMP3 Deletion Induces Acute Radiation Syndrome-like Phenotype in Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15025. [PMID: 30302025 PMCID: PMC6177475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes are mostly protected from constant DNA-damaging threats, either internal or external, which ultimately sustain the organism. Herein, we report that AIMP3, a previously demonstrated tumour suppressor, plays an essential role in maintaining genome integrity in adult mice. Upon induction of the temporal systemic deletion of AIMP3 by tamoxifen in adult mice, the animals developed an acute radiation syndrome-like phenotype, typified by scleroderma, hypotrophy of haematopoietic cells and organs, and intestinal failure. Induction of γH2AX, an early marker of DNA double-strand breaks, was observed in the spleen, intestine, and the highly replicating embryonic cortex. In addition, sub-lethal irradiation of AIMP3 mKO mice dramatically affected organ damage and survival. Using isolated MEFs from conditional KO mice or AIMP3 knockdown cells, we confirmed the presence of spontaneously occurring DNA double-strand breaks by COMET assay and γH2AX induction. Furthermore, γH2AX removal was delayed, and homologous DNA repair activity was significantly reduced. Reduction of RPA foci formation and subsequent Rad51 foci formation probably underlie the significant reduction in homologous recombination activity in the absence of AIMP3. Together, our data demonstrate that AIMP3 plays a role in genome stability through the DNA repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Youngsun Oh
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songhwa Park
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeon
- Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hongtae Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Convergence Technology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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243
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Lucas T, Tran H, Perez Romero CA, Guillou A, Fradin C, Coppey M, Walczak AM, Dostatni N. 3 minutes to precisely measure morphogen concentration. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007676. [PMID: 30365533 PMCID: PMC6221364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen gradients provide concentration-dependent positional information along polarity axes. Although the dynamics of the establishment of these gradients is well described, precision and noise in the downstream activation processes remain elusive. A simple paradigm to address these questions is the Bicoid morphogen gradient that elicits a rapid step-like transcriptional response in young fruit fly embryos. Focusing on the expression of the major Bicoid target, hunchback (hb), at the onset of zygotic transcription, we used the MS2-MCP approach which combines fluorescent labeling of nascent mRNA with live imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution. Removing 36 putative Zelda binding sites unexpectedly present in the original MS2 reporter, we show that the 750 bp of the hb promoter are sufficient to recapitulate endogenous expression at the onset of zygotic transcription. After each mitosis, in the anterior, expression is turned on to rapidly reach a plateau with all nuclei expressing the reporter. Consistent with a Bicoid dose-dependent activation process, the time period required to reach the plateau increases with the distance to the anterior pole. Despite the challenge imposed by frequent mitoses and high nuclei-to-nuclei variability in transcription kinetics, it only takes 3 minutes at each interphase for the MS2 reporter loci to distinguish subtle differences in Bicoid concentration and establish a steadily positioned and steep (Hill coefficient ~ 7) expression boundary. Modeling based on the cooperativity between the 6 known Bicoid binding sites in the hb promoter region, assuming rate limiting concentrations of the Bicoid transcription factor at the boundary, is able to capture the observed dynamics of pattern establishment but not the steepness of the boundary. This suggests that a simple model based only on the cooperative binding of Bicoid is not sufficient to describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of early hb expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Lucas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics, Paris, France
| | - Huy Tran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics, Paris, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physique Théorique, Paris, France
| | - Carmina Angelica Perez Romero
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics, Paris, France
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aurélien Guillou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Fradin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics, Paris, France
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Coppey
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physico Chimie, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M. Walczak
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physique Théorique, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dostatni
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics, Paris, France
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244
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Ameku T, Yoshinari Y, Texada MJ, Kondo S, Amezawa K, Yoshizaki G, Shimada-Niwa Y, Niwa R. Midgut-derived neuropeptide F controls germline stem cell proliferation in a mating-dependent manner. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005004. [PMID: 30248087 PMCID: PMC6152996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell maintenance is established by neighboring niche cells that promote stem cell self-renewal. However, it is poorly understood how stem cell activity is regulated by systemic, tissue-extrinsic signals in response to environmental cues and changes in physiological status. Here, we show that neuropeptide F (NPF) signaling plays an important role in the pathway regulating mating-induced germline stem cell (GSC) proliferation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. NPF expressed in enteroendocrine cells (EECs) of the midgut is released in response to the seminal-fluid protein sex peptide (SP) upon mating. This midgut-derived NPF controls mating-induced GSC proliferation via ovarian NPF receptor (NPFR) activity, which modulates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling levels in GSCs. Our study provides a molecular mechanism that describes how a gut-derived systemic factor couples stem cell behavior to physiological status, such as mating, through interorgan communication. Communication between different organs is essential to respond quickly to environmental cues or changes in the physiological status of an organism. Recent studies have shown the existence of humoral factors or hormones, which are transported by the circulatory system to different organs and achieve coordination between them. Here, we have analyzed the communication mechanism between organs that regulates proliferation of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We show that a peptide hormone called neuropeptide F (NPF) is a key player in this process. This peptide is produced in both the brain and the midgut, and, remarkably, we find that only NPF released from the midgut is crucial for controlling post-mating GSC proliferation. Our data suggest that mating stimulates the release of NPF from the endocrine cells of the midgut stimulated by the presence of a seminal peptide. Midgut-derived NPF is then transduced through an NPF-specific G-protein–coupled receptor expressed in the ovary, and this triggers GSC proliferation. Our study identifies an essential interaction between the digestive system and the ovary that regulates the size of stem cell populations in flies depending on mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotsune Ameku
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuto Yoshinari
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michael J Texada
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shu Kondo
- Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Amezawa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimada-Niwa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Niwa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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245
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Kunduri G, Turner-Evans D, Konya Y, Izumi Y, Nagashima K, Lockett S, Holthuis J, Bamba T, Acharya U, Acharya JK. Defective cortex glia plasma membrane structure underlies light-induced epilepsy in cpes mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8919-E8928. [PMID: 30185559 PMCID: PMC6156639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808463115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures induced by visual stimulation (photosensitive epilepsy; PSE) represent a common type of epilepsy in humans, but the molecular mechanisms and genetic drivers underlying PSE remain unknown, and no good genetic animal models have been identified as yet. Here, we show an animal model of PSE, in Drosophila, owing to defective cortex glia. The cortex glial membranes are severely compromised in ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase (cpes)-null mutants and fail to encapsulate the neuronal cell bodies in the Drosophila neuronal cortex. Expression of human sphingomyelin synthase 1, which synthesizes the closely related ceramide phosphocholine (sphingomyelin), rescues the cortex glial abnormalities and PSE, underscoring the evolutionarily conserved role of these lipids in glial membranes. Further, we show the compromise in plasma membrane structure that underlies the glial cell membrane collapse in cpes mutants and leads to the PSE phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Kunduri
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | - Yutaka Konya
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Joost Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Usha Acharya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jairaj K Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702;
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246
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Donofrio G, Tebaldi G, Lanzardo S, Ruiu R, Bolli E, Ballatore A, Rolih V, Macchi F, Conti L, Cavallo F. Bovine herpesvirus 4-based vector delivering the full length xCT DNA efficiently protects mice from mammary cancer metastases by targeting cancer stem cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1494108. [PMID: 30524888 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1494108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite marked advancements in its treatment, breast cancer is still the second leading cause of cancer death in women, due to relapses and distal metastases. Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs), are a cellular reservoir for recurrence, metastatic evolution and disease progression, making the development of novel therapeutics that target CSCs, and thereby inhibit metastases, an urgent need. We have previously demonstrated that the cystine-glutamate antiporter xCT (SLC7A11), a protein that was shown to be overexpressed in mammary CSCs and that plays a key role in the maintenance of their redox balance, self-renewal and resistance to chemotherapy, is a potential target for mammary cancer immunotherapy. This paper reports on the development of an anti-xCT viral vaccine that is based on the bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) vector, which we have previously showed to be a safe vaccine that can transduce cells in vivo and confer immunogenicity to tumor antigens. We show that the vaccination of BALB/c mice with BoHV-4 expressing xCT (BoHV-4-mxCT), impaired lung metastases induced by syngeneic mammary CSCs both in preventive and therapeutic settings. Vaccination induced T lymphocyte activation and the production of anti-xCT antibodies that can mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), and directly impair CSC phenotype, self-renewal and redox balance. Our findings pave the way for the potential future use of BoHV-4-based vector targeting xCT in metastatic breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Ruiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bolli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballatore
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Rolih
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Macchi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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247
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Wang J, Yin Y, Lau S, Sankaran J, Rothenberg E, Wohland T, Meier-Schellersheim M, Knaut H. Anosmin1 Shuttles Fgf to Facilitate Its Diffusion, Increase Its Local Concentration, and Induce Sensory Organs. Dev Cell 2018; 46:751-766.e12. [PMID: 30122631 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors induce and pattern sensory organs, but how their distribution is regulated by the extracellular matrix (ECM) is largely unclear. To address this question, we analyzed the diffusion behavior of Fgf10 molecules during sensory organ formation in the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium. In this tissue, secreted Fgf10 induces organ formation at a distance from its source. We find that most Fgf10 molecules are highly diffusive and move rapidly through the ECM. We identify Anosmin1, which when mutated in humans causes Kallmann Syndrome, as an ECM protein that binds to Fgf10 and facilitates its diffusivity by increasing the pool of fast-moving Fgf10 molecules. In the absence of Anosmin1, Fgf10 levels are reduced and organ formation is impaired. Global overexpression of Anosmin1 slows the fast-moving Fgf10 molecules and results in Fgf10 dispersal. These results suggest that Anosmin1 liberates ECM-bound Fgf10 and shuttles it to increase its signaling range.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stephanie Lau
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jagadish Sankaran
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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248
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Tokuhiro K, Dean J. Glycan-Independent Gamete Recognition Triggers Egg Zinc Sparks and ZP2 Cleavage to Prevent Polyspermy. Dev Cell 2018; 46:627-640.e5. [PMID: 30122633 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The zona pellucida surrounding ovulated eggs regulates monospermic fertilization necessary for successful development. Using mouse transgenesis, we document that the N terminus of ZP2 is sufficient for sperm binding to the zona matrix and for in vivo fertility. Sperm binding is independent of ZP2 glycans and does not occur after complete cleavage of ZP2 by ovastacin, a zinc metalloendopeptidase stored in egg cortical granules. Immediately following fertilization, a rapid block to sperm penetration of the zona pellucida is established that precedes ZP2 cleavage but requires ovastacin enzymatic activity. This block to penetration is associated with release of zinc from cortical granules coincident with exocytosis. High levels of zinc affect forward motility of sperm to prevent their passage through the zona matrix. This transient, post-fertilization block to sperm penetration provides a temporal window to complete the cleavage of ZP2, which prevents sperm binding to ensure monospermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Tokuhiro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jurrien Dean
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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249
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Kaczmarek-Hajek K, Zhang J, Kopp R, Grosche A, Rissiek B, Saul A, Bruzzone S, Engel T, Jooss T, Krautloher A, Schuster S, Magnus T, Stadelmann C, Sirko S, Koch-Nolte F, Eulenburg V, Nicke A. Re-evaluation of neuronal P2X7 expression using novel mouse models and a P2X7-specific nanobody. eLife 2018; 7:36217. [PMID: 30074479 PMCID: PMC6140716 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 channel is involved in the pathogenesis of various CNS diseases. An increasing number of studies suggest its presence in neurons where its putative functions remain controversial for more than a decade. To resolve this issue and to provide a model for analysis of P2X7 functions, we generated P2X7 BAC transgenic mice that allow visualization of functional EGFP-tagged P2X7 receptors in vivo. Extensive characterization of these mice revealed dominant P2X7-EGFP protein expression in microglia, Bergmann glia, and oligodendrocytes, but not in neurons. These findings were further validated by microglia- and oligodendrocyte-specific P2X7 deletion and a novel P2X7-specific nanobody. In addition to the first quantitative analysis of P2X7 protein expression in the CNS, we show potential consequences of its overexpression in ischemic retina and post-traumatic cerebral cortex grey matter. This novel mouse model overcomes previous limitations in P2X7 research and will help to determine its physiological roles and contribution to diseases. The human body relies on a molecule called ATP as an energy source and as a messenger. When cells die, for example if they are damaged or because of inflammation, they release large amounts of ATP into their environment. Their neighbors can detect the outpouring of ATP through specific receptors, the proteins that sit at the cell’s surface and can bind external agents. Scientists believe that one of these ATP-binding receptors, P2X7, responds to high levels of ATP by triggering a cascade of reactions that results in inflammation and cell death. P2X7 also seems to play a role in several brain diseases such as epilepsia and Alzheimer’s, but the exact mechanisms are not known. In particular, how this receptor is involved in the death of neurons is unclear, and researchers still debate whether P2X7 is present in neurons and in other types of brain cells. To answer this, Kaczmarek-Hájek, Zhang, Kopp et al. created genetically modified mice in which the P2X7 receptors carry a fluorescent dye. Powerful microscopes can pick up the light signal from the dye and help to reveal which cells have the receptors. These experiments show that neurons do not carry the protein; instead, P2X7 is present in certain brain cells that keep the neurons healthy. For example, it is found in the immune cells that ‘clean up’ the organ, and the cells that support and insulate neurons. Kaczmarek-Hájek et al. further provide preliminary data suggesting that, under certain conditions, if too many P2X7 receptors are present in these cells neuronal damage might be increased. It is therefore possible that the brain cells that carry P2X7 indirectly contribute to the death of neurons when large amounts of ATP are released. The genetically engineered mouse designed for the experiments could be used in further studies to dissect the role that P2X7 plays in diseases of the nervous system. In particular, this mouse model might help to understand whether the receptor could become a drug target for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kaczmarek-Hajek
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robin Kopp
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Saul
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine and CEBR, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tina Jooss
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Krautloher
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuster
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Swetlana Sirko
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Miller SW, Posakony JW. Lateral inhibition: Two modes of non-autonomous negative autoregulation by neuralized. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007528. [PMID: 30028887 PMCID: PMC6070291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental patterning involves the progressive subdivision of tissue into different cell types by invoking different genetic programs. In particular, cell-cell signaling is a universally deployed means of specifying distinct cell fates in adjacent cells. For this mechanism to be effective, it is essential that an asymmetry be established in the signaling and responding capacities of the participating cells. Here we focus on the regulatory mechanisms underlying the role of the neuralized gene and its protein product in establishing and maintaining asymmetry of signaling through the Notch pathway. The context is the classical process of “lateral inhibition” within Drosophila proneural clusters, which is responsible for distinguishing the sensory organ precursor (SOP) and non-SOP fates among adjacent cells. We find that neur is directly regulated in proneural clusters by both proneural transcriptional activators and Enhancer of split basic helix-loop-helix repressors (bHLH-Rs), via two separate cis-regulatory modules within the neur locus. We show that this bHLH-R regulation is required to prevent the early, pre-SOP expression of neur from being maintained in a subset of non-SOPs following SOP specification. Lastly, we demonstrate that Neur activity in the SOP is required to inhibit, in a cell non-autonomous manner, both neur expression and Neur function in non-SOPs, thus helping to secure the robust establishment of distinct cell identities within the developing proneural cluster. Much of the process of animal development is concerned with giving cells specific instructions as to what type of cell they are to become—their “fate”. Often, it is even necessary to assign very different fates to cells that are adjacent to each other in the tissue. In such cases, cell-to-cell signaling is frequently utilized as the means of distinguishing the cells’ fates. For example, one cell might send a signal to its neighbors that inhibits them from adopting the same fate as itself. Here, it is obviously vital that there is an asymmetry between the “sending” and “receiving” cells in the ability to transmit such a signal. In the fruit fly Drosophila, the gene neuralized encodes a protein that plays a critical role in establishing the capacity to send such an inhibitory signal. The work we describe here reveals specifically how the receiving cells are prevented from acquiring the ability to send the signal. Remarkably, the Neuralized protein itself is deeply involved in this process. Neuralized function in the sending cell generates two distinct mechanisms that inhibit its own activity in the receiving cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Miller
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James W. Posakony
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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