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The Host Immune System Facilitates Disseminated Staphylococcus aureus Disease Due to Phagocytic Attraction to Candida albicans during Coinfection: a Case of Bait and Switch. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00137-19. [PMID: 31451623 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00137-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections account for 15 to 50% of fatal bloodstream infections annually. These disseminated infections often arise without a defined portal of entry into the host but cause high rates of mortality. The fungus Candida albicans and the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus can form polymicrobial biofilms on epithelial tissue, facilitated by the C. albicans adhesin encoded by ALS3 While a bacterium-fungus interaction is required for systemic infection, the mechanism by which bacteria disseminate from the epithelium to internal organs is unclear. In this study, we show that highly immunogenic C. albicans hyphae attract phagocytic cells, which rapidly engulf adherent S. aureus and subsequently migrate to cervical lymph nodes. Following S. aureus-loaded phagocyte translocation from the mucosal surface, S. aureus produces systemic disease with accompanying morbidity and mortality. Our results suggest a novel role for the host in facilitating a bacterium-fungus infectious synergy, leading to disseminated staphylococcal disease.
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202
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A Genome-Wide Knockout Screen in Human Macrophages Identified Host Factors Modulating Salmonella Infection. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02169-19. [PMID: 31594818 PMCID: PMC6786873 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02169-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-scale CRISPR knockout library screen of THP-1 human macrophages was performed to identify loss-of-function mutations conferring resistance to Salmonella uptake. The screen identified 183 candidate genes, from which 14 representative genes involved in actin dynamics (ACTR3, ARPC4, CAPZB, TOR3A, CYFIP2, CTTN, and NHLRC2), glycosaminoglycan metabolism (B3GNT1), receptor signaling (PDGFB and CD27), lipid raft formation (CLTCL1), calcium transport (ATP2A2 and ITPR3), and cholesterol metabolism (HMGCR) were analyzed further. For some of these pathways, known chemical inhibitors could replicate the Salmonella resistance phenotype, indicating their potential as targets for host-directed therapy. The screen indicated a role for the relatively uncharacterized gene NHLRC2 in both Salmonella invasion and macrophage differentiation. Upon differentiation, NHLRC2 mutant macrophages were hyperinflammatory and did not exhibit characteristics typical of macrophages, including atypical morphology and inability to interact and phagocytose bacteria/particles. Immunoprecipitation confirmed an interaction of NHLRC2 with FRYL, EIF2AK2, and KLHL13.IMPORTANCE Salmonella exploits macrophages to gain access to the lymphatic system and bloodstream to lead to local and potentially systemic infections. With an increasing number of antibiotic-resistant isolates identified in humans, Salmonella infections have become major threats to public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify alternative approaches to anti-infective therapy, including host-directed therapies. In this study, we used a simple genome-wide screen to identify 183 candidate host factors in macrophages that can confer resistance to Salmonella infection. These factors may be potential therapeutic targets against Salmonella infections.
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203
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Herdoiza Padilla E, Crauwels P, Bergner T, Wiederspohn N, Förstner S, Rinas R, Ruf A, Kleemann M, Handrick R, Tuckermann J, Otte K, Walther P, Riedel CU. mir-124-5p Regulates Phagocytosis of Human Macrophages by Targeting the Actin Cytoskeleton via the ARP2/3 Complex. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2210. [PMID: 31636629 PMCID: PMC6787173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a cellular process crucial for recognition and removal of apoptotic cells and foreign particles, subsequently initiating appropriate immune responses. The process of phagocytosis is highly complex and involves major rearrangements of the cytoskeleton. Due to its complexity and importance for tissue homoeostasis and immune responses, it is tightly regulated. Over the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of biological pathways including the immune response by fine-tuning expression of gene regulatory networks. In order to identify miRNAs implicated in the regulation of phagocytosis, a systematic screening of all currently known, human miRNAs was performed using THP-1 macrophage-like cells and serum-opsonized latex beads. Of the total of 2,566 miRNAs analyzed, several led to significant changes in phagocytosis. Among these, we validated miR-124-5p as a novel regulator of phagocytosis. Transfection with miR-124-5p mimics reduced the number of phagocytic cells as well as the phagocytic activity of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-activated THP-1 cells and ex vivo differentiated primary human macrophages. In silico analysis suggested that miR-124-5p targets genes involved in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Transcriptional analyses revealed that expression of genes encoding for several subunits of the ARP2/3 complex, a crucial regulator of actin polymerization, is reduced upon transfection of cells with miR-124-5p. Further in silico analyses identified potential binding motifs for miR-124-5p in the mRNAs of these genes. Luciferase reporter assays using these binding motifs indicate that at least two of the genes (ARPC3 and ARPC4) are direct targets of miR-124-5p. Moreover, ARPC3 and ARPC4 protein levels were significantly reduced following miR-124-5p transfection. Collectively, the presented results suggest that miR-124-5p regulates phagocytosis in human macrophages by directly targeting expression of components of the ARP2/3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Crauwels
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Bergner
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Wiederspohn
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabrina Förstner
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Rinas
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Ruf
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kleemann
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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204
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Tan F, Cao M, Ge X, Li C, Tian M, Zhang L, Fu Q, Song L, Yang N. Identification and initial functional characterization of lysosomal integral membrane protein type 2 (LIMP-2) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103412. [PMID: 31176756 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system protects organism from external pathogens, this progress starts with the pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As a group of PRRs, the class B scavenger receptors showed important roles in phagocytosis. Among three class B scavenger receptors, lysosomal integral membrane protein type 2 (LIMP-2) was reported to present in the limiting membranes of lysosomes and late endosomes, but its immune roles in teleost species are still limited in handful species. Here, we characterized LIMP-2 gene in turbot, and its expression patterns in mucosal barriers following different bacterial infection, as well as ligand binding activities to different microbial ligands and agglutination assay with different bacteria. In our results, one SmLIMP2 gene was identified with a 1,593 bp open reading frame (ORF). The multiple species comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed the closest relationship to Paralichthys olivaceus, the genomic structure analysis and syntenic analysis revealed the conservation of LIMP-2 during evolution. In tissue distribution analysis, SmLIMP-2 was expressed in all the examined turbot tissues, with the highest expression level in brain, and the lowest expression level in liver. In addition, SmLIMP-2 was significantly up-regulated in all the mucosal tissues (skin, gill and intestine) following Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum infection, and was only up-regulated in gill following Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae challenge. Finally, the rSmLIMP-2 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands, and strong agglutination with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and V. anguillarum. Taken together, our results suggested SmLIMP-2 played important roles in fish immune response to bacterial infection. However, further functional studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tan
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xuefeng Ge
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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205
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Sedova ES, Scherbinin DN, Lysenko AA, Alekseeva SV, Artemova EA, Shmarov MM. Non-neutralizing Antibodies Directed at Conservative Influenza Antigens. Acta Naturae 2019; 11:22-32. [PMID: 31993232 PMCID: PMC6977952 DOI: 10.32607/20758251-2019-11-4-22-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At the moment, developing new broad-spectrum influenza vaccines which would help avoid annual changes in a vaccine's strain set is urgency. In addition, developing new vaccines based on highly conserved influenza virus proteins could allow us to better prepare for potential pandemics and significantly reduce the damage they cause. Evaluation of the humoral response to vaccine administration is a key aspect of the characterization of the effectiveness of influenza vaccines. In the development of new broad-spectrum influenza vaccines, it is important to study the mechanisms of action of various antibodies, including non-neutralizing ones, as well as to be in the possession of methods for quantifying these antibodies after immunization with new vaccines against influenza. In this review, we focused on the mechanisms of anti-influenza action of non-neutralizing antibodies, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The influenza virus antigens that trigger these reactions are hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), as well as highly conserved antigens, such as M2 (ion channel), M1 (matrix protein), and NP (nucleoprotein). In addition, the mechanisms of action and methods for detecting antibodies to neuraminidase (NA) and to the stem domain of hemagglutinin (HA) of the influenza virus are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Sedova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - D. N. Scherbinin
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - A. A. Lysenko
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - S. V. Alekseeva
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - E. A. Artemova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
| | - M. M. Shmarov
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098 Russia
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206
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Growth Hormone Aggregates Activation of Human Dendritic Cells Is Controlled by Rac1 and PI3 Kinase Signaling Pathways. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:927-932. [PMID: 31520643 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of protein aggregates in biological products is suggested to promote immunogenicity, leading to the production of anti-drug antibodies with neutralizing capacities. This suggests a CD4+ T-cell dependent adaptive immune response, thus a pivotal role for antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs). We previously showed that human growth hormone aggregates induced DC maturation, with notably an increase in CXCL10 production. DC phenotypic modifications were sufficient to promote allogeneic CD4+ T-cell proliferation with Th1 polarization. In this work, we identified the main intracellular signaling pathways involved in DC activation by human growth hormone aggregates, showing that aggregates induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, as well as nuclear factor κB subunit p65 nuclear translocation. Next, investigating the implication of Rho GTPases and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in activated DC showed that Rac1 and Cdc42 regulated the phosphorylation of MAP kinases, whereas PI3K was only implicated in c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Furthermore, we showed that Rac1 and PI3K pathways, but not Cdc42, regulated the production of CXCL10 via the MAP kinases and nuclear factor κB. Taken together, our results bring new insight on how protein aggregates could induce DC activation, leading to a better understanding of aggregates role in therapeutic proteins immunogenicity.
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207
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Lv Z, Wang L, Jia Z, Sun J, Wang W, Liu Z, Qiu L, Wang M, Song L. Hemolymph C1qDC promotes the phagocytosis of oyster Crassostrea gigas hemocytes by interacting with the membrane receptor β-integrin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:42-53. [PMID: 30995452 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis constitutes a conserved cellular process for multicellular animals to ingest or engulf other cells or particles, which is facilitated by the use of opsonins to bind foreign particles and interact with cell surface receptors. The invertebrate secreted C1q domain-containing proteins (C1qDCs) have been reported to exhibit opsonic activity, while the detailed mechanisms of opsonization still remain unclear. In the present study, a C1qDC (designated as CgC1qDC-5) with opsonic activity was identified from the hemolymph of oyster Crassostrea gigas. CgC1qDC-5 exhibited the ability to bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Lipid A. It could also bind and agglutinate Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Vibrio splendidus and Vibrio anguillarum, whereas the agglutinating activity could be inhibited by LPS. In addition, CgC1qDC-5 could enhance the phagocytosis of hemocytes toward E. coli, V. splendidus, and V. anguillarum. GST pull-down and surface plasmon resonance assays in vitro revealed that CgC1qDC-5 could interact with β-integrin (CgIntegrin). In vivo, CgC1qDC-5 was observed to bind hemocytes and co-localized with CgIntegrin on the cell membrane of hemocytes. Antibody-mediated blockage of CgIntegrin hindered the CgC1qDC-5-enhanced hemocytic phagocytosis. CgIntegrin also exhibited the ability to bind the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, V. splendidus, V. anguillarum and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and PAMP of LPS, but not Lipid A. A phagocytosis assay demonstrated that CgIntegrin could directly mediate phagocytosis toward bacteria as a phagocytic receptor. These results collectively suggested that CgC1qDC-5 could serve as an opsonin to recognize and bind bacteria, and subsequently interact with CgIntegrin on the hemocyte surface to enhance the CgIntegrin-mediated phagocytosis in oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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208
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Cáceres Munar BA, Castellanos Parra JE, Rodríguez Panduro MH. Amplificación de la infección dependiente de anticuerpos en la inmunopatogénesis del dengue grave, implicaciones para el desarrollo y uso de las vacunas. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v24n3.79410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Actualmente, la infección por el virus de dengue (DENV) es uno de los problemas más importantes de salud pública en países tropicales y endémicos como Colombia, pues en tanto puede ser producida por cuatro diferentes serotipos virales, durante las infecciones secundarias se presentan frecuentemente cuadros más severos que incluso pueden llevar a desenlaces fatales. El centro de la fisiopatología del dengue grave es el daño producido al endotelio, que se traduce en un aumento en la permeabilidad vascular que se evidencia como fuga plasmática, descontrol en la coagulación y daño de órganos. Aunque hay varias teorías que explican la enfermedad severa, el fenómeno denominado amplificación de la infección dependiente de anticuerpos (antibody dependent enhancement, ADE) es el más conocido. En este, se postula que el virus causante de una infección secundaria es reconocido, pero no neutralizado, por anticuerpos generados en la infección previa e internalizado en las células susceptibles usando receptores Fc-gamma, lo cual aumenta la replicación viral e induce modificaciones en la respuesta inmune celular que contribuyen al desarrollo de dengue grave. En este escrito, se realiza una revisión de los hallazgos sobre los mecanismos involucrados en el fenómeno de ADE y cómo pueden contribuir a la progresión hacia dengue grave, describiendo los conceptos de ADE extrínseco e intrínseco, además de como este fenómeno debe ser tenido en cuenta para el diseño, desarrollo e implementación de una vacuna para dengue, en tanto es capaz de afectar su eficacia y seguridad.
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209
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Desmonts de Lamache D, Moges R, Siddiq A, Allain T, Feener TD, Muench GP, McKenna N, Yates RM, Buret AG. Immuno-modulating properties of Tulathromycin in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221560. [PMID: 31442273 PMCID: PMC6707645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that grows in macrophages and causes acute pneumonia in pigs. PRRSV causes devastating losses to the porcine industry. However, due to its high antigenic variability and poorly understood immunopathogenesis, there is currently no effective vaccine or treatment to control PRRSV infection. The common occurrence of PRRSV infection with bacterial infections as well as its inflammatory-driven pathobiology raises the question of the value of antibiotics with immunomodulating properties for the treatment of the disease it causes. The macrolide antibiotic Tulathromycin (TUL) has been found to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties in cattle and pigs. The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-viral and immunomodulating properties of TUL in PRRSV-infected porcine macrophages. Our findings indicate that blood monocyte-derived macrophages are readily infected by PRRSV and can be used as an effective cellular model to study PRRSV pathogenesis. TUL did not change intracellular or extracellular viral titers, not did it alter viral receptors (CD163 and CD169) expression on porcine macrophages. In contrast, TUL exhibited potent immunomodulating properties, which therefore occurred in the absence of any direct antiviral effects against PRRSV. TUL had an additive effect with PRRSV on the induction of macrophage apoptosis, and inhibited virus-induced necrosis. TUL significantly attenuated PRRSV-induced macrophage pro-inflammatory signaling (CXCL-8 and mitochondrial ROS production) and prevented PRRSV inhibition of non-opsonized and opsonized phagocytic function. Together, these data demonstrate that TUL inhibits PRRSV-induced inflammatory responses in porcine macrophages and protects against the phagocytic impairment caused by the virus. Research in live pigs is warranted to assess the potential clinical benefits of this antibiotic in the context of virally induced inflammation and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Moges
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - A. Siddiq
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T. Allain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - T. D. Feener
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - G. P. Muench
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - N. McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R. M. Yates
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - A. G. Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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210
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Arienti S, Barth ND, Dorward DA, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Regulation of Apoptotic Cell Clearance During Resolution of Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31456686 PMCID: PMC6701246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) has an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the progression and ultimate resolution of inflammation. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes morphological and biochemical changes [e.g., phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, caspase activation, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA cleavage] that act to shut down cellular function and mark the cell for phagocytic clearance. Tissue phagocytes bind and internalize apoptotic cells, bodies, and vesicles, providing a mechanism for the safe disposal of apoptotic material. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells before they undergo secondary necrosis reduces the potential for bystander damage to adjacent tissue and importantly initiates signaling pathways within the phagocytic cell that act to dampen inflammation. In a pathological context, excessive apoptosis or failure to clear apoptotic material results in secondary necrosis with the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents. In this review, we consider some of the mechanisms by which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be controlled. We suggest that matching apoptotic cell load with the capacity for apoptotic cell clearance within tissues may be important for therapeutic strategies that target the apoptotic process for treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Arienti
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole D Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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211
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Gong J, Gaitanos TN, Luu O, Huang Y, Gaitanos L, Lindner J, Winklbauer R, Klein R. Gulp1 controls Eph/ephrin trogocytosis and is important for cell rearrangements during development. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3455-3471. [PMID: 31409653 PMCID: PMC6781437 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis, intercellular cannibalism distinct from phagocytosis, occurs when cells rearrange during development. Here, Gong et al. reveal that trogocytosis induced by ephrins and Eph receptors involves phagocytic adaptor protein Gulp1, Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam2, and endocytic GTPase dynamin. These results suggest that ephrin/Eph-induced trogocytosis uses phagocytosis-like mechanisms. Trogocytosis, in which cells nibble away parts of neighboring cells, is an intercellular cannibalism process conserved from protozoa to mammals. Its underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood and are likely distinct from phagocytosis, a process that clears entire cells. Bi-directional contact repulsion induced by Eph/ephrin signaling involves transfer of membrane patches and full-length Eph/ephrin protein complexes between opposing cells, resembling trogocytosis. Here, we show that the phagocytic adaptor protein Gulp1 regulates EphB/ephrinB trogocytosis to achieve efficient cell rearrangements of cultured cells and during embryonic development. Gulp1 mediates trogocytosis bi-directionally by dynamic engagement with EphB/ephrinB protein clusters in cooperation with the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam2. Ultimately, Gulp1’s presence at the Eph/ephrin cluster is a prerequisite for recruiting the endocytic GTPase dynamin. These results suggest that EphB/ephrinB trogocytosis, unlike other trogocytosis events, uses a phagocytosis-like mechanism to achieve efficient membrane scission and engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Gong
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas N Gaitanos
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yunyun Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Louise Gaitanos
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jana Lindner
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Munich-Martinsried, Germany
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212
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Kotsias F, Cebrian I, Alloatti A. Antigen processing and presentation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:69-121. [PMID: 31810556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they present antigens to the adaptive immune system. In particular, they present lipids and proteins from pathogens, which they encountered in peripheral tissues, to T cells in order to induce a specific effector immune response. These complex antigens need to be broken down into peptides of a certain length in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. Presentation of MHC/antigen complexes alongside costimulatory molecules and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines will induce an appropriate immune response. This interaction between dendritic cells and T cells takes place at defined locations within secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie antigen processing and the subsequent presentation to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cebrian
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alloatti
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER)-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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213
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Dynamic Podosome-Like Structures in Nascent Phagosomes Are Coordinated by Phosphoinositides. Dev Cell 2019; 50:397-410.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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214
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Bae DJ, Seo J, Kim SY, Park SY, Do Yoo J, Pyo JH, Cho W, Cho JY, Kim S, Kim IS. ArhGAP12 plays dual roles in Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis: Regulates Rac1 basal activity and spatiotemporally turns off the Rac1 to orchestrate phagosome maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1595-1607. [PMID: 31301364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and precise clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) involves a series of phagocytic processes through which apoptotic cells are recognized, engulfed, and degraded within phagocytes. The Rho-family GTPases critically rearrange the cytoskeleton for these phagocytic processes, but we know little about the mechanisms by which regulatory proteins control the spatiotemporal activities of the Rho-family GTPases. Here, we identify ArhGAP12 as a functional GTPase-activating protein (GAP) of Rac1 during Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis. ArhGAP12 constitutively forms a complex with the phosphatidylserine receptor, Stabilin-2, via direct interaction with the downstream protein, GULP, but is released from the complex when Stabilin-2 interacts with apoptotic cells. When the phagocytic cup is closed and the apoptotic cell is surrounded by the phagosomal membrane, ArhGAP12 localizes to the phagocytic cup via a specific interaction with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, which is transiently biosynthesized in the phagocytic cup. Down-regulation of ArhGAP12 results in sustained Rac1 activity, arrangement of F-actin, and delayed phagosome-lysosome fusion. Our results collectively suggest that ArhGAP12 carries dual roles in Stabilin-2 mediated efferocytosis: it binds to GULP/Stabilin-2 and switches off Rac1 basal activity and switches on the Rac1 by releasing itself from the complex. In addition, the spatiotemporal membrane targeting of ArhGAP12 inactivates Rac1 in a time-specific and spatially coordinated manner to orchestrate phagosome maturation. This may shed light on how other RhoGAPs spatiotemporally inactivate Rac or Cdc42 during phagocytosis by various cells, in different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea; ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Seo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea; ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yoon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Do Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Pyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST school, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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215
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Reducing IRF5 expression attenuates colitis in mice, but impairs the clearance of intestinal pathogens. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:874-887. [PMID: 31053739 PMCID: PMC6688861 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IRF5 genetic variants leading to decreased IRF5 expression reduce risk for ulcerative colitis. However, how IRF5 regulates intestinal inflammation and contributes to the balance between defenses against intestinal pathogens and inflammation in vivo, and the cells mediating this balance, are not known. We found that deleting IRF5 in mice led to reduced intestinal inflammation in the T cell transfer colitis model, with reduced Th1 and Th17, and increased Th2 cytokines. However, with orally-administered invasive S. Typhimurium, IRF5-/- mice demonstrated an increased bacterial burden in the context of reduced Th1 and Th17 cytokines. IRF5 in macrophages was required for PDK1-dependent phagocytosis and for NFκB-dependent pathways mediating intracellular bacterial clearance. Despite reduced bacterial clearance pathways, in IRF5-/- mice exposed to high levels of resident intestinal bacteria after DSS-induced injury, the lower levels of inflammatory cytokines were associated with reduced intestinal permeability, and in turn, reduced bacterial translocation and intestinal inflammation. Consistent with the myeloid cell-intrinsic roles for IRF5 in vitro, mice with IRF5 deleted from myeloid cells demonstrated outcomes similar to those observed in IRF5-/- mice. While these data suggest that inhibition of IRF5 may be therapeutic in colitis, this needs to be balanced with the identified IRF5 role in protecting against intestinal pathogens.
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216
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Naik U, Nguyen QPH, Harrison RE. Binding and uptake of single and dual-opsonized targets by macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:183-199. [PMID: 31172552 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of phagocytosis is largely derived from studies of individual receptor-ligand interactions and their downstream signaling pathways. Because phagocytes are exposed to a variety of ligands on heterogeneous target particles in vivo, it is important to observe the engagement of multiple receptors simultaneously and the triggered involvement of downstream signaling pathways. Potential crosstalk between the two well-characterized opsonic receptors, FcγR and CR3, was briefly explored in the early 1970s, where macrophages were challenged with dual-opsonized targets. However, subsequent studies on receptor crosstalk were primarily restricted to using single opsonins on different targets, typically at saturating opsonin conditions. Beyond validating these initial explorations on receptor crosstalk, we identify the early signaling mechanisms that underlie the binding and phagocytosis during the simultaneous activation of both opsonic receptors, through the presence of a dual-opsonized target (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and C3bi), compared with single receptor activation. For this purpose, we used signaling protein inhibitor studies as well as live cell brightfield and fluorescent imaging to fully understand the role of tyrosine kinases, F-actin dynamics and internalization kinetics for FcγR and CR3. Importantly, opsonic receptors were studied together and in isolation, in the context of sparsely opsonized targets. We observed enhanced particle binding and a synergistic effect on particle internalization during the simultaneous activation of FcγR and CR3 engaged with sparsely opsonized targets. Inhibition of early signaling and cytoskeletal molecules revealed a differential involvement of Src kinase for FcγR- vs CR3- and dual receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Src activity recruits Syk kinase and we observed intermediate levels of Syk phosphorylation in dual-opsonized particles compared with those opsonized with IgG or C3bi alone. These results likely explain the intermediate levels of F-actin that is recruited to sites of dual-opsonized particle uptake and the notoriously delayed internalization of C3bi-opsonized targets by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urja Naik
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quynh Phuong Hai Nguyen
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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217
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Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) are the driving force in tumor progression. There is strong evidence that CIC fulfill this task via exosomes (TEX), which modulate and reprogram stroma, nontransformed cells, and non-CIC. Characterization of CIC, besides others, builds on expression of CIC markers, many of which are known as metastasis-associated molecules. We here discuss that the linkage between CIC/CIC-TEX and metastasis-associated molecules is not fortuitously, but relies on the contribution of these markers to TEX biogenesis including loading and TEX target interactions. In addition, CIC markers contribute to TEX binding- and uptake-promoted activation of signaling cascades, transcription initiation, and translational control. Our point of view will be outlined for pancreas and colon CIC highly expressing CD44v6, Tspan8, EPCAM, claudin7, and LGR5, which distinctly but coordinately contribute to tumor progression. Despite overwhelming progress in unraveling the metastatic cascade and the multiple tasks taken over by CIC-TEX, there remains a considerable gap in linking CIC biomarkers, TEX, and TEX-initiated target modulation with metastasis. We will try to outline possible bridges, which could allow depicting pathways for new and expectedly powerful therapeutic interference with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
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218
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Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Al Absi A, Thomas C. Actin Cytoskeleton Straddling the Immunological Synapse between Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050463. [PMID: 31100864 PMCID: PMC6563383 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fundamental part of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as cytolytic T cells and natural killer cells, control tumor growth and disease progression by interacting and eliminating tumor cells. The actin cytoskeleton of cytotoxic lymphocytes engaged in an immunological synapse has received considerable research attention. It has been recognized as a central mediator of the formation and maturation of the immunological synapse, and its signaling and cytolytic activities. In comparison, fewer studies have explored the organization and function of actin filaments on the target cancer cell side of the immunological synapse. However, there is growing evidence that the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells also undergoes extensive remodeling upon cytotoxic lymphocyte attack, and that such remodeling can alter physical and functional interactions at the immunological synapse. In this article, we review the current knowledge of actin organization and functions at both sides of the immunological synapse between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, with particular focus on synapse formation, signaling and cytolytic activity, and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 2 Avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Antoun Al Absi
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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219
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The Significant Reduction or Complete Eradication of Subcutaneous and Metastatic Lesions in a Pheochromocytoma Mouse Model after Immunotherapy Using Mannan-BAM, TLR Ligands, and Anti-CD40. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050654. [PMID: 31083581 PMCID: PMC6562455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL) are limited. Here, we tested an immunotherapeutic approach based on intratumoral injections of mannan-BAM with toll-like receptor ligands into subcutaneous PHEO in a mouse model. This therapy elicited a strong innate immunity-mediated antitumor response and resulted in a significantly lower PHEO volume compared to the phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated group and in a significant improvement in mice survival. The cytotoxic effect of neutrophils, as innate immune cells predominantly infiltrating treated tumors, was verified in vitro. Moreover, the combination of mannan-BAM and toll-like receptor ligands with agonistic anti-CD40 was associated with increased mice survival. Subsequent tumor re-challenge also supported adaptive immunity activation, reflected primarily by long-term tumor-specific memory. These results were further verified in metastatic PHEO, where the intratumoral injections of mannan-BAM, toll-like receptor ligands, and anti-CD40 into subcutaneous tumors resulted in significantly less intense bioluminescence signals of liver metastatic lesions induced by tail vein injection compared to the PBS-treated group. Subsequent experiments focusing on the depletion of T cell subpopulations confirmed the crucial role of CD8+ T cells in inhibition of bioluminescence signal intensity of liver metastatic lesions. These data call for a new therapeutic approach in patients with metastatic PHEO/PGL using immunotherapy that initially activates innate immunity followed by an adaptive immune response.
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220
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Hong X, Rzeczycki PM, Keswani RK, Murashov MD, Fan Z, Deng CX, Rosania GR. Acoustic tweezing cytometry for mechanical phenotyping of macrophages and mechanopharmaceutical cytotripsy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5702. [PMID: 30952950 PMCID: PMC6450871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells responsible for tissue debridement and fighting infection. Clofazimine, an FDA-approved antibiotic, accumulates and precipitates as rod-shaped, crystal-like drug inclusions within macrophage lysosomes. Drug treatment as well as pathophysiological states could induce changes in macrophage mechanical property which in turn impact their phenotype and function. Here we report the use of acoustic tweezing cytometry as a new approach for in situ mechanical phenotyping of macrophages and for targeted macrophage cytotripsy. Acoustic tweezing cytometry applies ultrasound pulses to exert controlled forces to individual cells via integrin-bound microbubbles, enabling a creep test for measuring cellular mechanical property or inducing irreversible changes to the cells. Our results revealed that macrophages with crystal-like drug inclusions became significantly softer with higher cell compliance, and behaved more elastic with faster creep and recovery time constants. On the contrary, phagocytosis of solid polyethylene microbeads or treatment with soluble clofazimine rendered macrophages stiffer. Most notably, application of ultrasound pulses of longer duration and higher amplitude in ATC actuated the integrin-bound microbubbles to mobilize the crystal-like drug inclusions inside macrophages, turning the rod-shaped drug inclusions into intracellular microblender that effectively destructed the cells. This phenomenon of acoustic mechanopharmaceutical cytotripsy may be exploited for ultrasound activated, macrophage-directed drug release and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Phillip M Rzeczycki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rahul K Keswani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mikhail D Murashov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Cheri X Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Gus R Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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221
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Ellett F, Jalali F, Marand AL, Jorgensen J, Mutlu BR, Lee J, Raff AB, Irimia D. Microfluidic arenas for war games between neutrophils and microbes. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1205-1216. [PMID: 30865740 PMCID: PMC6544356 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of neutrophil activities such as cell migration and phagocytosis are generally performed using low-content bulk assays, which provide little detail activity at the single cell level, or flow cytometry methods, which have the single cell resolution but lack perspective on the kinetics of the process. Here, we present a microfluidic assay for measuring the essential functions that contribute to the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils: migration towards the target, and killing of microbes. The assay interrogates the interactions between isolated human neutrophils and populations of live, proliferating microbes. The outcome is measured in a binary mode that is reflective of in vivo infections, which are either cleared or endure the host response. The outcome of the interactions is also characterized at single cell resolution for both the neutrophils and the microbes. We applied the assay to test the response of neutrophils from intensive care patients to live Staphylococcus aureus, and observed alterations of antimicrobial neutrophil activity in patients, including those with sepsis. By directly measuring neutrophil activity against live targets at high spatial and temporal resolution, this assay provides unique insights into the life-or-death contest shaping the outcome of interactions between populations of neutrophils and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ellett
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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222
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Wu KY, Zhang T, Zhao GX, Ma N, Zhao SJ, Wang N, Wang JX, Li ZF, Zhou W, Li K. The C3a/C3aR axis mediates anti-inflammatory activity and protects against uropathogenic E coli-induced kidney injury in mice. Kidney Int 2019; 96:612-627. [PMID: 31133456 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Both the C3a/C3aR and C5a/C5aR1 axes are regarded as important pathways for inducing and regulating inflammatory responses. It is well documented that the C5a/C5aR1 axis is a potent inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of many clinic disorders. However, our understanding of the role of the C3a/C3aR axis in renal disorders remains limited. Contrary to the C5a/C5aR axis, we now show that the C3a/C3aR axis has a protective role in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-induced renal injury. C3aR-/- mice were found to develop severe renal pathology compared to wild type mice, a pathology characterized by intense tissue damage and an increased bacterial load within the kidney. This was associated with an overwhelming production of pro-inflammatory mediators and increased neutrophil infiltration in the kidney. Bone marrow chimera experiments found that tissue damage and bacterial load were significantly reduced in C3aR-/- mice that received bone marrow from wild type mice, compared with that in mice re-populated with bone marrow from C3aR-/- mice. This supports a critical role for C3aR on myeloid cells in the pathological process. Pharmacological treatment of mice with a C3aR agonist reduced both the extent of tissue injury and bacterial load. Mechanistic analyses indicated that the C3a/C3aR axis downregulates the lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages and facilitates the phagocytosis of UPEC by phagocytes. Thus, our findings clearly demonstrate a protective role of the C3a/C3aR axis in UPEC-induced renal injury, conferred by the suppression of pro-inflammatory responses and enhanced phagocytosis by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yi Wu
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Xiu Zhao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Wang
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Xing Wang
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zong-Fang Li
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wuding Zhou
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, UK.
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; National Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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223
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Barger SR, Reilly NS, Shutova MS, Li Q, Maiuri P, Heddleston JM, Mooseker MS, Flavell RA, Svitkina T, Oakes PW, Krendel M, Gauthier NC. Membrane-cytoskeletal crosstalk mediated by myosin-I regulates adhesion turnover during phagocytosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1249. [PMID: 30890704 PMCID: PMC6425032 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of invading pathogens or cellular debris requires a dramatic change in cell shape driven by actin polymerization. For antibody-covered targets, phagocytosis is thought to proceed through the sequential engagement of Fc-receptors on the phagocyte with antibodies on the target surface, leading to the extension and closure of the phagocytic cup around the target. We find that two actin-dependent molecular motors, class 1 myosins myosin 1e and myosin 1f, are specifically localized to Fc-receptor adhesions and required for efficient phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. Using primary macrophages lacking both myosin 1e and myosin 1f, we find that without the actin-membrane linkage mediated by these myosins, the organization of individual adhesions is compromised, leading to excessive actin polymerization, slower adhesion turnover, and deficient phagocytic internalization. This work identifies a role for class 1 myosins in coordinated adhesion turnover during phagocytosis and supports a mechanism involving membrane-cytoskeletal crosstalk for phagocytic cup closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Barger
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas S Reilly
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, USA
| | - Maria S Shutova
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Qingsen Li
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, 20147, VA, USA
| | - Mark S Mooseker
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, 06519, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, 06519, CT, USA
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, 14627, NY, USA
| | - Mira Krendel
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA.
| | - Nils C Gauthier
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, 20139, Italy.
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Skjesol A, Yurchenko M, Bösl K, Gravastrand C, Nilsen KE, Grøvdal LM, Agliano F, Patane F, Lentini G, Kim H, Teti G, Kumar Sharma A, Kandasamy RK, Sporsheim B, Starheim KK, Golenbock DT, Stenmark H, McCaffrey M, Espevik T, Husebye H. The TLR4 adaptor TRAM controls the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with the Rab11-family interacting protein 2. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007684. [PMID: 30883606 PMCID: PMC6438586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a complex process that eliminates microbes and is performed by specialised cells such as macrophages. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed on the surface of macrophages and recognizes Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, TLR4 has been suggested to play a role in the phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we have used primary human macrophages and engineered THP-1 monocytes to show that the TLR4 sorting adapter, TRAM, is instrumental for phagocytosis of Escherichia coli as well as Staphylococcus aureus. We find that TRAM forms a complex with Rab11 family interacting protein 2 (FIP2) that is recruited to the phagocytic cups of E. coli. This promotes activation of the actin-regulatory GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42. Our results show that FIP2 guided TRAM recruitment orchestrates actin remodelling and IRF3 activation, two events that are both required for phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria. The Gram-negative bacteria E. coli is the most common cause of severe human pathological conditions like sepsis. Sepsis is a clinical syndrome defined by pathological changes due to systemic inflammation, resulting in paralysis of adaptive T-cell immunity with IFN-β as a critical factor. TLR4 is a key sensing receptor of lipopolysaccharide on Gram-negative bacteria. Inflammatory signalling by TLR4 is initiated by the use of alternative pair of TIR-adapters, MAL-MyD88 or TRAM-TRIF. MAL-MyD88 signaling occurs mainly from the plasma membrane giving pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF, while TRAM-TRIF signaling occurs from vacuoles like endosomes and phagosomes to give type I interferons like IFN-β. It has previously been shown that TLR4 can control phagocytosis and phagosomal maturation through MAL-MyD88 in mice, however, these data have been disputed and published before the role of TRAM was defined in the induction of IFN-β. A role for TRAM or TRIF in phagocytosis has not previously been reported. Here we describe a novel mechanism where TRAM and its binding partner Rab11-FIP2 control phagocytosis of E. coli and regulate IRF3 dependent production of IFN-β. The significance of these results is that we define Rab11-FIP2 as a potential target for modulation of TLR4-dependent signalling in different pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Skjesol
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariia Yurchenko
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Korbinian Bösl
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Caroline Gravastrand
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kaja Elisabeth Nilsen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lene Melsæther Grøvdal
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Federica Agliano
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Patane
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Germana Lentini
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Hera Kim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Giuseppe Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Aditya Kumar Sharma
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard K. Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian K. Starheim
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo Norway
| | - Mary McCaffrey
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Husebye
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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225
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Liu YS, Wang LF, Cheng XS, Huo YN, Ouyang XM, Liang LY, Lin Y, Wu JF, Ren JL, Guleng B. The pattern-recognition molecule mindin binds integrin Mac-1 to promote macrophage phagocytosis via Syk activation and NF-κB p65 translocation. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3402-3416. [PMID: 30869196 PMCID: PMC6484411 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindin has a broad spectrum of roles in the innate immune system, including in macrophage migration, antigen phagocytosis and cytokine production. Mindin functions as a pattern‐recognition molecule for microbial pathogens. However, the underlying mechanisms of mindin‐mediated phagocytosis and its exact membrane receptors are not well established. Herein, we generated mindin‐deficient mice using the CRISPR‐Cas9 system and show that peritoneal macrophages from mindin‐deficient mice were severely defective in their ability to phagocytize E coli. Phagocytosis was enhanced when E coli or fluorescent particles were pre‐incubated with mindin, indicating that mindin binds directly to bacteria or non‐pathogen particles and promotes phagocytosis. We defined that 131I‐labelled mindin binds with integrin Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18), the F‐spondin (FS)‐fragment of mindin binds with the αM‐I domain of Mac‐1 and that mindin serves as a novel ligand of Mac‐1. Blockade of the αM‐I domain of Mac‐1 using either a neutralizing antibody or si‐Mac‐1 efficiently blocked mindin‐induced phagocytosis. Furthermore, mindin activated the Syk and MAPK signalling pathways and promoted NF‐κB entry into the nucleus. Our data indicate that mindin binds with the integrin Mac‐1 to promote macrophage phagocytosis through Syk activation and NF‐κB p65 translocation, suggesting that the mindin/Mac‐1 axis plays a critical role during innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Sheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shen Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ya-Ni Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lai-Ying Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of life sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Lin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bayasi Guleng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of life sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Faculty of Clinical Medicine & Institute of Microbial Ecology, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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226
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Alves LA, de Carli TR, Harth-Chu EN, Mariano FS, Höfling JF, Stipp RN, Mattos-Graner RO. Oral streptococci show diversity in resistance to complement immunity. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:600-608. [PMID: 30843785 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanisms underlying systemic infections by oral species of Mitis (Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis) and Sanguinis (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis) commensal streptococci are poorly understood. This study investigates profiles of susceptibility to complement-mediated host immunity in representative strains of these four species, which were isolated from oral sites or from the bloodstream. METHODOLOGY Deposition of complement opsonins (C3b/iC3b), and surface binding to C-reactive protein (CRP) and to IgG antibodies were quantified by flow cytometry in 34 strains treated with human serum (HS), and compared to rates of opsonophagocytosis by human PMN mediated by complement (CR1/3) and/or IgG Fc (FcγRII/III) receptors. RESULTS S. sanguinis strains showed reduced susceptibility to complement opsonization and low binding to CRP and to IgG compared to other species. Surface levels of C3b/iC3b in S. sanguinis strains were 4.5- and 7.8-fold lower than that observed in S. gordonii and Mitis strains, respectively. Diversity in C3b/iC3b deposition was evident among Mitis species, in which C3b/iC3b deposition was significantly associated with CR/FcγR-dependent opsonophagocytosis by PMN (P<0.05). Importantly, S. gordonii and Mitis group strains isolated from systemic infections showed resistance to complement opsonization when compared to oral isolates of the respective species (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study establishes species-specific profiles of susceptibility to complement immunity in Mitis and Sanguinis streptococci, and indicates that strains associated with systemic infections have increased capacity to evade complement immunity. These findings highlight the need for studies identifying molecular functions involved in complement evasion in oral streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia A Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís R de Carli
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika N Harth-Chu
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Mariano
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José F Höfling
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael N Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata O Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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227
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Jones LO, Stafford JL. Imaging flow cytometry and confocal microscopy-based examination of F-actin and phosphoinositide dynamics during leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic events. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:199-211. [PMID: 30503359 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system rapidly detect and eliminate invading microbes using surface-expressed immunoregulatory receptors that translate extracellular binding events into potent effector responses. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are a family of immunoregulatory proteins that have been shown to regulate several innate immune cell effector responses including the phagocytic process. The mechanisms by which these receptors regulate phagocytosis are not entirely understood but we have previously shown that different IpLITR-types use ITAM-dependent as well as ITAM-independent pathways for controlling target engulfment. The main objective of this study was to develop and use imaging flow cytometry and confocal microscopy-based assays to further examine both F-actin and phosphoinositide dynamics that occur during the different IpLITR-mediated phagocytic pathways. Results show that the ITAM-dependent IpLITR-induced phagocytic response promotes canonical changes in F-actin polymerization and PI(4,5)P2 redistributions. However, the ITAM-independent IpLITR phagocytic response induced unique patterns of F-actin and PI(4,5)P2 redistributions, which are likely due to its ability to regulate alternative signaling pathways. Additionally, both IpLITR-induced phagocytic pathways induced target internalization into PI(3)P-enriched phagosomes indicative of a maturing phagosome compartment. Overall, this imaging-based platform can be further applied to monitor the recruitment and distribution of signaling molecules during IpLITR-mediated phagocytic processes and may serve as a useful strategy for functional examinations of other immunoregulatory receptor-types in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena O Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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228
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Veillette A, Tang Z. Signaling Regulatory Protein (SIRP)α-CD47 Blockade Joins the Ranks of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1012-1014. [PMID: 30811295 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Veillette
- 1 Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,2 University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,3 McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhenghai Tang
- 1 Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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229
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In-Depth Characterization of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages using a Mass Cytometry-Based Phagocytosis Assay. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1925. [PMID: 30760760 PMCID: PMC6374473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a process in which target cells or particles are engulfed and taken up by other cells, typically professional phagocytes; this process is crucial in many physiological processes and disease states. The detection of targets for phagocytosis is directed by a complex repertoire of cell surface receptors. Pattern recognition receptors directly detect targets for binding and uptake, while opsonic and complement receptors detect objects coated by soluble factors. However, the importance of single and combinatorial surface marker expression across different phenotypes of professional phagocytes is not known. Here we developed a novel mass cytometry-based phagocytosis assay that enables the simultaneous detection of phagocytic events in combination with up to 40 other protein markers. We applied this assay to distinct monocyte derived macrophage (MDM) populations and found that prototypic M2-like MDMs phagocytose more E. coli than M1-like MDMs. Surface markers such as CD14, CD206, and CD163 rendered macrophages phagocytosis competent, but only CD209 directly correlated with the amount of particle uptake. Similarly, M2-like MDMs also phagocytosed more cancer cells than M1-like MDMs but, unlike M1-like MDMs, were insensitive to anti-CD47 opsonization. Our approach facilitates the simultaneous study of single-cell phenotypes, phagocytic activity, signaling and transcriptional events in complex cell mixtures.
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230
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Observing Frustrated Phagocytosis and Phagosome Formation and Closure Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1784:165-175. [PMID: 29761398 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7837-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Complementary methods to observe frustrated phagocytosis and phagosome closure using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) are described here. Frustrated phagocytosis occurs when phagocytic cells are exposed to an opsonized surface and spread as if trying to engulf it, allowing for the observation of phagocytic spreading and the biochemical events that directly precede it. Phagosome formation and closure is an inherently three-dimensional process though, and cannot be studied in the "frustrated" situation. Here we describe a method to visualize with unprecedented high-resolution phagosome formation and closure in three dimensions. It allows for observation of the base of the phagocytic cup, the extending pseudopods, as well as the precise site of phagosome scission.
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231
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Novel Assay To Characterize Neutrophil Responses to Oral Biofilms. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00790-18. [PMID: 30455195 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00790-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most numerous leukocytes, play an important role in maintaining oral health through interactions with oral microbial biofilms. Both neutrophil hyperactivity and the bacterial subversion of neutrophil responses can cause inflammation-mediated tissue damage like that seen in periodontal disease. We describe here an assay that assesses neutrophil activation responses to monospecies biofilm bacteria in vitro based on the surface expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers associated with various neutrophil functions. Most of what we know about neutrophil responses to bacteria is based on in vitro assays that use planktonic bacteria and isolated/preactivated neutrophils, which makes interpretation of the neutrophil responses to bacteria a challenge. An understanding of how neutrophils differentially interact with and respond to commensal and pathogenic oral bacteria is necessary in order to further understand the neutrophil's role in maintaining oral health and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this study, a flow cytometry-based in vitro assay was developed to characterize neutrophil activation states based on CD marker expressions in response to oral monospecies bacterial biofilms. Using this approach, changes in CD marker expressions in response to specific prominent oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria were assayed. Several functional assays, including assays for phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, activation of the transcription factor Nrf2, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and myeloperoxidase release, were also performed to correlate neutrophil function with CD marker expression. Our results demonstrate that neutrophils display bacterial species-specific responses. This assay can be used to characterize how specific biofilms alter specific neutrophil pathways associated with their activation.
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232
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Velmurugan R, Ramakrishnan S, Kim M, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized tumor cells leads to the formation of a discrete vacuolar compartment in macrophages. Traffic 2019; 19:273-284. [PMID: 29437282 PMCID: PMC5869154 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapidly expanding use of antibody‐based therapeutics to treat cancer, knowledge of the cellular processes following phagocytosis of antibody‐opsonized tumor cells is limited. Here we report the formation of a phagosome‐associated vacuole that is observed in macrophages as these degradative compartments mature following phagocytosis of HER2‐positive cancer cells in the presence of the HER2‐specific antibody, trastuzumab. We demonstrate that this vacuole is a distinct organelle that is closely apposed to the phagosome. Furthermore, the size of the phagosome‐associated vacuole is increased by inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Collectively, the identification of this vacuolar compartment has implications for understanding the subcellular trafficking processes leading to the destruction of phagocytosed, antibody‐opsonized cancer cells by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramraj Velmurugan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sreevidhya Ramakrishnan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mingin Kim
- Medical Science Graduate Program, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas
| | - Raimund J Ober
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - E Sally Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
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233
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Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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234
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Covantes-Rosales CE, Trujillo-Lepe AM, Díaz-Reséndiz KJG, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramón GH, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Girón-Pérez MI. Phagocytosis and ROS production as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes by exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:189-195. [PMID: 30291982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are broad-spectrum insecticides. One of the commonly used OPs is diazinon (DZN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effect of DZN on phagocytic parameters of blood leukocytes using the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus as a study model. For this purpose, fish were exposed in vivo to 0.97, 1.95 and 3.97 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Our results indicated that phagocytic active cells decreased in fish exposed in vivo to 0.97 and 1.95 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Regarding ROS production, H2O2 and O2- levels were higher on fish exposed to 1.95 mg/L for 6 and 24 h, while H2O2 production increased at 0.97 mg/L for 24 h. From this we can conclude that phagocytic parameters are sensitive to assess the effect of acute intoxication with organophosphorus pesticides on Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Covantes-Rosales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A M Trujillo-Lepe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - K J G Díaz-Reséndiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - P C Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Zang L, Wang J, Ren Y, Liu W, Yu Y, Zhao S, Otkur W, Zhao Y, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Activated toll-like receptor 4 is involved in oridonin-induced phagocytosis via promotion of migration and autophagy-lysosome pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 66:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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236
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Fornaguera C, Castells-Sala C, Borrós S. Unraveling Polymeric Nanoparticles Cell Uptake Pathways: Two Decades Working to Understand Nanoparticles Journey to Improve Gene Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1288:117-138. [PMID: 31916235 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles have aroused an increasing interest in the last decades as novel advanced delivery systems to improve the treatment of many diseases. Hard work has been performed worldwide designing and developing polymeric nanoparticles using different building blocks, which target specific cell types, trying to avoid bioaccumulation and degradation pathways. The main handicap of the design is to understand the final fate and the journey that the nanoparticle will follow, which is intimately ligated with the chemical and physical properties of the nanoparticles themselves and specific factors of the targeted cells. Although the huge number of published scientific articles regarding polymeric nanoparticles for biomedical applications, their use in clinics is still limited. This fact could be explained by the limited data reporting the interaction of the huge diversity of polymeric nanoparticles with cells. This knowledge is essential to understand nanoparticle uptake and trafficking inside cells to the subcellular target structure.In this chapter, we aim to contribute to this field of knowledge by: (1) summarizing the polymeric nanoparticles properties and cellular factors that influence nanoparticle endocytosis and (2) reviewing the endocytic pathways classified as a function of nanoparticle size and as a function of the receptor playing a role. The revision of previously reported endocytic pathways for particular polymeric nanoparticles could facilitate scientist involved in this field to easily delineate efficient delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fornaguera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Castells-Sala
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
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237
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Gowda DC, Wu X. Parasite Recognition and Signaling Mechanisms in Innate Immune Responses to Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3006. [PMID: 30619355 PMCID: PMC6305727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by the Plasmodium family of parasites, especially P.falciparum and P. vivax, is a major health problem in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease presents a wide array of systemic clinical conditions and several life-threatening organ pathologies, including the dreaded cerebral malaria. Like many other infectious diseases, malaria is an inflammatory response-driven disease, and positive outcomes to infection depend on finely tuned regulation of immune responses that efficiently clear parasites and allow protective immunity to develop. Immune responses initiated by the innate immune system in response to parasites play key roles both in protective immunity development and pathogenesis. Initial pro-inflammatory responses are essential for clearing infection by promoting appropriate cell-mediated and humoral immunity. However, elevated and prolonged pro-inflammatory responses owing to inappropriate cellular programming contribute to disease conditions. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate immune responses and how these responses contribute to protective immunity development or pathogenesis is important for developing effective therapeutics and/or a vaccine. Historically, in efforts to develop a vaccine, immunity to malaria was extensively studied in the context of identifying protective humoral responses, targeting proteins involved in parasite invasion or clearance. The innate immune response was thought to be non-specific. However, during the past two decades, there has been a significant progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and the associated signaling in immune responses to malaria. Malaria infection occurs at two stages, initially in the liver through the bite of a mosquito, carrying sporozoites, and subsequently, in the blood through the invasion of red blood cells by merozoites released from the infected hepatocytes. Soon after infection, both the liver and blood stage parasites are sensed by various receptors of the host innate immune system resulting in the activation of signaling pathways and production of cytokines and chemokines. These immune responses play crucial roles in clearing parasites and regulating adaptive immunity. Here, we summarize the knowledge on molecular mechanisms that underlie the innate immune responses to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Xianzhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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238
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Wen X, Xu X, Sun W, Chen K, Pan M, Wang JM, Bolland SM, Jin T. G-protein-coupled formyl peptide receptors play a dual role in neutrophil chemotaxis and bacterial phagocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:346-356. [PMID: 30540534 PMCID: PMC6589574 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A dogma of innate immunity is that neutrophils use G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) for chemoattractant to chase bacteria through chemotaxis and then use phagocytic receptors coupled with tyrosine kinases to destroy opsonized bacteria via phagocytosis. Our current work showed that G-protein–coupled formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) directly mediate neutrophil phagocytosis. Mouse neutrophils lacking formyl peptide receptors (Fpr1/2–/–) are defective in the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and the chemoattractant N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-coated beads. fMLP immobilized onto the surface of a bead interacts with FPRs, which trigger a Ca2+ response and induce actin polymerization to form a phagocytic cup for engulfment of the bead. This chemoattractant GPCR/Gi signaling works independently of phagocytic receptor/tyrosine kinase signaling to promote phagocytosis. Thus, in addition to phagocytic receptor-mediated phagocytosis, neutrophils also utilize the chemoattractant GPCR/Gi signaling to mediate phagocytosis to fight against invading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wen
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Xuehua Xu
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Wenxiang Sun
- Autoimmunity and Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Miao Pan
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Silvia M Bolland
- Autoimmunity and Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Tian Jin
- Chemotaxis Signal Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852
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239
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SREBP-1a-stimulated lipid synthesis is required for macrophage phagocytosis downstream of TLR4-directed mTORC1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12228-E12234. [PMID: 30530672 PMCID: PMC6310840 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813458115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for a fundamental connection between lipid metabolism and the immune response. Macrophage phagocytosis is a signature innate immune response to pathogen exposure, and cytoplasmic membrane expansion is required to engulf the phagocytic target. The sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are key transcriptional regulatory proteins that sense the intracellular lipid environment and modulate expression of key genes of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism to maintain lipid homeostasis. In this study, we show that TLR4-dependent stimulation of macrophage phagocytosis requires mTORC1-directed SREBP-1a-dependent lipid synthesis. We also show that the phagocytic defect in macrophages from SREBP-1a-deficient mice results from decreased interaction between membrane lipid rafts and the actin cytoskeleton, presumably due to reduced accumulation of newly synthesized fatty acyl chains within major membrane phospholipids. We show that mTORC1-deficient macrophages also have a phagocytic block downstream from TLR4 signaling, and, interestingly, the reduced level of phagocytosis in both SREBP-1a- and mTORC1-deficient macrophages can be restored by ectopic SREBP-1a expression. Taken together, these observations indicate SREBP-1a is a major downstream effector of TLR4-mTORC1 directed interactions between membrane lipid rafts and the actin cytoskeleton that are required for pathogen-stimulated phagocytosis in macrophages.
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240
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Dean P, Heunis T, Härtlova A, Trost M. Regulation of phagosome functions by post-translational modifications: a new paradigm. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 48:73-80. [PMID: 30481638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phagosomes are highly dynamic organelles formed by the uptake of particles through phagocytic innate immune cells such as macrophages. Their key roles in microbe elimination and antigen presentation make them essential for innate and adaptive immunity. However, phagosomes are also important for tissue homeostasis as even in healthy individuals billions of dead cells are phagocytosed each day. In this short review, we highlight how the use of latex beads as inert baits for phagocytosis and subsequent analysis by proteomics has changed our understanding of the phagosome. We further discuss recent data on post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitylation that regulate phagosome functions and demonstrate that the phagosome is not only a 'degradative organelle' but also serves as a subcellular signalling platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dean
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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241
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Haney MS, Bohlen CJ, Morgens DW, Ousey JA, Barkal AA, Tsui CK, Ego BK, Levin R, Kamber RA, Collins H, Tucker A, Li A, Vorselen D, Labitigan L, Crane E, Boyle E, Jiang L, Chan J, Rincón E, Greenleaf WJ, Li B, Snyder MP, Weissman IL, Theriot JA, Collins SR, Barres BA, Bassik MC. Identification of phagocytosis regulators using magnetic genome-wide CRISPR screens. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1716-1727. [PMID: 30397336 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is required for a broad range of physiological functions, from pathogen defense to tissue homeostasis, but the mechanisms required for phagocytosis of diverse substrates remain incompletely understood. Here, we developed a rapid magnet-based phenotypic screening strategy, and performed eight genome-wide CRISPR screens in human cells to identify genes regulating phagocytosis of distinct substrates. After validating select hits in focused miniscreens, orthogonal assays and primary human macrophages, we show that (1) the previously uncharacterized gene NHLRC2 is a central player in phagocytosis, regulating RhoA-Rac1 signaling cascades that control actin polymerization and filopodia formation, (2) very-long-chain fatty acids are essential for efficient phagocytosis of certain substrates and (3) the previously uncharacterized Alzheimer's disease-associated gene TM2D3 can preferentially influence uptake of amyloid-β aggregates. These findings illuminate new regulators and core principles of phagocytosis, and more generally establish an efficient method for unbiased identification of cellular uptake mechanisms across diverse physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Haney
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Bohlen
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James A Ousey
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amira A Barkal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - C Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Braeden K Ego
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roni Levin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roarke A Kamber
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Collins
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Labitigan
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emily Crane
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Evan Boyle
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Chan
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esther Rincón
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Billy Li
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics and Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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242
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Yu L, Zheng Y, Feng Y, Ma F. Role of L-selectin on leukocytes in the binding of sialic acids on sperm surface during the phagocytosis of sperm in female reproductive tract. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:4-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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243
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Mu L, Tu Z, Miao L, Ruan H, Kang N, Hei Y, Chen J, Wei W, Gong F, Wang B, Du Y, Ma G, Amerein MW, Xia T, Shi Y. A phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate redistribution-based sensing mechanism initiates a phagocytosis programing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4259. [PMID: 30323235 PMCID: PMC6189171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is one of the earliest cellular functions, developing approximately 2 billion years ago. Although FcR-based phagocytic signaling is well-studied, how it originated from ancient phagocytosis is unknown. Lipid redistribution upregulates a phagocytic program recapitulating FcR-based phagocytosis with complete dependence on Src family kinases, Syk, and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K). Here we show that in phagocytes, an atypical ITAM sequence in the ancient membrane anchor protein Moesin transduces signal without receptor activation. Plasma membrane deformation created by solid structure binding generates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) accumulation at the contact site, which binds the Moesin FERM domain and relocalizes Syk to the membrane via the ITAM motif. Phylogenic analysis traces this signaling using PI3K and Syk to 0.8 billion years ago, earlier than immune receptor signaling. The proposed general model of solid structure phagocytosis implies a preexisting lipid redistribution-based activation platform collecting intracellular signaling components for the emergence of immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Mu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhongyuan Tu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, AB, Canada
| | - Lin Miao
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hefei Ruan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ning Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongzhen Hei
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fangling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Matthias W Amerein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, AB, Canada
- Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, AB, Canada
| | - Tie Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
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244
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Li C, Tian M, Zhang L, Fu Q, Song L, Yang N. Expression profiling and functional characterization of CD36 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:485-492. [PMID: 30064021 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CD36 is a scavenger receptor, a type of membrane-bound receptors that characterized by recognizing a variety of ligands including endogenous proteins and pathogens. Here, we characterized CD36 gene in turbot, and its expression patterns in mucosal barriers following different bacterial infection, as well as microbial ligand binding ability and bacteriostatic activities. In current study, one SmCD36 gene was captured with a 1407 bp open reading frame (ORF). In multiple species comparison, SmCD36 showed the highest similarity and identity to Cynoglossus semilaevis. In the phylogenetic analysis, SmCD36 showed the closest relationship to C. semilaevis, followed by Takifugu rubripes. The genomic structure analysis showed that CD36 had 12 exons with almost the same length in vertebrate species, indicating the conservation of CD36 during evolution. The syntenic analysis revealed that CD36 located between GNAI1 and SEMA3C genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing CD36 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmCD36 was expressed in all the examined turbot tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine. In addition, SmCD36 was significantly up-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmCD36 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands and significant inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureusrequires. Taken together, our results suggested SmCD36 involved in fish innate immune responses to bacterial infection. However, the knowledge of CD36 are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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245
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Kim SH, Cho SN, Lim YJ, Choi JA, Lee J, Go D, Song CH. Phagocytosis influences the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis via the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:52. [PMID: 30288253 PMCID: PMC6162933 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium smegmatis, a rapidly growing non-tuberculosis mycobacterium, is a good model for studying the pathogenesis of tuberculosis because of its genetic similarity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Macrophages remove mycobacteria during an infection. Macrophage apoptosis is a host defense mechanism against intracellular bacteria. We have reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an important host defense mechanism against Mtb infection. Results In this study, we found that M. smegmatis induced strong ER stress. M. smegmatis-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the induction of ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Pretreatment with an ROS scavenger suppressed M. smegmatis-induced ER stress. Elimination of ROS decreased the ER stress response and significantly increased the intracellular survival of M. smegmatis. Interestingly, inhibition of phagocytosis significantly decreased ROS synthesis, ER stress response induction, and cytokine production. Conclusions Phagocytosis of M. smegmatis induces ROS production, leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines. Phagocytosis-induced ROS is associated with the M. smegmatis-mediated ER stress response in macrophages. Therefore, phagocytosis plays a critical role in the induction of ER stress-mediated apoptosis during mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hwa Kim
- 1Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea
| | - Soo-Na Cho
- 1Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Lim
- 1Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea.,2Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Choi
- 1Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea.,2Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea
| | - Junghwan Lee
- 1Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea
| | - Dam Go
- 1Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea
| | - Chang-Hwa Song
- 1Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea.,2Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 South Korea.,3Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
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246
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Mylvaganam SM, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. Picket-fences in the plasma membrane: functions in immune cells and phagocytosis. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:605-615. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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247
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Babuta M, Kumar S, Gourinath S, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. Calcium-binding protein EhCaBP3 is recruited to the phagocytic complex of Entamoeba histolytica by interacting with Arp2/3 complex subunit 2. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12942. [PMID: 30133964 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is involved in invasive disease of the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Upon binding of red blood cells, there is a sequential recruitment of EhC2PK, EhCaBP1, EhAK1, and Arp2/3 complex during the initiation phase. In addition, EhCaBP3 is also recruited to the site and, along with myosin 1B, is thought to be involved in progression of phagocytic cups from initiation to phagosome formation. However, it is not clear how EhCaBP3 gets recruited to the rest of the phagocytic machinery. Here, we show that EhARPC2, a subunit of Arp2/3 complex, interacts with EhCaBP3 in a Ca2+ -dependent manner both in vivo and in vitro. Imaging and pull down experiments suggest that interaction with EhARPC2 is required for the closure of cups and formation of phagosomes. Moreover, downregulation of EhARPC2 prevents localisation of EhCaBP3 to phagocytic cups, suggesting that EhCaBP3 is part of EhC2PK-EhCaBP1-EhAK1-Arp2/3 complex (EhARPC1) pathway. In conclusion, these results suggest that the EhCaBP3-EhARPC2 interaction helps to recruit EhCaBP3 along with myosin 1B to the phagocytic machinery that plays an indispensable role in E. histolytica phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrigya Babuta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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248
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Sicca F, Neppelenbroek S, Huckriede A. Effector mechanisms of influenza-specific antibodies: neutralization and beyond. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:785-795. [PMID: 30145912 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibodies directed against influenza virus execute their protective function by exploiting a variety of effector mechanisms. Neutralizing antibodies have been thoroughly studied because of their pivotal role in preventing influenza virus infection and their presence in host serum is correlated with protection. Influenza antibodies can also exploit non-neutralizing effector mechanisms, which until recently have been largely overlooked. AREAS COVERED Here, we discuss the antibody response to influenza virus in its entire breadth. Neutralizing antibodies mostly target variable epitopes on influenza surface proteins and interfere with virus binding, fusion, or egress. Non-neutralizing antibodies instead usually target conserved epitopes which can be located on surface as well as internal proteins. They drive viral clearance via interaction of their Fc region with components of the innate immune system such as immune effector cells (e.g. NK cells, macrophages) or the complement system. EXPERT COMMENTARY Recent research has unraveled that influenza-specific antibodies target multiple proteins and make use of diverse effector mechanisms. Often these antibodies are cross-reactive among virus strains of the same subtype or even between subtypes. As such they are induced early in life and are boosted by regular encounters with virus or vaccine. Designing strategies to optimally exploit these pre-existing antibodies may represent the key for the development of new broadly protective influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sicca
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sam Neppelenbroek
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huckriede
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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249
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Yang H, Li Q, Wang C, Wang J, Lv J, Wang L, Zhang ZS, Yao Z, Wang Q. Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 Downregulates CD36 Transcription in Macrophages to Induce Inflammation During Acute Urinary Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1987. [PMID: 30233583 PMCID: PMC6128224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induce cystitis, pyelonephritis, and can cause kidney scarring and failure if inflammation is not under control. The detailed effects of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), the key UPEC toxin, on the pathogenicity of UPEC remain unclear. CD36 is an important scavenger receptor, responsible for pathogen and apoptotic cell clearance, and plays an essential role in host immune defense and homeostasis. Regulation of CD36 by bacterial toxins has not been reported. In this study, using a pyelonephritis mouse model, CNF1 was observed to contribute to increasing neutrophils and bacterial titers in infected bladder and kidney tissues, resulting in severe inflammation and tissue damage. CD36 expression in macrophages was found to be decreased by CNF1 in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that CNF1 attenuated CD36 transcription by decreasing expressions of its upstream transcription factors LXRβ and C/EBPα and their recruitment to the CD36 promotor. In addition, Cdc42 was found to be involved in CNF1-mediated downregulation of LXRβ. Our study investigated the pathogenesis of cnf1-carrying UPEC, which affected host innate immune defenses and homeostasis through regulation of CD36 in macrophages during acute UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junqiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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250
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Williamson AP, Vale RD. Spatial control of Draper receptor signaling initiates apoptotic cell engulfment. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3977-3992. [PMID: 30139739 PMCID: PMC6219719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells is essential for tissue maintenance and initiated by recognition of “eat-me” ligands on the dead cells. Using a simplified cellular reconstitution system, Williamson and Vale report that the Drosophila melanogaster engulfment receptor Draper (CED-1/Megf10) is triggered in a manner similar to mammalian immune receptors. The engulfment of apoptotic cells is essential for tissue homeostasis and recovering from damage. Engulfment is mediated by receptors that recognize ligands exposed on apoptotic cells such as phosphatidylserine (PS). In this study, we convert Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells into proficient phagocytes by transfecting the Draper engulfment receptor and replacing apoptotic cells with PS-coated beads. Similar to the T cell receptor (TCR), PS-ligated Draper forms dynamic microclusters that recruit cytosolic effector proteins and exclude a bulky transmembrane phosphatase, consistent with a kinetic segregation-based triggering mechanism. However, in contrast with the TCR, localized signaling at Draper microclusters results in time-dependent depletion of actin filaments, which facilitates engulfment. The Draper–PS extracellular module can be replaced with FRB and FKBP, respectively, resulting in a rapamycin-inducible engulfment system that can be programmed toward defined targets. Collectively, our results reveal mechanistic similarities and differences between the receptors involved in apoptotic corpse clearance and mammalian immunity and demonstrate that engulfment can be reprogrammed toward nonnative targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Williamson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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