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Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of ascorbic acid (E 300), sodium ascorbate (E 301) and calcium ascorbate (E 302) as food additives. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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202
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The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:55-74. [PMID: 25942353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1373] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review Article is focused on the action of the reactive oxygenated species in inducing oxidative injury of the lipid membrane components, as well as on the ability of antioxidants (of different structures and sources, and following different mechanisms of action) in fighting against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygenated species that cannot be counteracted by the action of antioxidants, but also as a perturbation of cell redox balance. Reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species are represented by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl and lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Oxidative stress determines structure modifications and function modulation in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidative degradation of lipids yields malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, but also isoprostanes, from unsaturated fatty acids. Protein damage may occur with thiol oxidation, carbonylation, side-chain oxidation, fragmentation, unfolding and misfolding, resulting activity loss. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is an index of DNA damage. The involvement of the reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species in disease occurrence is described. The unbalance between the oxidant species and the antioxidant defense system may trigger specific factors responsible for oxidative damage in the cell: over-expression of oncogene genes, generation of mutagen compounds, promotion of atherogenic activity, senile plaque occurrence or inflammation. This leads to cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases. The concept of antioxidant is defined, along with a discussion of the existent classification criteria: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, preventative or repair-systems, endogenous and exogenous, primary and secondary, hydrosoluble and liposoluble, natural or synthetic. Primary antioxidants are mainly chain breakers, able to scavenge radical species by hydrogen donation. Secondary antioxidants are singlet oxygen quenchers, peroxide decomposers, metal chelators, oxidative enzyme inhibitors or UV radiation absorbers. The specific mechanism of action of the most important representatives of each antioxidant class (endogenous and exogenous) in preventing or inhibiting particular factors leading to oxidative injury in the cell, is then reviewed. Mutual influences, including synergistic effects are presented and discussed. Prooxidative influences likely to occur, as for instance in the presence of transition metal ions, are also reminded.
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203
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Passerieux E, Hayot M, Jaussent A, Carnac G, Gouzi F, Pillard F, Picot MC, Böcker K, Hugon G, Pincemail J, Defraigne JO, Verrips T, Mercier J, Laoudj-Chenivesse D. Effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc gluconate, and selenomethionine supplementation on muscle function and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 81:158-69. [PMID: 25246239 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive weakness and atrophy of specific skeletal muscles. As growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress may contribute to FSHD pathology, antioxidants that might modulate or delay oxidative insults could help in maintaining FSHD muscle function. Our primary objective was to test whether oral administration of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc gluconate, and selenomethionine could improve the physical performance of patients with FSHD. Adult patients with FSHD (n=53) were enrolled at Montpellier University Hospital (France) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 500 mg vitamin C, 400mg vitamin E, 25mg zinc gluconate and 200 μg selenomethionine (n=26), or matching placebo (n=27) once a day for 17 weeks. Primary outcomes were changes in the two-minute walking test (2-MWT), maximal voluntary contraction, and endurance limit time of the dominant and nondominant quadriceps (MVCQD, MVCQND, TlimQD, and TlimQND, respectively) after 17 weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes were changes in the antioxidant status and oxidative stress markers. Although 2-MWT, MVCQ, and TlimQ were all significantly improved in the supplemented group at the end of the treatment compared to baseline, only MVCQ and TlimQ variations were significantly different between groups (MVCQD: P=0.011; MVCQND: P=0.004; TlimQD: P=0.028; TlimQND: P=0.011). Similarly, the vitamin C (P<0.001), vitamin E as α-tocopherol (P<0.001), vitamin C/vitamin E ratio (P=0.017), vitamin E γ/α ratio (P=0.022) and lipid peroxides (P<0.001) variations were significantly different between groups. In conclusion, vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium supplementation has no significant effect on the 2-MWT, but improves MVCQ and TlimQ of both quadriceps by enhancing the antioxidant defenses and reducing oxidative stress. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (number: NCT01596803).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Passerieux
- University of Montpellier 1 and 2, INSERM Unit 1046, Montpellier, France
| | - Maurice Hayot
- University of Montpellier 1 and 2, INSERM Unit 1046, Montpellier, France and Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Jaussent
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Carnac
- University of Montpellier 1 and 2, INSERM Unit 1046, Montpellier, France
| | - Fares Gouzi
- University of Montpellier 1 and 2, INSERM Unit 1046, Montpellier, France and Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien Pillard
- Department of Respiratory Exploration and Department of Sports Medicine, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Marie-Christine Picot
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France and CIC 1001-INSERM
| | - Koen Böcker
- Alan Turing Institute Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Hugon
- University of Montpellier 1 and 2, INSERM Unit 1046, Montpellier, France
| | - Joel Pincemail
- Department of cardiovascular Surgery and Department of CREDEC, University Hospital of Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean O Defraigne
- Department of cardiovascular Surgery and Department of CREDEC, University Hospital of Liege, Belgium
| | - Theo Verrips
- Utrecht University, Department of Biology, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Mercier
- University of Montpellier 1 and 2, INSERM Unit 1046, Montpellier, France and Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Dalila Laoudj-Chenivesse
- University of Montpellier 1 and 2, INSERM Unit 1046, Montpellier, France and Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France.
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204
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Joddar B, Firstenberg MS, Reen RK, Varadharaj S, Khan M, Childers RC, Zweier JL, Gooch KJ. Arterial levels of oxygen stimulate intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous veins via a ROS-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120301. [PMID: 25799140 PMCID: PMC4370681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Saphenous veins used as arterial grafts are exposed to arterial levels of oxygen partial pressure (pO2), which are much greater than what they experience in their native environment. The object of this study is to determine the impact of exposing human saphenous veins to arterial pO2. Saphenous veins and left internal mammary arteries from consenting patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were cultured ex vivo for 2 weeks in the presence of arterial or venous pO2 using an established organ culture model. Saphenous veins cultured with arterial pO2 developed intimal hyperplasia as evidenced by 2.8-fold greater intimal area and 5.8-fold increase in cell proliferation compared to those freshly isolated. Saphenous veins cultured at venous pO2 or internal mammary arteries cultured at arterial pO2 did not develop intimal hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia was accompanied by two markers of elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS): increased dihydroethidium associated fluorescence (4-fold, p<0.05) and increased levels of the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal (10-fold, p<0.05). A functional role of the increased ROS saphenous veins exposed to arterial pO2 is suggested by the observation that chronic exposure to tiron, a ROS scavenger, during the two-week culture period, blocked intimal hyperplasia. Electron paramagnetic resonance based oximetry revealed that the pO2 in the wall of the vessel tracked that of the atmosphere with a ~30 mmHg offset, thus the cells in the vessel wall were directly exposed to variations in pO2. Monolayer cultures of smooth muscle cells isolated from saphenous veins exhibited increased proliferation when exposed to arterial pO2 relative to those cultured at venous pO2. This increased proliferation was blocked by tiron. Taken together, these data suggest that exposure of human SV to arterial pO2 stimulates IH via a ROS-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binata Joddar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Firstenberg
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Rashmeet K. Reen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Saradhadevi Varadharaj
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Mahmood Khan
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Rachel C. Childers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Jay L. Zweier
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Keith J. Gooch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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205
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Song J, Park J, Kim JH, Choi JY, Kim JY, Lee KM, Lee JE. Dehydroascorbic Acid Attenuates Ischemic Brain Edema and Neurotoxicity in Cerebral Ischemia: An in vivo Study. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:41-54. [PMID: 25792869 PMCID: PMC4363333 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke results in the diverse phathophysiologies including blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, neuronal cell death, and synaptic loss in brain. Vitamin C has known as the potent anti-oxidant having multiple functions in various organs, as well as in brain. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) as the oxidized form of ascorbic acid (AA) acts as a cellular protector against oxidative stress and easily enters into the brain compared to AA. To determine the role of DHA on edema formation, neuronal cell death, and synaptic dysfunction following cerebral ischemia, we investigated the infarct size of ischemic brain tissue and measured the expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP-1) as the water channel protein. We also examined the expression of claudin 5 for confirming the BBB breakdown, and the expression of bcl 2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) for checking the effect of DHA on the neurotoxicity. Finally, we examined postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) expression to confirm the effect of DHA on synaptic dysfunction following ischemic stroke. Based on our findings, we propose that DHA might alleviate the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury by attenuating edema, neuronal loss, and by improving synaptic connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Joohyun Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Ja Yong Choi
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea. ; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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206
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Singh S, Dubinsky-Davidchik IS, Yang Y, Kluger R. Subunit-directed click coupling via doubly cross-linked hemoglobin efficiently produces readily purified functional bis-tetrameric oxygen carriers. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11118-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sequential cross-linking leads to CuAAC phase-directed protein–protein coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Singh
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
| | | | - Ying Yang
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Ronald Kluger
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
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207
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Monselise EBI, Levkovitz A, Kost D. Ultraviolet radiation induces stress in etiolated Landoltia punctata, as evidenced by the presence of alanine, a universal stress signal: a ¹⁵N NMR study. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17 Suppl 1:101-107. [PMID: 24889211 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis with (15) N NMR revealed that alanine, a universal cellular stress signal, accumulates in etiolated duckweed plants exposed to 15-min pulsed UV light, but not in the absence of UV irradiation. The addition of 10 mm vitamin C, a radical scavenger, reduced alanine levels to zero, indicating the involvement of free radicals. Free D-alanine was detected in (15) N NMR analysis of the chiral amino acid content, using D-tartaric acid as solvent. The accumulation of D-alanine under stress conditions presents a new perspective on the biochemical processes taking place in prokaryote and eukaryote cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B-I Monselise
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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208
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Wu C, Wang J, Xu W, Zhang W, Mai K. Dietary ascorbic acid modulates the expression profile of stress protein genes in hepatopancreas of adult Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:120-125. [PMID: 25193867 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on transcriptional expression patterns of antioxidant proteins, heat shock proteins (HSP) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the hepatopancreas of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino (initial average length: 84.36 ± 0.24 mm) using real-time quantitative PCR assays. L-ascorbyl-2-molyphosphate (LAMP) was added to the basal diet to formulate four experimental diets containing 0.0, 70.3, 829.8 and 4967.5 mg AA equivalent kg(-1) diets, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of adult abalone in acrylic tanks (200 L) in a flow-through seawater system. Each tank was stocked with 15 abalone. Animals were fed once daily (17:00) to apparent satiation for 24 weeks. The results showed that the dietary AA (70.3 mg kg(-1)) could significantly up-regulate the expression levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), feritin (FT) and heat shock protein 26 (HSP26) in the hepatopancreas of abalone in this treatment compared to the controls. However, the expression levels of Mn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), selenium-binding protein (SEBP), HSP70 and HSP90 were significantly down-regulated. Compared with those in the group with 70.3 mg kg(-1) dietary AA, the expression levels of CAT, GST and HSP26 were decreased in abalone fed with very high dietary AA (4967.5 mg kg(-1)). In addition, significant up-regulations of expression levels of Mn-SOD, GPX, TPx, SEBP, FT, HSP70, HSP90 and NF-κB were observed in abalone fed with apparently excessive dietary AA (829.8 and 4967.5 mg kg(-1)) as compared to those fed 70.3 mg kg(-1) dietary AA. These findings showed that dietary AA influenced the expression levels of antioxidant proteins, heat shock proteins and NF-κB in the hepatopancreas of abalone at transcriptional level. Levels of dietary AA that appeared adequate (70.3 mg kg(-1)) reduced the oxidative stress by influencing gene expression of antioxidant proteins, but excessive dietary AA (829.8 and 4967.5 mg kg(-1)) induced oxidative stress in Pacific abalone H. discus hannai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Education Ministry of China), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Huzhou University, 1 Xueshi Road, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Education Ministry of China), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Education Ministry of China), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Education Ministry of China), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China.
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Education Ministry of China), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China
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209
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Carbamazepine toxic effects in chick cardiomyocyte micromass culture and embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocyte systems – Possible protective role of antioxidants. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 50:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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210
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Bergeron RJ, Wiegand J, McManis JS, Bharti N. Desferrithiocin: a search for clinically effective iron chelators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9259-91. [PMID: 25207964 PMCID: PMC4255733 DOI: 10.1021/jm500828f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The successful search for orally active iron chelators to treat transfusional iron-overload diseases, e.g., thalassemia, is overviewed. The critical role of iron in nature as a redox engine is first described, as well as how primitive life forms and humans manage the metal. The problems that derive when iron homeostasis in humans is disrupted and the mechanism of the ensuing damage, uncontrolled Fenton chemistry, are discussed. The solution to the problem, chelator-mediated iron removal, is clear. Design options for the assembly of ligands that sequester and decorporate iron are reviewed, along with the shortcomings of the currently available therapeutics. The rationale for choosing desferrithiocin, a natural product iron chelator (a siderophore), as a platform for structure-activity relationship studies in the search for an orally active iron chelator is thoroughly developed. The study provides an excellent example of how to systematically reengineer a pharmacophore in order to overcome toxicological problems while maintaining iron clearing efficacy and has led to three ligands being evaluated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J. Bergeron
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
| | - Jan Wiegand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
| | - James S. McManis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
| | - Neelam Bharti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Box 100485 JHMHC, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, United States
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211
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Yaqub LS, Mshelia WP, Ayo JO. Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility and Hematological Responses of Horses Administered Ascorbic Acid and Exposed to Road Transportation. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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212
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Carr AC, Vissers MCM, Cook JS. The effect of intravenous vitamin C on cancer- and chemotherapy-related fatigue and quality of life. Front Oncol 2014; 4:283. [PMID: 25360419 PMCID: PMC4199254 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients commonly experience a number of symptoms of disease progression and the side-effects of radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, which adversely impact on their quality of life (QOL). Fatigue is one of the most common and debilitating symptom reported by cancer patients and can affect QOL more than pain. Several recent studies have indicated that intravenous (IV) vitamin C alleviates a number of cancer- and chemotherapy-related symptoms, such as fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite, nausea, and pain. Improvements in physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning, as well as an improvement in overall health, were also observed. In this mini review, we briefly cover the methods commonly used to assess health-related QOL in cancer patients, and describe the few recent studies examining the effects of IV vitamin C on cancer- and chemotherapy-related QOL. We discuss potential mechanisms that might explain an improvement in QOL and also considerations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Margreet C M Vissers
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - John S Cook
- New Brighton Health Care , Christchurch , New Zealand
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213
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Shofinita D, Langrish T. Spray drying of orange peel extracts: Yield, total phenolic content, and economic evaluation. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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214
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Di Domenico F, Barone E, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. Strategy to reduce free radical species in Alzheimer’s disease: an update of selected antioxidants. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 15:19-40. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.955853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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215
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Miyake K, Akimoto T, Kusakabe M, Sato W, Yamada A, Yamawaki H, Kodaka Y, Shinpuku M, Nagoya H, Shindo T, Ueki N, Kusunoki M, Kawagoe T, Futagami S, Tsukui T, Sakamoto C. Water-soluble vitamin deficiencies in complicated peptic ulcer patients soon after ulcer onset in Japan. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 59:503-8. [PMID: 24477246 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated over time whether contemporary Japanese patients with complicated peptic ulcers have any water-soluble vitamin deficiencies soon after the onset of the complicated peptic ulcers. In this prospective cohort study, fasting serum levels of water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, and folic acid) and homocysteine were measured at 3 time points (at admission, hospital discharge, and 3 mo after hospital discharge). Among the 20 patients who were enrolled in the study, 10 consecutive patients who completed measurements at all 3 time points were analyzed. The proportion of patients in whom any of the serum water-soluble vitamins that we examined were deficient was as high as 80% at admission, and remained at 70% at discharge. The proportion of patients with vitamin B6 deficiency was significantly higher at admission and discharge (50% and 60%, respectively, p<0.05) than at 3 mo after discharge (10%). In conclusion, most patients with complicated peptic ulcers may have a deficiency of one or more water-soluble vitamins in the early phase of the disease after the onset of ulcer complications, even in a contemporary Japanese population.
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216
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Ozmen O, Mor F. Effects of vitamin C on pathology and caspase-3 activity of kidneys with subacute endosulfan toxicity. Biotech Histochem 2014; 90:25-30. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.936507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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217
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Kiondo P, Wamuyu-Maina G, Wandabwa J, Bimenya GS, Tumwesigye NM, Okong P. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on pre-eclampsia in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:283. [PMID: 25142305 PMCID: PMC4150937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Supplementing women with antioxidants during pregnancy may reduce oxidative stress and thereby prevent or delay the onset pre-eclampsia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing vitamin C in pregnancy on the incidence of pre-eclampsia, at Mulago hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Methods This was a (parallel, balanced randomization, 1:1) placebo randomized controlled trial conducted at Mulago hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Participants included in this study were pregnant women aged 15-42 years, who lived 15 km or less from the hospital with gestational ages between 12-22 weeks. The women were randomized to take 1000mg of vitamin C (as ascorbic acid) or a placebo daily until they delivered. The primary outcome was pre-eclamsia. Secondary outcomes were: severe pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, preterm delivery, low birth weight and still birth delivery. Participants were 932 pregnant women randomized into one of the two treatment arms in a ratio of 1:1. The participants, the care providers and those assessing the outcomes were blinded to the study allocation. Results Of the 932 women recruited; 466 were randomized to the vitamin and 466 to the placebo group. Recruitment of participants was from November 2011 to June 2012 and follow up was up to January 2013. Outcome data was available 415 women in the vitamin group and 418 women in the placebo group. There were no differences in vitamin and placebo groups in the incidence of pre-eclampsia (3.1% versus 4.1%; RR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.37-1.56), severe pre-eclampsia (1.2% versus 1.0%; RR 1.25; 95% CI: 0.34-4.65), gestational hypertension(7.7% versus 11.5%; RR 0.67; 95% CI: 0.43-1.03), preterm delivery (11.3% versus 12.2%; RR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.63-1.34), low birth weight (11.1% versus 10.3%; RR 1.07; 95% CI: 0.72-1.59) and still birth delivery (4.6% versus 4.5%; RR 1.01; 95% CI: 0.54-1.87). Conclusions Supplementation with vitamin C did not reduce the incidence of pre-eclampsia nor did it reduce the adverse maternal or neonatal outcomes. We do not recommend the use of vitamin C in pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia. Trial registration This study was registered at the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR201210000418271 on 25th October 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kiondo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P,O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
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Thamilselvan V, Menon M, Thamilselvan S. Oxalate at physiological urine concentrations induces oxidative injury in renal epithelial cells: effect of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. BJU Int 2014; 114:140-50. [PMID: 24460843 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test our hypothesis that physiological levels of urinary oxalate induce oxidative renal cell injury, as studies to date have shown that oxalate causes oxidative injury only at supra-physiological levels. To study the combined effect of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid against oxalate-induced oxidative injury, as oxalate-induced oxidative cell injury is known to promote initial attachment of calcium oxalate crystals to injured renal tubules and subsequent development of kidney stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultures of normal (antioxidant-undepleted) and antioxidant-depleted LLC-PK1 cells were exposed to oxalate at human physiological urine concentrations. After exposure, markers of oxidative stress and cell injury were measured in the cells and media, respectively. In addition, we also evaluated the combined effects of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on oxalate-induced oxidative cell injury. RESULTS Exposure of renal cells to oxalate at urinary physiological levels increased the oxidative cell injury as assessed by increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and increased lipid hydroperoxide in the renal cells; however, this effect was not seen until 24 h after oxalate exposure, at which point the injury was milder. On the other hand, when cellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase were depleted in renal epithelial cells with pharmacological inhibitors, the physiological levels of urinary oxalate caused significant oxidative cell injury at 24 h, and remarkably, when additional endogenous antioxidants were depleted, the oxalate at the upper limit of normal 24 h urine caused a significant amount of cell injury in a shorter period of time, which was comparable to that seen in cells exposed to higher levels of oxalate. Exposure of LLC-PK1 cells to oxalate resulted in increased levels of H2 O2 and lipid hydroperoxide, correlating with increased release of cell injury markers, including LDH, alkaline phosphate, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from renal tubular epithelial cells. Oxalate exposure decreased the activity and protein expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in a time-dependent manner. LLC-PK1 cells treated with oxalate and either α-tocopherol or ascorbic acid alone exhibited a significant decrease in oxidative cell injury and restored endogenous renal antioxidants towards normal levels, and interestingly, combined treatment with α-tocopherol and ascorbic was more efficient at preventing oxalate-induced toxicity than treatment with either agent alone. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first study to show that oxalate alone at human physiological urine concentrations (in the absence of calcium oxalate crystal formation), induced oxidative renal injury in renal epithelial cells when endogenous antioxidants are depleted. Our data further suggests that a combination of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid may be more effective than each individual agent in reducing oxalate-induced oxidative renal injury and subsequent calcium oxalate crystal deposition in recurrent stone formers.
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Shah IA, Peerzada GM, Ganaie NB, Gull U. Temporal Evolution of Catechol-Based Belousov–Zhabotinsky Chemical Oscillating System in Presence of Antioxidants. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Usma Gull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir
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220
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Bai JH, Su S, Huang L, Zhang YY, Wang YS, Guo MH, Yang HB, Cui H. In vitro extraction of intra-corneal iron using reverse iontophoresis and vitamin C. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1245-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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221
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Veloso CA, Oliveira BF, Mariani FEP, Fagundes-Neto FS, Volpe CMO, Nogueira-Machado JA, Chaves MM. Vitamin complex (ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene) induces micronucleus formation in PBMNC unrelated to ROS production. Redox Rep 2014; 18:219-23. [PMID: 24112956 DOI: 10.1179/1351000213y.0000000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the correlation between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and micronucleus formation induced by a vitamin complex in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy people aged between 40 and 85 years old. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were purified utilizing ficoll-hypaque gradient. ROS production by PBMNCs was quantified by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in the presence or in the absence of the vitamin complex. DNA damage in PBMNC by the vitamin complex was detected by the micronucleus technique. Statistical analyses were made with the Student's 't' test and the Pearson correlation. P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The vitamin complex induced MN formation in PBMNC but did not augment ROS production. There was no correlation between ROS production and MN formation either in the presence or in the absence of the vitamin complex. DISCUSSION There was no increase in the ROS production in the presence of the vitamin complex. The vitamin complex induced an augmentation in the MN formation. There was no correlation between ROS production and the induction of MN formation. Since no association could be detected between ROS production and MN formation, additional studies are required in order to investigate the possible mechanism of vitamin-induced MN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara A Veloso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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222
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Reshi ML, Su YC, Hong JR. RNA Viruses: ROS-Mediated Cell Death. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:467452. [PMID: 24899897 PMCID: PMC4034720 DOI: 10.1155/2014/467452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for being both beneficial and deleterious. The main thrust of this review is to investigate the role of ROS in ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus pathogenesis. Much evidences has accumulated over the past decade, suggesting that patients infected with RNA viruses are under chronic oxidative stress. Changes to the body's antioxidant defense system, in relation to SOD, ascorbic acid, selenium, carotenoids, and glutathione, have been reported in various tissues of RNA-virus infected patients. This review focuses on RNA viruses and retroviruses, giving particular attention to the human influenza virus, Hepatitis c virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the aquatic Betanodavirus. Oxidative stress via RNA virus infections can contribute to several aspects of viral disease pathogenesis including apoptosis, loss of immune function, viral replication, inflammatory response, and loss of body weight. We focus on how ROS production is correlated with host cell death. Moreover, ROS may play an important role as a signal molecule in the regulation of viral replication and organelle function, potentially providing new insights in the prevention and treatment of RNA viruses and retrovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Latif Reshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Che Su
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Ruey Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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223
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Fiorani M, Azzolini C, Guidarelli A, Cerioni L, Cantoni O. A novel biological role of dehydroascorbic acid: Inhibition of Na(+)-dependent transport of ascorbic acid. Pharmacol Res 2014; 84:12-7. [PMID: 24769194 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A U937 cell clone, in which low micromolar concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) are taken up at identical rates, was used to investigate possible interactions between transport systems mediating cellular uptake of the two forms of the vitamin. Results obtained with different experimental approaches showed that DHA potently and reversibly inhibits AA uptake through Na(+)-AA cotransporters. Hence, a progressive increase in extracellular DHA concentrations in the presence of a fixed amount of AA caused an initial decrease in the net amount of vitamin C accumulated, and eventually, at higher levels, it caused an accumulation of the vitamin solely based on DHA uptake through hexose transporters. DHA-dependent inhibition of AA uptake was also detected in various other cell types. Taken together, our results provide evidence of a novel biological effect mediated by concentrations of DHA compatible with those produced at inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fiorani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Catia Azzolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Andrea Guidarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Liana Cerioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Orazio Cantoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino 61029, Italy.
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224
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Ascorbic acid and the brain: rationale for the use against cognitive decline. Nutrients 2014; 6:1752-81. [PMID: 24763117 PMCID: PMC4011065 DOI: 10.3390/nu6041752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused upon the role of ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) in the promotion of healthy brain aging. Particular attention is attributed to the biochemistry and neuronal metabolism interface, transport across tissues, animal models that are useful for this area of research, and the human studies that implicate AA in the continuum between normal cognitive aging and age-related cognitive decline up to Alzheimer’s disease. Vascular risk factors and comorbidity relationships with cognitive decline and AA are discussed to facilitate strategies for advancing AA research in the area of brain health and neurodegeneration.
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225
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Li IC, Chiu CY, Wu CL, Chi JY, Jian SR, Wang SW, Chang CL. A dual-fluorescent reporter facilitates identification of thiol compounds that suppress microsatellite instability induced by oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:86-95. [PMID: 24412704 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) system corrects replicative errors and minimizes mutations that occur at a high rate in microsatellites. Patients with chronic inflammation or inflammation-associated cancer display microsatellite instability (MSI), indicating a possible MMR inactivation. In fact, H2O2-generated oxidative stress inactivates the MMR function and increases mutation accumulation in a reporter microsatellite. However, it remains unclear whether MSI induced by oxidative stress is preventable because of the lack of a sufficiently sensitive detection assay. Here, we developed and characterized a dual-fluorescent system, utilizing DsRed harboring the (CA)13 microsatellite as a reporter and GFP for normalization, in near-isogenic human colorectal cancer cell lines. Via flow cytometry, this reporter sensitively detected H2O2-generated oxidative microsatellite mutations in a dose-dependent manner. The reporter further revealed that glutathione or N-acetylcysteine was better than aspirin and ascorbic acid for suppressing oxidative microsatellite mutations. These two thiol compounds also partially suppressed oxidative frameshift mutations in the coding microsatellites of the hMSH6 and CHK1 genes based on a fluoresceinated PCR-based assay. MSI suppression by N-acetylcysteine appears to be mediated through reduction of oxidative frameshift mutations in the coding microsatellite of hMSH6 and protection of hMSH6 and other MMR protein levels from being decreased by H2O2. Our findings suggest a linkage between oxidative damage, MMR deficiency, and MSI. The two thiol compounds are potentially valuable for preventing inflammation-associated MSI. The dual-fluorescent reporter with improved features will facilitate identification of additional compounds that modulate MSI, which is relevant to cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Li
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, and National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Lin Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Ying Chi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Ru Jian
- Institute of Oral Medicine, and National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shainn-Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Christina L Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Oral Medicine, and National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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226
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Blanco-Ayala T, Andérica-Romero AC, Pedraza-Chaverri J. New insights into antioxidant strategies against paraquat toxicity. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:623-40. [PMID: 24593876 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.899694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ, 1,1'-dimethyl-4-4'-bipyridinium dichloride) is a highly toxic quaternary ammonium herbicide widely used in agriculture, it exerts its toxic effects mainly because of its redox cycle through the production of superoxide anions in organisms, leading to an imbalance in the redox state of the cell causing oxidative damage and finally cell death. The contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction including increased production of reactive oxygen species besides the reduction in oxygen consumption as well as in the activity of some respiratory complexes has emerged as a key component in the mechanisms through which PQ induces cell death. Although several aspects of PQ-mitochondria interaction remain to be clarified, recent advances have been conducted with reproducible results. Currently, there is no treatment for PQ poisoning; however, several studies taking into account oxidative stress as the main mechanism of PQ-induced toxicity suggest an antioxidant therapy as a viable alternative. In fact, it has been shown that the antioxidants naringin, sylimarin, edaravone, Bathysa cuspidata extracts, alpha-lipoic acid, pirfenidone, lysine acetylsalicylate, selenium, quercetin, C-phycocyanin, bacosides, and vitamin C may be useful in the treatment against PQ toxicity. The main mechanisms involved in the protective effect of these antioxidants include the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation and the induction of antioxidant defenses. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that the induction of nuclear factor erythroid like-2 (Nrf2), a major regulator of the antioxidant response, by some of the above-mentioned antioxidants, has been involved in the protective effect against PQ-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Blanco-Ayala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) , University City, D.F. , Mexico
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Abe C, Uto Y, Kawasaki A, Noguchi C, Tanaka R, Yoshitomi T, Nagasaki Y, Endo Y, Hori H. Evaluation of the in vivo antioxidative activity of redox nanoparticles by using a developing chicken egg as an alternative animal model. J Control Release 2014; 182:67-72. [PMID: 24637467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects as pharmacotherapies for cardiovascular diseases. The in vitro systems generally employed to evaluate antioxidants, however, are limited by having no appreciable in vivo redox status of the antioxidants. Therefore, we used our developing chicken egg model to evaluate the in vivo antioxidative activity of a redox nanoparticle possessing 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (RNP(O)). The 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) elicited strong oxidative stress and its LD50 value for chick embryos was 3.5±0.9mg/egg. The low molecular weight nitroxide compound, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), which is known to have the highest level of antioxidant activity, showed no significant protective effect against AAPH-induced embryo lethality. On the contrary, RNP(O) had potent protective effects against AAPH-induced embryo lethality. Moreover, RNP(O) could significantly suppress the production of lipid peroxides in chick serum induced by hydrocortisone. Since RNP(O) has a longer retention time in blood than TEMPOL, RNP(O) may protect the embryo against lethal oxidative stress by suppressing lipid peroxidation. The validity of in vivo experiments using developing chicken eggs was supported by our data, where RNP(O) was determined to elicit strong antioxidative activity in vivo, irrespective of the lack of a significant difference in the in vitro activity between low-molecular weight TEMPOL and RNP(O). Our results support the use of the developing chicken egg model to evaluate the potential in vivo antioxidative activity of RNP(O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Abe
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uto
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Kawasaki
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Chiho Noguchi
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshitomi
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan; Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshio Endo
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hori
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Graduate School, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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Sawicka-Glazer E, Czuczwar SJ. Vitamin C: a new auxiliary treatment of epilepsy? Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:529-33. [PMID: 24948051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although many approaches to the therapy of epilepsy exist, most of antiepileptic drugs, beside certain and unquestioned benefits, have convinced disadvantages. That is the reason for looking for new methods of treatment. Ascorbic acid, as an antioxidant and electron donor accumulated in central nervous system, seems to take part in diminishing reactions of oxidative stress in brain and cooperate with other antioxidants like alpha-tocoferol. Vitamin C, easily transported through the blood-brain barrier, is proved to reduce injury in the hippocampus during seizures. Depending on type of seizures, it has mostly inhibitory activity and even decreases mortality. Moreover, vitamin C acts as a neuroprotective factor by consolidating cell membranes and decreasing lipid peroxidation. A possible adjunctive role of vitamin C in epileptic patients needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland; Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.
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Cisternas P, Silva-Alvarez C, Martínez F, Fernandez E, Ferrada L, Oyarce K, Salazar K, Bolaños JP, Nualart F. The oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid, regulates neuronal energy metabolism. J Neurochem 2014; 129:663-71. [PMID: 24460956 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential factor for neuronal function and survival, existing in two redox states, ascorbic acid (AA), and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). Here, we show uptake of both AA and DHA by primary cultures of rat brain cortical neurons. Moreover, we show that most intracellular AA was rapidly oxidized to DHA. Intracellular DHA induced a rapid and dramatic decrease in reduced glutathione that was immediately followed by a spontaneous recovery. This transient decrease in glutathione oxidation was preceded by an increase in the rate of glucose oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and a concomitant decrease in glucose oxidation through glycolysis. DHA stimulated the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the PPP. Furthermore, we found that DHA stimulated the rate of lactate uptake by neurons in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Thus, DHA is a novel modulator of neuronal energy metabolism by facilitating the utilization of glucose through the PPP for antioxidant purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cisternas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Microscopía Avanzada CMA BIOBIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Aschauer S, Gouya G, Klickovic U, Storka A, Weisshaar S, Vollbracht C, Krick B, Weiss G, Wolzt M. Effect of systemic high dose vitamin C therapy on forearm blood flow reactivity during endotoxemia in healthy human subjects. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 61:25-9. [PMID: 24512733 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute inflammation induced by administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) reduces plasma concentrations of vitamin C and impairs vascular endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity. We tested the hypothesis that systemically administered high dose vitamin C restores the endogenous anti-oxidant potential and improves NO-dependent vasodilatation in the forearm vasculature. DESIGN & SETTING 36 male subjects were enrolled in this balanced, placebo controlled cross-over study. Forearm blood flow (FBF) reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and glyceryl-trinitrate (GTN), a sensitive test for endothelial function, was assessed at baseline and 4h after LPS-administration (20 IU/kg i.v). The effect of two different doses of intravenous vitamin C (Vitamin C-Injektopas®), 320 mg/kg and 480 mg/kg over 2h, or placebo on forearm vascular function was studied after LPS. MAIN RESULTS LPS caused transient flu-like symptoms, decreased plasma vitamin C concentrations and reduced the ACh-dependent increase in FBF by up to 76%. Vitamin C at a mean plasma concentration of 3.2 or 4.9 mmol/L restored the response to ACh compared to baseline. CONCLUSION High dose systemic vitamin C recovers LPS-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the forearm resistance vasculature. This provides a rationale for a further clinical study of the systemic vitamin C effect under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aschauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - G Gouya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - U Klickovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A Storka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Weisshaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - C Vollbracht
- Pascoe Pharmazeutische Präparate GmbH, Giessen, Germany
| | - B Krick
- Pascoe Pharmazeutische Präparate GmbH, Giessen, Germany
| | - G Weiss
- Pascoe Pharmazeutische Präparate GmbH, Giessen, Germany
| | - M Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Martinez MDC, Afonso SG, Buzaleh AM, Batlle A. Protective action of antioxidants on hepatic damage induced by griseofulvin. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:982358. [PMID: 24523661 PMCID: PMC3913521 DOI: 10.1155/2014/982358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is a disease associated with ferrochelatase deficiency and characterized by the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PROTO IX) in erythrocytes, liver, and skin. In some cases, a severe hepatic failure and cholestasis were observed. Griseofulvin (Gris) develops an experimental EPP with hepatic manifestations in mice such as PROTO IX accumulation followed by cellular damage as wells as necrotic and inflammatory processes. The antioxidant defense system was also altered. The aim was to evaluate the possible protective effect of different antioxidant compounds: trolox (Tx), ascorbic acid (Asc), the combination Tx and Asc, melatonin (Mel), and the polyphenols: ellagic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid on liver damage and oxidative stress markers in a mouse model of EPP. Coadministration of Gris with Tx, Asc, and its combination, or Mel mainly affected heme biosynthetic pathway, resulting in a decrease in ALA-S activity which was increased by Gris, while the tested polyphenols exerted a protective effect on oxidative stress, decreasing lipid peroxidation and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, antioxidant compounds can only protect partially against the liver damage induced by Gris, reducing oxidative stress or acting on heme regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. del C. Martinez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Guiraldes 2160 Pab II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. G. Afonso
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, 1120 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. M. Buzaleh
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Guiraldes 2160 Pab II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, 1120 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Batlle
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida, Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, 1120 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Snow SJ, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Osornio-Vargas A, Thomas RF, Schladweiler MC, McGee J, Kodavanti UP. The effect of composition, size, and solubility on acute pulmonary injury in rats following exposure to Mexico city ambient particulate matter samples. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1164-82. [PMID: 25119738 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.917445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM)-associated metals can contribute to adverse cardiopulmonary effects following exposure to air pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate how variation in the composition and size of ambient PM collected from two distinct regions in Mexico City relates to toxicity differences. Male Wistar Kyoto rats (14 wk) were intratracheally instilled with chemically characterized PM10 and PM2.5 from the north and PM10 from the south of Mexico City (3 mg/kg). Both water-soluble and acid-leachable fractions contained several metals, with levels generally higher in PM10 South. The insoluble and total, but not soluble, fractions of all PM induced pulmonary damage that was indicated by significant increases in neutrophilic inflammation, and several lung injury biomarkers including total protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and γ-glutamyl transferase activity 24 and 72 h postexposure. PM10 North and PM2.5 North also significantly decreased levels of the antioxidant ascorbic acid. Elevation in lung mRNA biomarkers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-2), oxidative stress (heme oxygenase [HO]-1, lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor [LOX]-1, and inducibile nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]), and thrombosis (tissue factor [TF] and plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI]-1), as well as reduced levels of fibrinolytic protein tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), further indicated pulmonary injury following PM exposure. These responses were more pronounced with PM10 South (PM10 South > PM10 North > PM2.5 North), which contained higher levels of redox-active transition metals that may have contributed to specific differences in selected lung gene markers. These findings provide evidence that surface chemistry of the PM core and not the water-soluble fraction played an important role in regulating in vivo pulmonary toxicity responses to Mexico City PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Snow
- a Curriculum in Toxicology , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
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Michels AJ, Frei B. Myths, artifacts, and fatal flaws: identifying limitations and opportunities in vitamin C research. Nutrients 2013; 5:5161-92. [PMID: 24352093 PMCID: PMC3875932 DOI: 10.3390/nu5125161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research progress to understand the role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in human health has been slow in coming. This is predominantly the result of several flawed approaches to study design, often lacking a full appreciation of the redox chemistry and biology of ascorbic acid. In this review, we summarize our knowledge surrounding the limitations of common approaches used in vitamin C research. In human cell culture, the primary issues are the high oxygen environment, presence of redox-active transition metal ions in culture media, and the use of immortalized cell lines grown in the absence of supplemental ascorbic acid. Studies in animal models are also limited due to the presence of endogenous ascorbic acid synthesis. Despite the use of genetically altered rodent strains lacking synthesis capacity, there are additional concerns that these models do not adequately recapitulate the effects of vitamin C deprivation and supplementation observed in humans. Lastly, several flaws in study design endemic to randomized controlled trials and other human studies greatly limit their conclusions and impact. There also is anecdotal evidence of positive and negative health effects of vitamin C that are widely accepted but have not been substantiated. Only with careful attention to study design and experimental detail can we further our understanding of the possible roles of vitamin C in promoting human health and preventing or treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Michels
- Linus Pauling Institute, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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235
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Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Does vitamin C deficiency increase lifestyle-associated vascular disease progression? Evidence based on experimental and clinical studies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2084-104. [PMID: 23642093 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Despite continuous advances in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), critical issues associated with an unhealthy lifestyle remain an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. RECENT ADVANCES A growing body of literature supports a specific role for vitamin C in a number of reactions that are associated with vascular function and control including, for example, nitric oxide bioavailability, lipid metabolism, and vascular integrity. CRITICAL ISSUES A large body of epidemiological evidence supports a relationship between poor vitamin C status and increased risk of developing CVD, and the prevalence of deficiency continues to be around 10%-20% of the general Western population although this problem could easily and cheaply be solved by supplementation. However, large intervention studies using vitamin C have not found a beneficial effect of supplementation. This review outlines the proposed mechanism by which vitamin C deficiency worsens CVD progression. In addition, it discusses problems with the currently available literature, including the discrepancies between the large intervention studies and the experimental and epidemiological literature. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increased insights into vitamin C deficiency-mediated CVD progression will enable the design of future randomized controlled trials that are better suited to test the efficacy of vitamin C in disease prevention as well as the identification of high-risk individuals which could possibly benefit from supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg, Denmark
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236
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May JM, Harrison FE. Role of vitamin C in the function of the vascular endothelium. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2068-83. [PMID: 23581713 PMCID: PMC3869438 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, has long been known to participate in several important functions in the vascular bed in support of endothelial cells. These functions include increasing the synthesis and deposition of type IV collagen in the basement membrane, stimulating endothelial proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, scavenging radical species, and sparing endothelial cell-derived nitric oxide to help modulate blood flow. Although ascorbate may not be able to reverse inflammatory vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, it may well play a role in preventing the endothelial dysfunction that is the earliest sign of many such diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Beyond simply preventing scurvy, evidence is mounting that ascorbate is required for optimal function of many dioxygenase enzymes in addition to those involved in collagen synthesis. Several of these enzymes regulate the transcription of proteins involved in endothelial function, proliferation, and survival, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and histone and DNA demethylases. More recently, ascorbate has been found to acutely tighten the endothelial permeability barrier and, thus, may modulate access of ascorbate and other molecules into tissues and organs. CRITICAL ISSUES The issue of the optimal cellular content of ascorbate remains unresolved, but it appears that low millimolar ascorbate concentrations are normal in most animal tissues, in human leukocytes, and probably in the endothelium. Although there may be little benefit of increasing near maximal cellular ascorbate concentrations in normal people, many diseases and conditions have either systemic or localized cellular ascorbate deficiency as a cause for endothelial dysfunction, including early atherosclerosis, sepsis, smoking, and diabetes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A key focus for future studies of ascorbate and the vascular endothelium will likely be to determine the mechanisms and clinical relevance of ascorbate effects on endothelial function, permeability, and survival in diseases that cause endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M May
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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Filipović NR, Marković I, Mitić D, Polović N, Milčić M, Dulović M, Jovanović M, Savić M, Nikšić M, Anđelković K, Todorović T. A Comparative Study of In Vitro Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Pt(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), and Co(III) Complexes withN-heteroaromatic Schiff Base (E)-2-[N′-(1-pyridin-2-yl-ethylidene)hydrazino]acetate. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 28:99-110. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad R. Filipović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ivanka Marković
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Dragana Mitić
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | | | - Miloš Milčić
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Marija Dulović
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Maja Jovanović
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milena Savić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Miomir Nikšić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a condition in which oxidant metabolites exert their toxic effect because of an increased production or an altered cellular mechanism of protection; oxidative stress is rapidly gaining recognition as a key phenomenon in chronic diseases. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. Endogenous defence mechanisms are inadequate for the complete prevention of oxidative damage, and different sources of dietary antioxidants may be especially important. This article calls attention to the dietary antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E and polyphenols. Compelling evidence has led to the conclusion that diet is a key environmental factor and a potential tool for the control of chronic diseases. More specifically, fruits and vegetables have been shown to exert a protective effect. The high content of minerals and natural antioxidant as vitamins A, C, and E and polyphenols in fruits and vegetables may be a main factor responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Landete
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-IATA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna-Valencia, España.
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239
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Chen M, Xiong H, Wen W, Zhang X, Gu H, Wang S. Electrochemical biosensors for the assay of DNA damage initiated by ferric ions catalyzed oxidation of dopamine in room temperature ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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240
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Modulation of LPS-induced CD4+ T-cell activation and apoptosis by antioxidants in untreated asymptomatic HIV infected participants: an in vitro study. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:631063. [PMID: 24348678 PMCID: PMC3856122 DOI: 10.1155/2013/631063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Persistent immune activation characterises HIV infection and is associated with depletion of CD4+ T-cells and increased risk of disease progression. Early loss of gut mucosal integrity results in the translocation of microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the systemic circulation. This is an important source of on-going immune stimulation.
The purpose of this study was to determine levels of CD4+ T-cell activation (%CD25 expression) and apoptosis (% annexin V/7-AAD) in asymptomatic, untreated HIV infection at baseline and after stimulation with LPS and incubation with or without vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine.
LPS induced a significant (P < 0.03) increase in %CD25 expression, annexin V, and 7-AAD in HIV positive individuals. NAC in combination with vitamin C, significantly (P = 0.0018) reduced activation and early apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells to a greater degree than with either antioxidant alone. Certain combinations of antioxidants could be important in reducing the harmful effects of chronic immune activation and thereby limit CD4+ T-cell depletion. Importantly, we showed that CD4+ T-cells of the HIV positive group responded better to a combination of the antioxidants at this stage than those of the controls. Therefore, appropriate intervention at this asymptomatic stage could rescue the cells before repetitive activation results in the death of CD4+ T-cells.
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241
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Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Vissers MCM. A randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic bioavailability study of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C. Nutrients 2013; 5:4451-61. [PMID: 24284610 PMCID: PMC3847741 DOI: 10.3390/nu5114451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit are a rich source of vitamin C and also contain numerous phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, which may influence the bioavailability of kiwifruit-derived vitamin C. The aim of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability of synthetic versus kiwifruit-derived vitamin C using a randomised cross-over pharmacokinetic study design. Nine non-smoking males (aged 18–35 years) received either a chewable tablet (200 mg vitamin C) or the equivalent dose from gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. Sungold). Fasting blood and urine were collected half hourly to hourly over the eight hours following intervention. The ascorbate content of the plasma and urine was determined using HPLC with electrochemical detection. Plasma ascorbate levels increased from 0.5 h after the intervention (P = 0.008). No significant differences in the plasma time-concentration curves were observed between the two interventions (P = 0.645). An estimate of the total increase in plasma ascorbate indicated complete uptake of the ingested vitamin C tablet and kiwifruit-derived vitamin C. There was an increase in urinary ascorbate excretion, relative to urinary creatinine, from two hours post intervention (P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference between the two interventions, with enhanced ascorbate excretion observed in the kiwifruit group (P = 0.016). Urinary excretion was calculated as ~40% and ~50% of the ingested dose from the vitamin C tablet and kiwifruit arms, respectively. Overall, our pharmacokinetic study has shown comparable relative bioavailability of kiwifruit-derived vitamin C and synthetic vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Sousa M, Teixeira VH, Soares J. Dietary strategies to recover from exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:151-63. [PMID: 24180469 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.849662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive or unaccustomed intense exercise can cause exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and its undesirable consequences may decrease the ability to exercise and to adhere to a training programme. This review briefly summarises the muscle damage process, focusing predominantly on oxidative stress and inflammation as contributing factors, and describes how nutrition may be positively used to recover from EIMD. The combined intake of carbohydrates and proteins and the use of antioxidants and/or anti-inflammatory nutrients within physiological ranges are interventions that may assist the recovery process. Although the works studying food instead of nutritional supplements are very scarce, their results seem to indicate that food might be a favourable option as a recovery strategy. To date, the only tested foods were milk, cherries, blueberries and pomegranate with promising results. Other potential solutions are foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants and/or anti-inflammatory nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sousa
- Faculdade de Desporto, Centro de Investigação, Formação, Intervenção e Inovação em Desporto (CIFI2D)
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de Oliveira BF, Costa DC, Nogueira-Machado JA, Chaves MM. β-Carotene, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid: differential profile of antioxidant, inflammatory status and regulation of gene expression in human mononuclear cells of diabetic donors. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29:636-45. [PMID: 23861227 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic patients are exposed to increased oxidative stress due to several mechanisms, mainly hyperglycaemia. Pathological processes, such as those in type 1 diabetes, include diminished activity of the antioxidant defense system(s) or excessive oxidative generation resulting in an oxidative/antioxidant imbalance and development of oxidative stress. METHODS The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (chemiluminescence) and reduction capacity (MTT dye reduction), the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits, superoxide dismutase and catalase using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and the levels of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-4] by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mononuclear cells from non-diabetic and diabetic donors treated with a vitamin complex (ascorbic acid, β-carotene and α-tocopherol) in two different concentrations ([A] = ascorbic acid = 0.08 µM, α-tocopherol = 0.04 µM, β-carotene = 0.0008 µM and [20A] = ascorbic acid = 1.6 µM, α-tocopherol = 0.82 µM, β-carotene = 0.016 µM). RESULTS Concentration [A] was antioxidant reducing ROS production, expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and pro-inflammatory cytokines while raising the expression of antioxidant enzymes and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines in both groups. Concentration [20A] was pro-oxidant by raising ROS production, NADPH oxidase subunits and pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the non-diabetic group but antioxidant in cells of type 1 diabetic patients by raising antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION The vitamin complex has a dual effect, pro-oxidant and antioxidant, being also dose dependent with different profiles of cells of non-diabetic and type 1 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fonseca de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Envelhecimento e Doenças Correlacionadas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Carr AC, Vissers MCM. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? Nutrients 2013; 5:4284-304. [PMID: 24169506 PMCID: PMC3847730 DOI: 10.3390/nu5114284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbate) is an essential water-soluble micronutrient in humans and is obtained through the diet, primarily from fruits and vegetables. In vivo, vitamin C acts as a cofactor for numerous biosynthetic enzymes required for the synthesis of amino acid-derived macromolecules, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptide hormones, and is also a cofactor for various hydroxylases involved in the regulation of gene transcription and epigenetics. Vitamin C was first chemically synthesized in the early 1930s and since then researchers have been investigating the comparative bioavailability of synthetic versus natural, food-derived vitamin C. Although synthetic and food-derived vitamin C is chemically identical, fruit and vegetables are rich in numerous nutrients and phytochemicals which may influence its bioavailability. The physiological interactions of vitamin C with various bioflavonoids have been the most intensively studied to date. Here, we review animal and human studies, comprising both pharmacokinetic and steady-state designs, which have been carried out to investigate the comparative bioavailability of synthetic and food-derived vitamin C, or vitamin C in the presence of isolated bioflavonoids. Overall, a majority of animal studies have shown differences in the comparative bioavailability of synthetic versus natural vitamin C, although the results varied depending on the animal model, study design and body compartments measured. In contrast, all steady state comparative bioavailability studies in humans have shown no differences between synthetic and natural vitamin C, regardless of the subject population, study design or intervention used. Some pharmacokinetic studies in humans have shown transient and small comparative differences between synthetic and natural vitamin C, although these differences are likely to have minimal physiological impact. Study design issues and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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246
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Ivanova IP, Trofimova SV, Piskarev IM. Evaluation of prooxidant properties of ascorbic acid. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350913040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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247
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Lobysheva II, Biller P, Gallez B, Beauloye C, Balligand JL. Nitrosylated hemoglobin levels in human venous erythrocytes correlate with vascular endothelial function measured by digital reactive hyperemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76457. [PMID: 24130774 PMCID: PMC3794924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired nitric oxide (NO)–dependent endothelial function is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. We hypothesized that erythrocyte levels of nitrosylated hemoglobin (HbNO-heme) may reflect vascular endothelial function in vivo. We developed a modified subtraction method using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to identify the 5-coordinate α-HbNO (HbNO) concentration in human erythrocytes and examined its correlation with endothelial function assessed by peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT). Changes in digital pulse amplitude were measured by PAT during reactive hyperemia following brachial arterial occlusion in a group of healthy volunteers (50 subjects). Erythrocyte HbNO levels were measured at baseline and at the peak of hyperemia. We digitally subtracted an individual model EPR signal of erythrocyte free radicals from the whole EPR spectrum to unmask and quantitate the HbNO EPR signals. Results Mean erythrocyte HbNO concentration at baseline was 219+/−12 nmol/L (n = 50). HbNO levels and reactive hyperemia (RH) indexes were higher in female (free of contraceptive pills) than male subjects. We observed a dynamic increase of HbNO levels in erythrocytes isolated at 1–2 min of post-occlusion hyperemia (120+/−8% of basal levels); post-occlusion HbNO levels were correlated with basal levels. Both basal and post-occlusion HbNO levels were significantly correlated with reactive hyperemia (RH) indexes (r = 0.58; P<0.0001 for basal HbNO). Conclusion The study demonstrates quantitative measurements of 5-coordinate α-HbNO in human venous erythrocytes, its dynamic physiologic regulation and correlation with endothelial function measured by tonometry during hyperemia. This opens the way to further understanding of in vivo determinants of NO bioavailability in human circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I. Lobysheva
- Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (IL); (J-LB)
| | - Pauline Biller
- Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Gallez
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Unit, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pole of Cardiovascular Research (CARD), and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (IL); (J-LB)
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Umapathy A, Donaldson P, Lim J. Antioxidant delivery pathways in the anterior eye. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:207250. [PMID: 24187660 PMCID: PMC3804153 DOI: 10.1155/2013/207250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissues in the anterior segment of the eye are particular vulnerable to oxidative stress. To minimise oxidative stress, ocular tissues utilise a range of antioxidant defence systems which include nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in combination with repair and chaperone systems. However, as we age our antioxidant defence systems are overwhelmed resulting in increased oxidative stress and damage to tissues of the eye and the onset of various ocular pathologies such as corneal opacities, lens cataracts, and glaucoma. While it is well established that nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and glutathione are important in protecting ocular tissues from oxidative stress, less is known about the delivery mechanisms used to accumulate these endogenous antioxidants in the different tissues of the eye. This review aims to summarise what is currently known about the antioxidant transport pathways in the anterior eye and how a deeper understanding of these transport systems with respect to ocular physiology could be used to increase antioxidant levels and delay the onset of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Umapathy
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Paul Donaldson
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Julie Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Policastro LL, Ibañez IL, Notcovich C, Duran HA, Podhajcer OL. The tumor microenvironment: characterization, redox considerations, and novel approaches for reactive oxygen species-targeted gene therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:854-95. [PMID: 22794113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that involves the interaction between malignant and neighbor stromal cells embedded in a mesh of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial, and inflammatory cells) are co-opted at different stages to help malignant cells invade the surrounding ECM and disseminate. Malignant cells have developed adaptive mechanisms to survive under the extreme conditions of the tumor microenvironment such as restricted oxygen supply (hypoxia), nutrient deprivation, and a prooxidant state among others. These conditions could be eventually used to target drugs that will be activated specifically in this microenvironment. Preclinical studies have shown that modulating cellular/tissue redox state by different gene therapy (GT) approaches was able to control tumor growth. In this review, we describe the most relevant features of the tumor microenvironment, addressing reactive oxygen species-generating sources that promote a prooxidative microenvironment inside the tumor mass. We describe different GT approaches that promote either a decreased or exacerbated prooxidative microenvironment, and those that make use of the differential levels of ROS between cancer and normal cells to achieve tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Laura Policastro
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
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250
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Chambial S, Dwivedi S, Shukla KK, John PJ, Sharma P. Vitamin C in disease prevention and cure: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2013; 28:314-28. [PMID: 24426232 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-013-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of vitamin C is associated with a history of an unrelenting search for the cause of the ancient haemorrhagic disease scurvy. Isolated in 1928, vitamin C is essential for the development and maintenance of connective tissues. It plays an important role in bone formation, wound healing and the maintenance of healthy gums. Vitamin C plays an important role in a number of metabolic functions including the activation of the B vitamin, folic acid, the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and the conversion of the amino acid, tryptophan, to the neurotransmitter, serotonin. It is an antioxidant that protects body from free radical damage. It is used as therapeutic agent in many diseases and disorders. Vitamin C protects the immune system, reduces the severity of allergic reactions and helps to fight off infections. However the significance and beneficial effect of vitamin C in respect to human disease such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease and metal toxicity however remains equivocal. Thus further continuous uninterrupted efforts may open new vistas to understand its significance in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Chambial
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan India
| | - Shailendra Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan India
| | - Kamla Kant Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan India
| | - Placheril J John
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004 India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005 Rajasthan India
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