201
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Examining the roles of child temperament and teacher-child relationships as predictors of Turkish children’s social competence and antisocial behavior. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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202
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Zantinge G, van Rijn S, Stockmann L, Swaab H. Physiological Arousal and Emotion Regulation Strategies in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:2648-2657. [PMID: 28593596 PMCID: PMC5570774 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess physiological arousal and behavioral regulation of emotion in the context of frustration in 29 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and 45 typically developing children (41–81 months). Heart rate was continuously measured and emotion strategies were coded, during a locked-box task. Results revealed increases in arousal followed by a decline during recovery, significant for both groups indicating that heart rate patterns between groups were identical. The ASD group deployed less constructive and more venting and avoidance strategies, which was related to language impairments. We conclude that rather than abnormal levels of emotional arousal, a key impairment in young children with ASD may be difficulties in behaviorally regulating and expressing experienced emotions to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Zantinge
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie van Rijn
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Lex Stockmann
- Centre for Autism, Rivierduinen, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Autism, Rivierduinen, Leiden, The Netherlands
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203
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Mazefsky CA, Yu L, White SW, Siegel M, Pilkonis PA. The emotion dysregulation inventory: Psychometric properties and item response theory calibration in an autism spectrum disorder sample. Autism Res 2018; 11:928-941. [PMID: 29624893 PMCID: PMC6026073 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often present with prominent emotion dysregulation that requires treatment but can be difficult to measure. The Emotion Dysregulation Inventory (EDI) was created using methods developed by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS® ) to capture observable indicators of poor emotion regulation. Caregivers of 1,755 youth with ASD completed 66 candidate EDI items, and the final 30 items were selected based on classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) analyses. The analyses identified two factors: (a) Reactivity, characterized by intense, rapidly escalating, sustained, and poorly regulated negative emotional reactions, and (b) Dysphoria, characterized by anhedonia, sadness, and nervousness. The final items did not show differential item functioning (DIF) based on gender, age, intellectual ability, or verbal ability. Because the final items were calibrated using IRT, even a small number of items offers high precision, minimizing respondent burden. IRT co-calibration of the EDI with related measures demonstrated its superiority in assessing the severity of emotion dysregulation with as few as seven items. Validity of the EDI was supported by expert review, its association with related constructs (e.g., anxiety and depression symptoms, aggression), higher scores in psychiatric inpatients with ASD compared to a community ASD sample, and demonstration of test-retest stability and sensitivity to change. In sum, the EDI provides an efficient and sensitive method to measure emotion dysregulation for clinical assessment, monitoring, and research in youth with ASD of any level of cognitive or verbal ability. Autism Res 2018, 11: 928-941. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY This paper describes a new measure of poor emotional control called the Emotion Dysregulation Inventory (EDI). Caregivers of 1,755 youth with ASD completed candidate items, and advanced statistical techniques were applied to identify the best final items. The EDI is unique because it captures common emotional problems in ASD and is appropriate for both nonverbal and verbal youth. It is an efficient and sensitive measure for use in clinical assessments, monitoring, and research with youth with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Mazefsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan W White
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Matthew Siegel
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Behavioral Healthcare, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Paul A Pilkonis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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204
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Kircanski K, White LK, Tseng WL, Wiggins JL, Frank HR, Sequeira S, Zhang S, Abend R, Towbin KE, Stringaris A, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Brotman MA. A Latent Variable Approach to Differentiating Neural Mechanisms of Irritability and Anxiety in Youth. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:631-639. [PMID: 29625429 PMCID: PMC6137523 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Comorbidity is ubiquitous in psychiatry, but it is unclear how to differentiate neural mechanisms of co-occurring symptoms. Pediatric irritability and anxiety symptoms are prevalent and frequently co-occur. Threat orienting is pertinent to both phenotypes and is an ideal context in which to examine their unique and common neural mechanisms. OBJECTIVES To decompose the unique and shared variances of pediatric irritability and anxiety symptoms and to determine neural correlates of these differentiated phenotypes during threat orienting. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This investigation was a cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The setting was a research clinic at the National Institute of Mental Health. Participants were youth aged 8 to 18 years spanning multiple diagnostic categories (141 youth with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, anxiety disorder, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 56 healthy youth). This combination provided wide variation in levels of irritability and anxiety symptoms. Data were acquired between June 30, 2012, and June 28, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Participants and parents rated youth's irritability on the Affective Reactivity Index and anxiety on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. Bifactor analysis decomposed the unique and shared variances. A functional magnetic resonance imaging dot-probe task assessed attention orienting to angry (ie, threat) vs neutral faces. Whole-brain analyses examined associations between the bifactor-derived phenotypes and both neural activity and amygdala functional connectivity. RESULTS Among 197 participants included in the final analysis, the mean (SD) age was 13.1 (2.7) years, and 91 (46.2%) were female. The best-fit bifactor model (Comparative Fit Index, 0.959; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, 0.066) included unique factors of parent-reported irritability, youth-reported irritability, and anxiety, as well as a common factor of negative affectivity. When the task required attention away from threat, higher parent-reported irritability was associated with increased activity in the insula, caudate, dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and inferior parietal lobule (t189≥4.15 for all, P < .001 for all). In contrast, higher anxiety was associated with decreased amygdala connectivity to the cingulate, thalamus, and precentral gyrus (t189≤-4.19 for all, P < .001 for all). These distinctive neural correlates did not emerge using a diagnostic approach. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A latent variable approach to parsing co-occurring symptom dimensions revealed a novel double dissociation. During orientation away from threat, only irritability was associated with neural activity, whereas only anxiety was associated with amygdala connectivity. Despite the challenges of symptom co-occurrence for clinical neuroscience, data-driven phenotyping may facilitate a path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kircanski
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lauren K. White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wan-Ling Tseng
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jillian Lee Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California,University of California, San Diego, San Diego
| | - Heather R. Frank
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefanie Sequeira
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan Zhang
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rany Abend
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth E. Towbin
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa A. Brotman
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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205
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Holzman JB, Burt NM, Edwards ES, Rosinski LD, Bridgett DJ. Negative (but not Positive) Parenting Interacts with Infant Negative Affect to Predict Infant Approach: Evidence of Diathesis-Stress. INFANCY 2018; 23:471-480. [PMID: 29731696 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temperament by parenting interactions may reflect that individuals with greater risk are more likely to experience negative outcomes in adverse contexts (diathesis-stress) or that these individuals are more susceptible to contextual influences in a 'for better or for worse' pattern (differential susceptibility). Although such interactions have been identified for a variety of child outcomes, prior research has not examined approach characteristics - excitement and approach toward pleasurable activities - in the first year of life. Therefore, the current study investigated whether 6-month maternal reported infant negative affect - a phenotypic marker of risk/susceptibility - interacted with 8-month observed parenting behaviors (positive parenting, negative parenting) to predict 12-month infant behavioral approach. Based a sample of mothers and their infants (N=150), results indicated that negative parenting was inversely associated with subsequent approach for infants with high, but not low, levels of early negative affect. Similar results did not occur regarding positive parenting. These findings better fit a diathesis-stress model rather than a differential susceptibility model. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
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206
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Forbes MK, Rapee RM, Camberis AL, McMahon CA. Unique Associations between Childhood Temperament Characteristics and Subsequent Psychopathology Symptom Trajectories from Childhood to Early Adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 45:1221-1233. [PMID: 27942995 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing research suggests that temperamental traits that emerge early in childhood may have utility for early detection and intervention for common mental disorders. The present study examined the unique relationships between the temperament characteristics of reactivity, approach-sociability, and persistence in early childhood and subsequent symptom trajectories of psychopathology (depression, anxiety, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADHD) from childhood to early adolescence. Data were from the first five waves of the older cohort from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4983; 51.2% male), which spanned ages 4-5 to 12-13. Multivariate ordinal and logistic regressions examined whether parent-reported child temperament characteristics at age 4-5 predicted the study child's subsequent symptom trajectories for each domain of psychopathology (derived using latent class growth analyses), after controlling for other presenting symptoms. Temperament characteristics differentially predicted the symptom trajectories for depression, anxiety, conduct disorder, and ADHD: Higher levels of reactivity uniquely predicted higher symptom trajectories for all 4 domains; higher levels of approach-sociability predicted higher trajectories of conduct disorder and ADHD, but lower trajectories of anxiety; and higher levels of persistence were related to lower trajectories of conduct disorder and ADHD. These findings suggest that temperament is an early identifiable risk factor for the development of psychopathology, and that identification and timely interventions for children with highly reactive temperaments in particular could prevent later mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2109. .,Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Dr, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55404.
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2109
| | - Anna-Lisa Camberis
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2109
| | - Catherine A McMahon
- Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2109
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207
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Kamio Y, Takei R, Stickley A, Saito A, Nakagawa A. Impact of temperament and autistic traits on psychopathology in Japanese children: A nationwide cross-sectional study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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208
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Waller R, Hyde LW. Callous-unemotional behaviors in early childhood: the development of empathy and prosociality gone awry. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 20:11-16. [PMID: 28822897 PMCID: PMC5965673 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors are critical to understanding the development of severe forms of aggression and antisocial behavior. CU behaviors include deficits in empathy and prosocial behavior, as well as reduced interpersonal responsivity to others. We review recent research examining CU behaviors in early childhood and the role that parents play in the development of early CU behaviors. We integrate research on the development of empathy and prosociality with that of CU behaviors to propose a developmental model of early CU behaviors that considers person-by-context interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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209
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Eisenbarth H, Krammer S, Edwards BG, Kiehl KA, Neumann C. Structural analysis of the PCL-R and relationship to BIG FIVE personality traits and parenting characteristics in an Hispanic female offender sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018; 129:59-65. [PMID: 30333675 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Valid measurement of psychopathic traits in females using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) continues to be an under researched topic. Previous latent variable and other psychometric studies have raised questions concerning the structure and predictive effects of psychopathic traits in females. New cross-cultural research finds good support for a four-factor model of psychopathy in females and the predictive effects of the psychopathy factors (Declercq, Carter, & Neumann, 2015; Neumann, Hare, & Pardini, 2015). Nevertheless, additional research is needed on females, especially individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. We investigated the factor structure and construct validity of the PCL-R in a female Hispanic sample (n = 155). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four-factor model provided an adequate fit. Furthermore, structural equation modelling revealed significant negative and positive predictive effects, respectively, between general personality (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness), and indifferent/abusive parenting with the broad syndrome of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bethany G Edwards
- University of New Mexico and The Mind Research Network, An affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical, Inc
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- University of New Mexico and The Mind Research Network, An affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical, Inc
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210
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DeLisi M, Fox BH, Fully M, Vaughn MG. The effects of temperament, psychopathy, and childhood trauma among delinquent youth: A test of DeLisi and Vaughn's temperament-based theory of crime. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2018; 57:53-60. [PMID: 29548504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest among criminologists on the construct of temperament has been fueled by DeLisi and Vaughn's (2014) temperament-based theory of antisocial behavior. Their theory suggests that core self-regulation capacity and negative emotionality are the most salient temperament features for understanding the emergence and maintenance of antisocial and violent behavior, even among offending populations. The present study tests the relative effects of these temperamental features along with psychopathic traits and trauma in their association with violent and non-violent delinquency in a sample of 252 juvenile offenders. Results from a series of negative binomial regression models indicate that temperament was uniformly more strongly associated with violent and non-violent delinquency than psychopathic traits and childhood traumatic events. Exploratory classification models suggested that temperament and psychopathy possessed similar predictive capacity, but neither surpassed prior history of violence and delinquency as a predictor of future offending. Overall, findings are supportive of DeLisi and Vaughn's temperament-based theory and suggest temperament as conceptualized and measured in the present study may play an important role as a risk factor for violent and non-violent delinquency.
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211
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The interaction between monoamine oxidase A ( MAOA) and childhood maltreatment as a predictor of personality pathology in females: Emotional reactivity as a potential mediating mechanism. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 31:361-377. [PMID: 29467046 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Research consistently demonstrates that common polymorphic variation in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) moderates the influence of childhood maltreatment on later antisocial behavior, with growing evidence that the "risk" allele (high vs. low activity) differs for females. However, little is known about how this Gene × Environment interaction functions to increase risk, or if this risk pathway is specific to antisocial behavior. Using a prospectively assessed, longitudinal sample of females (n = 2,004), we examined whether changes in emotional reactivity (ER) during adolescence mediated associations between this Gene × Environment and antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. In addition, we assessed whether this putative risk pathway also conferred risk for borderline personality disorder, a related disorder characterized by high ER. While direct associations between early maltreatment and later personality pathology did not vary by genotype, there was a significant difference in the indirect path via ER during adolescence. Consistent with hypotheses, females with high-activity MAOA genotype who experienced early maltreatment had greater increases in ER during adolescence, and higher levels of ER predicted both antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder symptom severity. Taken together, findings suggest that the interaction between MAOA and early maltreatment places women at risk for a broader range of personality pathology via effects on ER.
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212
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Simpson S, Mercer S, Simpson R, Lawrence M, Wyke S. Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Young Offenders: a Scoping Review. Mindfulness (N Y) 2018; 9:1330-1343. [PMID: 30294385 PMCID: PMC6153893 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-018-0892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Youth offending is a problem worldwide. Young people in the criminal justice system have frequently experienced adverse childhood circumstances, mental health problems, difficulties regulating emotions and poor quality of life. Mindfulness-based interventions can help people manage problems resulting from these experiences, but their usefulness for youth offending populations is not clear. This review evaluated existing evidence for mindfulness-based interventions among such populations. To be included, each study used an intervention with at least one of the three core components of mindfulness-based stress reduction (breath awareness, body awareness, mindful movement) that was delivered to young people in prison or community rehabilitation programs. No restrictions were placed on methods used. Thirteen studies were included: three randomized controlled trials, one controlled trial, three pre-post study designs, three mixed-methods approaches and three qualitative studies. Pooled numbers (n = 842) comprised 99% males aged between 14 and 23. Interventions varied so it was not possible to identify an optimal approach in terms of content, dose or intensity. Studies found some improvement in various measures of mental health, self-regulation, problematic behaviour, substance use, quality of life and criminal propensity. In those studies measuring mindfulness, changes did not reach statistical significance. Qualitative studies reported participants feeling less stressed, better able to concentrate, manage emotions and behaviour, improved social skills and that the interventions were acceptable. Generally low study quality limits the generalizability of these findings. Greater clarity on intervention components and robust mixed-methods evaluation would improve clarity of reporting and better guide future youth offending prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Simpson
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 9LX UK
| | - Stewart Mercer
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 9LX UK
| | - Robert Simpson
- General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 9LX UK
| | - Maggie Lawrence
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0BA UK
| | - Sally Wyke
- College of Social Science, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
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213
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Pace U, D'Urso G, Zappulla C. Adolescent Effortful Control as Moderator of Father's Psychological Control in Externalizing Problems: A Longitudinal Study. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 152:164-177. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2017.1419160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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214
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van Prooijen DL, Hutteman R, Mulder H, van Aken MA, Laceulle OM. Self-control, parenting, and problem behavior in early childhood: A multi-method, multi-informant study. Infant Behav Dev 2018; 50:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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215
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Kim YJ, Roh D, Lee SK, Canan F, Potenza MN. Factors Statistically Predicting At-Risk/Problematic Internet Use in a Sample of Young Adolescent Boys and Girls in South Korea. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:351. [PMID: 30131728 PMCID: PMC6090057 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to investigate in a gender-sensitive manner factors related to at-risk/problematic Internet use (ARPIU) in a sample of young Korean adolescents. Given prior findings, we hypothesized we would observe specific temperamental, social and biological measures that would statistically predict ARPIU in boys and girls, respectively. Method: Subjects included 653 middle-school students from Chuncheon, Korea who completed measures assessing Internet addiction, mood, temperament, and social interactions. Finger digit (2D:4D) ratios were also assessed. Chi-square and logistic regression models were conducted. Results: Among boys and girls, the ARPIU and non-ARPIU groups showed differences in temperament, mood, social tendencies, and gaming behaviors. In boys, IAT correlated inversely with the 2D:4D digit ratio and novelty-seeking and positively with reward-dependence scores when controlling for BDI scores; these relationships were not found in girls. Multivariate analyses showed that among boys, novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, self-transcendence, and daily time spent gaming statistically predicted ARPIU. Among girls, daily time spent gaming, number of best friends, self-directedness, and cooperation statistically predicted ARPIU. Conclusion: ARPIU was linked to specific temperamental, behavioral and biological characteristics, with specific relationships observed in boys and girls. Specific risk factors may exist for boys and girls with respect to their propensities to developing ARPIU, suggesting the need for gender-sensitive approaches to prevent ARPIU in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chuncheon National Hospital, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Daeyoung Roh
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Mind-Neuromodulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fatih Canan
- Department of Psychiatry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA Columbia), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States.,The Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States
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216
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Hinshaw SP. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Controversy, Developmental Mechanisms, and Multiple Levels of Analysis. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2017; 14:291-316. [PMID: 29220204 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Controversy abounds regarding the symptom dimensions of attention problems, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, developmentally extreme and impairing levels of which compose the diagnostic category of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). I highlight causal factors, underlying mechanisms, developmental trajectories, and female manifestations of ADHD, integrating the psychobiological underpinnings of this syndrome with contextual factors related to its clinical presentation, impairments, and soaring increases in diagnosed prevalence. Indeed, despite strong heritability, ADHD is expressed via transactional patterns of influence linked to family-, school-, peer-, neighborhood-, and policy-related factors. Moreover, intervention strategies must take into account both pharmacologic and behavioral modalities if the goal is to enhance competencies, rather than symptom reduction per se. A comprehensive understanding of ADHD mandates multiple levels of analysis-spanning genes, neurotransmission, brain pathways, individual skill levels, family socialization, peer relationships, and educational and cultural forces-which must be integrated and synthesized to surpass reductionist accounts, reduce stigma, and maximize the impact of prevention- and intervention-related efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA; .,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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217
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Van Dijk FE, Mostert J, Glennon J, Onnink M, Dammers J, Vasquez AA, Kan C, Verkes RJ, Hoogman M, Franke B, Buitelaar JK. Five factor model personality traits relate to adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder but not to their distinct neurocognitive profiles. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258:255-261. [PMID: 28844557 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in multiple neuropsychological domains and specific personality profiles have been observed in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study we investigated whether personality traits are related to neurocognitive profiles in adults with ADHD. Neuropsychological performance and Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits were measured in adults with ADHD (n = 133) and healthy controls (n = 132). Three neuropsychological profiles, derived from previous community detection analyses, were investigated for personality trait differences. Irrespective of cognitive profile, participants with ADHD showed significantly higher Neuroticism and lower Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness than healthy controls. Only the FFM personality factor Openness differed significantly between the three profiles. Higher Openness was more common in those with aberrant attention and inhibition than those with increased delay discounting and atypical working memory / verbal fluency. The results suggest that the personality trait Openness, but not any other FFM factor, is linked to neurocognitive profiles in ADHD. ADHD symptoms rather than profiles of cognitive impairment have associations with personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Van Dijk
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeannette Mostert
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Onnink
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Jan Verkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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218
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de la Torre-Luque A, Fiol-Veny A, Bornas X, Balle M, Llabres J. Impaired cardiac profile in adolescents with an increasing trajectory of anxiety when confronting an acute stressor. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:1501-1510. [PMID: 28551841 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive patterns of cardiac adjustment to stress in adolescents may reveal their vulnerability to anxiety disorders (ADs). Traditional research in this field has focused on anxiety levels, whereas the time course of anxiety has rarely been considered. Nevertheless, since overall anxiety decreases as adolescence progresses, increasing time courses are clinically relevant and can be associated with maladaptive contextual adjustment. In this study, the cardiac pattern of adjustment to stress in adolescents with increasing anxiety was analysed. A sample of 44 adolescents (M = 14.88 years, SD = 0.53, 45.45% boys) were exposed to a socially relevant stress induction protocol, and their cardiac functioning was recorded. Participants with a trajectory of increasing anxious symptomatology over a 12-month period (n = 24) showed attenuated heart rate levels in the stage of maximum stress in comparison to their non-increasing anxious counterparts (p < 0.05), as well as a heightened pattern of sample entropy throughout the stress induction (p < 0.05). These findings suggest a loss of cardiac flexibility in those adolescents at risk of ADs when confronting an acute stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro de la Torre-Luque
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, Scientific-Technical Services and University Research Institutes, University of Balearic Islands, Valldemossa Road, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Aina Fiol-Veny
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, Scientific-Technical Services and University Research Institutes, University of Balearic Islands, Valldemossa Road, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Xavier Bornas
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, Scientific-Technical Services and University Research Institutes, University of Balearic Islands, Valldemossa Road, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria Balle
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, Scientific-Technical Services and University Research Institutes, University of Balearic Islands, Valldemossa Road, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jordi Llabres
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, Scientific-Technical Services and University Research Institutes, University of Balearic Islands, Valldemossa Road, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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219
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Child temperament and teacher relationship interactively predict cortisol expression: The prism of classroom climate. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1763-1775. [PMID: 29162182 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Entry into kindergarten is a developmental milestone that children may differentially experience as stressful, with implications for variability in neurobiological functioning. Guided by the goodness-of-fit framework, this study tested the hypothesis that kindergarten children's (N = 338) daily cortisol would be affected by the "match" or "mismatch" between children's temperament and qualities of the classroom relational context. The robustness of these associations was also explored among a separate sample of children in third grade (N = 165). Results among kindergarten children showed negative affectivity and overcontrolled temperament were positively related to cortisol expression within classrooms characterized by lower levels of teacher motivational support, but there was no relation between temperament and cortisol when motivational support was higher. Among third-grade children, negative affectivity was marginally positively related to cortisol at lower levels of teacher-child closeness and unrelated at higher levels of teacher-child closeness. Findings suggest children's cortisol expression depends on the extent to which specific temperamental characteristics "fit" within the relational and contextual qualities of the classroom environment, particularly as children navigate the new roles and relationships that emerge during the transition to formal schooling. Developmentally informed neurobiological research in classrooms may contribute to tailored programmatic efforts to support children's school adjustment.
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220
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Susa Erdogan G, Benga O, Marină C. Attentional Orientation Patterns toward Emotional Faces and Temperamental Correlates of Preschool Oppositional Defiant Problems: The Moderating Role of Callous-Unemotional Traits and Anxiety Symptoms. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1928. [PMID: 29163303 PMCID: PMC5681953 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the independent contributions and the interaction effects of oppositional defiant problems (ODD), callous unemotional traits (CU) and anxiety symptoms on attentional orienting to emotional faces, in a community sample of preschoolers. Additionally, based on Rothbart's (2007) model of temperament, we analyzed whether fine-grained dimensions of reactivity (fear, anger, discomfort, sadness, activity level, approach, high intensity pleasure, impulsivity) and self-regulation (attentional shifting, attentional focusing, inhibitory control), as well as the higher order temperamental factors of negative affectivity, surgency and effortful control are associated with CU traits and ODD-related problems. Attentional orienting to emotional faces was assessed with pictorial Dot-probe task, while teachers rated CU traits and ODD-related problems. Also, parents reported on ODD-related problems, anxiety and temperament. Results indicated significant interaction effects between ODD-related problems and CU, as well as between CU and anxiety, in predicting attentional orientation patterns for angry, fearful and happy faces. Moreover, temperamental reactivity was positively associated with CU traits and ODD-related problems, whereas temperamental self-regulation was negatively related to CU traits and ODD-related problems. Results of this study have implications for early intervention and prevention approaches targeting preschool oppositional defiant problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Susa Erdogan
- Developmental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Benga
- Developmental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Crina Marină
- Developmental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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221
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Hoffman E. The Social World of Self-Actualizing People: Reflections by Maslow’s Biographer. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167817739714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maslow’s concept of self-actualization has been a bulwark of humanistic psychology for more than 50 years, and has increasingly gained international appeal beyond its original nexus within the United States. His description of the high achieving characteristics of self-actualizing men and women has influenced theorists and practitioners in such fields as counseling, education, health care, management, and organizational psychology. Through these same decades, Maslow’s formulation has also been criticized as promoting a hyperindividualistic, even narcissistic, orientation to personality growth. Because Maslow by temperament and intellectual style expressed himself in an ever-evolving set of speeches and writings that were seldom explicit about interpersonal relations, his actual outlook on the social world of self-actualizers has remained elusive. The focus of this article, therefore, is how Maslow depicted self-actualizing people with regard to five major interpersonal dimensions of life: friendship, romantic love, marriage and lasting intimacy, parenthood, and communal service. By pulling together Maslow’s comments primarily in his published works, and secondarily in his unpublished works-in-progress, it is possible to explicate his tacit viewpoint. Doing so will not only help dispel the misconception that Maslow depicted self-actualizers as loners or even hermits but also guide future theory and research on personality growth.
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Nelson BW, Byrne ML, Simmons JG, Whittle S, Schwartz OS, O'Brien‐Simpson NM, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Allen NB. Adolescent temperament dimensions as stable prospective risk and protective factors for salivary C‐reactive protein. Br J Health Psychol 2017; 23:186-207. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian G. Simmons
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre Department of Psychiatry The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health Victoria Australia
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre Department of Psychiatry The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health Victoria Australia
| | - Orli S. Schwartz
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre Department of Psychiatry The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health Victoria Australia
| | | | - Katrina A. Walsh
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Nicholas B. Allen
- Department of Psychology University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences The University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Orygen Research Centre Centre for Youth Mental Health University of Melbourne Victoria Australia
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223
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Nystrom B, Bengtsson H. A psychometric evaluation of the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ) in a Swedish sample. Scand J Psychol 2017; 58:477-484. [PMID: 28983922 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Personality is generally considered to be biologically founded in temperament, and temperamental qualities have proven to be relatively stable across childhood and into adulthood (Caspi, Roberts & Shiner, ). Temperament predicts important developmental outcomes such as academic performance (Muris, ), and social functioning (Eisenberg, Fabes, Guthrie & Reiser, ), and it has also been found to be strongly related to the etiology and maintenance of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children (Muris, Meesters & Blijlevens, ; Nigg, ). To allow for the possibility of making early interventions, identification of potential risk factors (such as temperamental dispositions) is of great importance (Rettew & McKee, ). As temperament is multidimensional and has many different manifestations, parents and teachers are valuable sources in providing information about children's temperament (Rothbart & Bates, ; Tackett, Slobodskaya, Mar et al., ), and caregiver questionnaires are frequently used in child personality research. However, such questionnaires are only useful if their reliability and validity have been established. The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ; Simonds, Kieras, Rueda & Rothbart, ), which focuses specifically on the ages between 7 and 11 years. The TMCQ is the least validated of the Rothbart measures, and although reliability data have been presented, together with some validity data, for a computerized self-report version of the questionnaire (Simonds & Rothbart, ), information about the reliability and validity for the caregiver version is scant. In the present paper, we report such data for a Swedish sample.
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224
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Mathesius J, Lussier P, Corrado R. Child and Adolescent Disposition Model: An Examination of the Temperament Factor Structure Within Early Childhood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2017; 61:1500-1526. [PMID: 28859555 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16672931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lahey and Waldman proposed a temperament theory of conduct disorder (CD). Critical is the hypothesized temperament structure in which three relatively uncorrelated temperament dimensions (i.e., negative emotionality, daring, prosociality) central to CD are theorized to emerge in early childhood. The validity of this hypothesized factor structure in early childhood is unknown. The current study seeks to fill this gap by examining Lahey and Waldman's hypothesized temperament structure utilizing a Canadian sample ( n = 283) of preschoolers. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed to compare the hypothesized relatively uncorrelated temperament structure with two alternative models (i.e., correlated three-factor and single-factor structure). The CFA indicated that the temperament dimensions are present in early childhood and are relatively uncorrelated consistent with previous work at later developmental stages. Of importance, the findings highlighted key gender differences observable at 3 and 4 years of age. The theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Mathesius
- 1 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick Lussier
- 2 Faculty of social sciences, School of social work, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Raymond Corrado
- 1 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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225
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Leonard JA, Lee Y, Schulz LE. Infants make more attempts to achieve a goal when they see adults persist. Science 2017; 357:1290-1294. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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226
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Frick MA, Forslund T, Fransson M, Johansson M, Bohlin G, Brocki KC. The role of sustained attention, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament in the development of early self-regulation. Br J Psychol 2017; 109:277-298. [PMID: 28895129 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated infant predictors of early cognitive and emotional self-regulation from an intrinsic and caregiving environmental perspective. Sustained attention, reactive aspects of infant temperament, and maternal sensitivity were assessed at 10 months (n = 124) and early self-regulation (including executive functions, EF, and emotion regulation) was assessed at 18 months. The results indicated that sustained attention predicted early EF, which provide empirical support for the hierarchical framework of EF development, advocating early attention as a foundation for the development of cognitive self-regulation. Maternal sensitivity and surgency predicted emotion regulation, in that infants of sensitive mothers showed more regulatory behaviours and a longer latency to distress, whereas high levels of surgency predicted low emotion regulation, suggesting both the caregiving environment and temperament as important in the development of self-regulation. Interaction effects suggested high sustained attention to be a protective factor for children of insensitive mothers, in relation to emotion regulation. In addition, high levels of maternal sensitivity seemed to foster development of emotion regulation among children with low to medium levels of sustained attention and/or surgency. In all, our findings point to the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in infant development of self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mari Fransson
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maria Johansson
- Viksäng Maternal and Paediatric Health Center, Västerås, Sweden
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227
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Rothbart MK, Posner MI, Rueda MR, Sheese BE, Tang Y. Enhancing Self - Regulation in School and Clinic. MINNESOTA SYMPOSIA ON CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119466864.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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228
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Webb CE, Romero T, Franks B, de Waal FBM. Long-term consistency in chimpanzee consolation behaviour reflects empathetic personalities. Nat Commun 2017; 8:292. [PMID: 28819207 PMCID: PMC5561193 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to a wealth of human studies, little is known about the ontogeny and consistency of empathy-related capacities in other species. Consolation-post-conflict affiliation from uninvolved bystanders to distressed others-is a suggested marker of empathetic concern in non-human animals. Using longitudinal data comprising nearly a decade of observations on over 3000 conflict interactions in 44 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), we provide evidence for relatively stable individual differences in consolation behaviour. Across development, individuals consistently differ from one another in this trait, with higher consolatory tendencies predicting better social integration, a sign of social competence. Further, similar to recent results in other ape species, but in contrast to many human self-reported findings, older chimpanzees are less likely to console than are younger individuals. Overall, given the link between consolation and empathy, these findings help elucidate the development of individual socio-cognitive and -emotional abilities in one of our closest relatives.Non-human animals are known to exhibit behaviours suggestive of empathy, but the development and maintenance of these traits is unexplored. Here, Webb and colleagues quantify individual consolation tendencies over 10 years across two chimpanzee groups and show evidence of consistent 'empathetic personalities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Webb
- Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands.
| | - Teresa Romero
- Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
- Department of Cognitive and Behavioural Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-0041, Japan.
| | - Becca Franks
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Frans B M de Waal
- Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands
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229
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Mason WA, Patwardhan I, Smith GL, Chmelka MB, Savolainen J, January SAA, Miettunen J, Järvelin MR. Cumulative contextual risk at birth and adolescent substance initiation: Peer mediation tests. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:291-298. [PMID: 28672216 PMCID: PMC5538186 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who experience multiple adversities, such as prenatal exposure to drugs and poverty, early in development are at increased risk for the early initiation of alcohol and cigarette use. However, studies that examine potentially malleable processes associated with substance use initiation in the context of exposure to cumulative stressors are scant. This study examined associations between cumulative contextual risk at birth and initiation of alcohol and cigarette use in adolescence, testing childhood peer marginalization and peer aggression and behavior problems as mediating mechanisms. Analyses further adjusted for fearfulness/inhibition and hyperactivity/distractibility to determine if the hypothesized mediating mechanisms were significant after accounting for temperamental characteristics associated with substance initiation. METHODS Participants were 6190 adolescents from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study. Data were collected on cumulative contextual risk (parent reports), substance initiation (adolescent reports), childhood peer processes and behavior problems (teacher reports), and temperamental characteristics (teacher reports). Novel discrete-time survival mediation analysis was conducted to test the hypothesized mediating mechanisms. RESULTS Initial analyses showed that the associations between cumulative contextual risk and both alcohol and cigarette initiation were mediated by childhood peer processes and behavior problems; however, the indirect effects became statistically non-significant after adding the temperament variables, which themselves predicted substance initiation. CONCLUSIONS Targeting peer processes may not be an effective way to interrupt pathways leading from early contextual risk to substance initiation. Instead, early screening and intervention efforts to delay substance initiation may need to be tailored to the individual temperamental characteristics of targeted participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Alex Mason
- Boys Town, National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
| | - Irina Patwardhan
- Boys Town, National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA.
| | - Gail L. Smith
- Boys Town, National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
| | - Mary B. Chmelka
- Boys Town, National Research Institute for Child and Family Studies, Boys Town, NE 68010, USA
| | - Jukka Savolainen
- Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
| | | | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK; Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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230
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Alperin BR, Gustafsson H, Smith C, Karalunas SL. The relationship between early and late event-related potentials and temperament in adolescents with and without ADHD. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180627. [PMID: 28742874 PMCID: PMC5526583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in emotional processing are prevalent in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are related to clinical impairment, but substantial heterogeneity exists. Within ADHD, some individuals experience difficulty with positive/approach emotions, negative/withdrawal emotions, or both. These problems may reflect differences in emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, or a combination, and the neurophysiological correlates remain unclear. Event-related potentials were collected from 109 adolescents (49 with ADHD) while they completed an emotional go/no-go task with three conditions: happy (positive/approach), fear (negative/withdrawal), and neutral. The P1 and N170 were used as a marker of early emotional processing and the P3b and late positive potential (LPP) were used as markers of later elaborative emotional processing. Emotional response style was assessed with parent and adolescent report on the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. There were no effects of emotion or group for the P1. Typically-developing adolescents exhibited a larger N170 to emotional vs. neutral faces while adolescents with ADHD showed the opposite pattern. All adolescents exhibited a larger P3b to fearful versus other faces and a larger LPP to emotional vs. non-emotional faces. Within the ADHD group, N170 responses to happy faces predicted parent ratings of positive/approach emotions. Findings highlight the importance of considering within-group heterogeneity when studying clinical populations and help clarify the time-locked neurophysiological correlates of emotion dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R. Alperin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hanna Gustafsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christiana Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Karalunas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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231
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Development of self-inflicted injury: Comorbidities and continuities with borderline and antisocial personality traits. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:1071-1088. [PMID: 27739385 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-inflicted injury (SII) is a continuum of intentionally self-destructive behaviors, including nonsuicidal self-injuries, suicide attempts, and death by suicide. These behaviors are among the most pressing yet perplexing clinical problems, affecting males and females of every race, ethnicity, culture, socioeconomic status, and nearly every age. The complexity of these behaviors has spurred an immense literature documenting risk and vulnerability factors ranging from individual to societal levels of analysis. However, there have been relatively few attempts to articulate a life span developmental model that integrates ontogenenic processes across these diverse systems. The objective of this review is to outline such a model with a focus on how observed patterns of comorbidity and continuity can inform developmental theories, early prevention efforts, and intervention across traditional diagnostic boundaries. Specifically, when SII is viewed through the developmental psychopathology lens, it becomes apparent that early temperamental risk factors are associated with risk for SII and a range of highly comorbid conditions, such as borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Prevention efforts focused on early-emerging biological and temperamental contributors to psychopathology have great potential to reduce risk for many presumably distinct clinical problems. Such work requires identification of early biological vulnerabilities, behaviorally conditioned social mechanisms, as well as societal inequities that contribute to self-injury and underlie intergenerational transmission of risk.
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232
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Neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability: Mechanisms of heterotypic comorbidity between externalizing disorders and unipolar depression. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:1177-1208. [PMID: 27739396 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trait impulsivity, which is often defined as a strong preference for immediate over delayed rewards and results in behaviors that are socially inappropriate, maladaptive, and short-sighted, is a predisposing vulnerability to all externalizing spectrum disorders. In contrast, anhedonia is characterized by chronically low motivation and reduced capacity to experience pleasure, and is common to depressive disorders. Although externalizing and depressive disorders have virtually nonoverlapping diagnostic criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, heterotypic comorbidity between them is common. Here, we review common neural substrates of trait impulsivity, anhedonia, and irritability, which include both low tonic mesolimbic dopamine activity and low phasic mesolimbic dopamine responding to incentives during reward anticipation and associative learning. We also consider how other neural networks, including bottom-up emotion generation systems and top-down emotion regulation systems, interact with mesolimbic dysfunction to result in alternative manifestations of psychiatric illness. Finally, we present a model that emphasizes a translational, transdiagnostic approach to understanding externalizing/depression comorbidity. This model should refine ways in which internalizing and externalizing disorders are studied, classified, and treated.
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233
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Parenting and the development of effortful control from early childhood to early adolescence: A transactional developmental model. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:837-53. [PMID: 27427809 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poor effortful control is a key temperamental factor underlying behavioral problems. The bidirectional association of child effortful control with both positive parenting and negative discipline was examined from ages approximately 3 to 13-14 years, involving five time points, and using data from parents and children in the Oregon Youth Study-Three Generational Study (N = 318 children from 150 families). Based on a dynamic developmental systems approach, it was hypothesized that there would be concurrent associations between parenting and child effortful control and bidirectional effects across time from each aspect of parenting to effortful control and from effortful control to each aspect of parenting. It was also hypothesized that associations would be more robust in early childhood, from ages 3 to 7 years, and would diminish as indicated by significantly weaker effects at the older ages, 11-12 to 13-14 years. Longitudinal feedback or mediated effects were also tested. The findings supported (a) stability in each construct over multiple developmental periods; (b) concurrent associations, which were significantly weaker at the older ages;
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Abstract
This article reviews recent empirical literature on the prevalence, correlates, assessment, and treatment of preschool-onset internalizing disorders. Major advances in the acceptance and recognition of both preschool-onset depression and anxiety have occurred over the past decade. This work has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of genetic, neural, and physiologic indicators, which further validate these constellations of symptoms in young children. Despite this growth in research, much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the cause, risk, treatment, and protective factors for preschool-onset internalizing disorders.
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235
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Jonsson K, Kjellgren A. Characterizing the experiences of flotation-REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): A phenomenological study. Eur J Integr Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hankin BL, Davis EP, Snyder H, Young JF, Glynn LM, Sandman CA. Temperament factors and dimensional, latent bifactor models of child psychopathology: Transdiagnostic and specific associations in two youth samples. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:139-146. [PMID: 28264785 PMCID: PMC5439427 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Common emotional and behavioral symptoms co-occur and are associated with core temperament factors. This study investigated links between temperament and dimensional, latent psychopathology factors, including a general common psychopathology factor (p factor) and specific latent internalizing and externalizing liabilities, as captured by a bifactor model, in two independent samples of youth. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that temperament factors of negative affectivity (NA), positive affectivity (PA), and effortful control (EC) could serve as both transdiagnostic and specific risks in relation to recent bifactor models of child psychopathology. Sample 1 included 571 youth (average age 13.6, SD =2.37, range 9.3-17.5) with both youth and parent report. Sample 2 included 554 preadolescent children (average age 7.7, SD =1.35, range =5-11 years) with parent report. Structural equation modeling showed that the latent bifactor models fit in both samples. Replicated in both samples, the p factor was associated with lower EC and higher NA (transdiagnostic risks). Several specific risks replicated in both samples after controlling for co-occurring symptoms via the p factor: internalizing was associated with higher NA and lower PA, lower EC related to externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States,Correspondence: Benjamin L. Hankin, Ph.D., 603 E. Daniels Street, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign IL 61820, 303-871-7468,
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Hannah Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jami F. Young
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Laura M. Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Curt A. Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
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237
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Li M, Deater-Deckard K, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Getting to the Heart of Personality in Early Childhood: Cardiac Electrophysiology and Stability of Temperament. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017; 67:151-156. [PMID: 28529391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Can detection of highly stable individual differences in temperament in early childhood be enhanced using measures of resting heart rate (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)? The current longitudinal study (N = 216, 50% female; two to four years old) tested the statistical moderating effects of longitudinal change in resting HR and RSA on stability of mother-rated temperament. Children with the smallest decreases in resting HR and smallest increases in resting RSA had the most stable individual differences in effortful control. In contrast, those with the largest increases in resting RSA had the most stable individual differences in surgency. Including information on HR and RSA can be useful, though the effects depend on the trait and physiological indicator in question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan D Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies and Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Abstract
When individuals are exposed to stressful environmental challenges, the response varies widely in one or more of three components: psychology, behavior and physiology. This variability among individuals can be defined as temperament. In recent years, an increasing large body of evidence suggests that the dimensions of temperament, as well as personality, psychological disorders and behavioral traits, are influenced by genetic factors, and much of the variation appears to involve variation in genes or gene polymorphisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the behavior-controlling neurotransmitter networks. Here, we review our current understanding of the probabilistic impact of a number of candidate gene polymorphisms that control temperament, psychological disorders and behavioral traits in animals and human, including the gene polymorphisms related to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) production and adrenal cortisol production involved in the HPA axis, and a large number of gene polymorphisms in the dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter networks. It will very likely to assist in diagnosis and treatment of human relevant disorders, and provide useful contributions to our understanding of evolution, welfare and conservation, for animals in the wild and in production systems. Additionally, investigations of gene-gene and gene-environment complex interactions in humans and animals need further clear illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qiu
- a College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University , Chong Qing , PR China.,b UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Animal Biology M082, Faculty of Sciences , University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia
| | - Graeme B Martin
- b UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Animal Biology M082, Faculty of Sciences , University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia.,c Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Dominique Blache
- b UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Animal Biology M082, Faculty of Sciences , University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia
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Checa P, Abundis-Gutierrez A. Parenting and Temperament Influence on School Success in 9-13 Year Olds. Front Psychol 2017; 8:543. [PMID: 28446886 PMCID: PMC5388739 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Children spend a lot of time with their parents who are the first agents that educate them. The parenting style implemented in the family influences other contexts outside home such as the school. There is evidence that a positive parenting style has an influence on school success. However, there are other variables related to school success, for example, temperament. The influence of parenting decreases with age as children develop abilities to self-regulate without parents' external control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of parenting style and temperament in 9–13 years old children on both academic performance and school adjustment skills. Our hypothesis was that not only parenting style is crucial to academic performance and school adjustment, but also temperament plays an important role in them. We used a Parenting Guide line questionnaire to evaluate parenting style, Early Adolescence Temperament Questionnaire-R to evaluate temperament; Health Resources Inventory to assess children's school adjustment, and academic grades, as indicator of academic performance. We were interested in testing whether or not the effect of parenting style on academic performance and school adjustment was mediated by temperament. We found that emotional and behavioral regulation mediates the relation between parenting and academic performance. These findings inform of the relevance of child's temperament on school success. Implications for education are discussed with emphasis on the importance of understanding students' temperament to promote school adjustment and good academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Checa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Science, University of CádizPuerto Real-Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alicia Abundis-Gutierrez
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Campus Los Valles, University of GuadalajaraGuadalajara, Mexico
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240
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Baardstu S, Karevold EB, von Soest T. Childhood antecedents of Agreeableness: A longitudinal study from preschool to late adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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241
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Toh GY, Vasey MW. Heterogeneity in Autonomic Arousal Level in Perseverative Worry: The Role of Cognitive Control and Verbal Thought. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:108. [PMID: 28348525 PMCID: PMC5346585 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One puzzle in high worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the heterogeneity in the level of autonomic arousal symptoms seen among affected individuals. While current models agree that worry persists, in part, because it fosters avoidance of unpleasant internal experiences, they disagree as to whether worry does so by suppressing activation of autonomic arousal or by fostering persistent autonomic hyperarousal. Our Cognitive Control Model predicts that which pattern of autonomic arousal occurs depends on whether or not a worrier has sufficient cognitive control capacity to worry primarily in a verbal versus imagery-based manner. Because this model has been supported by only one study to date, the present study sought to replicate and extend that study’s findings. Results from an online survey in an unselected sample of over 900 college students provide further support for our model’s central tenet and initial support for its prediction that higher effortful control is associated with a higher percentage of verbal thought during worry. Finally, we report tentative evidence that autonomic arousal symptoms in worry and GAD vary as a function of individual differences in cognitive control capacity because higher capacity is linked to a greater predominance of verbal thought during worry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gim Y Toh
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Michael W Vasey
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
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242
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Personality across Sexual Identity and Gender in a National Probability Sample in New Zealand. SEX ROLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-017-0752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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243
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Sutin AR, Kerr JA, Terracciano A. Temperament and body weight from ages 4 to 15 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1056-1061. [PMID: 28280272 PMCID: PMC5496782 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives In adulthood, conscientiousness and neuroticism are correlates of body weight and weight gain. The present research examines whether the childhood antecedents of these traits, persistence and negative reactivity, respectively, are associated with weight gain across childhood. We likewise examine sociability as a predictor of childhood weight gain and whether these three traits are associated with weight concerns and weight management strategies in adolescence. Subjects/Methods Participants (N=4,153) were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, an ongoing, population-based study of child and family health and well-being. At the baseline assessment, caregivers reported on their child's temperament. At every assessment from ages 4-5 to 14-15, study children were weighed and measured by trained staff; there were up to six biennial assessments of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. At age 14-15, study children (n=2,975) also self-reported on their weight concerns and weight management strategies. Results Study children rated lower in persistence or higher in negative reactivity in early childhood gained more weight between the ages of 4 and 15. Sociability was associated with weight gain among girls but not among boys. Lower persistence and higher negative reactivity at age 4-5 were also associated with greater weight concerns, restrained eating, and use of unhealthy weight management strategies at ages 14-15. Conclusions Childhood traits related to conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with objective weight gain across childhood and with concerns and strategies to manage weight in adolescence. These results are consistent with a lifespan perspective that indicates that trait psychological functioning contributes to health-related markers from childhood through old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahasse, FL, USA
| | - J A Kerr
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahasse, FL, USA
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Uljarević M, Baranek G, Vivanti G, Hedley D, Hudry K, Lane A. Heterogeneity of sensory features in autism spectrum disorder: Challenges and perspectives for future research. Autism Res 2017; 10:703-710. [PMID: 28266796 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pronounced heterogeneity is apparent across every facet of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and it remains difficult to predict likely future potential among individuals who share a common diagnosis of ASD on the basis of early presentation. In this commentary we argue that a fine-grained understanding of individual differences in sensory features and their influence across the life span can constrain noted clinical heterogeneity in ASD. We organize our discussion around the following three critical themes: (a) considering sensory features as dimensional construct; (b) taking an "individual differences" approach; and (c) adopting a comprehensive, multidimensional and multimodal approach to measurement of sensory features. We conclude that future research will need to investigate individual differences in sensory features via: (1) multidimensional and cross-disciplinary examination, (2) prospective longitudinal designs, and (3) dimensional and developmental frameworks that emphasize the potential value of early individual variability as indicators of later outcomes, not only in relation to the categorical diagnostic outcome status but also the presence of other clinical features. This is a key time for sensory-related research and in this commentary we provide some of the steps that, in our opinion, can shape future research in this area. Autism Res 2017, 10: 703-710. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Uljarević
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grace Baranek
- Division of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Giacomo Vivanti
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.,Early Detection & Intervention Program, A. J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Darren Hedley
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristelle Hudry
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Lane
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell®
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Harding KA, Mezulis A. Is Rumination a Risk and a Protective Factor? EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 13:28-46. [PMID: 28344673 PMCID: PMC5342309 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v13i1.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High trait positive affect (PA) protects against depressive symptoms through cognitive responses such as rumination. However, how rumination in response to positive emotions (positive rumination) protects against depressive symptoms while rumination in response to negative emotions (brooding) predicts depressive symptoms is poorly understood. We hypothesized that (a) positive rumination and brooding represent a shared cognitive process of affect amplification on distinct affective content and (b) less brooding and greater positive rumination would distinctly mediate greater trait PA in predicting fewer depressive symptoms. Our prospective design among 321 adults first compared three confirmatory factor analysis models of the relationship between brooding and positive rumination. We then utilized structural equation modeling to examine whether brooding and positive rumination mediated the relationship between trait PA and depressive symptoms, controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, trait negative affect (NA), and the distinct effects of each mediator. Results supported a conceptualization of brooding and positive rumination as distinct but related constructs, represented as a common process of affect amplification to explain how rumination may amplify resilience or risk in predicting depressive symptoms (χ = 195.07, Δχ = 8.78, p < .001, CFI = .91, RMSEA = .07). Furthermore, positive rumination and brooding were distinctly predicted by trait PA, suggesting that trait PA exerts distinct effects on protective and risk forms of rumination. Less brooding mediated the relationship between greater trait PA and fewer depressive symptoms (β = -.04, p = .012), but positive rumination did not (β = .02, p = .517). Rumination may represent a protective and a risk factor, which may better enable individuals who brood to redirect their rumination on positive content and thereby reduce their risk of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Mezulis
- Seattle Pacific University , Seattle , WA, USA
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246
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Knyazev GG, Savostyanov AN, Bocharov AV, Slobodskaya HR, Bairova NB, Tamozhnikov SS, Stepanova VV. Effortful control and resting state networks: A longitudinal EEG study. Neuroscience 2017; 346:365-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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247
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Merwin SM, Smith VC, Kushner M, Lemay EP, Dougherty LR. Parent-child adrenocortical concordance in early childhood: The moderating role of parental depression and child temperament. Biol Psychol 2017; 124:100-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Childhood temperament predictors of adolescent physical activity. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:8. [PMID: 28056929 PMCID: PMC5216604 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Many patterns of physical activity involvement are established early in life. To date, the role of easily identifiable early-life individual predictors of PA, such as childhood temperament, remains relatively unexplored. Here, we tested whether childhood temperamental activity level, high intensity pleasure, low intensity pleasure, and surgency predicted engagement in physical activity (PA) patterns 11 years later in adolescence. Methods Data came from a longitudinal community study (N = 206 participants, 53% females, 70% Caucasian). Parents reported their children’s temperamental characteristics using the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) when children were 4 & 5 years old. Approximately 11 years later, adolescents completed self-reports of PA using the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Ordered logistic regression, ordinary least squares linear regression, and Zero-inflated Poisson regression models were used to predict adolescent PA from childhood temperament. Race, socioeconomic status, and adolescent body mass index were used as covariates. Results Males with greater childhood temperamental activity level engaged in greater adolescent PA volume (B = .42, SE = .13) and a 1 SD difference in childhood temperamental activity level predicted 29.7% more strenuous adolescent PA per week. Males’ high intensity pleasure predicted higher adolescent PA volume (B = .28, SE = .12). Males’ surgency positively predicted more frequent PA activity (B = .47, SE = .23, OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.54) and PA volume (B = .31, SE = .12). No predictions from females’ childhood temperament to later PA engagement were identified. Conclusions Childhood temperament may influence the formation of later PA habits, particularly in males. Boys with high temperamental activity level, high intensity pleasure, and surgency may directly seek out pastimes that involve PA. Indirectly, temperament may also influence caregivers’ perceptions of optimal activity choices for children. Understanding how temperament influences the development of PA patterns has the potential to inform efforts aimed at promoting long-term PA engagement and physical health.
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Chen W, Fan CY, Liu QX, Zhou ZK, Xie XC. Passive social network site use and subjective well-being: A moderated mediation model. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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