201
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Hanioka N, Isobe T, Ohkawara S, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H. Glucuronidation of 4-tert-octylphenol in humans, monkeys, rats, and mice: an in vitro analysis using liver and intestine microsomes. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1227-1232. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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202
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Guo DD, Liu F, Tu YH, He BX, Gao Y, Guo ML. Expression Patterns of Three UGT Genes in Different Chemotype Safflower Lines and under MeJA Stimulus Revealed Their Potential Role in Flavonoid Biosynthesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158159. [PMID: 27391785 PMCID: PMC4938162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has received a significant amount of attention as a medicinal plant in China. Flavonoids are the dominant active medical compounds. UDP-glycosyltransferase plays an essential role in the biosynthesis and storage of flavonoids in safflower. In this study, 45 UGT unigenes were screened from our transcriptomic database of safflower. Among them, 27 UGT unigenes were predicted to own a complete open reading frame with various pI and Mw. The phylogenetic tree showed that CtUGT3 and CtUGT16 were classified under the UGT71 subfamily involved in metabolite process, whereas CtUGT25 has high identities with PoUGT both catalyzing the glycosylation of flavonoids and belonging to the UGT90 subfamily. cDNA microarray exhibited that the three UGT genes displayed temporal difference in two chemotype safflower lines. To functionally characterize UGT in safflower, CtUGT3, CtUGT16 and CtUGT25 were cloned and analyzed. Subcellular localization suggested that the three UGTs might be located in the cell cytoplasm and chloroplast. The expression pattern showed that the three UGTs were all suppressed in two lines responsive to methyl jasmonate induction. The co-expression relation of expression pattern and metabolite accumulation demonstrated that CtUGT3 and CtUGT25 were positively related to kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside and CtUGT16 was positively related to quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside in yellow line, whereas CtUGT3 and CtUGT25 were positively related to quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside in white line. This study indicates that the three CtUGTs play a significant and multiple role in flavonoids biosynthesis with presenting different functional characterization in two safflower lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hua Tu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei-Xuan He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (MLG); (YG)
| | - Mei-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (MLG); (YG)
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203
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Maria Marin A, de la Torre J, Ricardo Marques Oliveira A, Barison A, Satie Chubatsu L, Adele Monteiro R, de Oliveira Pedrosa F, Maltempi de Souza E, Wassem R, Duque E, Ramos JL. Genetic and functional characterization of a novel meta-pathway for degradation of naringenin inHerbaspirillum seropedicaeSmR1. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4653-4661. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anelis Maria Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Nitrogen Fixation Group, UFPR; Brazil
| | - Jésus de la Torre
- Department of Environmental Protection; Estación Experimental del Zaídin CSIC; Spain
| | | | | | - Leda Satie Chubatsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Nitrogen Fixation Group, UFPR; Brazil
| | - Rose Adele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Nitrogen Fixation Group, UFPR; Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Estrella Duque
- Department of Environmental Protection; Estación Experimental del Zaídin CSIC; Spain
| | - Juan-Luis Ramos
- Department of Environmental Protection; Estación Experimental del Zaídin CSIC; Spain
- Department of Biotechnology, Abengoa Research; Spain
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204
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Hanioka N, Kinashi Y, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Isobe T, Jinno H. Glucuronidation of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in humans: roles of hepatic and intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:689-698. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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205
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Song C, Zhao S, Hong X, Liu J, Schulenburg K, Schwab W. A UDP-glucosyltransferase functions in both acylphloroglucinol glucoside and anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:730-42. [PMID: 26859691 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically active acylphloroglucinol (APG) glucosides were recently found in strawberry (Fragaria sp.) fruit. Although the formation of the APG aglycones has been clarified, little is known about APG glycosylation in plants. In this study we functionally characterized ripening-related glucosyltransferase genes in Fragaria by comprehensive biochemical analyses of the encoded proteins and by a RNA interference (RNAi) approach in vivo. The allelic proteins UGT71K3a/b catalyzed the glucosylation of diverse hydroxycoumarins, naphthols and flavonoids as well as phloroglucinols, enzymatically synthesized APG aglycones and pelargonidin. Total enzymatic synthesis of APG glucosides was achieved by co-incubation of recombinant dual functional chalcone/valerophenone synthase and UGT71K3 proteins with essential coenzyme A esters and UDP-glucose. An APG glucoside was identified in strawberry fruit which has not yet been reported in other plants. Suppression of UGT71K3 activity in transient RNAi-silenced fruits led to a loss of pigmentation and a substantial decrease of the levels of various APG glucosides and an anthocyanin. Metabolite analyses of transgenic fruits confirmed UGT71K3 as a UDP-glucose:APG glucosyltransferase in planta. These results provide the foundation for the breeding of fruits with improved health benefits and for the biotechnological production of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankui Song
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Xiaotong Hong
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Katja Schulenburg
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
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206
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Hu DG, Mackenzie PI, McKinnon RA, Meech R. Genetic polymorphisms of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes and cancer risk. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:47-69. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1131292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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207
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Inoue H, Kemanai S, Sano C, Kato S, Yokota H, Iwano H. Bisphenol A glucuronide/sulfate diconjugate in perfused liver of rats. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:733-7. [PMID: 26782136 PMCID: PMC4905824 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In isolated hepatocytes, the environmental estrogen bisphenol A (BPA) is metabolized into
a mono-glucuronide and a glucuronide/sulfate diconjugate. Little is known about the fate
of the diconjugate in the liver. The present study focused on the metabolism and
dispostion of BPA diconjugate in the liver using a perfusion method. In Sprague-Dawley
rats, BPA (15,150 or 1,500 nmol) was applied into the liver. In male rats, the infused BPA
was conjugated to both glucuronide and a diconjugate during passage through the liver. The
diconjugate was observed at high-dose application of the substrate. In female rats, the
chemical was conjugated almost exclusively to the glucuronide in all doses utilized in
this study. In both the male and female rats, the resultant metabolites were
preferentially excreted into the bile. These results suggest that BPA is conjugated
primarily to mono-glucuronide in rat liver; and that in males, diconjugate production
occurs under conditions of high-dose exposure to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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208
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Vázquez-Gómez G, Rubio-Lightbourn J, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. MECANISMOS DE ACCIÓN DEL RECEPTOR DE HIDROCARBUROS DE ARILOS EN EL METABOLISMO DEL BENZO[A]PIRENO Y EL DESARROLLO DE TUMORES. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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209
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Bock KW. The UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily expressed in humans, insects and plants: Animalplant arms-race and co-evolution. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 99:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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210
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Le Roy J, Huss B, Creach A, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Glycosylation Is a Major Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Availability and Biological Activity in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:735. [PMID: 27303427 PMCID: PMC4880792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway in plants is responsible for the biosynthesis of a huge amount of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Both flavonoids and lignins are synthesized at the end of this very diverse metabolic pathway, as well as many intermediate molecules whose precise biological functions remain largely unknown. The diversity of these molecules can be further increased under the action of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) leading to the production of glycosylated hydroxycinnamates and related aldehydes, alcohols and esters. Glycosylation can change phenylpropanoid solubility, stability and toxic potential, as well as influencing compartmentalization and biological activity. (De)-glycosylation therefore represents an extremely important regulation point in phenylpropanoid homeostasis. In this article we review recent knowledge on the enzymes involved in regulating phenylpropanoid glycosylation status and availability in different subcellular compartments. We also examine the potential link between monolignol glycosylation and lignification by exploring co-expression of lignin biosynthesis genes and phenolic (de)glycosylation genes. Of the different biological roles linked with their particular chemical properties, phenylpropanoids are often correlated with the plant's stress management strategies that are also regulated by glycosylation. UGTs can for instance influence the resistance of plants during infection by microorganisms and be involved in the mechanisms related to environmental changes. The impact of flavonoid glycosylation on the color of flowers, leaves, seeds and fruits will also be discussed. Altogether this paper underlies the fact that glycosylation and deglycosylation are powerful mechanisms allowing plants to regulate phenylpropanoid localisation, availability and biological activity.
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211
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Song C, Gu L, Liu J, Zhao S, Hong X, Schulenburg K, Schwab W. Functional Characterization and Substrate Promiscuity of UGT71 Glycosyltransferases from Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2478-93. [PMID: 26454881 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation determines the complexity and diversity of plant natural products. To characterize fruit ripening-related UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) functionally in strawberry, we mined the publicly available Fragaria vesca genome sequence and found 199 putative UGT genes. Candidate UGTs whose expression levels were strongly up-regulated during fruit ripening were cloned from F.×ananassa and six were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and biochemically characterized. UGT75T1 showed very strict substrate specificity and glucosylated only galangin out of 33 compounds. The other recombinant enzymes exhibited broad substrate tolerance, accepting numerous flavonoids, hydroxycoumarins, naphthols and the plant hormone, (+)-S-abscisic acid (ABA). UGT71W2 showed the highest activity towards 1-naphthol, while UGT71A33, UGT71A34a/b and UGT71A35 preferred 3-hydroxycoumarin and formed 3- and 7-O-glucosides as well as a diglucoside from flavonols. Screening of a strawberry physiological aglycone library identified kaempferol, quercetin, ABA and three unknown natural compounds as putative in planta substrates of UGT71A33, UGT71A34a and UGT71W2. Metabolite analyses of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silenced fruits demonstrated that UGT71W2 contributes to the glycosylation of flavonols, xenobiotics and, to a minor extent, of ABA, in planta. The study showed that both specialist and generalist UGTs were expressed during strawberry fruit ripening and the latter were probably not restricted to only one function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankui Song
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Le Gu
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xiaotong Hong
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Katja Schulenburg
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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212
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Hanioka N, Isobe T, Kinashi Y, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H. Hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, an active metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, in humans, dogs, rats, and mice: an in vitro analysis using microsomal fractions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1651-7. [PMID: 26514348 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is an active metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and has endocrine-disrupting effects. MEHP is metabolized into glucuronide by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in mammals. In the present study, the hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation of MEHP in humans, dogs, rats, and mice was examined in an in vitro system using microsomal fractions. The kinetics of MEHP glucuronidation by liver microsomes followed the Michaelis-Menten model for humans and dogs, and the biphasic model for rats and mice. The K m and V max values of human liver microsomes were 110 µM and 5.8 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The kinetics of intestinal microsomes followed the biphasic model for humans, dogs, and mice, and the Michaelis-Menten model for rats. The K m and V max values of human intestinal microsomes were 5.6 µM and 0.40 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for the high-affinity phase, and 430 µM and 0.70 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for the low-affinity phase. The relative levels of V max estimated by Eadie-Hofstee plots were dogs (2.0) > mice (1.4) > rats (1.0) ≈ humans (1.0) for liver microsomes, and mice (8.5) > dogs (4.1) > rats (3.1) > humans (1.0) for intestinal microsomes. The percentages of the V max values of intestinal microsomes to liver microsomes were mice (120 %) > rats (57 %) > dogs (39 %) > humans (19 %). These results suggest that the metabolic abilities of UGT enzymes expressed in the liver and intestine toward MEHP markedly differed among species, and imply that these species differences are strongly associated with the toxicity of DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumitsu Hanioka
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan.
| | - Takashi Isobe
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yu Kinashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Toshiko Tanaka-Kagawa
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hideto Jinno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
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213
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Sasaki K, Takase H, Kobayashi H, Matsuo H, Takata R. Molecular cloning and characterization of UDP-glucose: furaneol glucosyltransferase gene from grapevine cultivar Muscat Bailey A (Vitis labrusca × V. vinifera). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6167-6174. [PMID: 26160581 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol) is an important aroma compound in fruits, such as pineapple and strawberry, and is reported to contribute to the strawberry-like note in some wines. Several grapevine species are used in winemaking, and furaneol is one of the characteristic aroma compounds in wines made from American grape (Vitis labrusca) and its hybrid grape. Furaneol glucoside was recently isolated as an important furaneol derivative from the hybrid grapevine cultivar, Muscat Bailey A (V. labrusca × V. vinifera), and this was followed by its isolation from some fruits such as strawberry and tomato. Furaneol glucoside is a significant 'aroma precursor of wine' because furaneol is liberated from it during alcoholic fermentation. In this study, a glucosyltransferase gene from Muscat Bailey A (UGT85K14), which is responsible for the glucosylation of furaneol was identified. UGT85K14 was expressed in the representative grape cultivars regardless of species, indicating that furaneol glucoside content is regulated by the biosynthesis of furaneol. On the other hand, furaneol glucoside content in Muscat Bailey A berry during maturation might be controlled by the expression of UGT85K14 along with the biosynthesis of furaneol. Recombinant UGT85K14 expressed in Escherichia coli is able to transfer a glucose moiety from UDP-glucose to the hydroxy group of furaneol, indicating that this gene might be UDP-glucose: furaneol glucosyltransferase in Muscat Bailey A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sasaki
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan
| | - Hideki Takase
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Château Mercian,1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Hironori Matsuo
- Château Mercian,1425-1 Shimoiwasaki, Katsunuma, Koshu, Yamanashi 409-1313, Japan
| | - Ryoji Takata
- Laboratory, New Product & Process Developments, Mercian Corporation, 4-9-1 Johnan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0057, Japan
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214
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Kishi N, Takasuka A, Kokawa Y, Isobe T, Taguchi M, Shigeyama M, Murata M, Suno M, Hanioka N. Raloxifene glucuronidation in liver and intestinal microsomes of humans and monkeys: contribution of UGT1A1, UGT1A8 and UGT1A9. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:289-95. [PMID: 26247833 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1074301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Raloxifene is an antiestrogen that has been marketed for the treatment of osteoporosis, and is metabolized into 6- and 4'-glucuronides by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes. In this study, the in vitro glucuronidation of raloxifene in humans and monkeys was examined using liver and intestinal microsomes and recombinant UGT enzymes (UGT1A1, UGT1A8 and UGT1A9). 2. Although the K(m) and CL(int) values for the 6-glucuronidation of liver and intestinal microsomes were similar between humans and monkeys, and species differences in Vmax values (liver microsomes, humans > monkeys; intestinal microsomes, humans < monkeys) were observed, no significant differences were noted in the K(m) or S50, Vmax and CL(int) or CLmax values for the 4'-glucuronidation of liver and intestinal microsomes between humans and monkeys. 3. The activities of 6-glucuronidation in recombinant UGT enzymes were UGT1A1 > UGT1A8 >UGT1A9 for humans, and UGT1A8 > UGT1A1 > UGT1A9 for monkeys. The activities of 4'-glucuronidation were UGT1A8 > UGT1A1 > UGT1A9 in humans and monkeys. 4. These results demonstrated that the profiles for the hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation of raloxifene by microsomes were moderately different between humans and monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kishi
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Akane Takasuka
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yuki Kokawa
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | | | - Maho Taguchi
- c Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Yokohama University of Pharmacy , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Masato Shigeyama
- c Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Yokohama University of Pharmacy , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Mikio Murata
- c Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Yokohama University of Pharmacy , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Manabu Suno
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
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215
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Wijayakumara DD, Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Regulation of Human UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 by miR-376c in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:417-25. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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216
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Miyake Y, Hirose R, Isobe T, Hanioka N. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of minipig UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:193-9. [PMID: 26134041 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) plays important roles in the glucuronidation of numerous drugs, environmental pollutants, and endogenous substances. Minipigs have been used as experimental animals in pharmacological and toxicological studies because many of their physiological characteristics are similar to those of humans. The aim of the present study was to examine similarities and differences in the enzymatic properties of UGT1A6 between humans and minipigs. 2. Minipig UGT1A6 (mpUGT1A6) cDNA was cloned by the RACE method, and the corresponding proteins were expressed in insect cells. The enzymatic function of mpUGT1A6 was analyzed by the kinetics of serotonin glucuronidation. 3. Amino acid homology between human UGT1A6 (hUGT1A6) and mpUGT1A6 was 79.9%. The kinetics of serotonin glucuronidation by recombinant hUGT1A6 and mpUGT1A6 enzymes fit the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Km, Vmax, and CLint values of hUGT1A6 were 10.5 mM, 4.04 nmol/min/mg protein, and 0.39 µL/min/mg protein, respectively. The Km value of mpUGT1A6 was similar to that of hUGT1A6, whereas the Vmax and CLint values of mpUGT1A6 were approximately 2-fold higher than those of hUGT1A6. 4. These results suggest that the enzymatic properties of UGT1A6 enzymes are moderately different between humans and minipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuka Miyake
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan and
| | - Riho Hirose
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University , Okayama , Japan and
| | - Takashi Isobe
- b Department of Biochemical Toxicology , Yokohama University of Pharmacy , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Nobumitsu Hanioka
- b Department of Biochemical Toxicology , Yokohama University of Pharmacy , Yokohama , Japan
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Mizukami H. Sugar Chain Construction of Functional Natural Products Using Plant Glucosyltransferases. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:867-82. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Mizukami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Tripathi SP, Prajapati R, Verma N, Sangamwar AT. Predicting substrate selectivity between UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 using molecular modelling and molecular dynamics approach. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1044451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yabusaki R, Iwano H, Tsushima S, Koike N, Ohtani N, Tanemura K, Inoue H, Yokota H. Weak activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase toward Bisphenol analogs in mouse perinatal development. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1479-84. [PMID: 26074487 PMCID: PMC4667667 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used industrial chemical that disrupts endocrine function.
BPA is an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that has been demonstrated to affect
reproductive organ development, brain development, metabolic disease and post-natal
behavior. Accordingly, Bisphenol analogs, Bisphenol F (BPF, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) methane)
and Bisphenol AF (BPAF, 4,4-hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol) are used as replacements
for BPA. BPA is mainly metabolized by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), UGT2B1, but this
effective metabolizing system is weak in the fetus. In the present study, we demonstrated
that hepatic UGT activity toward BPAF was very weak, in comparison with BPA and BPF, in
the fetus, pups and dams. Conversely, hepatic UGT activity toward BPF was very weak in the
fetus and newborn pups, and was increased to the same level as BPA post-partum. In
conclusion, BPAF possibly tends to accumulate in the fetus, because of weak metabolism
during the perinatal period, suggesting that the metabolism of individual Bisphenol
analogs requires assessment to properly gauge their risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yabusaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Di S, Yan F, Rodas FR, Rodriguez TO, Murai Y, Iwashina T, Sugawara S, Mori T, Nakabayashi R, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Saito K, Takahashi R. Linkage mapping, molecular cloning and functional analysis of soybean gene Fg3 encoding flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:126. [PMID: 26002063 PMCID: PMC4494776 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonol glycosides (FGs) are major components of soybean leaves and there are substantial differences in FG composition among genotypes. The first objective of this study was to identify genes responsible for FG biosynthesis and to locate them in the soybean genome. The second objective was to clone the candidate genes and to verify their function. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from a cross between cultivars Nezumisaya and Harosoy. RESULTS HPLC comparison with authentic samples suggested that FGs having glucose at the 2″-position of glucose or galactose that is bound to the 3-position of kaempferol were present in Nezumisaya, whereas FGs of Harosoy were devoid of 2″-glucose. Conversely, FGs having glucose at the 6″-position of glucose or galactose that is bound to the 3-position of kaempferol were present in Harosoy, whereas these FGs were absent in Nezumisaya. Genetic analysis suggested that two genes control the pattern of attachment of these sugar moieties in FGs. One of the genes may be responsible for attachment of glucose to the 2″-position, probably encoding for a flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase. Nezumisaya may have a dominant whereas Harosoy may have a recessive allele of the gene. Based on SSR analysis, linkage mapping and genome database survey, we cloned a candidate gene designated as GmF3G2″Gt in the molecular linkage group C2 (chromosome 6). The open reading frame of GmF3G2″Gt is 1380 bp long encoding 459 amino acids with four amino acid substitutions among the cultivars. The GmF3G2″Gt recombinant protein converted kaempferol 3-O-glucoside to kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside. GmF3G2″Gt of Nezumisaya showed a broad activity for kaempferol/quercetin 3-O-glucoside/galactoside derivatives but it did not glucosylate kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 → 4)-[rhamnosyl-(1 → 6)-glucoside] and 3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 → 4)-[glucosyl-(1 → 6)-glucoside]. CONCLUSION GmF3G2″Gt encodes a flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase and corresponds to the Fg3 gene. GmF3G2″Gt was designated as UGT79B30 by the UGT Nomenclature Committee. Based on substrate specificity of GmF3G2″Gt, 2″-glucosylation of flavonol 3-O-glycoside may be irreconcilable with 4″-glycosylation in soybean leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Di
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Fan Yan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Felipe Rojas Rodas
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
- Current address: Universidad Católica de Oriente, Rionegro-Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Tito O Rodriguez
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Murai
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Iwashina
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan.
| | - Satoko Sugawara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | | | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
- National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan.
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The Correlation between Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Thyroid Hormones in the General Population: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126989. [PMID: 25992849 PMCID: PMC4436299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Certain epidemiological studies have suggested exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect the production and secretion of thyroid hormones (TH); however, conflicting results have been reported in different studies. There is not a convincing conclusion about this debate to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS To perform a meta-analysis determining if there are correlations between PBDEs exposure and the serum levels of TH. Medical and scientific literature databases were searched for articles that met the eligibility criteria. The included articles were assessed for methodological quality. The correlation coefficient values or regression coefficient values between PBDEs and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or total thyroxine (TT4) from each article were used for analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS Sixteen articles were included in this meta-analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were directly collected or calculated from data given in the articles. Then, Fisher's z transformation was performed to convert each correlation coefficient to an approximately normal distribution. For z values between PBDEs exposure and TSH levels, the pooled z value for 18 studies was 0.08 (95% CI: -0.06, 0.22), and indicated significant heterogeneity (I2 values = 90.7%). Subgroup analysis was performed based on the median values of serum PBDEs in each study, there was not significant heterogeneity in each of the four subgroups (I2 values <30%). In meta-analysis of z values between PBDEs exposure and the levels of TT4, the pooled z value for 11 studies was -0.02 (95% CI: -0.11, 0.08), and also indicated significant heterogeneity (I2 values = 57.6%). Similar subgroup analysis was done for the PBDEs exposures and the levels of TT4. No significant heterogeneity was shown in either of the two subgroups (I2 values = 0). CONCLUSION The findings in our meta-analysis indicate the effects of PBDEs on thyroid function may mainly depend on PBDEs exposure and their levels found in serum. The relationship between PBDEs exposure and changes in thyroid function seem to fit an approximate u-shaped curve. These predictions await further verification, namely a prospective longitudinal study.
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Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Trapero-Mozos A, Climent MFL, Gómez-Cadenas A, Gómez-Gómez L. Ectopic expression of a stress-inducible glycosyltransferase from saffron enhances salt and oxidative stress tolerance in Arabidopsis while alters anchor root formation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:60-73. [PMID: 25804810 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases play diverse roles in cellular metabolism by modifying the activities of regulatory metabolites. Three stress-regulated UDP-glucosyltransferase-encoding genes have been isolated from the stigmas of saffron, UGT85U1, UGT85U2 and UGT85V1, which belong to the UGT85 family that includes members associated with stress responses and cell cycle regulation. Arabidopsis constitutively expressing UGT85U1 exhibited and increased anchor root development. No differences were observed in the timing of root emergence, in leaf, stem and flower morphology or flowering time. However, salt and oxidative stress tolerance was enhanced in these plants. Levels of glycosylated compounds were measured in these plants and showed changes in the composition of several indole-derivatives. Moreover, auxin levels in the roots were higher compared to wild type. The expression of several key genes related to root development and auxin homeostasis, including CDKB2.1, CDKB2.2, PIN2, 3 and 4; TIR1, SHR, and CYCD6, were differentially regulated with an increase of expression level of SHR, CYCD6, CDKB2.1 and PIN2. The obtained results showed that UGT85U1 takes part in root growth regulation via auxin signal alteration and the modified expression of cell cycle-related genes, resulting in significantly improved survival during oxidative and salt stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Albacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Almudena Trapero-Mozos
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Universitat Jaume I, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
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McKinnon RA, Sorich MJ, Ward MB. Cytochrome P450 Part 1: Multiplicity and Function. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2008.tb00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B Ward
- Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; Adelaide South Australia
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Huang J, Pang C, Fan S, Song M, Yu J, Wei H, Ma Q, Li L, Zhang C, Yu S. Genome-wide analysis of the family 1 glycosyltransferases in cotton. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1805-18. [PMID: 25851236 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Family 1 GT, designated as UGT, is the largest and most functionally important multigene family in the plant kingdom. In this study, we carried out a genome-wide identification, analysis, and comparison of 142, 146, and 196 putative UGTs from Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. All members present the 44 amino-acid conserved consensus sequence termed the plant secondary product glycosyltransferase motif. According to the phylogenetic relationship among the cotton UGT proteins and those from other species, GrUGTs and GaUGTs could be classified into 16 major phylogenetic groups (A-P), whereas GhUGTs are classified into 15 major phylogenetic groups with a lack of group C. All cotton UGTs are dispersed throughout the chromosomes and are displayed in clusters with the same open reading frame orientation. The expansion of them appears to result from genome duplication and rearrangement. Two conserved introns, A and B, are detected in most of the intron-containing-UGTs in G. raimondii and G. arboreum, whereas only intron A is detected in the intron-containing-UGTs in G. hirsutum. Furthermore, expression patterns of the UGT genes in G. hirsutum wild type and its near isogenic fuzzless-lintless mutant at the stage of fiber initiation were analyzed using the RNA-seq data. Overall, this study not only deepens our understanding of the structure, phylogeny, evolution, and expression of cotton UGT genes, but also provides a solid foundation for further cloning and functional studies of the UGT family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meizhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Libei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, 455000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Dai L, Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Men Y, Zeng Y, Sun Y. Functional Characterization of Cucurbitadienol Synthase and Triterpene Glycosyltransferase Involved in Biosynthesis of Mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:1172-82. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hu DG, Mackenzie PI, Lu L, Meech R, McKinnon RA. Induction of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 Gene Expression by Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs in Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:660-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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227
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Stucky DF, Arpin JC, Schrick K. Functional diversification of two UGT80 enzymes required for steryl glucoside synthesis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:189-201. [PMID: 25316063 PMCID: PMC4265157 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Steryl glucosides (SG) are abundant steroid conjugates in plant membranes. Beyond structural roles in lipid bilayers, functions in sugar transport, storage, and/or signalling are predicted. UDP-glucose:sterol glucosyltransferase 80A2 (UGT80A2) and UGT80B1, which share similarity to fungal counterparts, are implicated in SG synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. A third related enzyme, which seems specific to the plant lineage, is encoded by UGT713B1/At5g24750. Genetic and biochemical approaches were employed to determine the role of each UGT gene in the production of specific SGs and acyl SGs (ASGs). Using direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), SG and acyl SG (ASG) contents of ugt80 and ugt713 mutants, and triple and double mutants were profiled in seeds. In vitro enzyme assays were performed to assay substrate preferences. Both UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, but not UGT713B1 were shown to be coordinately down-regulated during seed imbibition when SG levels decline, consistent with similar functions as UGT80 enzymes. UGT80A2 was found to be required for normal levels of major SGs in seeds, whereas UGT80B1 is involved in accumulation of minor SG and ASG compounds. Although the results demonstrate specific activities for UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, a role for UGT713B1 in SG synthesis was not supported. The data show that UGT80A2, the more highly conserved enzyme, is responsible for the bulk production of SGs in seeds, whereas UGT80B1 plays a critical accessory role. This study extends our knowledge of UGT80 enzymes and provides evidence for specialized functions for distinct classes of SG and ASG molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Stucky
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - James C Arpin
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - Kathrin Schrick
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
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Lei HG, Shen LY, Zhang SH, Wu ZH, Shen J, Tang GQ, Jiang YZ, Li MZ, Bai L, Li XW, Zhu L. Comparison of the meat quality, post-mortem muscle energy metabolism, and the expression of glycogen synthesis-related genes in three pig crossbreeds. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem muscle energy metabolism plays an important role in pork quality. To analyse the differences of meat quality and energy metabolism, three commercial pig crossbreeds frequently used in China were studied, they were DT (Duroc × Taihu; n = 16), PIC (five-way crossbreed from Pig Improvement Co., UK; n = 29) and DLY (Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire); n = 19) pigs. The results showed that DT pigs had a higher post-mortem pH45 min and pH24 h, lower shear force and drip loss, higher muscle free-glucose and glycogen contents, and lower lactic acid content than did PIC and DLY pigs. Post-mortem muscle free-glucose content of these three pig crossbreeds changed little, from 45 min to 96 h post-mortem. The expression levels of PRKAG3 (encoding a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase) and GYS1 (encoding muscle glycogen synthase) genes of DT pigs were significantly lower than those of PIC and DLY pigs. DT pigs had a higher expression level of glycogenin-1-like (encoding glycogenin) gene than did PIC and DLY pigs. In conclusion, DT pigs had better meat quality than did the other two pig crossbreeds. We deduced that the post-mortem muscle energy status and metabolism of DT pigs might be an important reason for their good meat quality, and future research should focus on the molecular and physiological mechanism of post-mortem muscle energy metabolism to find ways to improve meat quality.
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He G, Zhang S, Xu L, Xia Y, Wang P, Li S, Zhu L, Xu H, Ge G, Yang L. C-8 Mannich base derivatives of baicalein display improved glucuronidation stability: exploring the mechanism by experimentation and theoretical calculations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20213b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucuronidation of 7-OH is blocked by the intramolecular hydrogen bond between 7-OH and C-8 Mannich base substituent in BA-a.
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230
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Meech R, Mubarokah N, Shivasami A, Rogers A, Nair PC, Hu DG, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. A novel function for UDP glycosyltransferase 8: galactosidation of bile acids. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:442-50. [PMID: 25519837 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.093823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily comprises four families of enzymes that catalyze the addition of sugar residues to small lipophilic chemicals. The UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes use UDP-glucuronic acid, and UGT3 enzymes use UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-glucose, and UDP-xylose to conjugate xenobiotics, including drugs and endobiotics such as metabolic byproducts, hormones, and signaling molecules. This metabolism renders the substrate more polar and more readily excreted from the body and/or functionally inactive. The fourth UGT family, called UGT8, contains only one member that, unlike other UGTs, is considered biosynthetic. UGT8 uses UDP galactose to galactosidate ceramide, a key step in the synthesis of brain sphingolipids. To date other substrates for this UGT have not been identified and there has been no suggestion that UGT8 is involved in metabolism of endo- or xenobiotics. We re-examined the functions of UGT8 and discovered that it efficiently galactosidates bile acids and drug-like bile acid analogs. UGT8 conjugates bile acids ∼60-fold more efficiently than ceramide based on in vitro assays with substrate preference deoxycholic acid > chenodeoxycholic acid > cholic acid > hyodeoxycholic acid > ursodeoxycholic acid. Activities of human and mouse UGT8 are qualitatively similar. UGT8 is expressed at significant levels in kidney and gastrointestinal tract (intestine, colon) where conjugation of bile acids is likely to be metabolically significant. We also investigate the structural determinants of UDP-galactose selectivity. Our novel findings suggest a new role for UGT8 as a modulator of bile acid homeostasis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Nurul Mubarokah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Aravind Shivasami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Anne Rogers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Pramod C Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (R.M., N.M., A.S., A.R., P.C.N., D.G.H., R.A.M., P.I.M.) and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer Flinders University School of Medicine (R.A.M.), Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
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Collier AC, Thévenon AD, Goh W, Hiraoka M, Kendal-Wright CE. Placental profiling of UGT1A enzyme expression and activity and interactions with preeclampsia at term. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:471-80. [PMID: 25465229 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Placental UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes have critical roles in hormone, nutrient, chemical balance and fetal exposure during pregnancy. Placental UGT1A isoforms were profiled and differences between preeclamptic (PE) and non-PE placental UGT expression determined. In third trimester villous placenta, UGT1A1, 1A4, 1A6 and 1A9 were expressed and active in all specimens (n = 10), but UGT1A3, 1A5, 1A7, 1A8 and 1A10 were absent. The UGT1A activities were comparable to human liver microsomes per milligram, but placental microsome yields were only 2 % of liver (1 mg/g of tissue vs. 45 mg/g of tissue). For successful PCR, placental collection and processing within 60 min from delivery, including DNAse and ≥300 ng of RNA in reverse transcription were essential and snap freezing in liquid nitrogen immediately was the best preservation method. Although UGT1A6 mRNA was lower in PE (P < 0.001), there were no other significant effects on UGT mRNA, protein or activities. A more comprehensive tissue sample set is required for confirmation of PE interactions with UGT. Placental UGT1A enzyme expression patterns are similar to the liver and a detoxicative role for placental UGT1A is inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby C Collier
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. .,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Audrey D Thévenon
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - William Goh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, 1319 Punahou Street, Honolulu, HI, 96826, USA
| | - Mark Hiraoka
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, 1319 Punahou Street, Honolulu, HI, 96826, USA
| | - Claire E Kendal-Wright
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women and Children, 1319 Punahou Street, Honolulu, HI, 96826, USA.,Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Avenue, Honolulu, HI, 96816, USA
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232
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van der Schoor LWE, Verkade HJ, Kuipers F, Jonker JW. New insights in the biology of ABC transporters ABCC2 and ABCC3: impact on drug disposition. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:273-93. [PMID: 25380746 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.981152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For the elimination of environmental chemicals and metabolic waste products, the body is equipped with a range of broad specificity transporters that are present in excretory organs as well as in several epithelial blood-tissue barriers. AREAS COVERED ABCC2 and ABCC3 (also known as MRP2 and MRP3) mediate the transport of various conjugated organic anions, including many drugs, toxicants and endogenous compounds. This review focuses on the physiology of these transporters, their roles in drug disposition and how they affect drug sensitivity and toxicity. It also examines how ABCC2 and ABCC3 are coordinately regulated at the transcriptional level by members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of ligand-modulated transcription factors and how this can be therapeutically exploited. EXPERT OPINION Mutations in both ABCC2 and ABCC3 have been associated with changes in drug disposition, sensitivity and toxicity. A defect in ABCC2 is associated with Dubin-Johnson syndrome, a recessively inherited disorder characterized by conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Pharmacological manipulation of the activity of these transporters can potentially improve the pharmacokinetics and thus therapeutic activity of substrate drugs but also affect the physiological function of these transporters and consequently ameliorate associated disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori W E van der Schoor
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics , Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen , The Netherlands
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233
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Ruiz ML, Mottino AD, Catania VA, Vore M. Hormonal regulation of hepatic drug biotransformation and transport systems. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1721-40. [PMID: 24265243 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human body is constantly exposed to many xenobiotics including environmental pollutants, food additives, therapeutic drugs, etc. The liver is considered the primary site for drug metabolism and elimination pathways, consisting in uptake, phase I and II reactions, and efflux processes, usually acting in this same order. Modulation of biotransformation and disposition of drugs of clinical application has important therapeutic and toxicological implications. We here provide a compilation and analysis of relevant, more recent literature reporting hormonal regulation of hepatic drug biotransformation and transport systems. We provide additional information on the effect of hormones that tentatively explain differences between sexes. A brief discussion on discrepancies between experimental models and species, as well as a link between gender-related differences and the hormonal mechanism explaining such differences, is also presented. Finally, we include a comment on the pathophysiological, toxicological, and pharmacological relevance of these regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Ruiz
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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234
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Iwuchukwu OF, Feng Q, Wei WQ, Jiang L, Jiang M, Xu H, Denny JC, Wilke RA, Krauss RM, Roden DM, Stein CM. Genetic variation in the UGT1A locus is associated with simvastatin efficacy in a clinical practice setting. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:1739-1747. [PMID: 25493567 PMCID: PMC4292894 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Simvastatin is a lactone prodrug that exists in equilibrium with its active hydroxyacid through a process mediated by UGT1A enzymes. The UGT1A locus has been associated with simvastatin response and disposition in humans. Therefore, we fine-mapped the UGT1A locus to identify genetic variations contributing to simvastatin disposition and response variability. Methods: Using de-identified electronic medical records linked to a DNA biobank, we extracted information about dose and low-density lipo-protein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations for patients who received more than two different doses of simvastatin. Pharmacodynamic measures of simvastatin potency and efficacy were calculated from dose-response curves (E0 = baseline LDL-C, ED50 = dose yielding 50% maximum response, and Emax = maximum decrease in LDL-C) in 1100 patients. We selected 153 polymorphisms in UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 for genotyping and conducted genotype-phenotype associations using a prespecified additive model. Results: Two variants in UGT1A1 (rs2003569 and rs12052787) were associated with Emax (p = 0.0059 and 0.031, respectively; for rs2003569 the mean Emax was 59.3 ± 23.0, 62.0 ± 22.4, and 69.7 ± 24.8 mg/dl, for patients with 0, 1 or 2 copies of the minor A allele, respectively). When stratified by race, the difference in response was greater in African-Americans than in European Americans. Rs2003569 was also negatively associated with total serum bilirubin levels (p = 7.85 × 10-5). Four rare SNPs were nominally associated with E0 and ED50. Conclusion: We identified a UGT1A1 promoter variant (rs2003569) associated with simvastatin efficacy. Original submitted 26 March 2014; Revision submitted 26 August 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otito F Iwuchukwu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
| | - QiPing Feng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, USA
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas, TX, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas, TX, USA
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Dan M Roden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C Michael Stein
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN, USA
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235
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Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Transcriptional regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:421-58. [PMID: 25336387 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.973037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids, carcinogens and therapeutic drugs. Glucuronidation is primarily catalyzed by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and two subfamilies, including nine functional UGT1A enzymes (1A1, 1A3-1A10) and 10 functional UGT2 enzymes (2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17 and 2B28). Most UGTs are expressed in the liver and this expression relates to the major role of hepatic glucuronidation in systemic clearance of toxic lipophilic compounds. Hepatic glucuronidation activity protects the body from chemical insults and governs the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are inactivated by UGTs. UGT mRNAs have also been detected in over 20 extrahepatic tissues with a unique complement of UGT mRNAs seen in almost every tissue. This extrahepatic glucuronidation activity helps to maintain homeostasis and hence regulates biological activity of endogenous molecules that are primarily inactivated by UGTs. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific UGT expression has been the subject of a large number of studies over the last two decades. These studies have shown that the constitutive and inducible expression of UGTs is primarily regulated by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) via their binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in UGT promoters and enhancers. This review first briefly summarizes published UGT gene transcriptional studies and the experimental models and tools utilized in these studies, and then describes in detail the TFs and their respective CREs that have been identified in the promoters and/or enhancers of individual UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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Jung SC, Kim W, Park SC, Jeong J, Park MK, Lim S, Lee Y, Im WT, Lee JH, Choi G, Kim SC. Two Ginseng UDP-Glycosyltransferases Synthesize Ginsenoside Rg3 and Rd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:2177-88. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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237
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Angstadt AY, Hartman TJ, Lesko SM, Muscat JE, Zhu J, Gallagher CJ, Lazarus P. The effect of UGT1A and UGT2B polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk: haplotype associations and gene–environment interactions. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:454-66. [PMID: 24822274 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) play an important role in the phase II metabolism of exogenous and endogenous compounds. As colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology is thought to involve the biotransformation of dietary factors, UGT polymorphisms may affect CRC risk by altering levels of exposure. Genotyping of over 1800 Caucasian subjects was completed to identify the role of genetic variation in nine UGT1A and five UGT2B genes on CRC risk. Unconditional logistic regression and haplotype analyses were conducted to identify associations with CRC risk and potential gene-environment interactions. UGT1A haplotype analysis found that the T-G haplotype in UGT1A10 exon 1 (block 2: rs17864678, rs10929251) decreased cancer risk for the colon [proximal (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.11–0.69) and for the distal colon (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.12–0.91)], and that the C-T-G haplotype in the 3′ region flanking the UGT1A shared exons (block 11: rs7578153, rs10203853, rs6728940) increased CRC risk in males (OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.10–5.95). A haplotype in UGT2B15 containing a functional variant (rs4148269, K523T) and an intronic SNP (rs6837575) was found to affect rectal cancer risk overall (OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.21–5.04) and in females (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.08–8.74). An interaction was found between high NSAID use and the A-G-T haplotype (block 10: rs6717546, rs1500482, rs7586006) in the UGT1A shared exons that decreased CRC risk. This suggests that UGT genetic variation alters CRC risk differently by anatomical sub-site and gender and that polymorphisms in the UGT1A shared exons may have a regulatory effect on gene expression that allows for the protective effect of NSAIDs on CRC risk.
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238
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Cheng J, Wei G, Zhou H, Gu C, Vimolmangkang S, Liao L, Han Y. Unraveling the mechanism underlying the glycosylation and methylation of anthocyanins in peach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1044-58. [PMID: 25106821 PMCID: PMC4213075 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Modification of anthocyanin plays an important role in increasing its stability in plants. Here, six anthocyanins were identified in peach (Prunus persica), and their structural diversity is attributed to glycosylation and methylation. Interestingly, peach is quite similar to the wild species Prunus ferganensis but differs from both Prunus davidiana and Prunus kansueasis in terms of anthocyanin composition in flowers. This indicates that peach is probably domesticated from P. ferganensis. Subsequently, genes responsible for both methylation and glycosylation of anthocyanins were identified, and their spatiotemporal expression results in different patterns of anthocyanin accumulation in flowers, leaves, and fruits. Two tandem-duplicated genes encoding flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (F3GT) in peach, PpUGT78A1 and PpUGT78A2, showed different activity toward anthocyanin, providing an example of divergent evolution of F3GT genes in plants. Two genes encoding anthocyanin O-methyltransferase (AOMT), PpAOMT1 and PpAOMT2, are expressed in leaves and flowers, but only PpAOMT2 is responsible for the O-methylation of anthocyanins at the 3' position in peach. In addition, our study reveals a novel branch of UGT78 genes in plants that lack the highly conserved intron 2 of the UGT gene family, with a great variation of the amino acid residue at position 22 of the plant secondary product glycosyltransferase box. Our results not only provide insights into the mechanisms underlying anthocyanin glycosylation and methylation in peach but will also aid in future attempts to manipulate flavonoid biosynthesis in peach as well as in other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z., C.G., S.V., L.L., Y.H.); andGraduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z.)
| | - Guochao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z., C.G., S.V., L.L., Y.H.); andGraduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z., C.G., S.V., L.L., Y.H.); andGraduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z.)
| | - Chao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z., C.G., S.V., L.L., Y.H.); andGraduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z.)
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z., C.G., S.V., L.L., Y.H.); andGraduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z.)
| | - Liao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z., C.G., S.V., L.L., Y.H.); andGraduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z.)
| | - Yuepeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z., C.G., S.V., L.L., Y.H.); andGraduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (J.C., G.W., H.Z.)
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239
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Bozzolan F, Siaussat D, Maria A, Durand N, Pottier MA, Chertemps T, Maïbèche-Coisne M. Antennal uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases in a pest insect: diversity and putative function in odorant and xenobiotics clearance. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:539-549. [PMID: 24698447 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are detoxification enzymes widely distributed within living organisms. They are involved in the biotransformation of various lipophilic endogenous compounds and xenobiotics, including odorants. Several UGTs have been reported in the olfactory organs of mammals and involved in olfactory processing and detoxification within the olfactory mucosa but, in insects, this enzyme family is still poorly studied. Despite recent transcriptomic analyses, the diversity of antennal UGTs in insects has not been investigated. To date, only three UGT cDNAs have been shown to be expressed in insect olfactory organs. In the present study, we report the identification of eleven putative UGTs expressed in the antennae of the model pest insect Spodoptera littoralis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these UGTs belong to five different families, highlighting their structural diversity. In addition, two genes, UGT40R3 and UGT46A6, were either specifically expressed or overexpressed in the antennae, suggesting specific roles in this sensory organ. Exposure of male moths to the sex pheromone and to a plant odorant differentially downregulated the transcription levels of these two genes, revealing for the first time the regulation of insect UGTs by odorant exposure. Moreover, the specific antennal gene UGT46A6 was upregulated by insecticide topical application on antennae, suggesting its role in the protection of the olfactory organ towards xenobiotics. This work highlights the structural and functional diversity of UGTs within this highly specialized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bozzolan
- Département d'Ecologie Sensorielle, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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240
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Chen Z, Su D, Ai L, Jiang X, Wu C, Xu Q, Wang X, Fan Z. UGT1A1 sequence variants associated with risk of adult hyperbilirubinemia: a quantitative analysis. Gene 2014; 552:32-8. [PMID: 25200497 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 A1 (UGT1A1) is an enzyme that transforms small lipophilic molecules into water-soluble and excretable metabolites. UGT1A1 polymorphisms contribute to hyperbilirubinemia. This study quantitatively associated UGT1A1 variants in patients with hyperbilirubinemia and healthy subjects. METHODS A total of 104 individuals with hyperbilirubinemia and 105 healthy controls were enrolled for genotyping and DNA sequencing UGT1A1 sequence variants, including the Phenobarbital Response enhancer module (PBREM) region, the promoter region (TATA box), and the 5 exons for quantitative association with hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS Eleven UGT1A1 variants were revealed in the case and control subjects, four of which were novel coding variants. A variant of PBREM (UGT1A1*60) was found in 47.6% of the patients, a TA repeat motif in the 5-primer promoter region [A(TA)7TAA,UGT1A1*28] was found in 27.9% of the patients, and p.G71R (UGT1A1*6) was in 33.2% of the patients. For the healthy controls, the frequency of UGT1A1*60, UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 was 26.7%, 9.0% and 15.7%, respectively. Homozygous UGT1A1*28 and homozygous UGT1A1*6 were significantly associated with the risk of adult hyperbilirubinemia, with an odds ratio (OR) of 17.79 (95% CIs, 2.11-133.61) and 14.93 (95% CIs, 1.83-121.88), respectively. Quantitative analysis showed that sense mutation (including UGT1A1*6) and UGT1A1*28/*28, but not UGT1A1*60/*60 or UGT1A1*1/*28, was associated with increased serum total bilirubin (TB) levels. High linkage disequilibrium occurred between UGT1A1*60 and UGT1A1*28 (D'=0.964, r(2)=0.345). CONCLUSIONS This study identified four novel UGT1A1 coding variants, some of which were associated with increased serum TB levels. A quantitative approach to evaluate adult hyperbilirubinemia provides a more vigorous framework for better understanding of adult hyperbilirubinemia genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Dazhi Su
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Luoyan Ai
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoke Jiang
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Wu
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuping Fan
- Department of Health Care Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China.
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Xie K, Chen R, Li J, Wang R, Chen D, Dou X, Dai J. Exploring the catalytic promiscuity of a new glycosyltransferase from Carthamus tinctorius. Org Lett 2014; 16:4874-7. [PMID: 25191837 DOI: 10.1021/ol502380p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic promiscuity of a new glycosyltransferase (UGT73AE1) from Carthamus tinctorius was explored. UGT73AE1 showed the capability to glucosylate a total of 19 structurally diverse types of acceptors and to generate O-, S-, and N-glycosides, making it the first reported trifunctional plant glycosyltransferase. The catalytic reversibility and regioselectivity were observed and modeled in a one-pot reaction transferring a glucose moiety from icariin to emodin. These findings demonstrate the potential versatility of UGT73AE1 in the glycosylation of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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242
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Exploiting natural variation of secondary metabolism identifies a gene controlling the glycosylation diversity of dihydroxybenzoic acids in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 2014; 198:1267-76. [PMID: 25173843 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.168690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolism is an active research area because of the unique and important roles the specialized metabolites have in the interaction of plants with their biotic and abiotic environment, the diversity and complexity of the compounds and their importance to human medicine. Thousands of natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana characterized with increasing genomic precision are available, providing new opportunities to explore the biochemical and genetic mechanisms affecting variation in secondary metabolism within this model species. In this study, we focused on four aromatic metabolites that were differentially accumulated among 96 Arabidopsis natural accessions as revealed by leaf metabolic profiling. Using UV, mass spectrometry, and NMR data, we identified these four compounds as different dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) glycosides, namely 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (gentisic acid) 5-O-β-D-glucoside, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3-O-β-D-glucoside, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 5-O-β-D-xyloside, and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3-O-β-D-xyloside. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using recombinant inbred lines generated from C24 and Col-0 revealed a major-effect QTL controlling the relative proportion of xylosides vs. glucosides. Association mapping identified markers linked to a gene encoding a UDP glycosyltransferase gene. Analysis of Transfer DNA (T-DNA) knockout lines verified that this gene is required for DHBA xylosylation in planta and recombinant protein was able to xylosylate DHBA in vitro. This study demonstrates that exploiting natural variation of secondary metabolism is a powerful approach for gene function discovery.
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243
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Jeong ES, Kim YW, Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Shin JG, Kim KH, Chi YH, Paik SH, Kim DH. Glucuronidation of fimasartan, a new angiotensin receptor antagonist, is mainly mediated by UGT1A3. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:10-8. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.942810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ahn SJ, Dermauw W, Wybouw N, Heckel DG, Van Leeuwen T. Bacterial origin of a diverse family of UDP-glycosyltransferase genes in the Tetranychus urticae genome. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 50:43-57. [PMID: 24727020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the conjugation of a variety of small lipophilic molecules with uridine diphosphate (UDP) sugars, altering them into more water-soluble metabolites. Thereby, UGTs play an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the regulation of endobiotics. Recently, the genome sequence was reported for the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, a polyphagous herbivore damaging a number of agricultural crops. Although various gene families implicated in xenobiotic metabolism have been documented in T. urticae, UGTs so far have not. We identified 80 UGT genes in the T. urticae genome, the largest number of UGT genes in a metazoan species reported so far. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that lineage-specific gene expansions increased the diversity of the T. urticae UGT repertoire. Genomic distribution, intron-exon structure and structural motifs in the T. urticae UGTs were also described. In addition, expression profiling after host-plant shifts and in acaricide resistant lines supported an important role for UGT genes in xenobiotic metabolism. Expanded searches of UGTs in other arachnid species (Subphylum Chelicerata), including a spider, a scorpion, two ticks and two predatory mites, unexpectedly revealed the complete absence of UGT genes. However, a centipede (Subphylum Myriapoda) and a water flea and a crayfish (Subphylum Crustacea) contain UGT genes in their genomes similar to insect UGTs, suggesting that the UGT gene family might have been lost early in the Chelicerata lineage and subsequently re-gained in the tetranychid mites. Sequence similarity of T. urticae UGTs and bacterial UGTs and their phylogenetic reconstruction suggest that spider mites acquired UGT genes from bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. Our findings show a unique evolutionary history of the T. urticae UGT gene family among other arthropods and provide important clues to its functions in relation to detoxification and thereby host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, 441-440 Suwon, Korea.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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245
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Pharmacogenomics of human uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases and clinical implications. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:324-39. [PMID: 24922307 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation by uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs) is a major phase II biotransformation pathway and, complementary to phase I metabolism and membrane transport, one of the most important cellular defense mechanisms responsible for the inactivation of therapeutic drugs, other xenobiotics, and endogenous molecules. Interindividual variability in UGT pathways is significant and may have profound pharmacological and toxicological implications. Several genetic and genomic processes underlie this variability and are discussed in relation to drug metabolism and diseases such as cancer.
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246
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Hiura Y, Satsu H, Hamada M, Shimizu M. Analysis of flavonoids regulating the expression of UGT1A1 via xenobiotic receptors in intestinal epithelial cells. Biofactors 2014; 40:336-45. [PMID: 24375494 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 is one of the major metabolic enzymes for the detoxification of harmful xenobiotics in intestines, and its expression is regulated by transcription factors like the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). A screening assay using real-time PCR showed that baicalein and 3-hydroxyflavone induced human UGT1A1 mRNA expression in LS180 cells. Experimental results confirmed that these flavonoids increased UGT1A protein expression as well as its enzymatic activity. The results indicated that baicalein and 3-hydroxyflavone increased the transcriptional activity of UGT1A1 via AhR and PXR, respectively. Observation via immunofluorescence microscopy suggested that baicalein and 3-hydroxyflavone further induced nuclear translocation of AhR and PXR, respectively. In addition, direct interaction between baicalein and AhR or 3-hydroxyflavone and PXR were observed using the quartz crystal microbalance method. These results elucidate the molecular mechanism of flavonoid-induced UGT1A1 gene expression via xenobiotic receptors in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Hiura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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247
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Klieber S, Arabeyre-Fabre C, Moliner P, Marti E, Mandray M, Ngo R, Ollier C, Brun P, Fabre G. Identification of metabolic pathways and enzyme systems involved in the in vitro human hepatic metabolism of dronedarone, a potent new oral antiarrhythmic drug. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00044. [PMID: 25505590 PMCID: PMC4186413 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of dronedarone and its major metabolites has been studied in human liver microsomes and cryopreserved hepatocytes in primary culture through the use of specific or total cytochrome P450 (CYP) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. The identification of the main metabolites and enzymes participating in their metabolism was also elucidated by using rhCYP, rhMAO, flavin monooxygenases (rhFMO) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (rhUGT) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) analysis. Dronedarone was extensively metabolized in human hepatocytes with a metabolic clearance being almost completely inhibited (98 ± 2%) by 1-aminobenzotriazole. Ketoconazole also inhibited dronedarone metabolism by 89 ± 7%, demonstrating the crucial role of CYP3A in its metabolism. CYP3A isoforms mostly contributed to N-debutylation while hydroxylation on the butyl-benzofuran moiety was catalyzed by CYP2D6. However, hydroxylation on the dibutylamine moiety did not appear to be CYP-dependent. N-debutyl-dronedarone was less rapidly metabolized than dronedarone, the major metabolic pathway being catalyzed by MAO-A to form propanoic acid-dronedarone and phenol-dronedarone. Propanoic acid-dronedarone was metabolized at a similar rate to that of N-debutyl-dronedarone and was predominantly hydroxylated by CYP2C8 and CYP1A1. Phenol-dronedarone was extensively glucuronidated while C-dealkyl-dronedarone was metabolized at a slow rate. The evaluation of the systemic clearance of each metabolic process together with the identification of both the major metabolites and predominant enzyme systems and isoforms involved in the formation and subsequent metabolism of these metabolites has enhanced the overall understanding of metabolism of dronedarone in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Klieber
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Catherine Arabeyre-Fabre
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Patricia Moliner
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Eric Marti
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Martine Mandray
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Robert Ngo
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Céline Ollier
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Priscilla Brun
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Gérard Fabre
- SANOFI-AVENTIS Recherche & Development Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Platform, Drug Disposition Domain 371 Rue du Professeur Joseph Blayac, 34184 Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
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Triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway profiling and candidate gene mining of the Ilex asprella root using RNA-Seq. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5970-87. [PMID: 24722569 PMCID: PMC4013608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilex asprella, which contains abundant α-amyrin type triterpenoid saponins, is an anti-influenza herbal drug widely used in south China. In this work, we first analysed the transcriptome of the I. asprella root using RNA-Seq, which provided a dataset for functional gene mining. mRNA was isolated from the total RNA of the I. asprella root and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. Then, the cDNA library was sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq™ 2000, which generated 55,028,452 clean reads. De novo assembly of these reads generated 51,865 unigenes, in which 39,269 unigenes were annotated (75.71% yield). According to the structures of the triterpenoid saponins of I. asprella, a putative biosynthetic pathway downstream of 2,3-oxidosqualene was proposed and candidate unigenes in the transcriptome data that were potentially involved in the pathway were screened using homology-based BLAST and phylogenetic analysis. Further amplification and functional analysis of these putative unigenes will provide insight into the biosynthesis of Ilex triterpenoid saponins.
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249
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Kawai Y, Ono E, Mizutani M. Evolution and diversity of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:328-43. [PMID: 24547750 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) superfamily is the second largest enzyme family in the plant genome, and its members are involved in various oxygenation/hydroxylation reactions. Despite their biochemical significance in metabolism, a systematic analysis of plant 2OGDs remains to be accomplished. We present a phylogenetic classification of 479 2OGDs in six plant models, ranging from green algae to angiosperms. These were classified into three classes - DOXA, DOXB and DOXC - based on amino acid sequence similarity. The DOXA class includes plant homologs of Escherichia coli AlkB, which is a prototype of 2OGD involved in the oxidative demethylation of alkylated nucleic acids and histones. The DOXB class is conserved across all plant taxa and is involved in proline 4-hydroxylation in cell wall protein synthesis. The DOXC class is involved in specialized metabolism of various phytochemicals, including phytohormones and flavonoids. The vast majority of 2OGDs from land plants were classified into the DOXC class, but only seven from Chlamydomonas, suggesting that this class has diversified during land plant evolution. Phylogenetic analysis assigned DOXC-class 2OGDs to 57 phylogenetic clades. 2OGD genes involved in gibberellin biosynthesis were conserved among vascular plants, and those involved in flavonoid and ethylene biosynthesis were shared among seed plants. Several angiosperm-specific clades were found to be involved in various lineage-specific specialized metabolisms, but 31 of the 57 DOXC-class clades were only found in a single species. Therefore, the evolution and diversification of DOXC-class 2OGDs is partly responsible for the diversity and complexity of specialized metabolites in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kawai
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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250
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Ghose K, Selvaraj K, McCallum J, Kirby CW, Sweeney-Nixon M, Cloutier SJ, Deyholos M, Datla R, Fofana B. Identification and functional characterization of a flax UDP-glycosyltransferase glucosylating secoisolariciresinol (SECO) into secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside (SMG) and diglucoside (SDG). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:82. [PMID: 24678929 PMCID: PMC3986616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignans are a class of diphenolic nonsteroidal phytoestrogens often found glycosylated in planta. Flax seeds are a rich source of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) lignans. Glycosylation is a process by which a glycosyl group is covalently attached to an aglycone substrate and is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Until now, very little information was available on UGT genes that may play a role in flax SDG biosynthesis. Here we report on the identification, structural and functional characterization of 5 putative UGTs potentially involved in secoisolariciresinol (SECO) glucosylation in flax. RESULTS Five UGT genes belonging to the glycosyltransferases' family 1 (EC 2.4.x.y) were cloned and characterized. They fall under four UGT families corresponding to five sub-families referred to as UGT74S1, UGT74T1, UGT89B3, UGT94H1, UGT712B1 that all display the characteristic plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) conserved motif. However, diversity was observed within this 44 amino acid sequence, especially in the two peptide sequences WAPQV and HCGWNS known to play a key role in the recognition and binding of diverse aglycone substrates and in the sugar donor specificity. In developing flax seeds, UGT74S1 and UGT94H1 showed a coordinated gene expression with that of pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (PLR) and their gene expression patterns correlated with SDG biosynthesis. Enzyme assays of the five heterologously expressed UGTs identified UGT74S1 as the only one using SECO as substrate, forming SECO monoglucoside (SMG) and then SDG in a sequential manner. CONCLUSION We have cloned and characterized five flax UGTs and provided evidence that UGT74S1 uses SECO as substrate to form SDG in vitro. This study allowed us to propose a model for the missing step in SDG lignan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Ghose
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4 N6, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Kumarakurubaran Selvaraj
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4 N6, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jason McCallum
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4 N6, Canada
| | - Chris W Kirby
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4 N6, Canada
| | - Marva Sweeney-Nixon
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Sylvie J Cloutier
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2 M9, Canada
| | - Michael Deyholos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0 W9, Canada
| | - Bourlaye Fofana
- Crops and Livestock Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4 N6, Canada
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