201
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Xu WL, Zeng P, Wu B, Zheng F, Zhu F, Smith TA, Ghiggino KP, Hao XT. Effects of Processing Solvent on the Photophysics and Nanomorphology of Poly(3-butyl-thiophene) Nanowires:PCBM Blends. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1872-1879. [PMID: 27140304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of the processing solvent on the nanoscale morphology and photophysical dynamics of poly(3-butyl-thiophene) nanowires (P3BT-nw). P3BT-nw assembled in ortho-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) show higher crystallization and a longer conjugation length with increased exciton delocalization compared with those assembled in chlorobenzene (CB). It is proposed that this solvent effect is associated with the higher ordered structures formed from ODCB solution state. Charge-transfer dynamics and phase separation for P3BT-nw:PCBM blends were investigated by ultrafast fluorescence techniques. The more efficient fluorescence quenching observed in P3BT-nw:PCBM blend films processed from ODCB suggests that there is intimate contact between P3BT-nw and PCBM that facilitates charge transfer. The superior performance of organic photovoltaic devices based on P3BT-nw:PCBM bulk heterojunctions processed using ODCB is attributed to the higher crystallization of P3BT-nw, optimized phase separation, and more efficient charge transfer from P3BT-nw to PCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Long Xu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Physics, Institute of Advanced Materials and Institute of Research and Continuing Education (Shenzhen), Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong
| | - Fei Zheng
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Furong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Institute of Advanced Materials and Institute of Research and Continuing Education (Shenzhen), Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong
| | - Trevor A Smith
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kenneth P Ghiggino
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Tao Hao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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202
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Hestand NJ, Spano FC. Interference between Coulombic and CT-mediated couplings in molecular aggregates: H- to J-aggregate transformation in perylene-based π-stacks. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:244707. [PMID: 26723702 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectroscopic differences between J and H-aggregates are traditionally attributed to the spatial dependence of the Coulombic coupling, as originally proposed by Kasha. However, in tightly packed molecular aggregates wave functions on neighboring molecules overlap, leading to an additional charge transfer (CT) mediated exciton coupling with a vastly different spatial dependence. The latter is governed by the nodal patterns of the molecular LUMOs and HOMOs from which the electron (te) and hole (th) transfer integrals derive. The sign of the CT-mediated coupling depends on the sign of the product teth and is therefore highly sensitive to small (sub-Angstrom) transverse displacements or slips. Given that Coulombic and CT-mediated couplings exist simultaneously in tightly packed molecular systems, the interference between the two must be considered when defining J and H-aggregates. Generally, such π-stacked aggregates do not abide by the traditional classification scheme of Kasha: for example, even when the Coulomb coupling is strong the presence of a similarly strong but destructively interfering CT-mediated coupling results in "null-aggregates" which spectroscopically resemble uncoupled molecules. Based on a Frenkel/CT Holstein Hamiltonian that takes into account both sources of electronic coupling as well as intramolecular vibrations, vibronic spectral signatures are developed for integrated Frenkel/CT systems in both the perturbative and resonance regimes. In the perturbative regime, the sign of the lowest exciton band curvature, which rigorously defines J and H-aggregation, is directly tracked by the ratio of the first two vibronic peak intensities. Even in the resonance regime, the vibronic ratio remains a useful tool to evaluate the J or H nature of the system. The theory developed is applied to the reversible H to J-aggregate transformations recently observed in several perylene bisimide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Hestand
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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203
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Rivnay J, Inal S, Collins BA, Sessolo M, Stavrinidou E, Strakosas X, Tassone C, Delongchamp DM, Malliaras GG. Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11287. [PMID: 27090156 PMCID: PMC4838877 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, has been utilized for over two decades as a stable, solution-processable hole conductor. While its hole transport properties have been the subject of intense investigation, recent work has turned to PEDOT:PSS as a mixed ionic/electronic conductor in applications including bioelectronics, energy storage and management, and soft robotics. Conducting polymers can efficiently transport both holes and ions when sufficiently hydrated, however, little is known about the role of morphology on mixed conduction. Here, we show that bulk ionic and electronic mobilities are simultaneously affected by processing-induced changes in nano- and meso-scale structure in PEDOT:PSS films. We quantify domain composition, and find that domain purification on addition of dispersion co-solvents limits ion mobility, even while electronic conductivity improves. We show that an optimal morphology allows for the balanced ionic and electronic transport that is critical for prototypical mixed conductor devices. These findings may pave the way for the rational design of polymeric materials and processing routes to enhance devices reliant on mixed conduction. Conducting polymers are promising materials for applications including bioelectronics and soft robotics, but little is known about how morphology affects mixed conduction. Here, the authors show how bulk ionic/electronic transport is affected by changes in nano- and meso-scale structure in PEDOT:PSS films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Sahika Inal
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Brian A Collins
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne 13541, France
| | - Christopher Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dean M Delongchamp
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne 13541, France
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204
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Maity S, Mazumdar P, Shyamal M, Sahoo GP, Misra A. Crystal induced phosphorescence from Benz(a)anthracene microcrystals at room temperature. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 157:61-68. [PMID: 26720419 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pure organic compounds that are also phosphorescent at room temperature are very rare in literature. Here, we report efficient phosphorescence emission from aggregated hydrosol of Benz(a)anthracene (BaA) at room temperature. Aggregated hydrosol of BaA has been synthesized by re-precipitation method and SDS is used as morphology directing agent. Morphology of the particles is characterized using optical and scanning electronic microcopy (SEM). Photophysical properties of the aggregated hydrosol are carried out using UV-vis, steady state and time resolved fluorescence study. The large stoke shifted structured emission from aggregated hydrosol of BaA has been explained due to phosphorescence emission of BaA at room temperature. In the crystalline state, the restricted intermolecular motions (RIM) such as rotations and vibrations are activated by crystal lattice. This rigidification effect makes the chromophore phosphorescent at room temperature. The possible stacking arrangement of the neighboring BaA within the aggregates has been substantiated by computing second order Fukui parameter as local reactivity descriptors. Computational study also reveals that the neighboring BaA molecules are present in parallel slipped conformation in its aggregated crystalline form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721 102, W.B., India
| | - Prativa Mazumdar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721 102, W.B., India
| | - Milan Shyamal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721 102, W.B., India
| | - Gobinda Prasad Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721 102, W.B., India
| | - Ajay Misra
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721 102, W.B., India.
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205
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Reichenberger M, Love JA, Rudnick A, Bagnich S, Panzer F, Stradomska A, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ, Köhler A. The effect of intermolecular interaction on excited states in p − DTS(FBTTH2)2. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:074904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Love
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Alexander Rudnick
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sergey Bagnich
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Stradomska
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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206
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Matsumoto F, Iwai T, Moriwaki K, Takao Y, Ito T, Mizuno T, Ohno T. Controlling the Polarity of Fullerene Derivatives to Optimize Nanomorphology in Blend Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4803-4810. [PMID: 26862987 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing a design strategy to establish the compatibility of acceptor materials with donor materials is important for the rational development of organic solar cells. We synthesized 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl methanofullerene derivatives to realize an enhanced open-circuit voltage, and we investigated polarities and their effects on the film morphology of the active layer. The polarities of the synthesized fullerene derivatives were affected significantly by the presence of functional groups, such as methoxy, ether, and ester groups. Macro/nanoscopic morphological investigation and spectroscopic analysis of the blend films of the poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)/fullerene derivatives showed that a balanced polarity between materials results in the formation of optimized nanomorphology without grains and robust phase separation. Measurements of the device performance of the photovoltaic cells composed of P3HT and the fullerene derivatives confirmed the same tendency as that shown in the morphological analysis. This finding enables us to obtain an improved power conversion efficiency because of the enhanced open circuit voltage derived from the fullerene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukashi Matsumoto
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Iwai
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Moriwaki
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Yuko Takao
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ito
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Takumi Mizuno
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Ohno
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute , 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
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207
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Dean JC, Oblinsky DG, Rather SR, Scholes GD. Methylene Blue Exciton States Steer Nonradiative Relaxation: Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Methylene Blue Dimer. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:440-54. [PMID: 26781668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry and aggregation properties of methylene blue (MB) lead to its popular use in photodynamic therapy. The facile formation of strongly coupled "face-to-face" H-aggregates in concentrated aqueous solution, however, significantly changes its spectroscopic properties and photophysics. The photoinitiated dynamics of the simplest MB aggregate, MB2, was investigated over femtosecond to nanosecond time scales revealing sequential internal conversion events that fully relax the excited population. MB monomer dynamics were analyzed in tandem for a direct comparison. First, ultrafast internal conversion from the electric-dipole allowed upper exciton state to the lower forbidden exciton state was evaluated by use of broadband transient absorption (BBTA) and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) with a time resolution of ∼ 10 fs. Lineshape analysis of MB and MB2 2DES bands at 298 and 77 K show effectively no difference in the diagonal/antidiagonal line width ratio for the dimer, in marked contrast to the distinct reduction of the homogeneous line width for MB. This result is interpreted as ultrafast population relaxation imposing a limitation to the homogeneous line width, instead of pure dephasing as in the case of the monomer. Narrowband transient absorption was performed with the aid of target analysis, to model the dynamics at longer times. The MB dynamics were described by a sequential model featuring vibrational relaxation (1-10 ps) followed by intersystem crossing and internal conversion (τ ∼ 370 ps) leaving behind MB triplet species. Alternatively, the dimer dynamics were entirely quenched within ∼ 10 ps, yielding a ground state recovery time of 3-4 ps. Such fast and complete relaxation to the ground state demonstrates the effect of concentration quenching when monomers are brought into close proximity. The formation of exciton states introduces an initial energy funnel that eventually leads to population relaxation to the ground state, preventing even the dissociation of dimers despite having internal energies well above its binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Dean
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Shahnawaz R. Rather
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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208
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Reinspach JA, Diao Y, Giri G, Sachse T, England K, Zhou Y, Tassone C, Worfolk BJ, Presselt M, Toney MF, Mannsfeld S, Bao Z. Tuning the Morphology of Solution-Sheared P3HT:PCBM Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1742-1751. [PMID: 26771274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells are a promising alternative for future clean-energy applications. However, to become attractive for consumer applications, such as wearable, flexible, or semitransparent power-generating electronics, they need to be manufactured by high-throughput, low-cost, large-area-capable printing techniques. However, most research reported on BHJ solar cells is conducted using spin coating, a single batch fabrication method, thus limiting the reported results to the research lab. In this work, we investigate the morphology of solution-sheared films for BHJ solar cell applications, using the widely studied model blend P3HT:PCBM. Solution shearing is a coating technique that is upscalable to industrial manufacturing processes and has demonstrated to yield record performance organic field-effect transistors. Using grazing incident small-angle X-ray scattering, grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering, and UV-vis spectroscopy, we investigate the influence of solvent, film drying time, and substrate temperature on P3HT aggregation, conjugation length, crystallite orientation, and PCBM domain size. One important finding of this study is that, in contrast to spin-coated films, the P3HT molecular orientation can be controlled by the substrate chemistry, with PEDOT PSS substrates yielding face-on orientation at the substrate-film interface, an orientation highly favorable for organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Reinspach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Gaurav Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Torsten Sachse
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kemar England
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher Tassone
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Brian J Worfolk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Martin Presselt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael F Toney
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stefan Mannsfeld
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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209
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Kim S, Lee WH, Mun J, Lee HS, Park YD. Marginal solvents preferentially improve the molecular order of thin polythiophene films. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the solvent exposure was more pronounced in thin P3HT films, especially at the center of the film. Concomitant with the improved ordering, the charge carrier transport increased in the resulting field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinae Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Incheon National University
- Incheon 406-772
- Republic of South Korea
| | - Wi Hyoung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of South Korea
| | - Junyoung Mun
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Incheon National University
- Incheon 406-772
- Republic of South Korea
| | - Hwa Sung Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
- Hanbat National University
- Daejeon
- Republic of South Korea
| | - Yeong Don Park
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering
- Incheon National University
- Incheon 406-772
- Republic of South Korea
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210
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Wang L, Beljonne D. Optical properties of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) aggregates from fully atomistic investigations. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00645k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on a first-principle theoretical investigation of the optical absorption and emission spectra of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) aggregates by means of a multiscale all-atom hybrid approach, which combines molecular dynamics simulations, quantum-chemical calculations, and solving of a Frenkel–Holstein model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials
- University of Mons
- B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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211
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Padula D, Santoro F, Pescitelli G. A simple dimeric model accounts for the vibronic ECD spectra of chiral polythiophenes in their aggregated states. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of chiral polythiophenes (PTs) show exciton-coupled electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra with a unique vibronic structure, which can be reproduced by quantum dynamical simulations on the coupled states of small dimeric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Padula
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Fabrizio Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – CNR
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR)
- UOS di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Via G. Moruzzi 13
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
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212
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Tan B, Li Y, Palacios MF, Therrien J, Sobkowicz MJ. Effect of surfactant conjugation on structure and properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) colloids and field effect transistors. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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213
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Awartani OM, Zhao B, Currie T, Kline RJ, Zikry MA, O’Connor BT. Anisotropic Elastic Modulus of Oriented Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Films. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar M. Awartani
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Bingxiao Zhao
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tyler Currie
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- Material
Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Mohammed A. Zikry
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brendan T. O’Connor
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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214
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Schwarz KN, Farley SB, Smith TA, Ghiggino KP. Charge generation and morphology in P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles prepared by mini-emulsion and reprecipitation methods. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19899-19904. [PMID: 26567986 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06244f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor nanoparticles provide a potentially scalable approach for photovoltaics that can be processed from aqueous media. Particles of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were prepared using two techniques; those produced by a mini-emulsion method contained greater amounts of crystalline P3HT domains with charge generation resembling phase-separated annealed solvent-cast films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra N Schwarz
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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215
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Wu L, Casado S, Romero B, Otón JM, Morgado J, Müller C, Xia R, Cabanillas-Gonzalez J. Ground State Host–Guest Interactions upon Effective Dispersion of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole). Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wu
- Madrid
Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience, IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle
Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049, Spain
| | - Santiago Casado
- Madrid
Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience, IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle
Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Escuela
de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Otón
- CEMDATIC,
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Morgado
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department
of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ruidong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials, National Jiangsu Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, P.R., China
| | - Juan Cabanillas-Gonzalez
- Madrid
Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience, IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle
Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco 28049, Spain
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216
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Boucher DS. COSMO-RS and solvatochromic parameters to investigate the correlation between P3HT assembly and the nucleophilicity of solvents. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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217
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Tempelaar R, Halpin A, Johnson PJM, Cai J, Murphy RS, Knoester J, Miller RJD, Jansen TLC. Laser-Limited Signatures of Quantum Coherence. J Phys Chem A 2015; 120:3042-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Tempelaar
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexei Halpin
- Institute
for Optical Sciences and Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Philip J. M. Johnson
- Institute
for Optical Sciences and Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jianxin Cai
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana
Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - R. Scott Murphy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana
Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Jasper Knoester
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. J. Dwayne Miller
- Institute
for Optical Sciences and Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Thomas L. C. Jansen
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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218
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Direct observation of ultrafast coherent exciton dynamics in helical π-stacks of self-assembled perylene bisimides. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8646. [PMID: 26492820 PMCID: PMC4639892 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of dye self-assemblies in nature, there have been tremendous efforts to exploit biomimetic supramolecular assemblies for tailored artificial photon processing materials. This feature necessarily has resulted in an increasing demand for understanding exciton dynamics in the dye self-assemblies. In a sharp contrast with J-type aggregates, however, the detailed observation of exciton dynamics in H-type aggregates has remained challenging. In this study, as we succeed in measuring transient fluorescence from Frenkel state of π-stacked perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimide dimer and oligomer aggregates, we present an experimental demonstration on Frenkel exciton dynamics of archetypal columnar π-π stacks of dyes. The analysis of the vibronic peak ratio of the transient fluorescence spectra reveals that unlike the simple π-stacked dimer, the photoexcitation energy in the columnar π-stacked oligomer aggregates is initially delocalized over at least three molecular units and moves coherently along the chain in tens of femtoseconds, preceding excimer formation process.
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219
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Wang F, Hashimoto K, Tajima K. Optical anisotropy and strong H-aggregation of poly(3-alkylthiophene) in a surface monolayer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6014-6020. [PMID: 26310575 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Slab optical waveguide absorption spectra reveal that surface segregated monolayers of a vertically oriented poly(3-buthylthiophene) derivative have large optical anisotropy, and that confinement of the polymer chains in the isolated monolayer causes strong H-aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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220
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Kajiya D, Saitow KI. Si-nanocrystal/P3HT hybrid films with a 50- and 12-fold enhancement of hole mobility and density: films prepared by successive drop casting. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15780-8. [PMID: 26355280 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02361k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid silicon nanocrystal (Si-NC)/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films serve as the active layers of quantum dot/polymer hybrid photovoltaics. To achieve effective photovoltaic properties, it is necessary to enhance the charge carrier mobility and carrier density of the P3HT films. A 50- and 12-fold enhancement of the hole mobility and hole density, respectively, was achieved along the out-of-plane direction of a Si-NC/P3HT hybrid film, which corresponds to the carrier-migration direction between the photovoltaic electrodes. According to time-of-flight, electronic absorption, Raman, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence lifetime, and X-ray diffraction measurements, the significant enhancement of the mobility and density was attributed to both an increase in the P3HT crystallinity and the dissociation efficiency of P3HT excitons on the addition of Si-NCs to the P3HT films. These enhancements were achieved using a film preparation method developed in the present study, which has been named successive drop casting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kajiya
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development (N-BARD), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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221
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Gordon MP, Lloyd LT, Boucher DS. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) films prepared using binary solvent mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston South Carolina 29401
| | - Lawson T. Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston South Carolina 29401
| | - David S. Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Mathematics; College of Charleston; Charleston South Carolina 29401
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222
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Mesoscopic quantum emitters from deterministic aggregates of conjugated polymers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5560-6. [PMID: 26417079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512582112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An appealing definition of the term "molecule" arises from consideration of the nature of fluorescence, with discrete molecular entities emitting a stream of single photons. We address the question of how large a molecular object may become by growing deterministic aggregates from single conjugated polymer chains. Even particles containing dozens of individual chains still behave as single quantum emitters due to efficient excitation energy transfer, whereas the brightness is raised due to the increased absorption cross-section of the suprastructure. Excitation energy can delocalize between individual polymer chromophores in these aggregates by both coherent and incoherent coupling, which are differentiated by their distinct spectroscopic fingerprints. Coherent coupling is identified by a 10-fold increase in excited-state lifetime and a corresponding spectral red shift. Exciton quenching due to incoherent FRET becomes more significant as aggregate size increases, resulting in single-aggregate emission characterized by strong blinking. This mesoscale approach allows us to identify intermolecular interactions which do not exist in isolated chains and are inaccessible in bulk films where they are present but masked by disorder.
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223
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Hu Z, Willard AP, Ono RJ, Bielawski CW, Rossky PJ, Vanden Bout DA. An insight into non-emissive excited states in conjugated polymers. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8246. [PMID: 26391514 PMCID: PMC4595598 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers in the solid state usually exhibit low fluorescence quantum yields, which limit their applications in many areas such as light-emitting diodes. Despite considerable research efforts, the underlying mechanism still remains controversial and elusive. Here, the nature and properties of excited states in the archetypal polythiophene are investigated via aggregates suspended in solvents with different dielectric constants (ɛ). In relatively polar solvents (ɛ>∼ 3), the aggregates exhibit a low fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 2–5%, similar to bulk films, however, in relatively nonpolar solvents (ɛ<∼ 3) they demonstrate much higher fluorescence QY up to 20–30%. A series of mixed quantum-classical atomistic simulations illustrate that dielectric induced stabilization of nonradiative charge-transfer (CT) type states can lead to similar drastic reduction in fluorescence QY as seen experimentally. Fluorescence lifetime measurement reveals that the CT-type states exist as a competitive channel of the formation of emissive exciton-type states. Conjugated polymers in thin films exhibit low fluorescence quantum yields, but the mechanism is still unclear. Here, Hu et al. show the trade-off between charge transfer and emissive exciton states, whilst the former can be suppressed via dielectric-induced stabilization for large fluorescence quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Hu
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Adam P Willard
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Robert J Ono
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Peter J Rossky
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - David A Vanden Bout
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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224
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Wykes M, Parambil R, Beljonne D, Gierschner J. Vibronic coupling in molecular crystals: A Franck-Condon Herzberg-Teller model of H-aggregate fluorescence based on quantum chemical cluster calculations. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:114116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4930606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Wykes
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Parambil
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - J. Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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225
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Wu FC, Li YH, Tsou CJ, Tung KC, Yen CT, Chou FS, Tang FC, Chou WY, Ruan J, Cheng HL. Synergistic Effects of Binary-Solvent Annealing for Efficient Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18967-18976. [PMID: 26267758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer-fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted tremendous attention over the past two decades because of their potential to develop low-cost and easy methods to produce energy from light. The complicated microstructure and morphology with randomly organized architecture of these polymer-fullerene-based active layers (ALs) is a key factor that limits photovoltaic performance. In this study, a binary-solvent annealing (BSA) approach was established to improve the poly(3-hexylthiophene):indene-C60 bisadduct-based AL for efficient BHJ-type OSCs by varying the second solvents with different boiling points (BP). Thus, we were able to change the evaporation behavior of cosolvents and consequently obtain the various microstructural properties of the AL. An in-depth study was conducted on the solvent-evaporation driven morphology of the active layer under various cosolvent conditions and its effect on the photovoltaic parameters of OSCs. Under the BSA processes, we found that the specimens with low-BP second solvents allows us to observe a more ideal AL for increasing photon absorption and efficient charge transport and collection at the respective electrodes, resulting in enhanced PCE of the corresponding OSCs. By contrast, the specimens with high-BP second solvents exhibit random microstructures, which are detrimental to charge transport and collection and lead to diminished PCE of the corresponding OSCs. By appropriately selecting the composition of a binary solvent, BSA can be employed as an easy method for the effective manipulation of the microstructures of ALs. BSA is a promising technique for the performance enhancement of not only OSCs but also other organic/polymeric-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chiao Wu
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Li
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Jen Tsou
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Tung
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Yen
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Sheng Chou
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ching Tang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yang Chou
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jrjeng Ruan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Long Cheng
- Department of Photonics, Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701, Taiwan
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226
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Park KH, Kim P, Kim W, Shimizu H, Han M, Sim E, Iyoda M, Kim D. Excited-State Dynamic Planarization of Cyclic Oligothiophenes in the Vicinity of a Ring-to-Linear Excitonic Behavioral Turning Point. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12711-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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227
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Park KH, Kim P, Kim W, Shimizu H, Han M, Sim E, Iyoda M, Kim D. Excited-State Dynamic Planarization of Cyclic Oligothiophenes in the Vicinity of a Ring-to-Linear Excitonic Behavioral Turning Point. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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228
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Synthesis of new D-A polymers containing disilanobithiophene donor and application to bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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229
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Fronk SL, Mai CK, Ford M, Noland RP, Bazan GC. End-Group-Mediated Aggregation of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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230
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Baghgar M, Barnes MD. Work Function Modification in P3HT H/J Aggregate Nanostructures Revealed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy and Photoluminescence Imaging. ACS NANO 2015; 9:7105-7112. [PMID: 26095304 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We show that surface electronic properties of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) crystalline nanofibers as probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) depends sensitively on the degree of polymer packing order and dominant coupling type (e.g., H- or J-aggregate) as signaled by absorption or photoluminescence spectroscopy. Nominal HOMO energies between high molecular weight (J-aggregate) nanofibers and low-molecular weight (H-aggregate) nanofibers differ by ≈160 meV. This is consistent with shifts expected from H-type charge-transfer (CT) interactions that lower HOMO energies according to registration between thiophene moieties on adjacent polymer chains. These results show how KPFM combined with wavelength-resolved photoluminescence imaging can be used to extract information on "dark" (CT) interactions in polymer assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Baghgar
- †Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Michael D Barnes
- †Department of Physics and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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231
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Penwell SB, Ginsberg LDS, Ginsberg NS. Bringing Far-Field Subdiffraction Optical Imaging to Electronically Coupled Optoelectronic Molecular Materials Using Their Endogenous Chromophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2767-2772. [PMID: 26266861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that subdiffraction resolution can be achieved in fluorescence imaging of functional materials with densely packed, endogenous, electronically coupled chromophores by modifying stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. This class of chromophores is not generally compatible with STED imaging due to strong two-photon absorption cross sections. Yet, we achieve 90 nm resolution and high contrast in images of clusters of conjugated polymer polyphenylenevinylene-derivative nanoparticles by modulating the excitation intensity in the material. This newfound capability has the potential to significantly broaden the range of fluorophores that can be employed in super-resolution fluorescence imaging. Moreover, solution-processed optoelectronics and photosynthetic or other naturally luminescent biomaterials exhibit complex energy and charge transport characteristics and luminescence variations in response to nanoscale heterogeneity in their complex, physical structures. Our discovery will furthermore transform the current understanding of these materials' structure-function relationships that have until now made them notoriously challenging to characterize on their native, subdiffraction scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naomi S Ginsberg
- ⊥Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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232
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A critical temperature regime for poly(3-hexylthiophene) dissolution in concentrated solutions of ortho-dichlorobenzene. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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233
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Huang W, Gann E, Cheng YB, McNeill CR. In-Depth Understanding of the Morphology-Performance Relationship in Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14026-14034. [PMID: 26020455 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that thermal annealing optimizes the morphology and improves the efficiency of P3HT-based organic solar cells, but the effects of different cooling rates after annealing are not well understood. In this paper, we use a model system based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to examine the relationship between morphology and device performance for annealing before (preannealing) and after (postannealing) the application of the electrode, with different cooling rates and in different device architectures. In the conventional structure, postannealing is confirmed to significantly enhance efficiency. The device prepared with a slow cooling rate (3.6%) shows a higher average power conversion efficiency than that prepared with a fast cooling rate (3.3%). The microstructural changes underlying this 10% increase in device performance and further effects of cooling rate, pre- and postannealing, and device architecture are comprehensively examined with a combination of synchrotron-based techniques, including grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The best device in the conventional architecture (postannealed with slow cooling rate) shows a more face-on orientation and narrower orientational distribution of P3HT crystallites. In addition, postannealing leads to PCBM diffusion toward the blend/top electrode interface. The enrichment of PCBM at the blend/top electrode interface plays a positive role in aiding electron collection at the electrode in the conventional structure, but it has a negative effect on the performance of the inverted structure, where hole collection at the top electrode instead is required. For this reason, in an inverted structure, preannealed films with slow cooling exhibit the best photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Huang
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Eliot Gann
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ‡Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yi-Bing Cheng
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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234
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Song Y, Hellmann C, Stingelin N, Scholes GD. The separation of vibrational coherence from ground- and excited-electronic states in P3HT film. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212410. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4916325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Christoph Hellmann
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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235
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Consani C, Koch F, Panzer F, Unger T, Köhler A, Brixner T. Relaxation dynamics and exciton energy transfer in the low-temperature phase of MEH-PPV. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212429. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4918645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Consani
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Federico Koch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Lehrstuhl Experimentalphysik II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- Lehrstuhl Experimentalphysik II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Lehrstuhl Experimentalphysik II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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236
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez Á, Rebollar E, Soccio M, Ezquerra TA, Rueda DR, Garcia-Ramos JV, Castillejo M, Garcia-Gutierrez MC. Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Conjugated Polymers: Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther Rebollar
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile, Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, DICAM-Università di Bologna, via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiberio A. Ezquerra
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel R. Rueda
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Castillejo
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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237
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Thankaraj Salammal S, Dai S, Pietsch U, Grigorian S, Koenen N, Scherf U, Kayunkid N, Brinkmann M. Influence of alkyl side chain length on the in-plane stacking of room temperature and low temperature cast poly(3-alkylthiophene) thin films. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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238
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Hu D, Liu Q, Tisdale J, Lei T, Pei J, Wang H, Urbas A, Hu B. Seebeck effects in n-type and p-type polymers driven simultaneously by surface polarization and entropy differences based on conductor/polymer/conductor thin-film devices. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5208-5213. [PMID: 25877512 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports Seebeck effects driven by both surface polarization difference and entropy difference by using photoinduced intramolecular charge-transfer states in n-type and p-type conjugated polymers, namely IIDT and IIDDT, respectively, based on vertical conductor/polymer/conductor thin-film devices. We obtain large Seebeck coefficients of -898 μV/K from n-type IIDT and 1300 μV/K from p-type IIDDT when the charge-transfer states are generated by a white light illumination of 100 mW/cm(2), compared with the values of 380 and 470 μV/K in dark condition, respectively. Simultaneously, the electrical conductivities are increased from almost insulating state in dark condition to conducting state under photoexcitation in both n-type IIDT and p-type IIDDT based devices. The large Seebeck effects can be attributed to the following two mechanisms. First, the intramolecular charge-transfer states exhibit strong electron-phonon coupling, which leads to a polarization difference between high and low temperature surfaces. This polarization difference essentially forms a temperature-dependent electric field, functioning as a new driving force additional to entropy difference, to drive the energetic carriers for the development of Seebeck effects under a temperature difference. Second, the intramolecular charge-transfer states generate negative or positive majority carriers (electrons or holes) in the n-type IIDT or p-type IIDDT, ready to be driven between high and low temperature surfaces for developing Seebeck effects. On the basis of coexisted polarization difference and entropy difference, the intramolecular charge-transfer states can largely enhance the Seebeck effects in both n-type IIDT and p-type IIDDT devices. Furthermore, we find that changing electrical conductivity can switch the Seebeck effects between polarization and entropy regimes when the charge-transfer states are generated upon applying photoexcitation. Therefore, using intramolecular charge-transfer states presents an approach to develop thermoelectric effects in organic materials-based vertical conductor/polymer/conductor thin-film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Hu
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jeremy Tisdale
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ting Lei
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hsin Wang
- §Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Augustine Urbas
- ∥Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- ∞College of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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239
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Fei Z, Boufflet P, Wood S, Wade J, Moriarty J, Gann E, Ratcliff EL, McNeill CR, Sirringhaus H, Kim JS, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Fluorination in Regioregular Poly(3-alkyl-4-fluoro)thiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6866-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuping Fei
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Pierre Boufflet
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sebastian Wood
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jessica Wade
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - John Moriarty
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Eliot Gann
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Erin L. Ratcliff
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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240
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Roy I, Hazra S. Solvent dependent ordering of poly(3-dodecylthiophene) in thin films. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:3724-3732. [PMID: 25833373 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The strong influence of solvents on the ordering of poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) due to edge-on oriented stacking, in the spin-coated thin film on the Si substrate, both near the substrate and away from it, depending upon the substrate surface nature, is observed from the X-ray reflectivity study. The absence of any appreciable amount of coil-like P3DDT chains (i.e. charge localized states) and formation of π-stacked aggregates (i.e. charge delocalized states) in the spin-coated thin films, with slightly better uniformity for the film prepared from toluene (TL) compared to that prepared from chloroform (CF) and chlorobenzene (CB), are well evident from the optical absorption study. No ordering near the weakly hydrophobic H-Si substrate is found in the films prepared from TL, probably due to less diffusion of P3DDT in TL and the appreciable pinning (film-substrate interaction) effect, while appreciable ordering near the film-air interface, overcoming the pinning effect, is likely to be related to the moderate values of the viscosity and the evaporation rate of the solvent. A better ordered Form-I-like relaxed structure near the film-substrate interface and a less ordered interpenetrating Form-II-like structure toward the film-air interface are found in the films prepared from CF, probably related to the low viscosity and high evaporation rate, respectively, of the solvent. Less ordered and mixed but more toward Form-II-like structures are formed throughout the film prepared from CB, probably due to the high viscosity of the solvent, even though its evaporation rate is low. The high evaporation rate of CF and high viscosity of CB probably create hindrance in the formation of continuous films on the weakly hydrophilic O-Si substrate at low speed, while the moderate values of both the parameters for TL, help to form continuous films on the O-Si substrate even at low speed. Such moderate values also help to form less variable (and more toward Form-I-like) structures and better ordering in the latter film. The relative fluctuation between aggregates along the film-thickness is, however, found slightly more in the film prepared from TL compared to that prepared from CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Roy
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India.
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241
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Pochas CM, Spano FC. New insights on the nature of two-dimensional polarons in semiconducting polymers: infrared absorption in poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Chem Phys 2015; 140:244902. [PMID: 24985673 DOI: 10.1063/1.4882696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared absorption of positively charged polarons in conjugated polymer chains and π-stacked aggregates is investigated theoretically, employing a Holstein-based Hamiltonian which treats electronic coupling, electron-vibrational coupling, and disorder on equal footing. The spectra evaluated from the Hamiltonian expressed in a one- and two-particle basis set are essentially exact, insofar as the main, aromatic-quinoidal vibrational mode is treated fully nonadiabatically. Diagonal and off-diagonal ("paracrystalline") disorder are resolved along the polymer axis (x) and the aggregate stacking axis (y). Disorder along the polymer axis selectively attenuates the x-polarized spectrum, which is dominated by the polaron peak P1. Disorder along the stacking axis selectively attenuates the y-polarized spectrum, which is dominated by the lower-energy charge-transfer peak, DP1. Calculated spectra are in excellent agreement with the measured induced-absorption and charge-modulation spectra, reproducing the peak positions and relative peak intensities within a line shape rich in vibronic structure. Our nonadiabatic approach predicts the existence of a weak, x-polarized peak P0, slightly blueshifted from DP1. The peak is intrinsic to single polymer chains and appears in a region of the spectrum where narrow infrared active vibrational modes have been observed in nonaggregated conjugated polymers. The polaron responsible for P0 is composed mainly of two-particle wave functions and cannot be accounted for in the more conventional adiabatic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Pochas
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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242
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Park J, Reid OG, Rumbles G. Photoinduced Carrier Generation and Recombination Dynamics of a Trilayer Cascade Heterojunction Composed of Poly(3-hexylthiophene), Titanyl Phthalocyanine, and C60. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7729-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehong Park
- Chemical
and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013
Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Obadiah G. Reid
- Chemical
and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013
Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Chemical
and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013
Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
and Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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243
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Du P, Jing P, Li D, Cao Y, Liu Z, Sun Z. Plasmonic Ag@oxide nanoprisms for enhanced performance of organic solar cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2454-2462. [PMID: 25641914 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), light scattering, and lowering the series resistance of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) provide positive effect on the performance of photovoltaic device. However, the exciton recombination on the noble metal NPs accompanying above influences will deteriorate the performance of device. In this report, surface-modified Ag@oxide (TiO2 or SiO2 ) nanoprisms with 1-2 nm shell thickness are developed. The thin film composed of P3HT/Ag@oxides and P3HT:PCBM/Ag@oxides is investigated by absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and transient absorption spectroscopy. The results show a significant absorption, PL enhancement, and long-lived photogenerated polaron in the P3HT/Ag@TiO2 film, indicating the increase of photogenerated exciton population by LSPR of Ag nanoprisms. In the case of P3HT/Ag nanoprisms, partial PL quench and relatively short-lived photogenerated polaron are observed. That indicates that the oxides layer can effectively avoid the exciton recombination. When the Ag@oxide nanoprisms are introduced into the active layer of P3HT:PCBM photovoltaic devices, about 31% of power conversion efficiency enhancement is obtained relative to the reference cell. All these results indicate that Ag@oxides can enhance the performance of the cell, at the same time the ultrathin oxide shell prevents from the exciton recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 East Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, P.R. China
| | - Pengtao Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 East Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Di Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 East Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 East Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 East Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 East Nanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, P.R. China
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244
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Lafalce E, Jiang X, Pan J, Whittington C, Larsen R, Sanow LP, Zhang C. Hybrid-state emission in a polythienylenevinylene derivative with an electron deficient moiety. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:164702. [PMID: 25933779 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoluminescence (PL) of a novel imide-substituted poly(3-thienylenevinylene) derivative (imidePTV) was studied in film and solution. PL quantum efficiency was measured to be more than two orders of magnitude larger than its nonluminescent counterpart, namely, alkyl-substituted PTV and was interpreted as evidence for a near degeneracy of optically allowed 1(1)Bu and optically forbidden 2(1)Ag excitonic states. As a result, coexistence of 2(1)Ag and 1(1)Bu emissions was observed, and the predominance was found to be sensitive to temperature and morphological environment. PL of solutions in solvents of higher polarity and polarizability and from low-temperature films was dominated by the transition from the dipole allowed 1(1)Bu state. On the other hand, the PL spectra of films at high temperature and solutions in solvents of low polarity and polarizability were primarily from the 2(1)Ag state that obtains a finite transmission moment from an asymmetric perturbation mixing with the 1(1)Bu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Lafalce
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Jianjun Pan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Christi Whittington
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Randy Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Logan P Sanow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA
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245
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Stangl T, Wilhelm P, Schmitz D, Remmerssen K, Henzel S, Jester SS, Höger S, Vogelsang J, Lupton JM. Temporal Fluctuations in Excimer-Like Interactions between π-Conjugated Chromophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1321-1326. [PMID: 26263130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inter- or intramolecular coupling processes between chromophores such as excimer formation or H- and J-aggregation are crucial to describing the photophysics of closely packed films of conjugated polymers. Such coupling is highly distance dependent and should be sensitive to both fluctuations in the spacing between chromophores as well as the actual position on the chromophore where the exciton localizes. Single-molecule spectroscopy reveals these intrinsic fluctuations in well-defined bichromophoric model systems of cofacial oligomers. Signatures of interchromophoric interactions in the excited state--spectral red shifting and broadening and a slowing of photoluminescence decay--correlate with each other but scatter strongly between single molecules, implying an extraordinary distribution in coupling strengths. Furthermore, these excimer-like spectral fingerprints vary with time, revealing intrinsic dynamics in the coupling strength within one single dimer molecule, which constitutes the starting point for describing a molecular solid. Such spectral sensitivity to sub-Ångström molecular dynamics could prove complementary to conventional FRET-based molecular rulers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stangl
- †Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wilhelm
- †Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Schmitz
- ‡Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaas Remmerssen
- ‡Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Henzel
- ‡Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan-S Jester
- ‡Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- ‡Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- †Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- †Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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246
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Buchaca-Domingo E, Vandewal K, Fei Z, Watkins SE, Scholes FH, Bannock JH, de Mello JC, Richter LJ, DeLongchamp DM, Amassian A, Heeney M, Salleo A, Stingelin N. Direct Correlation of Charge Transfer Absorption with Molecular Donor:Acceptor Interfacial Area via Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5256-9. [PMID: 25856143 DOI: 10.1021/ja512410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that the charge transfer (CT) absorption signal in bulk-heterojunction solar cell blends, measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy, is directly proportional to the density of molecular donor:acceptor interfaces. Since the optical transitions from the ground state to the interfacial CT state are weakly allowed at photon energies below the optical gap of both the donor and acceptor, we can exploit the use of this sensitive linear absorption spectroscopy for such quantification. Moreover, we determine the absolute molar extinction coefficient of the CT transition for an archetypical polymer:fullerene interface. The latter is ∼100 times lower than the extinction coefficient of the donor chromophore involved, allowing us to experimentally estimate the transition dipole moment as 0.3 D and the electronic coupling between the ground and CT states to be on the order of 30 meV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Buchaca-Domingo
- †Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.,‡Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Koen Vandewal
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,∥Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhuping Fei
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | | | | | - James H Bannock
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - John C de Mello
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Lee J Richter
- ∇National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Dean M DeLongchamp
- ∇National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- ‡Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Heeney
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Alberto Salleo
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- †Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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247
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Chu PH, Zhang L, Colella NS, Fu B, Park JO, Srinivasarao M, Briseño AL, Reichmanis E. Enhanced mobility and effective control of threshold voltage in P3HT-based field-effect transistors via inclusion of oligothiophenes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6652-6660. [PMID: 25757100 DOI: 10.1021/am509090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Improved organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performance through a polymer-oligomer semiconductor blend approach is demonstrated. Incorporation of 2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (BTTT) into poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films leads to approximately a 5-fold increase in charge carrier mobility, a 10-fold increase in current on-off ratio, and concomitantly, a decreased threshold voltage to as low as 1.7 V in comparison to single component thin films. The blend approach required no pre- and/or post treatments, and processing was conducted under ambient conditions. The correlation of crystallinity, surface morphology and photophysical properties of the blend thin films was systematically investigated via X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and optical absorption measurements respectively, as a function of blend composition. The dependence of thin-film morphology on the blend composition is illustrated for the P3HT:BTTT system. The blend approach provides an alternative avenue to combine the advantageous properties of conjugated polymers and oligomers for optimized semiconductor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hsun Chu
- †School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Nicholas S Colella
- ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Boyi Fu
- †School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - Jung Ok Park
- §School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Mohan Srinivasarao
- §School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
- ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Alejandro L Briseño
- ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Conte Research Center, University of Massachusetts, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- †School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- §School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
- ∥School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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248
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Johnson CE, Gordon MP, Boucher DS. Rationalizing the self-assembly of poly-(3-hexylthiophene) using solubility and solvatochromic parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calynn E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston South Carolina 29401
| | - Madeleine P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston South Carolina 29401
| | - David S. Boucher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; School of Sciences and Mathematics, College of Charleston; Charleston South Carolina 29401
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249
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Panzer F, Sommer M, Bässler H, Thelakkat M, Köhler A. Spectroscopic Signature of Two Distinct H-Aggregate Species in Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Panzer
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular
Research (BIMF), and §Applied Functional
Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular
Research (BIMF), and §Applied Functional
Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular
Research (BIMF), and §Applied Functional
Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular
Research (BIMF), and §Applied Functional
Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II, ‡Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular
Research (BIMF), and §Applied Functional
Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, 95540 Bayreuth, Germany
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250
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Dierckx W, Oosterbaan WD, Bolsée JC, Cardinaletti I, Maes W, Boyen HG, D'Haen J, Nesladek M, Manca J. Organic phototransistors using poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofibres. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:065201. [PMID: 25597282 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/6/065201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the fabrication of nanofibre-based organic phototransistors (OPTs) using preformed poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibres. OPT performance is analysed based on two important parameters: photoresponsivity R and photosensitivity P. Before testing the devices as OPTs, the normal organic field-effect transistor (OFET) operation is characterized, revealing a surface-coverage-dependent performance. With R reaching 250 A W(-1) in the on-state (V(GS) = -40 V) and P reaching 6.8 × 10(3) in the off-state (V(GS) = 10 V) under white light illumination (I(inc) = 0.91 mW cm(-2)), the best nanofibre-based OPTs outperform the OPTs fabricated from a solution of P3HT in chlorobenzene, in which no preformed fibres are present. The better performance is attributed to an increase in active layer crystallinity, a better layer connectivity and an improved edge-on orientation of the thiophene rings along the polymer backbone, resulting in a longer exciton diffusion length and enhanced charge carrier mobility, linked to a decreased interchain coupling energy. In addition, the increased order in the active layer crystallinity induces a better spectral overlap between the white light emission spectrum and the active layer absorption spectrum, and the absorption of incident light is maximised by the favourable parallel orientation of the polymer chains with respect to the OPT substrate. Combining both leads to an increase in the overall light absorption. In comparison with previously reported solution-processed organic OPTs, it is shown here that no special dielectric surface treatment or post-deposition treatment of the active device layer is needed to obtain high OPT performance. Finally, it is also shown that, inherent to an intrinsic gate-tuneable gain mechanism, changing the gate potential results in a variation of R over at least five orders of magnitude. As such, it is shown that R can be adjusted according to the incident light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Dierckx
- Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. IMO-IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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